SETONTOOF FO DNE
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".6781 hcraM 7 no enohpelet eht rof 564,471 tnetaP .S.U detnarg gnieb lleB ot rood eht
denepo hcihw ,taevac sih denodnaba yarG esuaceb ,derettam regnol on taevac s'yarG retfa
ro erofeb delif saw noitacilppa s'lleB rehtehW .62 yraurbeF no notgnihsaW ni devirra eh litnu
gnineppah saw siht wonk ton did dna 41 yraurbeF no notsoB ni saw lleB .reilrae eciffo tnetap
eht ta devirra dah lleB taht yrots eht ot del eef s'yarG naht reilrae dedrocer saw eef gnilif
s'lleB taht tcaf ehT .yad gniwollof eht litnu renimaxe eht ot nekat ton saw taevac eht dna
rettolb hsac eht no deretne saw taevac s'yarG rof eef eht ,noonretfa taht etaL .yletaidemmi
renimaxe eht ot nekat eb noitacilppa s'lleB taht dna rettolb stpiecer hsac eht otno
yletaidemmi deretne eb eef gnilif eht taht detseuqer ohw reywal s'lleB yb yraurbeF 41 no
noon erofeb yltrohs delif saw noitacilppa s'lleB .noonretfa taht litnu teksab-ni eht fo mottob
eht raen deniamer dna denepo eciffo tnetap eht retfa yltrohs ,noitacilppa s'lleB erofeb sruoh
wef a eciffo tnetap SU eht ot nekat saw taevac tnetap sih ,tnuocca s'yarG ot gnidroccA

913
 .tluser a sa enohpelet eht ot sthgir sih tsol yarG taht dna ,yarG ahsilE lavir
sih erofeb owt ro ruoh na eciffo tnetap eht ot tog lleB taht syas yrots lausu ehT .6781
,41 yraurbeF no eciffo tnetap SU eht ni delif saw enohpelet eht rof noitacilppa tnetap s'lleB
.enohpelet eht htiw tnemirepxe lufsseccus
tsrif sih gnibircsed yrtne koobeton yrotarobal 6781 ,01 hcraM s'lleB .redrocer esroM
a yb repap gnillevart fo nobbir a no nward skram eht yb edam eb nac drocer tnenamrep a ro
,dnuos eht yb rotarepo eht yb daer eb rehtie nac eseht dna ;ecno ta eriw emas eht hguorht
segassem lareves gniyevnoc ,hpargelet ylp-ynam ro 'xelpitlum' a sa desilitu eb nac hpargelet
cinomrah eht ,ylsuoenatlumis eriw emas eht revo tnes eb nac — eton eno naht erom ,yas
ot si taht — snoitarbiv fo tes eno naht erom ecniS .ynapmoC hpargeleT noinU nretseW eht
yb desu saw ,sdeer gnitarbiv eht htiw ',hpargelet cinomrah' s'yarG .selop sti raen deer leets
gnihctam a detarbiv dna tengamortcele na hguorht dessap enil eht fo dne rehto eht ta hcihw
,tnerruc eht detpurretni deer leets gnitarbiv a sutarappa siht nI .ruoC aL rreH sa emit emas
eht tuoba dnik siht fo hpargelet enot a desived osla ogacihC fo ,yarG ahsilE .rM ..A.S.U
,sionillI ,kraP dnalhgiH ni 6781 ni epytotorp enohpelet a fo tnempoleved sih rof nwonk tseb si
dna reenigne lacirtcele naciremA na saw )1091 ,12 yraunaJ – 5381 ,2 tsuguA( yarG ahsilE"
".yarG ahsilE gnidulcni ,srehto lareves yb detnevni saw ti "... 942
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".yduts sih ni enohpelet a evah ot desufer dna tsitneics
a sa krow laer sih no noisurtni na noitnevni suomaf tsom sih deredisnoc lleB ,noitcelfer nI
.6781 ni enohpelet eht fo noitnevni eht rof tnetap .S.U tsrif eht dedrawa gnieb lleB ni
detanimluc yllautneve taht secived gniraeh htiw tnemirepxe ot mih del rehtruf hceeps dna
gniraeh no hcraeser siH .krow s'efil s'lleB gnicneulfni yldnuoforp ,faed erew efiw dna
rehtom sih htob dna ,hceeps dna noitucole no krow htiw detaicossa neeb lla dah rehtorb
dna rehtafdnarg ,rehtaf siH .enohpelet eht fo noitnevni eht htiw detiderc si ohw rotavonni dna
rotnevni ,tsitneics tnenime na saw )2291 tsuguA 2 – 7481 hcraM 3( lleB maharG rednaxelA
.enohpelet eht no krow ta erew ohw srotnevni fo rebmun a yb decnedive sa
,rucco nac stnempoleved suoenatlumis ,seirevocsid cifitneics ni nommoc semitemos si sA"
"...lleB rednaxelA saw siht did ohw EB-SI rehtonA " 842
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".seef fo tnemyap-non hguorht 9581 ni espal ot dewolla
gnieb tnetap eht yb yteixna morf deerf saw eh esac rehtona ni elihw ,eetnetap eno fo sthgir
eht pu yub ot elbasivda ti dnuof eh hguoht ,noitagitil tuohtiw tcatni meht niatniam ot hguone
etanutrof saw remesseB tuB .sdnuorg suoirav no meht tsniaga degru yleerf saw ytidilavni
dna ,msicitirc epacse ton did eulav suoivbo hcus fo stnetaP .leets fo gnirutcafunam
eht rof ssecorp remesseB eht htiw noitcennoc ni nwonk ylfeihc si eman s'remesseB
.rotnevni dna reenigne hsilgnE ,)8981 ,51 hcraM – 3181 ,91 yraunaJ( remesseB yrneH riS"
"...remesseB saw rehto eht..." 742
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

813
".remesseB yrneH yb detnetap dna detnevni yltnednepedni retal saw ssecorp
emas ehT .7481 ni nageb stnemirepxe siH .leets ot ti gnitrevnoc ro nori eht fo ytilauq eht
gnivorpmi ,decuder yltaerg saw nobrac eht litnu yltneloiv nrub dna liob ot nori eht esuac ot
nobrac eht htiw denibmoc daetsni tub ,nori netlom eht looc ton did ria detcejni eht ,srekrow
nori sih fo snoitatcepxe eht ot yrartnoc ,taht derevocsid eH .laocrahc eht ekam ot deriuqer
rebmit fo tnuoma esnemmi eht fo esuaceb ,gnikam leets dna nori rof deriuqer leuf fo
tnuoma eht ecuder ot saw laog laitini siH .7481 ni ,tnetnoc nobrac eht ecuder ot nori netlom
hguorht pu ria gniwolb fo ssecorp a ",ssecorp gniliob-ria" sih htiw gnitnemirepxe detrats ylleK
.ainavlysnneP fo ytisrevinU nretseW eht ta ygrullatem deiduts ylleK .rotnevni naciremA na
saw ,ainavlysnneP ,hgrubsttiP ni nrob ,)8881 ,11 yraurbeF - 1181 ,22 tsuguA( ylleK mailliW
"...ylleK deman saw enO ..." 642
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
."rekaM eripmE dna naM
:sedohR liceC" dellac sedohR fo yhpargoib a etorw ehS .desufer eh tub ,reh yrram
ot mih deksa dna sedohR liceC naicitilop nacirfA htuoS nrob-hsilgnE eht deklats ehS
.ilisaV luaP eman nep
eht rednu 4881 ni yteicos nilreB dna II mailliW rorepmE namreG eht tuoba gnipissog koob
a fo rohtua eht saw ehs taht detaluceps saw tI .ylimaf sih htiw evil ot nilreB ot devom dna
51 ega ta lliwizdaR mlehliW ecnirP deirram ehS .aksuwezR anvomadA aniretakE ssetnuoC
sa nrob saw ehS .slliwizdaR eht dellac ylimaf citarcotsira nainauhtiL-hsiloP suomaf a morf
ssecnirp hsiloP a saw )1491 ,21 yaM - 8581 ,03 hcraM( lliwizdaR enirehtaC ssecnirP"
"...ssecnirp hsiloP a saw ehs ..." 542
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".raf os tey dna raelc os meht ees ot das
em sekam tI .taht fo kniht netfo I ;dluoc I fi stenalp eht xenna dluow I .hcaer reven nac
ew hcihw sdlrow tsav eseht ,thgin ta daehrevo ees uoy taht srats eseht fo kniht oT"
:deralced ylsuomaf sedohR
”?sgnoleb ytsejaM ruoy hcihw ot xes a ekilsid I dluoc woH“ gnitsisni deined
sedohR hcihw ,retah-namow a saw eh fi mih deksa yldetroper airotciV neeuQ .dnabsuh
lufitud a eb ton dluow eh taht gniyas dna "sdnah ym no krow hcum oot evah I" taht
gnidaelp ,deirram reven sedohR .htaed sih nopu pihsralohcS sedohR eht dednuf hcihw
fo sdeecorp eht ,secruoser larutan s'acirfA nrehtuoS gnillortnoc morf yltaerg detiforp sedohR
.mih retfa deman saw hcihw ,aisedohR
fo etats eht fo rednuof eht saw dna msilainoloc ni reveileb tnedra na saw eH .%09 detekram
emit eno ta dna sdnomaid hguor s'dlrow eht fo %06 stekram yadot hcihw ,sreeB eD
ynapmoc dnomaid eht fo rednuof eht saw eH .naicitilop dna ,etangam gninim ,namssenisub
nacirfA htuoS nrob-hsitirB a saw )2091 ,62 hcraM – 3581 ,5 yluJ( ,sedohR nhoJ liceC
".sedohR liceC sa detanracni saw eh ..." 442
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

713
".ewolraM rehpotsirhC dna eraepsekahS mailliW sa hcus sthgirwyalp
yb del ,amard hsilgnE fo gnihsiruolf eht rof lla evoba suomaf ,are nahtebazilE eht sa
nwonk si ngier s'htebazilE .elpoep hsilgnE eht no dloh sti sniater taht egami na ,ega nedlog
a fo relur eht sa detarbelec gnieb saw ehs ,htaed reh fo sraey ytnewt nihtiW .yrotsih
hsitirB ni seirotciv tsetaerg eht fo eno sa deweiv ylralupop si tahw htiw reverof
eman reh detaicossa 8851 ni adamra hsinapS eht fo taefed eht ,dnalerI dna ecnarF
,sdnalrehteN eht ni sngiapmac yratilim decruoser ylroop ,evitceffeni fo rebmun a detroppus
yldetraeh-flah ylno dna sriaffa ngierof ni suoituac saw htebazilE hguohT .secnaillasim latiram
dna lacitilop morf reh devas netfo ,srolesnuoc reh yb ecneitapmi htiw deweiv ,ygetarts sihT
."gnihton yas dna ,ees I" :oecat te oediv saw sottom reh fo enO
.yad eht fo
erutaretil dna stnaegap ,stiartrop eht ni detarbelec saw hcihw reh dnuora pu werg tluc a dna
,ytinigriv reh rof suomaf emaceb htebazilE ,redlo werg ehs sA .detabed hcum neeb evah
yeht dna ,nwonknu era eciohc siht rof snosaer ehT .did reven ehs ,tnemailrap morf snoititep
lareves etipsed tub ,yrram dluow htebazilE taht detcepxe saw tI .dnalgnE fo hcruhC s'yadot
otni devlove retal dna ngier reh tuohguorht mrif dleh tnemeltteS suoigileR nahtebazilE sihT
.ronrevoG emerpuS eht emaceb ehs hcihw fo ,hcruhc tnatsetorP hsilgnE na fo tnemhsilbatse
eht troppus ot saw sevom tsrif reh fo enO .lesnuoc doog yb elur ot tuo tes htebazilE
.sleber
tnatsetorP gnitroppus fo noicipsus no raey a ylraen rof denosirpmi neeb dah ehs ngier
esohw gnirud ,retsis-flah reh dedeeccus htebazilE ,8551 nI .eussi tuohtiw eid dluohs ,retsisflah s'htebazilE ,dnalgnE fo I yraM taht dedivorp rosseccus sa deman saw htebazilE hcihw
ni ,3451 fo tcA noisseccuS drihT eht denevartnoc ti sa ,edisa tes saw ,revewoh ,lliw siH
.noisseccus eht fo tuo reh tuc ,IV drawdE ,rehtorb reh ,nosaer taht rof spahreP .etamitigelli
deralced saw htebazilE dna ,htrib reh retfa sraey eerht detucexe saw ,nyeloB ennA
,rehtom reh tub ,ssecnirp a nrob saw ehs ,IIIV yrneH fo rethguad ehT .ytsanyd roduT eht fo
hcranom tsal dna htfif eht saw htebazilE ,sseB neeuQ dooG ro neeuQ eireaF ehT ,anairolG
,neeuQ nigriV ehT dellac semitemoS .htaed reh litnu 8551 rebmevoN 71 morf dnalerI
fo neeuQ dna dnalgnE fo neeuQ saw )3061 hcraM 42 – 3351 rebmetpeS 7( I htebazilE
"...htebazilE neeuQ ..." 342
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".slevon lareves dna ,syalp ,tellab
a ,yksnyhciS syneD yb arepo na ,)36 .oN ynohpmyS s'ndyaH hpesoJ gnidulcni( skrow
lacisum ,sgnitniap deripsni sah ehS .skrow citsitra ynam fo tcejbus eht si dna ,tseW
eht ni dna yekruT nredom ni htob nwonk-llew si ,eporuE ni nwonk retteb si ehs sa ,analexoR
".yppah ma I ,sraet fo lluf seye eht fo ibbihuM ,traeh detnemrot eht fo revol ,I
syawla sesiarp ruoy gnis ll'I
…feihcsim
fo lluf seye fo evol ym ,worb detnals eht fo evol ym ,riah lufituaeb eht fo namow yM
nasarohK dna dadhgaB ym ,nahshkadaB yM
ailotanA ym fo htrae eht ,namaraC ym ,lubnatsI yM
…dlrow siht ni em ssertsid ton seod ohw ylno eno eht ,esor ym ,teews ym ,stnalp yM
…fael gnihgual ,traehteews ym ,emityad ym ,evol decaf yrrem ym ,emitgnirps yM
…lufituaeb eht gnoma lufituaeb tsom ehT

613
 .evol ylno dna eno ym ,natluS ym ,ecnetsixe yrev ym ,tnadifnoc ym ,dneirf erecnis tsom yM
.thgilnoom ym ,evol ym ,htlaew ym ,ehcin ylenol ym fo enorhT"
:analoxoR rof meop siht desopmoc namieluS ,ibbihuM ,eman nep sih rednU
.enorht eht ot dedeeccus ynegorp rieht sselnu nruter ot reven ,eripmE
eht fo secnivorp etomer nrevog ot meht erob ohw enibucnoc lairepmi eht htiw gnola tnes
eb dluow yeht ,ega fo emac srieh lairepmi nehw taht—noitidart rehtona gnikaerb ,efil reh
fo tser eht rof truoc ta mih htiw niamer ot natluS merruH dewolla osla eH .ytic eht dna
ecalap eht ni srevresbo fo tnemhsinotsa eht ot hcum ,natluS eht fo efiw lagel eht emoceb
suht dah enibucnoc remrof a ,noitidart namottO fo seirutnec owt htiw gnikaerB
.etirovaf s'namieluS emoceb ot meraH eht fo sknar eht hguorht esor dna derutpac saw ehs
,tseirp nainiarkU xodohtrO na fo rethguad ehT .snigiro civalS reh ot gnirrefer ,"analoxoR"
ro "eizalessuR" reh dellac ,reh tuoba pissog ecalap eht fo eciton gnikat ,stamolpid ngierof
tseW eht nI .nigiro nainehtuR fo lrig merah a ,natluS merruH htiw detautafni saw namieluS
.merah s'namyelüS rof detceles saw dna ,lubnatsI ot neht ,edart evals eht fo ertnec
rojam a ,affaK fo ytic naemirC eht ot tsrif ylbaborp ,evals a sa nekat dna noiger siht otni
sdiar tneuqerf rieht fo eno gnirud srataT naemirC yb derutpac saw ehS .dnaloP fo modgniK
eht fo trap neht saw hcihw nwot eht ni nrob saw ehs ,ikswodrawT leumaS teop hsiloP
eht sa hcus secruos yrutnec htneetneves ylrae dna yrutnec htneetxis etal ot gnidroccA "
"...efiw sih emoceb ot yrevals morf pu esor ohw lrig merah a saw tnatsissa siH ..." 242
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".flesmih namieluS
sa suomaf sa emoceb evah natluS eht revo rewop dna truoc eht ni seugirtni esohw ,natluS
merrüH emaceb ohw lrig merah a deirram namieluS ,noitidart namottO htiw kaerb a nI
.tnempoleved
larutcetihcra dna yraretil ,citsitra s'eripmE namottO eht fo ega nedlog eht gnieesrevo
,erutluc fo nortap taerg a emaceb osla eh ;thgir nwo sih ni htimsdlog dna teop dehsiugnitsid
a namieluS saw ylno toN .htaed sih retfa seirutnec rof eripme eht fo mrof eht dexif
)snunaK eht ro( wal lacinonac siH .wal lanimirc dna ,noitaxat ,noitacude ,yteicos ot gnitaler
segnahc evitalsigel detutitsni yllanosrep namieluS ,eripme gnidnapxe na fo mleh eht tA
.naecO naidnI eht ot naenarretideM eht morf saes eht
detanimod teelf namottO eht ,elur sih rednU .aireglA sa tsew raf sa acirfA htroN fo sehtaws
egral dna snaisreP eht htiw tcilfnoc sih ni tsaE elddiM eht fo tsom dexenna eH .9251
ni anneiV fo egeiS eht ta dekcehc erew stseuqnoc sih erofeb yragnuH fo tsom dna ,sedohR
,edargleB fo sdlohgnorts naitsirhC eht reuqnoc ot seimra namottO del yllanosrep namieluS
.rewop cimonoce dna lacitilop ,yratilim s'eripmE namottO eht fo xepa eht revo gnidiserp
,eporuE yrutnec ht61 fo hcranom tnenime-erp eht emaceb namieluS .metsys lagel namottO
eht fo noitcurtsnocer etelpmoc sih rof ,)īnūnāQ
la ,  :cibarA ;inunaK hsikruT
ni( revigwaL eht sa ,tsaE eht ni dna tnecifingaM eht namieluS sa tseW eht ni nwonk si
eH .6651 ni htaed sih ot 0251 morf ,eripmE namottO eht fo natluS gningier-tsegnol dna htnet
eht saw ,)6651 ,6/5 rebmetpeS – 4941 ,6 rebmevoN( )hsikruT ni namyelüS natluS inunaK
syawla tsomla ;namyelüS :hsikruT ,nāmyaluS  :hsikruT namottO( I namieluS"
"...tnecifingaM eht namieluS ..." 142

513
 gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".margorp laredef eht naht snoitcetorp evisnetxe ssel
edivorp smargorp nur-etats ehT .margorp laredef eht yb derevoc ton semirc rof smargorp
noitcetorp ssentiw nwo rieht evah ,kroY weN dna ,sionillI ,ainrofilaC gnidulcni ,setats ynaM
.meht gnitacoler erofeb refsnart
'ssentiw a fo slaiciffo lacol yfiton ot smargorp noitcetorp ssentiw rehto dna CESTIW gniriuqer
seettimmoc lanoissergnoC yb noitca ot del sah sihT .emirc ot nruter ohw seelorap fo
tnecrep 04 tsomla eht ot derapmoc ,emirc rehtona timmoc lliw emirc a dettimmoc evah taht
sessentiw detcetorp fo tnecrep 71 dnuorA .setaicossa remrof ro srebmem ylimaf detcetorpnu
tcatnoc ro snwotemoh rieht ot kcab levart ot ton era sessentiW .boj a dnif ot troffe
evissergga na gnikam ton si ssentiw eht taht sleef ecivreS slahsraM .S.U eht fi deunitnocsid
eb nac dnepits eht tub ,teef reh ro sih no steg ssentiw eht litnu dnepits a sedivorp
dna tnemyolpme dna gnisuoh gnidnif ni stsissa ,noitatnemucod wen sedivorp ecivreS
slahsraM .S.U ehT .laitini emas eht htiw seman tsal esoohc dna seman tsrif rieht peek ot
degaruocne era sessentiW .noitacol dna eman wen a htiw dedivorp si ssentiw eht ,yllamroN
.snosirP fo uaeruB laredeF eht fo ytud
eht si sessentiw detarecracni fo noitcetorp elihw ,ecivreS slahsraM .S.U eht yb detcetorp
era sessentiw tsoM .ecitsuJ fo tnemtrapeD setatS detinU eht fo noitceS gnireetekcaR
dna emirC dezinagrO eht ni saw eh nehw ruhS dlareG yb s0691 etal eht ni dednuof saw dna
)margorP noitcetorP ssentiW laredeF eht( CESTIW dellac si margorp laredef ehT .secivres
ralimis edivorp ot meht elbane ot setats eht ot stnarg sevig osla tnemnrevoG laredeF ehT
.qes .te 1253 A.C.S.U 81 eeS .sesneffo suoires rehto ro emirc dezinagro gninrecnoc
gnideecorp laiciffo na ni tnemnrevog etats a rof ro ,tnemnrevog laredef eht fo ssentiw
laitnetop ro ssentiw a fo noitcetorp dna noitacoler eht rof edivorp yam lareneG yenrottA .S.U
eht hcihw ni rennam eht tuo stes nrut ni hcihw ,0791 fo tcA lortnoC emirC dezinagrO eht fo
V eltiT rednu dehsilbatse saw )ceStiW ro ,margorP ytiruceS ssentiW eht sa nwonk osla("
"...margorP noitcetorP ssentiW eht..." 042
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".gurd eht fo ecneulfni eht rednu elihw eil
ot elba etiuq eb llits dluow dehsilbatse ylmrif yrots eslaf a sah ohw enoemos ro rail decitcarp
a tub ,srotagorretni htiw evitarepooc dna yttahc stcejbus ekam ot sdnet gurd eht ;suoibud
si latnepoiht rednu edam snoissefnoc fo ytilibailer eht ,revewoH ."hturt" eht fo gnirevocnu eht
ot dael yam snoitcnuf lacitroc rehgih eht fo noisserppus ,hturt eht gnillet naht xelpmoc erom
si gniyl esuaceb taht ezisehtopyh stsirtaihcysP .gninoitcnuf niarb lacitroc rehgih esaerced
ssalc a sa setarutibrab ehT .mures hturt a sa secalp emos ni desu llits si latnepoihT
.erusserp ot tnailpmoc erom reh ro mih ekam
dna tcejbus eht fo evloser eht nekaew ot tub ,)tceffe etisoppo eht tsuj evah yam ti ,tcaf ni(
niap esuac ot ton - snoitagorretni gnirud desu semitemos si dna tnasserped a si latnepoiht
muidoS .etarutibrab gnitca-trohs-artlu suonevartni na si tI .citehtseana lareneg etarutibrab
gnitca-trohs tesno-dipar a si ,lanapart ro ,muidos enotnepoiht ,latnepoiht ,)seirotarobaL
ttobbA fo kramedart a( lahtotneP muidoS sa nwonk retteb ,latnepoiht muidoS"
"...mures hturt..." 932
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

413
".seeyolpme dna stnacilppa neercs ot sa
llew sa snoitagitsevni ediug ot )hturT fo ossaL eht ton ,hpargylop eht( noitaerc s'notsraM
sesu yadot IBF eht ,sgnivigsim eseht etipseD .syad esoht ni mus emosdnah a ,000,03$
emos deviecer yldetroper eh hcihw rof ,8391 ni ynapmoc rozar ettelliG eht rof detcudnoc
eh yduts a fo tluser eht detneserpersim evah ot degella si eH '.topkcarc' a dna 'ynohp'
a eb ot ,notluoM selrahC mynoduesp eht rednu namoW rednoW retcarahc koob cimoc eht
detaerc dna rotceted eil eht detnevni ohw ,notsraM notluoM mailliW deredisnoc IBF ehT
.hturT fo ossaL s'namoW
rednoW rof sisab eht eb dluow sihT .'bmilc ot demees erusserp doolb reh ,deticxe ro
dam tog ehs nehW' taht mih ot detseggus ohw ,efiw s’notsraM ,htebazilE rehtom sih saw ti
,nos s’notsraM ot gnidroccA" :tset erusserp-doolb cilotsys eht fo tnempoleved eht ni devlovni
osla saw ,notsraM yawolloH htebazilE ,efiw s'notsraM ,nos rieht ot gnidroccA .hpargylop
nredom eht fo tnenopmoc eno emaceb hcihw ,noitpeced tceted ot tpmetta na ni desu
tset erusserp-doolb cilotsys eht fo rotaerc eht sa detiderc si notsraM notluoM mailliW .rD
.noitaerc reh decneulfni yltaerg dna
retcarahc eht rof sralpmexe sa devres ,)pihsnoitaler suoromaylop a ni elpuoc eht htiw devil
ohw( ,enryB evilO dna notsraM yawolloH htebazilE efiw sih ,nemow gnorts owT .namoW
rednoW retcarahc eht detaerc ohw rohtua koob cimoc dna ,rotnevni ,tsiroeht tsinimef
,tsigolohcysp naciremA na saw )7491 ,2 yaM – 3981 ,9 yaM( notsraM notluoM mailliW .rD"
"...gnitset rotceted eil..." 832
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".tnerruc lacirtcele
yrrac ot ytiliba s'niks eht secuder ytivitca dnalg-taews desaercni—derusaem eb osla
nac ecafrus s'niks eht fo ytivitcudnoc lacirtcele ehT .noitaripser dna ,eslup ,erusserp doolb
ni segnahc drocer ylsuoenatlumis ot denibmoc stnemurtsni lareves yllautca si hpargylop A
.semirc fo desucca snosrep tneconni gnitarenoxe
ni lufpleh neeb osla sah tset sihT .lufhturt era srewsna s'tcejbus eht ton ro rehtehw
fo noitaulave na rof sisab a edivorp ,revewoh ,nac hpargylop ehT .ycarucca tset tceffa
osla noitseuq a ot ecnereffidni ro ,noitagorretni tseterp evissecxe ,trofmocsid ,seitilamronba
latnem ro lacisyhp laudividni ,ssensuovren yranidrO .srewsna eslaf gnivig nehw sesnopser
ylidob elbarusaem on wohs erofereht dna rail lacigolohtap a eb yam tcejbus a ,dnah
rehto eht nO .gniyl ot eud eb ton deen ,ecnatsni rof ,tset siht yb detcelfer sserts lanoitomE
.noitamrofni dna ,snoitavresbo ,ecnedive rehto htiw noitcnujnoc ni desu era stluser hpargylop
eht ,gniyl si nosrep a nehw ezingocer ylgnirrenu nac enihcam on esuaceB .secitcarp
gnineercs ytiruces dna tnemyolpme ni desu osla si ti hguohtla ,snoitagitsevni lanimirc
ni ylfeihc desu neeb sah hpargylop eht ,rotceted eil a sa nwonk ylralupoP .denoitseuq
gnieb ot sesnopser ylidob s'nosrep a retsiger ot dengised ecived gnidrocer cifitneics a
saw hcihw 5491 ni hpargyloP a depoleved tsigolonimirc naciremA ,dieR drawdE nhoJ"
"... dieR nhoJ .rM sa flesmih decudortni..." 732
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
.placs eht no decalp sedortcele morf dedrocer sa niarb eht yb decudorp ytivitca lacirtcele
fo tnemerusaem eht si )GEE( .placs eht no decalp sedortcele morf dedrocer sa niarb
eht yb decudorp ytivitca lacirtcele fo tnemerusaem eht si )GEE( yhpargolahpecneortcelE

313
 "...hpargolahpecneortcelE..." 632
noitaicossA cirtaihcysP naciremA 7491 © 001.2.401.pja.ippa/6711.01
:iod ,7491 tsuguA ,211-001:401 yrtaihcysP fo lanruoJ naciremA :ecnerefeR --
".snoitacilpmoc lateleks fo egatnecrep wol yllanoitpecxe na yb deinapmocca
neeb sah osla euqinhcet sihT .repap siht ni deweiver stneitap eht fo tnemtaert eht ni desu
tnerruc tcerid gnitaslup elcyc-06 ytisnetni wol ylevitaler eht yb dehcaorppa si laedi sihT .5
.yrassecen fi sraey rof yldetaeper esu sti gnittimrep suht ,egamad niarb
gnitalumucca gnisuac tuohtiw stluser laicifeneb seveihca hcihw eno si ypareht laedi nA .4
.stnemtaert 02
naht ssel htiw tnemtaert fo lairt etauqeda na dah sah ,raey 1 retfa detatilibaher ton si llits ohw
elbatius esiwrehto ,tneitap oN .rucco yeht nehw sespaler fo tnemtaert evisnetni dna derrucco
sah tnemevorpmi detcepxe eht litnu tnemtaert evisnetni snaem tnemtaert etauqedA .3
.tnemtaert fo trats eht retfa raey dnoces eht fo dne eht yb %56 dna detaert yletauqeda
nehw raey 1 nihtiw detatilibaher erew ,rednu ro 06 dega ,sesac ylrae fo %06 tsael tA .2
.sraey dna shtnom revo rucco yeht revenehw detaert eb tsum sespaleR
.ypareht kcohsortcele fo epyt elbatius htiw detaert yldetaeper dna yletauqeda fi roivaheb
draw ni tnemevorpmi tnacifingis dewohs stneitap cinorhc tsom eht fo tnecrep ytroF .1
stnerruC lanoitceridinU gnisU stnemtaerT 000,32 revO fo weiveR A"
:7491 fo tsuguA ni
yrtaihcysP fo lanruoJ naciremA eht ni dehsilbup ,elcitra gniwollof eht fo rohtua eht sI
.nagihciM ,ytiC esrevarT ,latipsoH etatS ytiC esrevarT ehT .D .M ,xocliW .h luaP
"...xocliW .rD..." 532
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ssendliw fo modsiw eht htiw ecneics fo egdelwonk eht enibmoc
ot ytiliba ruo no sdneped erutuf namuh ehT" ,dias eh ,elcitra enizagam efiL 7691 a nI
".efil fo ytilauq eht evorpmi dna evreserp yeht taht tnetxe eht ot ylno eulav evah
dniknam fo stnemeveihca eht lla" taht feileb gnolefil a dna ,erutan dna ygolonhcet
htob fo evol sih dezisahpme efil ni retal sgnitirw dna sehceeps s'hgrebdniL
.srenilria cinosrepus fo noitcudortni eht
tsniaga ekops dna ,ecnalab taht niager ot deen eht desserts eh ;tnemnorivne larutan sti
htiw ecnalab fo tuo saw dlrow eht taht delbuort emaceb hgrebdniL ,sraey lanif sih nI
.elgae enippilihP
eht tcetorp ot troffe na ni devlovni emaceb osla eh ,senippilihP eht fo anuaf dna arolf

213
 evitan eht gniyduts elihW .krap lanoitan a fo tnemhsilbatse eht gnitroppus dna ,sebirt nacirfA
dna yadasaT eht puorg onipiliF "evitimirp" eht rof snoitcetorp gnihsilbatse ni latnemurtsni
saw ,selahw eulb dna kcabpmuh ekil seiceps deregnadne tcetorp ot gningiapmac ,dlrow
larutan eht fo noitavresnoc eht rof etacovda na emaceb hgrebdniL ,no s0691 eht morF
.tibro
htrae evael ot thgilfecaps dennam tsrif eht fo eve eht no 8 ollopA fo werc eht detisiv eh ,8691
rebmeceD nI .ymedacA ecroF riA setatS detinU eht fo etis eht hsilbatse ot pu tes lenap
yrosivda lanoissergnoC eht no devres eh ,raey taht nI .4591 ni lareneG reidagirB a mih
edam dna sproC riA ymrA eht htiw tnemngissa s'hgrebdniL derotser rewohnesiE .D thgiwD
.4591 ni ezirP reztiluP eht now ,thgilf citnaltasnart pots-non sih gnitnuocer ,siuoL
.tS fo tiripS ehT koob 3591 siH .syawriA dlroW naciremA naP ot dna ecroF riA .S.U eht
fo ffats fo feihc eht ot htob tnatlusnoc a sa tucitcennoC ni ylteiuq devil eh II raW dlroW retfA
.msitoirtap sih gnidnefed dna egaruoc sih gnisiarp
,mih detcepser dna derimda hgrebdniL htiw devres ohw stolip ecroF riA ymrA dna eniraM
.S.U ehT .)nailivic a sa( snoissim tabmoc 05 tuoba gniylf ,snoitisop esenapaJ no sdiar
rebmob rethgif ni trap koot hgrebdniL ,4491 ni cificaP eht ni II WW gnirud shtnom xis sih nI
.levart ria latnenitnocretni nredom fo sisab eht era snoitavonni
esehT .noitpmusnoc leuf gnisaerced yb egnar gniylf tfarcria gnisaercni dna ,seuqinhcet
gniylf edutitla hgih ,setuor-ria ralop gnitrahc dna gnitartsnomed rof noitaiva ni dezingocer si
hgrebdniL .ylsuoires levart ria ekat cilbup lacitpeks a edam dna yrtsudni tfarcria eht detsoob
thgilf sih dna mih gnidnuorrus yticilbup evissam ehT .setatS detinU eht ni scituanoreA
rof eettimmoC yrosivdA lanoitaN eht fo eettimmoc lartnec eht gnidulcni ,seitivitca noitaiva fo
flaheb no eciov tnatropmi na emaceb eh taht hcus saw thgilf siht gniwollof erutats cilbup siH
.7291 enuJ 31 no ytiC kroY weN ni eunevA ht5 nwod mih
rof dleh saw edarap epat-rekcit A .thgilf gnirad sih morf detluser taht mialcca eht saw yenom
ezirp eht naht tnacifingis erom ;ezirP gietrO eht mih now tnemhsilpmocca s'hgrebdniL
.siuoL .tS fo tiripS ehT ,tfarcria
enigne-elgnis eht saw enalp siH .sruoh 5.33 ni 7291 yaM 12 - yaM 02 no )tropriA tegruoB
eL( siraP ot ,kroY weN ,ytiC nedraG ni dleifriA tlevesooR morf welf eH .naecO citnaltA eht
ssorca olos ylf ot tolip tsrif eht sa emaf lanoitanretni taerg neddus deniag hgrebdniL selrahC"
"...eciffo eht ni osla saw hgrebdniL selrahC ..." 432
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ecroF riA eht fo snoitarepo
rof ffats fo feihc ytuped detnioppa saw datsroN lareneG ,ecroF riA ehT dna ymrA ehT
fo stnemtrapeD eht otni tnemtrapeD raW eht fo noisivid eht gniwollof ,7491 ,1 rebotcO nO"
"...datsroN lareneG ..." 332
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
.lareneG fo knar eht ot detomorp dna ,7491 ,1 rebotcO
no ecroF riA eht fo ffats fo feihc eciv detangised saw grebnednaV lareneG tnanetueiL

113
 "...grebnednaV lareneG..." 232
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".seirotarobaL ygolonhceT ecapS fo draoB eht fo namriahC sa
yrtnuoc sih evres ot deunitnoc tub 9591 ,82 yraurbeF no ytud ecroF riA morf deriter eH"
)!?( .smargorp ecaps
dna elissim citsillab ecroF riA ot del hcihw srettam cifitneics ni nailivic a sa gnivres
,ffats fo feihc ecroF riA eht ot tnatsissa laiceps a detnioppa saw eh ,1591 hcraM nI
-- ROTIDE
".II raW dlroW ni yratilim .S.U eht
ni evres ot reciffo evreser gniknar-tsehgih eht saw eH .rotcerid a sa retal dna ,tnediserp eciv
a sa liO llehS ot denruter dna sutats evreser evitcani ot detrever elttilooD ,6491 ,01 yaM nO
.detciped saw diar elttilooD eht hcihw ni ,robraH lraeP mlif 1002 eht ni niwdlaB celA
yb dna oykoT revO sdnoceS ytrihT mlif 4491 eht ni ycarT recnepS yb deyartrop saw elttilooD
.elbarenluvni ton saw dnalemoh
rieht esenapaJ eht dewohs diar eht ,ronim saw yrtsudni raw esenapaJ ot enod egamad
fo tnuoma eht hguohtlA .setatS detinU eht rof yrotciv snoitaler-cilbup rojam a sa snairotsih yb
deweiv si diaR elttilooD ehT .noitarepo lufsseccus eht gnidael dna gninnalp rof ,esuoH etihW
eht ta tlevesooR .D nilknarF tnediserP yb detneserp ,ronoH fo ladeM eht deviecer elttilooD
.reerac yratilim sih fo noissim tabmoc ylno
dna tsrif eht saw tI .ayogaN dna ,akasO ,eboK ,oykoT ni stegrat htiw ,tenroH SSU reirrac
tfarcria eht morf srebmob muidem 52-B 61 fo kcatta eht dael ot lavorppa s'dlonrA .H.H .neG
deviecer dna dereetnulov eH .dnalemoh esenapaJ eht no diar lairea tsrif eht nalp ot ecroF
riA ymrA sretrauqdaeH ot tnew dna ,2491 ,2 yraunaJ no lenoloC tnanetueiL ot detomorp
saw elttilooD ,II raW dlroW otni yrtne SU eht dna robraH lraeP no kcatta eht retfa nooS"
"... ,elttilooD ymmiJ lareneG ..." 132
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
.sfeihC tnioJ eht fo namriahc gniniwT detnioppa rewohnesiE
tnediserP ,7591 nI .ygetarts lanoitan eht emaceb rewopria no desab noitailater evissam
,erunet sih gnirud ;feihc sa detceles saw gniniwT ,3591-dim ni deriter grebnednaV tyoH
nehW .tluser eht saw ngiS tcejorP ;ecalp ekat nonemonehp eht fo yduts lamrof a taht
dednemmocer eh ;stroper OFU yduts ot deksa saw gniniwT ,7491 nI .dnammoC riA
naksalA revo koot eh 7491 ni dna ,dnammoC leiretaM riA eht fo rednammoc deman saw eH
"... ,gniniwT nahtaN lareneG..." 032
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
.snamuh repus naenarretbus fo ecnetsixe elbissop eht gnidrager secruos yratilim
morf troper a detseuqer yllamrof ecno notgnimyS .yraterceS tsrif eht emaceb notgnimyS

013
 dna detaerc saw ecroF riA eht fo yraterceS eht fo eciffO eht ,7491 ,81 rebmetpeS nO
.)7491–6491( riA rof raW fo yraterceS tnatsissA dna )6491–5491( noitartsinimdA ytreporP
eht fo rotartsinimda ,)5491( draoB ytreporP sulpruS eht fo namriahc erew snoitisop tsrif siH
...",notgnimyS lareneG..." 922
etabed_egdelwonk-ecnavda_robraH_lraeP/ikiw/gro.aidepikiw.ne//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".no raw a saw ereht nevig ,daer
gnieb erew sedoc esenapaJ tcaf eht gnisolcsid diova ot enod saw siht ylekil ,erom ylbaborp
,yllauqe si tI 
."... '.egreme reve lliw hturt eht fi tbuod I ... .deyortsed neeb evah sdrocer
gnitanimircni eht fo tsom taht kniht I .eveileb I tahw uoy llet ll'I ... ' :saw siht ot ylper s'lemmiK
?retal erom wonk snairotsih lliW" ,deilper lemmiK ,deksa nehW .cilbup edam ees ot tnaw
ton dluow srotaripsnoc noitamrofni gnisolcsid diova ot saw siht degella si tI .laitram truoc
decaf reve trohS lareneG ron lemmiK larimdA rehtien tcaf eht si etabed eht ni eussi rehtonA
.esnopser naciremA eht fo ssenevitceffeni dna noisufnoc eht gniunitnoc
,robraH lraeP fo htuos detartnecnoc saw ecrof kcatta eht rof hcraes eht ,kcatta eht retfA
.ecrof
ekirts esenapaJ reirrac xis eht otni nur evah thgim ehs ,detcerid yltcerroc neeb dah ehs
fI .esirpretnE SSU devas sgniraeb FD no pu wollof ot eruliaf deugra neeb sah tI .ydrat erew
sreciffo ytud eht fo snoitcaer ,niaga tey ,tpecxe ,ecnassiannocer ffo ylf dna tfarcria esrepsid
ot eciton hguone dedivorp evah thgim sihT .egnar radar neve nihtiw emac senalp eht erofeb
lla—knus saw eno tsael ta dna ,decnemmoc kcatta eht erofeb sruoh wef a ecnartne robrah
eht edistuo )draW SSU yb( dekcatta dna dethgis erew senirambus esenapaJ ,yllanoitiddA
.kcatta eht fo elddim eht ni gniraeb tnereffid tahwemos a morf ,evirra did srebmob
esoht tcaf nI .dnalniam eht morf detcepxe srebmob naciremA fo thgilf a eb ot ,robraH
lraeP ta retnec noitamrofni gninraw lanoitarepo ylerab eht ta egrahc ni )relyT .A timreK
.tL( reciffo roinuj deniart-lli eht yb ,thguoht erew snruter radar laitini ehT .sreirrac eht ot
gninruter meht dettolp maet feiler rieht dna ,ecrof gnihcaorppa eht dettolp )toillE dna drakcoL
.stvP( nem detsilne owt yb detarepo ,noitats radar tnioP anapO ehT .esicrexe gniniart
laiciffonu yltsom a sa gninrom taht detarepo gnieb noitallatsni radar ymrA na yb dehcaorppa
yeht sa dekcart dna detceted erew senalp gnikcatta eht ,kcatta eht fo tnemom eht ot resolC
.73:60 ta ,eno emas eht spahrep ,enirambus tegdim a knas dna dekcatta ehs nehw
IIWW fo retaeht cificaP eht ni stohs tsrif s'aciremA derif draW ,retal sruoH .tegrat eht gnitacol
ni lufsseccusnu yllaitini saw draW .draW SSU reyortsed detrela dna ecnartne robrah eht
edistuo enirambus tegdim a dettops rodnoC SSU repeewsenim eht ,tfarcria ekirts gnihcnual
nageb omugaN ihciuhC larimdA gnidnammoc erofeb sruoh ,emiT naiiawaH 24:30 tA
".raw snaem sihT" ,snikpoH yrraH tnatsissa sih dlot dna
)1491 ,ts1 rebmeceD no( egassem esenapaJ detpyrced a daer ohw ,tlevesooR tnediserP
gnidulcni ,srevresbo ynam yb detcepxe erew napaJ dna .S.U eht neewteb seitilitsoH
.II raW dlroW ni devlovni gnimoceb setatS detinU eht ni gnitluser ,1491 ,7 rebmeceD
,yadnuS fo gninrom eht no sruoh 0080 ta ,yvan esenapaJ eht yb iiawaH ,robraH lraeP
ta esab lavan 'setatS detinU eht tsniaga kcatta esirprus a saw robraH lraeP no kcatta ehT"
"...robraH lraeP no kcatta esenapaJ eht erofeb tsuj ..." 822

903
 
yranoitciD egaugnal hsilgnE :ecnerefeR --
".)adnega ro snalp( ,sesoprup
nwo rieht evres ot noitacinummoc slortnoc ro stneverp hcihw ytitne ro puorg ,nosrep yna )2
.si yllautca ti tahw naht rehto gnihtemos
ekil mees ti ekam ot "dehtolc" neeb sah hcihw adnega ro nalp lavivrus-non ro lavivrus a )1"
:"tseretni detsev" fo noitinifed eht eeS
rotidE ehT -- .stseretni detsev
no desab hcae era yeht taht si scimonoce dna noigiler ,scitilop fo rotanimoned nommoc ehT
".ycneidepxe cimonoce ro suoigiler ,lacitilop..." 722
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sdrow ynam ro sdlrow ynam :tnageleni
dna lufetsaw erom dnif ew hcihw ot nwod semoc erofereht tnemgduj ruO .yrtemmysa
lacigolotno dna espalloc noitcnuf evaw ,ecaps etinif :setalutsop coh da dna sessecorp
detroppusnu yllatnemirepxe gnidda yb yroeht eht etacilpmoc ot sdeen eno ,sesrevinu
esoht fo ecnetsixe eht yned oT .tluafed yb sesrevinu lellarap sevlovni yroeht tnagele
tsom ylbaugra dna tselpmis eht taht si slevel esrevitlum ruof lla fo erutaef nommoc A"
.ees ew dlrow ygrene-wol lanoisnemidruof eht ot decuder si yroeht gnirts lanoisnemid net nehw detareneg snoitulos fo elbmesne
egral yrev eht fo hcae rof stsixe esrevinu tnereffid a taht stressa yroeht epacsdnal gnirts ehT
."esrevitlum mutnauq" eht ni sesrevinu
eht ekilnu si sihT .ecaps lanoisnemid-11 na ni senarbmem neewteb snoisilloc yb detaerc
era srehto dna esrevinu ruo yroeht-M nI .yroeht-M sa nwonk yroeht gnirts fo noisnetxe
lanoisnemid-11 eht nihtiw degasivne neeb sah dnik tnereffid tahwemos a fo esrevitlum A
.cte ",senilemit evitanretla"
",seitilaer etanretla" ",sdlrow lellarap" ",sesrevinu mutnauq" ",sesrevinu evitanretla" dellac
osla era sesrevinu lellarap ,stxetnoc eseht nI .kcocrooM leahciM rohtua noitcif ecneics
yb deziralupop saw ,semaJ mailliW yb denioc saw hcihw ",esrevitlum" mret cificeps ehT
.ysatnaf dna noitcif ecneics ni ylralucitrap ,noitcif dna ,ygoloeht
,yhposolihp ,ymonortsa ,scisyhp ,ygolomsoc ni dezisehtopyh neeb evah sesrevitluM
.deredisnoc sisehtopyh esrevitlum cificeps eht no dneped ,sesrevinu
tneutitsnoc suoirav eht neewteb pihsnoitaler eht dna ti nihtiw esrevinu hcae fo erutan
eht ,esrevitlum eht fo erutcurts ehT .sesrevinu lellarap dellac semitemos era esrevitlum eht
nihtiw sesrevinu tnereffid ehT .ytilaer fo lla esirpmoc rehtegot taht )esrevinu ruo gnidulcni(
sesrevinu elbissop elpitlum fo tes lacitehtopyh eht si )esrevinu-atem ro( esrevitlum ehT
".muunitnoc nwo s'ti nihtiw yltnerrucnoc gnitsixe
,meht eviecrep dna enigami ot sEB-SI era ereht sa sesrevinu ynam sa era erehT " 622
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

803
 .nogatneP eht hguorht seirotarobaL
lleB ot "dekael" erew ygolonhcet ,"csid gniylf" llewsoR eht morf stnenopmoc gnitcejorp
thgil dna evaworcim tuoba stroper ,"llewsoR retfA yaD ehT" ,koob eht ot gnidroccA :ETON*
.thgil fo maeb
suounitnoc a time sresal eyd diuqil ro sresal sag noen-muileh ekil ,srehtO .thgil resal fo
seslup trohs time ,resal ybur eht ekil ,emoS .sresal sa desu eb nac slairetam tnereffid ynaM
.yrtsudni rallod-noillibitlum
a ot rood eht denepo dna dleif cifitneics wen a dehcnual ,yteicoS lacisyhP naciremA eht
fo lanruoj eht ,weiveR lacisyhP ni dehsilbup ,repap tahT .sbaL lleB ot tnatlusnoc a ,senwoT
.H selrahC dna ,rehcraeser sbaL lleB a neht ,wolwahcS .L ruhtrA yb ,sresaM lacitpO
dna derarfnI ,repap cifitneics eht fo noitacilbup eht htiw 8591 ot detad eb nac ,noitaidar
fo noissime detalumits yb noitacifilpma thgil rof sdnats hcihw ,resal eht fo noitnevni ehT
.selucelom fo yteirav ediw a fo scitsiretcarahc eht tuo gnilzzup rof loot lufrewop
a sa degreme dah hcihw ,ypocsortceps evaworcim fo dleif eht ni tseretni rieht dna *s05
ylrae dnas0491 eht ot kcab decart eb nac ,revewoh ,senwoT dna wolwahcS fo krow ehT
.gnipmup lacitpo fo dohtem eht desoporp )6691 scisyhP rof ezirP leboN( reltsaK
derflA ,0591 nI .noissime detalumits fo noitartsnomed tsrif eht edam dna artceps negordyh
ni noissime detalumits tnerappa dnuof drofrehteR .C .R dna bmaL .E silliW ,7491 nI
".ygrene fo mrof a sa
sevaw ro selcitrap thgil gnilennahc dna gniyfilpma ,gnitaerc rof smsinahcem ..." 522
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".toof citebaid eht ni noitarefilorp lairetcab
ro srodo fo tnempoleved eht stibihni ot swolla ytreporp lanigiro sihT .selucelom desu tsom
eht emit tneserp eht ta era nasolcirt dna etiloeZ .noitarefilorp lairetcab suoenatuc tsniaga
gnithgif ni desu selitxet era selitxetoib citpesitnA .cte gnihtolc evitneverp ,nenil latipsoh
,sgnisserd dnuow ,segadnab sedulcni osla hcihw puorg redaorb a era selitxet lacideM
.selitxeT fo egelloC s’ytisrevinU
etatS aniloraC htroN ni rosseforp a ,gniK .W nitraM .rD yb )8791( oga sraey 03 detaerc
tsrif erew yehT .straeh laicifitra fo strap dna niks laicifitra ,stfarg lairetra ,scirbaf riaper
ainreh ,serutus lacigrus sa hcus secived elbitnalpmi edulcni selitxetoiB .sdiulf lacigoloib dna
sllec htiw ytilibatsoib dna ytilibitapmocoib no sdneped ecnamrofrep rieht erehw stnemnorivne
lacigoloib cificeps ni esu rof dengised srebif elitxet fo desopmoc serutcurts era selitxetoiB
".)stuanortsa(
stiusecaps ,)stsev foorptellub dna noitcetorp bats ,sredlew rof slatem netlom tsniaga
,gnihtolc rehtgif erif rof noitaidar dna taeh tsniaga .g.e( gnihtolc evitcetorp ,)noitcetorp
porc rof selitxet( selitxetorga ,)stnemknabme fo tnemecrofnier( selitxetoeg ,)stnalpmi .g.e(
selitxet lacidem ,snoitacilppa evitomtua rof serutcurts elitxet edulcni selitxet lacinhceT
.stcudorp TEI rof dnamed eht etaitini lliw sesived cinortcele ,elibom ni tseretni remusnoc
gniworG .seitisrevinu ynam ni detcudnoc gnieb si tnempoleved TEI troppus ot hcraeseR
.)TEI( selitxet cinortcele evitcaretnI sa nwonk era stcudorp fo sepyt esehT .secived
retupmoc elbaraew rehto dna sdraobyek cirbaf poleved ot cirbaf ni s CI niatnoc lliw yeht

703
 ,cte sehctaw tsirw ecnavda ekil eb ton lliw eseht ,dehcnual eb dluow sretupmoc elbaraew
erutuf nI .saera lla ni scinortcele htiw degrem eb lliw selitxet noos taht draeh neeb sah tI
.seirtsudni rehto fo yarra tsav a stroppus
dna rotces gniworg dna egral a si sihT .noiretirc yramirp eht si noitcnuf erehw ,sesoprup
citehtsea non rof derutcafunam stcudorp elitxet ot nevig mret eht si selitxet lacinhceT"
"...tfarc eht fo roiretni eht fo scirbaf ..." 422
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".snoitacilppa niatrec ni ecnamrofrep rieht evorpmi ot detalupinam
eb nac seitreporp tnedneped htgnelevaw rieht dna ,rebif lanoitnevnoc naht rewop rehgih
yrrac ot dengised eb nac srebif latsyrc cinotohP .6991 ni elbaliava yllaicremmoc emaceb
srebif latsyrc cinotohp tsrif ehT .noitcelfer lanretni latot naht rehtar ,erutcurts cidoirep
a morf noitcarffid fo snaem yb thgil sediug hcihw ,)853 egap ,992 lov ,)3002( ecneicS( rebif
latsyrc cinotohp fo tnempoleved eht ot del slatsyrc cinotohp fo dleif gnigreme eht ,1991 nI
.edaced eht ni
retal deraeppa ,xedni evitcarfer elbatius erom a reffo ot gniddalc tnerapsnart a htiw detaoc si
rebif ssalg eht erehw ,srebif lacitpo nredom ;seiduts reilrae s'lladnyT no desab ,rebif lacitpo
fo noitnevni eht ot del taht stnemirepxe detcudnoc ynapaK hgniS redniraN tsicisyhp ,2591 nI
.snoitacilppa rehto fo yteirav a ni dna ,srosnes mrof ot desu osla
era srebif lacitpO .ecnerefretni citengamortcele ot enummi era yeht dna ,ssol ssel htiw meht
gnola levart slangis esuaceb seriw latem fo daetsni desu era srebiF .snoitacinummoc fo
smrof rehto naht setar atad rehgih ta dna secnatsid regnol revo noissimsnart stimrep hcihw
,noitacinummoc citpo-rebif ni desu ylediw era srebif lacitpO .srebif lacitpo fo noitacilppa
dna ngised eht htiw denrecnoc gnireenigne dna ecneics deilppa fo palrevo eht si scitpo
rebiF .htgnel sti gnola thgil ediug ot dengised rebif citsalp ro ssalg a si rebif lacitpo nA
".noisiv dna noitceted murtceps thgil-artlu dna thgil-bus ,thgil rof desu si gniriw..." 322
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
.ygolonhcet pihc esu stcudorp nredom
lla tsomlA .dniknam fo snoitavonni tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno sa yllacirotsih sdnats tiucric
detargetni eht fo noitnevni eht nem htob rof tuB .8691 ni ,rossecorporcim eht fo noitnevni eht
rof elbisnopser ynapmoc eht ,letnI dednuof ,eman sih ot stnetap neetxis htiw ,ecyoN treboR
.ecneicS fo ladeM lanoitaN eht dedrawa saw eh 0791 nI .)7691( rotaluclac elbatrop eht fo
rotnevni eht sa nwonk llew osla si dna snoitnevni ytxis revo no stnetap sdloh won ybliK kcaJ
.rotaluclac dleh-dnah eht detnevni taht maet eht del
eh ,sgniht rehto gnoma ,dna stnemurtsnI saxeT htiw deyats ybliK tiucric detargetni eht htiw
sseccus sih retfA .0002 raey eht ni scisyhP ni ezirP leboN eht deviecer eh hcihw rof ,tiucric
detargetni eht fo noitnevni sih rof suomaf tsom ylbaborp si )stnemurtsnI saxeT( ybliK kcaJ
.detamotua eb dluoc ssecorp gnirutcafunam eht dna rellams edam eb dluoc stiucric
ehT .yllaunam delbmessa eb ot dah stnenopmoc dna seriw erom oN .stnenopmoc etercsid
laudividni rof deen erom on saw ereht ,ti fo pot no reyal a sa meht tcennoc ot dedeen latem
eht gnidda dna lairetam fo kcolb emas eht fo tuo strap eht lla gnikam yB .gnikaerbdnuorg
saw aedi eht ,smelborp emos dah dna edurc ytterp saw tiucric detargetni tsrif eht hguohtlA

603
 .ssel fo erom ekam ot woh :ammelid
emas eht ot rewsna na no gnikrow erew sreenigne lacirtcele htob ,9591 ot 8591 morF
.noitaroproC rotcudnocimeS dlihcriaF eht dednuof-oc dah ecyoN treboR reenigne hcraeser
,reilrae raey A .8591 ni stnemurtsnI saxeT rof gnikrow detrats ,sdia gniraeh desab-rotsisnart
dna sdraob tiucric neercs klis desab-cimarec ni dnuorgkcab a htiw reenigne na ,ybliK kcaJ
.emit emas eht ylraen
ta sCI ro stiucric detargetni lacitnedi tsomla detnevni ,seitivitca s'rehto hcae fo erawanu
,srotnevni etarapes owT .detnevni eb ot denitsed saw tiucric detargetni eht taht smees tI
.smaerd rieht fo snoitcurtsnoc lacirtcele eht ezilaer ot nigeb dluoc yllanif sreenigne ,ebut
muucav eht fo snoitatimil eht morf deerF .ebut muucav eht decalper ylkciuq ti ,evitceffe dna
elbailer ,tsaf ,llamS .noitulover a deredisnoc saw tI .7491 ni detnevni saw rotsisnart ehT
"...srebif ro gniriw cipocsorcim..." 222
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".metsys lacigoloib
laer a fo ledom a gnitaerc ylirassecen tuohtiw smelborp ecnegilletni laicifitra gnivlos rof
ro ,skrowten laruen lacigoloib fo gnidnatsrednu na niag ot desu eb rehtie yam skrowten
laruen laicifitrA .)snoruen lacigoloib fo seitreporp eht cimim taht stcurtsnoc gnimmargorp(
snoruen laicifitra gnitcennocretni fo pu edam era skrowten laruen laicifitrA )2
.sisylana yrotarobal ni noitcnuf lacigoloisyhp cificeps a mrofrep
taht snoruen fo spuorg sa deifitnedi netfo era yeht ,ecneicsoruen fo dleif eht nI .metsys
suovren lartnec eht ro metsys suovren larehpirep eht ni detaler-yllanoitcnuf ro detcennoc
era taht snoruen lacigoloib laer fo pu edam era skrowten laruen lacigoloiB )1
:segasu tcnitsid
owt sah 'krowteN larueN' mret eht suhT .sedon ro snoruen laicifitra fo desopmoc era hcihw
,skrowten laruen laicifitra ot srefer netfo mret eht fo egasu nredom ehT .snoruen lacigoloib
fo tiucric ro krowten a ot refer ot desu neeb dah skrowteN larueN mret eht ,yllanoitidarT"
".tfarc eht fo "krowten laruen" eht ot denutta ..." 122
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR ---
".nigiro lairtserretartxe
fo esoht gnidulcni ,tfarcecaps ymene gnilbasid dna sdaehraw ymene gnimocni
fo smetsys ecnadiug cinortcele eht gnillik fo ytilibapac eht eveihca ot tnaem saw ,sraW ratS
ro ,)IDS( evitaitinI esnefeD cigetartS eht taht setaler rehtruf osroC .syas osroC ,cilbup eht fo
seye eht ni srecuas gniylf fo ecnetsixe eht detnuocsid ylsuoenatlumis noitartsinimda SU ehT
.tfarcecaps lairtserretartxe no noitamrofni lla tcelloc ot saw sksat sti gnomA .retteoknelliH
.H eocsoR .mdA , ecnegilletnI lartneC fo rotceriD tsrif eht fo pihsredael eht rednu
delbmessa saw )21 citsejaM ees( puorg tnemnrevog trevoc a ,osroC ot gnidrocca ,7491 nI
.lairetam ralveK dna spihc tiucric
detargetni ,sresal ,scitpo rebif ,secived maeb elcitrap detarelecca fo tnempoleved
eht ot del yltceridni stcafitra eseht fo gnireenigne esrever eht ,osroC ot gnidroccA

503
 .7491 ni ocixeM weN ,llewsoR ta hsarc a morf derevocer stcafitra lairtserretartxe dedrawets
eh woh )senriB .J mailliW rohtua-oc( llewsoR retfA yaD ehT koob sih ni setaler osroC pilihP
.ydenneK .F nhoJ fo noitanissassa eht otni
rotagitsevni na sa .rJ llessuR drahciR rotaneS rebmem noissimmoC nerraW ot dengissa saw
osroC ,4691 nI .dnomruhT mortS rotaneS ot edia yek a emaceb osroC ,3691 ni ecnegilletni
yratilim tfel eh nehW .uaedurT ruhtrA .neG .tL rednu gnikrow ,tnempoleveD dna hcraeseR
ymrA ni ksed ygolonhceT ngieroF s'nogatneP eht fo feihC emaceb eh ,1691 nI .)7591-3591(
sraey ruof rof licnuoC ytiruceS lanoitaN s'rewohnesiE tnediserP fo ffats eht no saw osroC
.spmac eseht ta denodnaba
erew s'WOP naciremA fo sderdnuh ynam taht ynomitset edivorp dluow osroC pilihP
,sriaffA AIM/WOP no eettimmoC tceleS etaneS eht fo sgniraeh lanoissergnoc dleh retal
tA .tnemtaert rieht dna pmac hcae ta dleh sWOP snoitaN detinU rehto dna .S.U fo rebmun
detamitse eht gnitagitsevni fo egrahc ni saw osroC .aeroK htroN ni spmac )WOP( raw fo
renosirp ymene fo kcart peek ot saw seitud yramirp sih fo enO .dnammoC tsaE raF ,noisiviD
ecnegilletnI eht fo hcnarb stcejorP laicepS eht fo feihC sa ruhtrAcaM salguoD lareneG
rednu seitud ecnegilletnI demrofrep osroC ,)3591-0591( raW naeroK eht gniruD .enitselaP
ot emoR fo tuo seegufer IIWW hsiweJ 000,01 fo egassap efas eht rof degnarra osroC
,5491 nI .eporuE ni ecnegilletnI ymrA ni devres osroC pilihP ,2491 ni ymrA eht gninioj retfA"
"...ygolonhcet eht "reenigne esrever" ot elba eb lliw ..." 022
mth.yguod/moc.seiretsym-dlrow.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
'.erutan fo krowleehw
yrev eht ot yrenihcam rieht gnihcatta ni deeccus lliw nem nehw emit fo noitseuq erem a
si ti neht - niatrec rof ,si ti wonk ew siht dna - citenik fi ;niav ni era sepoh ruo ,citats fI ?citenik
ro citats ygrene siht sI .ygrene si ereht ecaps tuohguorhT .esrevinu eht fo tniop yna
ta elbaniatbo rewop a yb nevird eb lliw yrenihcam ruo ,ssap snoitareneg ynam erE'
: erutcel 2981 na ni dias alseT
'...ylsuounitnoc
delbmert teef ym rednu dnuorg ehT .elbaraebnu saw niap eht taht ylgnorts
os etarbiv tas I hcihw no riahc ro hcneb eht edam yawa selim 03 ro 02 evitomocol a fo
eltsihw ehT .ydob elohw ym koohs ylriaf selim wef a fo ecnatsid a ta gnissap egairrac
A .rae ym ni duht llud a esuac dluow moor eht ni elbat a no gnithgila ylf A .eceipemit
eht dna em neewteb smoor 3 htiw hctaw a fo gnikcit eht raeh dluoc I ,tsepaduB nI'
'...daeherof eht no noitasnes ypeerc railucep a yb yawa teef 21 fo ecnatsid
a ta tcejbo na fo ecneserp eht tceted dluoc dna ,tab a fo esnes eht dah I krad eht nI'
:gniyas sa detouq si alseT
.ezirP leboN eht deviecer reven nosidE !nwod drawa suoigitserp eht denrut
alseT ,snoitnevni lacirtcele rieht rof nosidE htiw ezirP leboN eht erahs ot dereffo nehW
?0091
ot roirp rewop cirtcele fo noissimsnart sseleriw detartsnomed eh taht rebmemer ynam woh
tub ,lioC alseT eht srebmemer enoyreve raeN .meht fo 002 emos ylno gnisu yltnerruc era

403
 ew dna ,stnetap 0021 revo detubirtnoc alseT ,lla nI .daed htob erew inocraM dna alseT retfa
gnol stnetap sseleriw s'inocraM dedrawa yllautneve saw ohw alseT saw ti dna ;noitazilivic
nredom ruo rewop taht srotanretla esahp-ylop eht detnevni ,nosidE ton dna ,alseT
'!0091 erofeb ecalp koot siht fo llA .suomaf emaceb yeht erofeb sraey 57 shpargotohp
ekil-nailriK detaerc osla alseT .serutcip suomaf sih dehsilbup negtneoR a noos
sa 5981 ni syar-X fo rerevocsid eht ot shpargwodahs sih tnes eH .shpargotohp yar-X dna
resal eht ,epocsorcim nortcele eht ot srosrucerp tliub eh ;edivorp sblub lanoitnevnoc s'yadot
naht thgil erom ffo evag taht spmal noen sseleriw tliub eh ;sdnomaid dna seibur gnitaropave
fo elbapac rehsams mota na detaerc eh ;noisivelet fo ytilibisaef eht dessucsid dah
eh ,yrutnec eht fo nrut eht yB .inocraM erofeb sraey 5 cilbup eht erofeb meht detartsnomed
dna tnirp ni saedi sih decalp dna ,oidar eht fo rotnevni lanigiro eht saw eH .yadot dlrow eht
ni nwot yreve pu thgil taht srotareneg tnerruc esahp-ylop gnitanretla eht fo rotnevni elos eht
saw alseT ',selpicnirp wen fo rerevocsid' A .yrutneC ts12 dna ht02 eht detnevni alseT alokiN"
8.c ,32 p ,5391 ,11 yluJ ,semiT kroY weN -- " ...stsitneics
naht rehtar stsicisyhpatem era yeht tub nem tnaillirb era stnenopxe sti ,...gnik a rof ekat
elpoep tnarongi mohw elprup ni dehtolc raggeb a ekil si yroeht ehT .srorre gniylrednu eht
ot dnilb elpoep sekam dna selzzad ,setanicsaf hcihw brag lacitamehtam tnecifingam ]a[..."
: ti gnillac ,krow ytivitaler s'nietsniE fo lacitirc saw alseT
2391 ,11 rebmetpeS ,enubirT dlareH kroY weN -- ".weiv a hcus ot ebircsbus
ot esufer ,eno rof ,I .gnihton nopu tca nac gnihtemos taht gnitats ot tnelaviuqe si devruc
semoceb ecaps seidob egral fo ecneserp eht ni taht yas oT .ecaps eht gnillif rettam htiw
gnilaed nehw kaeps ylno nac ew seitreporp fO .gnikam nwo ruo fo era eseht dna setubirtta
ylno tub ,ton sah eH .seitreporp sah doG taht dias eb llew sa thgim tI .seitreporp
on evah nac ti taht nosaer elpmis eht rof ,devruc eb tonnac ecaps taht dloh I"
.esoprup a hcus tsuj
rof "epocsalseT" a detnevni eh taht smialc neeb neve evah erehT .stenalp rehto htiw klat
ot desu eb dluoc snoitnevni sih thguoht eh taht retfa semit ynam dna tneve siht erofeb
denoitnem dah alseT .rehtegot skcilc ruof dna ,eerht ,owt ,eno fo spuorg ni deraeppa slangis
eht taht dellacer retal eh ,yllacificepS .esion htrae dna smrots morf deton dah eh slangis eht
morf tnereffid yllaitnatsbus erew hcihw reviecer sih morf slangis evititeper deciton eH .sraM
ro suneV morf gnimoc snoitacinummoc oidar lairtserretartxe fo ecnedive neeb evah
yam thguoht retal eh taht slangis lausunu devresbo alseT ,bal sgnirpS odaroloC eht nI
.recuas ro ragic a fo mrof
eht ekat yllacipyt dluow ecnaraeppa deziroeht ehT .yllacinahcem-ortcele yleritne nur
eb dluoc tfarcria na hcus spahrep taht detseggus alseT ,dessergorp emit sA .snoitats esab
dednuorg yb derewop rotom cirtcele na gnisu ylf dluow taht tfarc gniylf a fo aedi eht tuoba
derednop alseT ,yllaitinI .ecruos leuf draobno na ro ,srelleporp ,snorelia ,sgniw ,enigne
enalpria na fo esu eht tuohtiw nur dluow taht enihcam gniylf a etaerc ot saw slaog
efil sih fo eno taht demialc alseT .tfarcria delleporp-noi na elbmeser ot sraeppa hcihw
,enihcaM gniylF s'alseT sa ot derrefer ylnommoc si snoitnevni deziroeht s'alseT fo rehtonA
.neercsweiv a no snrettap lausiv sa kcab deyalp dna evren citpo laicifitra na
hguorht dessecorp eb neht dluoc noitamrofni derots ehT .enihcam a ni dedrocer dna daer eb
dluoc noissimsnart laruen siht fo atad lacirtcele eht dna ,aniter eht ni egami gnidnopserroc
a detaerc dnim eht ni demrof thguoht a taht denosaer eH .enihcam "yhpargotohp
thguoht" eht ylbaborp saw desoporp reve alseT noitnevni tsegnarts elgnis ehT

303
 .levart
emit dna ,noitatropelet ,spihsria ytivarg-itna gnidulcni ,noitcif ecneics fo tuo thgiarts
pael ot mees taht slasoporp alseT fo yarra na derednegne dna ,lliw ta deretla eb
ot rettam dna ytivarg ,ecaps ,emit elbane dluow thgil fo llaw suoiretsym sihT .nrettap niatrec
a ni sevaw citengamortcele gnitalupinam yb "thgil fo llaw" a gnitaerc fo aedi eht ot
del yriuqni fo dleif sihT .scisyhp mutnauq otni detaroprocni ydaerla noitisoporp latnemadnuf
a ,evaw a dna elcitrap a htob sa thgil fo aedi eht htiw detanicsaf saw alseT ,efil sih fo dne
eht raeN .rewop siht lortnoc ylbicrof dluoc nam hcihw yb erudecorp eht dna emit dna ecaps
,egnahc rehtar ro ,praw ot rewop s'msitengam dna yticirtcele tuoba eziroeht ot nageb alseT
)2981 yraurbeF( "ycneuqerF hgiH dnA laitnetoP hgiH fO stnerruC etanretlA htiW
stnemirepxE"— .esrevinu eht fo tniop yna ta elbaniatbo rewop a yb nevird eb lliw yrenihcam
ruo ,ssap snoitareneg ynam erE :gnitats ,erutan fo krowleehw yrev eht ot yrenihcam
rieht gnihcatta ni deeccus lliw nem nehw emit fo noitseuq a ylerem tsuj saw ti taht deveileb
eH .ecaps tuohguorht tneserp si taht ygrene gnitsevrah detagitsevni osla alseT
)rotcudnoc a ssorca egatlov fo noitcudorp eht tsuj ton ;rettam dna ecaps hguorht ygrene fo
tnemevom eht ,si taht( noitcudnoc lacirtcele fo epyt siht fo noitacilppa na rof mret ciahcra eht
si )alseT fo ronoh ni deman( tceffe alseT ehT .1981 sa ylrae sa ytivitcudnoc lacirtcele nopu
sdneped taht "seriw tuohtiw ygrene lacirtcele fo noissimsnart eht" detartsnomed alseT
.selcihev gnilbasid rof desoporp neeb sah dna ,nopaew kcohsortcele resalortcele
eht ,sdor gninthgil lautriv ni desu si tpecnoc emas ehT .snoitats reviecer-rettimsnart
eht evoba yltcerid ria eht ni lennahc dezinoi lacitrev a mrof ot desu eb thgim maeb teloivartlu
rewop-hgih a ,elpicnirp siht gnisu metsys noissimsnart ygrene sseleriw lacitcarp a nI
.secived rewop ot desu era tniop owt eht neewteb sessap taht tnerruc htiw smuidem larutan
suoirav ni noissimsnart hcihw ni desoporp saw ytivitcudnoc lacirtcele eht nopu sdneped
taht "seriw tuohtiw ygrene lacirtcele fo noissimsnart eht" rof "metsys dlrow" A
.5981 hcraM fo erif bal eunevA ht5 eht ni tsol saw hcraeser sih fo hcum ;nwonk ylediw
sgnidnif sih ekam t'ndid tub )negtneoR ot segami eseht tnes eh ,retal ;dnah sih fo senob eht
gnihpargotohp gnidulcni( yrevocsid s'negtneoR ot roirp stnemirepxe lareves demrofrep eH
".oidar eht fo rotnevni eht gnieb
sa mih detiderc setatS detinU eht fo truoC emerpuS eht ,3491 nI .scisyhp laciteroeht
dna ,scisyhp raelcun ,scitsillab fo noisnapxe eht ot dna ,ecneics retupmoc dna
radar ,lortnoc etomer ,scitobor fo tnemhsilbatse eht ot seerged gniyrav ni detubirtnoc
evah ot dias si alseT ,gnireenigne dna msitengamortcele no krow sih morf edisA
.68 fo ega eht
ta dehsirevopmi deid alseT ,secnanif sih no sucof hcum tup gnivah reveN ."tsitneics dam" a
sa dedrager dna dezicartso yletamitlu saw alseT ,stnempoleved lacigolonhcet dna cifitneics
elbissop tuoba smialc errazib semitemos dna elbaveilebnu dna ytilanosrep cirtnecce
sih ot eud tub erutluc ralupop ro yrotsih ni tsitneics ro rotnevni rehto yna fo taht delavir
emaf s'alseT ,setatS detinU eht ni ,doirep siht gniruD .ecnatropmi gnikaerbdnuorg fo erew
seirevocsid sih fo ynam dna gnireenigne lacirtcele nredom dereenoip krow ylrae sih fo hcuM
.reenigne lacirtcele tsetaerg s'aciremA sa detcepser ylediw saw eh ,"stnerruC fo raW" eht ni
rotciv eht gnieb retfa dna 3981 ni )oidar( noitacinummoc sseleriw fo noitartsnomed sih retfA
".yticirtcele nredom fo tnias nortap eht" dna "yrutnec hteitnewt eht detnevni ohw nam
eht" mih demeed evah alseT fo srehpargoib yraropmetnoC .noituloveR lairtsudnI dnoceS
eht ni rehsu depleh eh hcihw htiw ,rotom CA eht dna smetsys noitubirtsid rewop esahpylop
eht gnidulcni ,smetsys )CA( rewop cirtcele tnerruc gnitanretla nredom fo sisab eht demrof

203
 krow laciteroeht dna stnetap s'alseT .yrutnec ht02 ylrae dna ht91 etal eht ni msitengam
dna yticirtcele fo enilpicsid eht ot snoitubirtnoc yranoitulover ynam sih rof nwonk tseb si
alseT .nezitic naciremA na emaceb retal dna eripmE nairtsuA eht fo tcejbus breS cinhte na
saw eh ,reitnorF yratiliM ,anijarK naitaorC ,najlimS ni nroB .reenigne lacirtcele dna ,reenigne
lacinahcem ,tsicisyhp ,rotnevni na saw )3491 yraunaJ 7 – 6581 yluJ 01( alseT alokiN"
"...alseT alociN..." 912
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ralpmexe
na ,ledom ro nrettap a" sa mgidarap senifed yranoitciD hsilgnE drofxO eht ,ylevitanretlA
deterpretni eb dluohs snoitagitsevni cifitneics fo stluser eht woh •
derutcurts eb ot era snoitseuq eseht woh •
tcejbus siht ot noitaler
ni srewsna rof deborp dna deksa eb ot desoppus era taht snoitseuq fo dnik eht •
deziniturcs dna devresbo eb ot si tahw •
:sa mgidarap cifitneics a senifed nhuK snoituloveR
cifitneicS fo erutcurtS ehT koob sih ni ,revewoH .sgninaem lacihposolihp tcaxe erom evah
hcihw ,ecneics lamron dna ralpmexe smret eht referp ot emac flesmih nhuK .emit fo doirep
ralucitrap a gnirud enilpicsid cifitneics a enifed taht secitcarp fo tes eht ot refer ot ti detpoda
eh nehw gninaem yraropmetnoc sti drow siht evag nhuK samohT ecneics fo nairotsiH"
"...mgidarap ..." 812
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".aeS htroN eht ni trop ot trop
morf ylmodnar gnimaets ,rethgierf pmart dekramnu na fo dloh eht ni dellatsni yltnenamrep
gnieb ecived eht htiw eno sa hcus ,tsixe snoisrev erom ynaM .selissim gnimocni
fo noitceted nopu ro ,reggirt cimsies a ,retupmoc laiceps a yb yllacitamotua ,nilmerK eht morf
dnammoc nopu detanoted eb ot saw ti ;RSSU eht fo redrob nretsew eht gnola slavretni ta
decalp sbmob fo seires a yllautca saw ti ;noitavitca nopu erehpsomta reppu eht ot ti reviled
dluow taht retsoob tekcor laiceps a no dellatsni saw ti ;.cte ,eniarkU eht ,airebiS ,wocsoM fo
tsew reknub dnuorgrednu na ni saw ti :esrevid yllauqe era noitarepo fo snaem dna noitacol
sti fo selaT .yadot ecnetsixe ni llits si dna ,detavitca-ed eb reven nac ti taht rennam a hcus
ni detcurtsnoc dna dengised ro ;raw dloc eht fo dne eht ta deltnamsid tub ,detavitca dna tliub
;detavitca reven tub tliub ;detcurtsnoc reven tub dengised saw ecived eht ,5891 dna 7691
neewteb tniop emos ta ,secruos suoirav ot gnidroccA .hturt ni sisab emos tsael ta tseggus
ot tsixe seirots tnereffid fo snezod eht ni seitiralimis hguone tub ,ecruos eht ot gnidrocca
yrav ecived siht gnidrager sliateD .detanoted eb ecived eht dluohs tuollaf yldaed htiw
erehpsomta s'htrae eht etarutas ot ytitnauq tneiciffus fo ,tlaboc eb ot dias yllausu ,lairetam
evitcaoidar ylhgih a )htiw "detlas" ,yletanretla ,ro( ni dehtaehs bmob negordyh notagem-002
a gnivlovni ecived yadsmood teivoS a fo stroper latodcena ,demrifnocnu ynam era erehT
.)bmob tlaboc a ;.g.e( tuollaf suodrazah dna gnitsal-gnol etaerc ot dengised slairetam
htiw "detlas" eb nac yeht taht ro )ngised malU-relleT ees( egral ylirartibra edam eb nac
sbmob negordyh taht tcaf eht no yler rehtie sledom hcus tsoM .emeht noitanimretxe seiceps
eht htiw lellarap ni ,sepA eht fo tenalP eht htaeneB eivom eht fo cipot niam a osla si tI .bmoB
eht evoL dna gniyrroW potS ot denraeL I woH :ro evolegnartS .rD ,4691 morf mlif kcirbuK

103
 yelnatS eht ni deidorap ylsuomaf saw ti dna ,noitcurtsed derussa yllautum fo ygetarts
eht dniheb cigol ladicius eht fo semertxe eht ynam rof dezimotipe ,saw ti sa lanoitcif ,emehcs
a hcuS .noitan rehtona morf kcatta raelcun gnidnepmi na fo langis eht ta tuollaf raelcun
ni tenalp eht ehtab dna lla meht etanoted ot demmargorp ,sbmob negordyh fo elipkcots
a ot deknil retupmoc a fo tsisnoc dluow hcihw s0591 eht ni "enihcaM yadsmooD" a desoporp
nhaK namreH tsigetarts DNAR .secived yadsmood lanoitcif fo stnenopmoc tnanimod eht
neeb yllausu evah yeht ,sbmob negordyh yllaicepse ,snopaew raelcun fo tnevda eht retfA
.tenalp eht
no elpoep lla sllik sag a fo esaeler latnedicca eht hcihw ni leihS .P .M yb )1091( duolC elpruP
ehT yllaicepse ,tcepser siht ni emeht eht pu ekat noitcif ecneics fo erneg eht ni scissalc
ynaM .)efil namuh tsael ta ro( ti no efil lla ro dlrow eht gniyortsed ylevitca fo yaw elbisualp
dna etinifed a enigami ot snamuh dewolla ygolonhcet dna ecneics ni secnavda nehw
,yrutnec ht02 eht ni yllaicepse tra dna erutaretil ni tneserp neeb evah secived yadsmooD
.)htraE tenalp fo dne eht
rof desu mret a ,"yadsmood" gnignirb( flesti htraE eht yortsed ro ,htraE eht no efil lla yortsed
dluoc hcihw — nopaew a yllausu — noitcurtsnoc lacitehtopyh a si ecived yadsmood A"
"...efil fo lla yortsed ot laitnetop
eht evah htraE no sraey owt tsap eht ni desu dna detset erew taht snoisolpxe ..." 712
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".0811 dnuora ot gnitad sgnivrac hcruhc
no dnuof eb nac reddur detnuom-nrets a fo noitciped nwonk tsedlo s'tseW ehT •
.2021 ni icabA
rebiL koob sih htiw eporuE ot slaremun cibarA-udniH secudortni asiP fo odranoeL •
.niapS cimalsI aiv eporuE ot denruter ebalortsa ehT •
.s0821 etal eht ni ylatI ni detnevni erew sessalgeyE •
.yrutnec ht21
etal eht ni emit emos eporuE gnihcaer tsrif ,noitagivan dedia ssapmoc citengam ehT •
.yrutnec ht31 eht ni )aidnI morf ylbaborp( eporuE ot thguorb saw leehw gninnips ehT •
.0721 dnuora ylatI ni nageb erutcafunam repaP •
.5811 detad ,dnalgnE ,erihskroY morf si llimdniw a fo drocer nettirw tseilrae ehT •
.ti deton osla evah ygolonhcet
fo snairotsih rojam rehto dna 0061-0521 ,eporuE nretseW ni noitacifitnauQ : ytilaeR
fo erusaeM ehT ni noitulover lacigolonhcet siht fo emos debircsed ybsorC derflA
.noitarolpxE fo egA eht fo nwad eht elbissop edam secnavda
owt rettal ehT .spihs devorpmi yltaerg dna ,ebalortsa eht ,kcolc retteb a ,selcatceps
,redwopnug ,gnitnirp fo noitnevni ro noitpoda eht gnidulcni ,secnavda lacigolonhcet rojam
was doirep ehT .ebolg eht revo lla yrotsih namuh fo sraey dnasuoht suoiverp eht ni naht
yllufesu deilppa dna depoleved snoitnevni erom erew ereht ,yrutnec a naht ssel nI .htworg
cimonoce dna noitcudorp fo snaem lanoitidart gniganam fo syaw eht ni snoitavonni dna
snoitnevni wen fo etar eht ni egnahc lacidar a saw ereht ,eporuE ni yrutnec ht21 eht gniruD
.tra nailatI fo htriber eht ot lartnec saw tra euqitna ,irasaV ot gnidroccA .stra eht ni enilced
siht esrever ot nageb )7331-7621( ottoiG dna )1031-0421( eubamiC htiw gninnigeb
,stsitra nacsuT eht ylno dna eripmE namoR eht fo espalloc eht htiw yaced otni nellaf dah

003
 stra eht :tra cihtog fo seitirabrab eht htiw kaerb a sa debircsed eh tahw enifed ot gnitpmetta
saw irasaV koob eht nI .)0551 dehsilbup( stsitrA eht fo seviL ehT koob sih ni )4751
-1151( irasaV oigroiG citirc dna tsitra nailatI eht yb ylevitcepsorter desu tsrif saw mret ehT
.)DA 0031 - DA 0021( "yrutnec
ht31 etal eht ni nageb taht tnemevom larutluc eht gnibircsed ni ytiralupop deveihca
ecnassianeR drow hcnerF eht taht yrutnec htneetenin eht litnu ton saw ti ,revewoH
."nem ecnassianeR" mret eht deripsni
evah ohw ,olegnalehciM dna icniV ad odranoeL sa shtamylop hcus fo snoitubirtnoc eht dna
tcepsa citsitra sti rof nwonk tseb spahrep si tub ,stiusrup lautcelletni tsom ni stnempoleved
was ecnassianeR ehT .mrofer lanoitacude dna ,gnitniap ni evitcepsrep raenil fo tnempoleved
eht ,secruos lacissalc no desab gninrael fo laviver a dessapmocne tI .eporuE nretsew fo tser
eht ot gnidaerps retal dna segA elddiM etal eht ni ylatI ni gninnigeb ,yrutnec ht71 eht hguorht
ht41 eht ylhguor dennaps taht tnemevom larutluc a saw )"nrob eb" erecsan dna "niaga" -er
morf ,otnemicsaniR :nailatI ;"htriber" gninaem ,ecnassianeR hcnerF morf( ecnassianeR ehT
"...ecnassianeR ..." 612
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".evitomocol maets yawliar gnikrow tsrif eht fo redliub dna reenigne gninim ,rotnevni hsilgnE
na saw )tneK ni 3381 ,22 lirpA deid - llawnroC ni 1771 ,31 lirpA nrob( kcihtiverT drahciR "
"...kcihtiverT drahciR..." 512
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
"?nus eht tnetap
uoy dluoC .tnetap on si erehT" :dednopser eh ,noitaerc sih rof evitom-tiforp a fo tnemeriuqer
eht fo noitpmussa s'noitseuq eht yb desirpruS "?eniccav siht no tnetap eht snwo ohW"
:deksa saw klaS ,5591 ni "woN tI eeS" no worruM .R drawdE yb deweivretni gnieb elihW
.eniccav oilop evitceffe tsrif eht fo tnempoleved dna hcraeser eht rof nwonk tseb naicisyhp
dna tsigoloib naciremA na saw )5991 ,32 enuJ – 4191 ,82 rebotcO( klaS drawdE sanoJ"
"...klaS sanoJ..." 412
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
."odranoeL kcalB" a mih debbud enizagam "emiT" ,1491 nI .ecar etihw eht ot roirefni
yllautcelletni saw ecar kcalb eht taht emit eht fo epytoerets daerpsediw eht denimrednu
stnelat ynam dna stnemeveihca sih fo emaf eht taht saw selor tnatropmi tsom sih fo enO
.derimda ylediw neeb osla
evah msilairetam cimonoce fo kcal dna ytilagurf ,erutan doog ,msinairatinamuh ,ytilimuh siH
.noitacude doog a dna edutitta evitisop a ,krow drah fo ecnatropmi eht fo elpmaxe na dna
snaciremA-nacirfA rof ledom elor elbaulav a sa devres eH .erutan dna stnalp fo noitaicerppa
dna erutlucirga elbaniatsus fo ycacovda ,noigiler ,gnitniap ,yrteop ,nerdlihc gnirotnem
,snoitaler laicar fo tnemevorpmi ,noitacude noisnetxe larutlucirga gnidulcni ,stunaep
morf stcudorp lairtsudni naht rehto saera ni erew stnemhsilpmocca tnatropmi tsom s'revraC

992
.koobeton yrotarobal a peek
ton did eH .stcudorp sih gnikam rof serudecorp ro salumrof on tfel eh ,doof rof sepicer emos
dna stnetap eseht morf edisA .dne eht ni lufsseccus yllaicremmoc ton erew yeht ,revewoh
;7291 ot 5291 sraey eht ni revraC notgnihsaW egroeG ot deussi erew )sniats dna stniap rof
owt dna ,scitemsoc rof eno( stnetap eerhT .niats doow dna redwop muclat ,rebbur citehtnys
,hsilop eohs ,maerc gnivahs ,tnemevap ,citsalp ,repap ,hsilop latem ,rezirednet taem
,esiannoyam ,muelonil ,eeffoc tnatsni ,kni ,setteuqirb leuf ,ecuas ilihc ,klimrettub ,hcaelb
,esaerg elxa ,sevisehda erew yllacimonoce meht pleh ot sremraf nrehtuos ot detseggus eh
taht smeti detsil eht gnomA .seotatop teews dna snacep ,snaebyos rof sesu erom sderdnuh
dna stunaep rof sesu derdnuh eerht derevocsid yldetuper revraC notgnihsaW egroeG
.ycneiciffusfles rof seuqinhcet gnimraf sevals remrof gnihcaet ,amabalA ,eegeksuT ni etutitsnI
eegeksuT eht ta noisnetxe larutlucirga ni dekrow ohw rotacude ymonorga dna rehcraeser
lacinatob naciremA na saw )3491 ,5 yraunaJ – 4681 ,21 yluJ( revraC notgnihsaW egroeG"
"...revraC notgnihsaW egroeG..." 312
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".yadot wonk ew aidem ssam eht denifed
dna srepapswen otni devlove teehsdaorb ehT .)detnirp dah grebnetuG smeti tsrif eht fo eno
erew secnegludni ,yllacinori( noitisop secnegludni-itna sih gniniltuo steehsdaorb deussi osla
eh yltneuqesbus ;ylediw detalucric dna detnirp erew ,hcruhc sih fo rood eht no detsop eh
hcihw ,sesehT 59 eht taht dnuof rehtuL nitraM :noitamrofeR eht ni rotcaf a osla saw gnitnirP
".dlrow eht reuqnoc llahs I dna dael fo sreidlos 62
em eviG" :dias evah ot thguoht si grebnetuG .noitulover cifitneics retal eht rof tsylatac rojam
a saw ti ,gnihsilbup cifitneics detatilicaf yltaerg ti ecnis dna ,ecnassianeR gniworg eht def tI
.erofeb naht retsaf hcum eporuE ssorca levart ot nageb skoob dna swen dna ,ylkciuq daerps
seigolonhcet gnitnirp eht ,emitefil sih ni lufsseccusnu yllaicnanif saw grebnetuG hguohtlA
.ytilauq lacinhcet dna citehtsea hgih sti rof demialcca neeb sah ,elbib enil-24 eht sa nwonk
osla ,elbiB grebnetuG eht ,krow rojam siH .yllabolg gnitnirp lacinahcem dna )9341 .c( eporuE
ni gnitnirp epyt elbavom gnitnevni htiw detiderc si ohw ,retnirp dna htimsdlog namreG
a saw )8641 ,3 yraurbeF – 0041 .c( grebnetuG muz nedaL ruz hcsielfsneG sennahoJ"
"...grebnetuG sennahoJ..." 212
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".htraE no sag gnitfil a si muileh taht
yaw emas eht ni suneV no sag gnitfil a si )negortin %87 ,negyxo %12( ria elbahtaerb taht
tcaf eht dna erutarepmet ,erusserp ni ytiralimis eht ot euD .sraM fo ecafrus eht naht os erom
neve ,metsyS raloS eht ni aera ekil-htraE tsom eht erehpsomta reppu sti gnikam ,htraE eht
fo taht sa emas eht ylraen si erutarepmet dna erusserp cirehpsomta eht tenalp eht fo ecafrus
eht evoba level mk 56 ot mk 05 a tuoba ta ,ecafrus eht no snoitidnoc hsrah eht etipseD
.liatotengam decudni eht hguorht dniw ralos eht yb yawa nwolb ylsuounitnoc
si hcihw ,retaw fo ssol eht gnitneverp fo elbapacni era yeht revewoH .ti otni peed etartenep
ton seod yllausu hcihw ,dniw ralos eht morf erehpsomta eht dleihs yehT .ecaps eht
morf erehpsomta naisunev etarapes erehpsotengam decudni niht dna erehpsonoi eht ylnO

892
 .sduolc fo nrettap depahs-S citsiretcarahc a swohs
dna deye elbuod si xetrov hcaE .drawnwod sevom ria eht meht nI .detacol era sexetrov
ralop dellac serutcurts cinolcycitna suneV fo selop eht raeN .s/m 001 sa tsaf sa wolb
noitator-repus gnitroppus sdniw ehT .syad 342 fo doirep lanoitator laredis eht htiw derapmoc
emit trohs a si hcihw ,)noitator-repus( syad ruof tsuj ni tenalp eht selcric erehpsomta
elohw ehT .noitator-repus dna noitalucric suorogiv a fo etats ni si suneV fo erehpsomta ehT
.stnuoma ecart ni ylno tneserp era sdnuopmoc lacimehc rehtO .selucelom
lla fo %5.3 dna %5.69 pu ekam hcihw ,negortin dna edixoid nobrac era suneV no sesag
cirerehpsomta niam ehT .seborp ecaps nallegaM yb dna 61-51 areneV dna dnuorg eht morf
detcudnoc gnigami radar yb ylevisulcxe deniatbo neeb sah suneV no serutaef ecafrus tuoba
noitamrofni ehT .elbissopmi ecafrus eht fo snoitavresbo lacitpo ekam hcihw ,dica ciruflus
fo edam sduolc tnetsisrep kciht stroppus erehpsomta naisuneV ehT .ylevitcepser ,rab 39
dna )C°764( K 047 era suneV no erusserp dna erutarepmet ecafrus ehT .htraE fo taht
naht rettoh dna resned hcum si ,nuS eht morf tenalp dnoces eht ,suneV fo erehpsomta ehT
.ssorca sertemorcim 5.1 ylhguor era selcitrap
tsud dednepsus eht setacidni srevoR noitarolpxE sraM eht morf atad ;ecafrus eht morf
nees nehw roloc ynwat a yks naitraM eht gnivig ,ytsud etiuq si erehpsomta ehT .enahtem
dna ,retaw ,negyxo fo secart sniatnoc dna ,nogra %6.1 ,negortin %3 ,edixoid nobrac
%59 fo stsisnoc sraM no erehpsomta ehT .mk 6 s'htraE naht rehgih tahwemos ,mk 11
tuoba si erehpsomta eht fo thgieh elacs eht ,revewoH .aPk 3.101 s'htraE ot derapmoc
,)aPk 6.0( aP 006 fo erusserp level ecafrus naem a htiw ,aitinalP salleH fo shtped eht ni
)aPk 551.1( aP 5511 revo ot kaep s'snoM supmylO no )aPk 30.0( aP 03 dnuora morf seirav
ecafrus eht no erusserp cirehpsomta eht dna ,niht ylevitaler si sraM fo erehpsomta ehT
.ecaps retuo dna erehpsomta neewteb
yradnuob eht sa dedrager yltneuqerf osla si ,)tf 000,823 ro selim 26( mk 001 ta ,enil námráK
ehT .yrtne-er gnirud elbaeciton emoceb stceffe cirehpsomta erehw yradnuob eht skram
)tf 000,004 ro selim 57~( mk 021 fo edutitla nA .stuanortsa detangised era )selim etutats
05( mk 5.08 fo edutitla na evoba levart ohw elpoep ,setatS detinU eht nI .ecafrus yratenalp
eht fo mk 11 nihtiw si ssam s'erehpsomta eht fo sretrauq eerhT .ecaps otni sedaf dna renniht
semoceb ylwols tI .ecaps retuo dna erehpsomta eht neewteb yradnuob etinifed on si erehT
.thgin dna yad neewteb semertxe erutarepmet gnicuder
dna noitaidar ralos teloivartlu gnibrosba yb htraE no efil stcetorp erehpsomta ehT .ria
sa nwonk ylnommoc si sesag fo erutxim sihT .ropav retaw fo )%1 dnuora egareva( tnuoma
elbairav a dna ,sesag rehto fo stnuoma ecart ,edixoid nobrac %830.0 ,nogra %39.0 ,negyxo
%59.02 ,negortin %80.87 )emulov/tnetnoc ralom yb( ylhguor sniatnoc tI .ytivarg s'htraE eht
yb deniater dna htraE tenalp eht gnidnuorrus sesag fo reyal a si erehpsomta s'htraE ehT"
"...tenalp erehpsomta negyxo/negortin ,ytivarg yvaeh a ..." 112
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
.scesrap noillim 6.603 tuoba si raey-thgilagig enO .desu serusaem
ecnatsid tsegral eht fo eno — sraey-thgil noillib eno si ,"ylG" noitaiverbba ,raey-thgilagig enO
.sretsulc yxalag
dna seixalag gnirobhgien neewteb secnatsid erusaem ot desu yllacipyt era sraey-thgilageM
.scesrap 006,603 tuoba ro ,sraey-thgil noillim eno si ,"ylM" detaiverbba ,raey-thgilagem enO

792
 .yxalag a fo strap neewteb secnatsid erusaem ot desu yllacipyt era sraey-thgiloliK
.scesrap 703 tuoba ro ,sraey-thgil dnasuoht eno si ,"ylk" detaiverbba ,raey-thgilolik enO
.retsulc ralubolg ro mra larips emas eht
ni esoht sa hcus ,srats ybraen neewteb secnatsid edulcni sraey-thgil ni derusaem secnatsiD
.metsys rats a nihtiw stcejbo evlovni yllausu raey-thgil a fo snoitcarf ni derusaem secnatsiD
!sraey thgil 42.4 si htraE morf rats tseraen eht ot ecnatsid ehT
).sehcni 73.93 ro teef 182.3
= retem A ( .sretem 008,085,274,037,064,9 fo eulav tcaxe na raey-thgil eht sevig ,sdnoces
006,755,13 yltcaxe ro ,syad 52.563 fo )nairogerG ton( raey radnelaC nailuJ eht gnisU
-- "...yad elgnis a ni sraey-thgil fo snoillirt levart niamoD ehT fo tfarc ecaps..." 012
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".eciohc fo "gurd" rieht rof erised tnatsnoc eht dnuora
etator sevil 'stcidda xes ,scilohocla ekiL .noislupmoc rieht revo lortnoc sesol resu eht dna
emit yreve skrow ,egnahc doom kciuq a sedivorp tI .gurd gniretla doom siht htiw pihsnoitaler
lacigolohtap a sah nosrep a taht si msilohocla fo noitinifed nommoc A .gurd a ekil snoitcnuf
xes erehw ,stcidda dna scilohocla fo roivaheb ot elbarapmoc si stcidda xes fo roivaheb ehT
.noitcidda lacigolohcysp fo mrof a si noislupmoc
lauxes dellac osla ,noitcidda lauxeS .xes htiw noissesbo ro evird xes esnetni yllausunu
na sah ohw nosrep a fo roivaheb eht ebircsed ot desu si noitcidda lauxeS mret ehT"
"...evaw
cinortcele "niap-citehtsea lauxes" eht ot noitcidda dna tcapmi gnitatilibed ehT" 902
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sevil rieht tuohguorht ssam elcsum dna ytisned enob
,odibil niatniam ot enoretsotset no yler nemow ,nem ekiL ).cte ,dliub ralucsum ,sriah laicaf
dna cibup ,eciov gninepeed e.i( stiart enilucsam fo ecnaraeppa eht sesuac enoretsotseT
.ydob elamef tluda na naht enoretsotset erom semit ytxis
ot ytrof tuoba secudorp ydob elam namuh tluda na ,egareva nO .selam yb ssel dna
,selamef yb stnuoma retaerg ni decudorp si negortse enomroh namuh ehT .selamef
yb ssel dna ,selam yb stnuoma retaerg ni decudorp si enoretsotset enomroh namuh ehT
.gninoitcnuf lauxes ni sa
llew sa gnieb-llew dna htlaeh ni elor yek a syalp enoretsotset ,nemow dna nem htob nI
gniebllew dna ,htgnerts ,elcsum fo reilpitlum
tnetop a saw ,)s’06 dna s’05 ,s’0491 eht ni depoleved erew sevitavired ynam rof( sdnuopmoc
fo ylimaf rehtar ro — enoretsotset — dnuopmoc dezisehtnys ylwen siht taht devorp
ega nedlog siht ni hcraeseR .ylkciuq dessergorp doirep siht gnirud krow dna ,”yrtsimehC
dioretS fo egA nedloG ehT“ dellac neeb sah s’0591 eht ot s’0391 ylrae eht fo doirep ehT

692
 .diorets cilobana
na dna enomroh xes elam lapicnirp eht si tI .sdnalg lanerda eht yb deterces osla era
stnuoma llams hguohtla ,selamef fo seiravo eht dna selam fo setset eht ni deterces yliramirp
si enoretsotset ,slammam nI .puorg negordna eht morf enomroh diorets a si enoretsotseT"
".negortse
ro enoretsotset yb detalumits seslupmi lacirtcele-lacimehc evitcudorper ..." 802
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".llec lanoitcerid yb sdleif cirtcele deilppa
ot dnopser serutluc ni sllec )2 dna ;noitareneger dna tnempoleved ,gnilaeh dnuow gnirud
rucco yllarutan taht sdleif cirtcele elbarusaem fo ecnetsixe eht )1 no desab si noiton sihT
.sdleif cirtcele eht drawot sevlesmeht gnitatneiro dna gnitceted yb taht detseggus neeb sah
tI .dleif cirtcele a ot esnopser ni sllec elitom fo tnemevom lanoitcerid si sixatortcelE
.smsinagro
ro sllec rednopser fo tnemevom lairotcev eht sediug esahp diulf a ni depoleved slacimehc fo
tneidarg noitartnecnoc A .secnatsbus eht fo stegrat era smsinagro )smrow .g.e( ralullecitlum
ro )aozotorp .g.e( ralullecinU .slacimehc yb deticile esnopser yrotargim a si sixatomehC
.)tcatnoc lacisyhp( sixatomgiht dna
)segnahc erutarepmet( sixatomreht ,)wolf diulf( sixatoehr ,)thgil( sixatotohp ,)erutsiom(
sixatordyh ,)ytivarg( sixatoeg ,)tnerruc lacirtcele( sixatonavlag ,)slacimehc( sixatomehc
,)erusserp( sixatorab ,)dniw yb noitalumits( sixatomena edulcni esehT .esnopser eht sticile
taht sulumits eht yficeps ot seciferp gnisu deman dna deifitnedi neeb evah sixat fo sepyt
ynaM .evitagen si sixat eht neht ,sulumits eht morf yawa sevom msinagro eht fI .sulumits
eht sdrawot gnivom si msinagro eht dna ,sulumits thgil a ot esnopser a si sixatotohp ecnis
,"sixatotohp evitisop" demret yllacificeps dna thgil ot eno evitisop a si ruoivaheb ro noitcaer
sihT .thgil eht sdrawot si tnemevom noitatneiro eht dna ,thgil si sulumits lanoitcerid eht
ereH .ecruos thgil a sdrawot evom anelguE suneg eht fo snaozotorp etallegalf ,elpmaxe roF
.ytisnetni sulumits no gnidneped
ytivitca fo setar tnereffid ot eud noitom detcerid fo noisulli eht ni stluser taht sulumits a
ot esnopser ni ytivitca ni egnahc lanoitcerid-non a ,sisenik a morf sreffid osla tI .sulumits eht
morf yawa ro sdrawot tnemevom dediug setartsnomed dna ytilitom sah msinagro eht taht ni
)sulumits a morf yawa ro sdrawot htworg netfo ,esnopser gninrut( msiport a morf sreffid sixat
A .sulumits a ot msinagro na yb esnopser laruoivaheb etanni na si )sexat larulp( sixat A"
"...msinahcem "reggirt lacirtcele-lacimehc..." 702
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".sulumits elitcat ot esnopser a sa sdnah rieht htiw ylgnorts
psarg stnafni ,elpmaxe roF .snrettap noitca dexif etartsnomed osla snamuh ,seitilibapac
evitingoc relpmis htiw slamina ni nommoc tsom era snrettap noitca dexif hguohtlA
.elamef eht fo ecneserp eht yllacipyt si sulumits yek ehT
.etam laitnetop a sa ssentif rieht egduj ot seiceps eht fo selamef yb desu neht si "ecnad" eht
mrofrep yeht llew woH .elam deroloc ylthgirb a yb yllausu ,stnemevom etarobale fo seires
cificeps a ni egagne sdrib fo seiceps ynaM .elpmaxe na sa desu eb yam ecnad gnitam A

592
 .resaeler ro sulumits ngis a sa nwonk sulumits yrosnes
lanretxe na ot esnopser ni msinahcem gnisaeler etanni eht sa nwonk krowten laruen
a yb decudorp era dna tnairavni era snrettap noitca dexiF .noitelpmoc ot snur dna
elbisividni si taht ecneuqes laroivaheb evitcnitsni na si )PAF( nrettaP noitcA dexiF"
."srotareneg esnopser-sulumits lacilcyc"..." 602
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
.rotces
etavirp eht morf stnemtsevni elacs-egral rof evitnecni elttil eb osla dluow erehT .saedi
rieht gnilaets srehto dna seugaelloc fo raef rof seirevocsid lla terces peek dluow
stsitneics ,meht tuohtiW .hcraeser rof yrassecen era stnetap taht tuo tniop srehto ,revewoH
.noitavonni gniwols
eb yam stnetap erom fo dnert llarevo ehT .thgisni hcus esu ot gnitnaw stsitneics rehto rof rab
laicnanif eht desiar evah sthgisni ecneics cisab sa fo thguoht erew ylsuoiverp tahw gnitnetap
fo dnert tnerruc ehT .devorppa snoitavonni suoiverp naht laitneulfni ssel era ,seunitnoc
ti ,devorppa seigolonhcet ehT .sare suoiverp woleb nellaf sah noitartsinimdA gurD dna dooF
eht yb devorppa sgurd fo rebmun ehT .yldekram dewols sah noitavonni lacidemoib edacedflah tsap eht ni ,gnidnuf gnitalacse gnidnatshtiwton taht swohs troper A ."noitavonni . . .
maertsnwod fo ecap eht gniwols dna tsoc eht ot gnidda ,tnempoleved tcudorp ot daor eht no
htoobllot rehtona pu tes ot renwo sti swolla tnetap maertspu hcae" yberehw ",snommocitna
eht fo ydegart" a setaerc sihT .htap hcraeser eht gnola spets erom dna erom gnitnetap
fo dnert tnecer a si ereht taht nialpxe )5002( grebnesiE accebeR dna relleH leahciM
.noitamrofni eht htiw krow reve nac yeht erofeb
)ezilitu ot seef egral yap netfo dna( noissimrep niatbo tsum yeht taht noitamrofni
fo sessam era hcihw ,stekciht tnetap tsniaga pu gnimoc era stsitneics ynaM .hcraeser
ni ycneiciffeni ot sdael noitamrofni lacigoloib gnitnetap ni esaercni eht taht leef emoS
.ediwdlrow lairetam
lacigoloib gnitnetap tsniaga hsalkcab dna nwodwols a neeb sah ereht ,yltneceR
.sllec mets cinoyrbme namuh no desucof tub eltit emas eht
htiw deussi saw )608,002,6( tnetap dnoces a ,1002 hcraM 31 nO .)087,348,5 tnetaP( "slleC
metS cinoyrbmE etamirP" deltitne ,sllec mets cinoyrbme )namuh gnidulcni( etamirp
gnimialc tnetap daorb a deussi )OTP( eciffO kramedarT dna tnetaP .S.U eht ,8991 nI
.semoneg elohw gnitnetap erew
ainrofilaC fo ytisrevinU eht ekil snoitazinagro dna seinapmoC .deussi erew stnetap erom
,are cimoneg eht gnirud yllaicepsE .hsac gnidnuf eht htiw seinapmoc yb denoisivne eb nac
yenom fo laog dne eht taht ni deusrup eb ot hcraeser rof sutepmi na dedivorp evah stnetaP
.rotces etavirp eht hguorht ylno elbissop edam gnidnuf yb
seitinutroppo hcraeser ynam retsof smrif esehT .eb nac hcraeser lacigoloib evitarcul
woh tuo dnuof evah sraey tnecer ni seinapmoc lacituecamrahp dna hcetoiB .detsevni
eb ot sdeen yenom fo mus ydit a ,sevil ’selpoep ni ecnereffid tnacifingis a gnikam si ti erehw
tniop eht ot teg ot su rof ,revewoH .elbaliava neeb erofeb reven evah taht sraey tnecer
ni elbaliava emoceb sah atad dna egdelwonk eroM .rettam gnivil no snoitnevni gnitnetap
fo dnert lareneg a neeb sah ereht ,0891 ni gnitrats derrucco evah segnahc lagel ecniS

492
 .sllips lio
edarged dna pu-naelc pleh ot deifidom yllacificeps saw taht muiretcab a saw esac ralucitrap
siht rof tcejbus ehT .rettam gnivil fo ytilibatnetap eht gniwolla tnedecerp suoiverp
a denrutrevo truoC emerpuS eht ,ytrabarkahC .v dnomaiD nI .dettimrep saw smsinagro
gnivil elacs-elohw rof stnetap taht 0891 litnu t’nsaw tI .AND tnanibmocer htiw snoitnevni
lacigolonhcetoib rieht no sdohtem detnetap stsitneics nehw emit tsrif eht dekram s’0791 ehT
.ygoloib ni yrevocsid ro noitnevni na ot gnitaler tnetap a si tnetap lacigoloib A"
"... ssecorp gnireenigne lacigoloib eht rof sesnecil tnetap ..." 502
/oibtuoba/gro.oib//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
" .setailiffa lanoitanretni dna etats OIB sa llew sa sknil etis beW dna srebmem OIB esworb
ot yrotceriD rebmeM OIB eht tisiV .sretnec cimedaca dna yrtsudni eht ot sredivorp
ecivres ,snoitaicossa hcetoib lanoiger dna etats tneserper osla eW .slanoitanitlum
001 enutroF ot tcudorp tsrif a gnipoleved seinapmoc lairuenerpertne morf egnar
srebmem etaroproC .seigolonhcet ygolonhcetoib latnemnorivne dna lairtsudni ,larutlucirga
,erachtlaeh evitavonni fo tnempoleved dna hcraeser eht ni devlovni era srebmem OIB
.llams dna egral htob—snoitazinagro
rebmem ruo rof etacovda eht dna ygolonhcetoib fo noipmahc eht eb ot si noissim
ruO .ediwdlrow srebmem 051,1 naht erom rof secivres snoitacinummoc dna tnempoleved
ssenisub ,ycacovda gnidivorp ,noitazinagro ygolonhcetoib tsegral s'dlrow eht si OIB"
:od yeht tahw dna era yeht ohw tuoba etisbew rieht morf tnemetats a si ereH
. gro.oib.www//:ptth ta etisbew rieht tisiv ,yrtsudnI ygolonhcetoiB eht fo ssergnoC
dlroW eht slortnoc taht noitazinagro eht no noitamrofni deliated roF :etoN s"rotidE
"...noitcudorp erutaerc gnitanidrooc rof elbisnopser ..." 402
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
.."sinoirO atleD ,sinoirO adbmaL ,sippuP ateZ ,sinoirO ateZ :selpmaxE .tuptuo
s'nuS ruo semit noillim a revo rewop a htiw enihs srats )eulB( .doohrobhgien ralos eht ni
000,000,3 ni 1 sa wef sa gnitutitsnoc ,srats ecneuqes niam lla fo tserar eht era esehT .egnar
teloivartlu eht ni si tuptuo rieht fo tsom ,tcaf ni ;suonimul yrev dna toh yrev era srats eulB"
"...rats eulb toh ylesnetni..." 302
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".setats-ytic keerG
ni spuorg gnitov desab-nalc eht ,ialyhp ίαλυφ keerG eht morf detpoda si "mulyhP" .modgniK
evoba dna ssalC woleb level eht ta knar cimonoxat a si 'mulyhp' a ,ymonoxat lacigoloib nI"
"...mulyhP..." 202
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

392
".noitatnemgip hsidder yltsom rieht ot gnirrefer
,airetcab elprup dellac era esehT .sisehtnysotohp hguorht thgil morf ygrene trevnoc ,rehto
hcae ot detaler ylesolc ton era hcihw ,areneg fo yteirav A .snoitpecxe suoremun era ereht
tub ,cihportoreteh dna ciboreana yletagilbo ro ylevitatlucaf era srebmem tsoM .msilobatem
fo sepyt eht ni yteirav ediw a osla si erehT .seidob gnitiurf ralullecitlum mrof ot etagergga
nac taht airetcab fo puorg euqinu a ,airetcaboxym eht edulcni tsal ehT .gnidilg lairetcab
no yler ro elitom-non era emos tub ,allegalf gnisu tuoba evom ynaM .sedirahccasylopopil
fo desopmoc ylniam enarbmem retuo na htiw ,evitagen-marG era airetcaboetorP llA
.puorg siht ni
dnuof smrof fo ytisrevid taerg eht fo esuaceb ,epahs sih egnahc dluoc ohw ,)airetcaboetorP
eht nihtiw suneg lairetcab a fo eman eht osla( suetorP dog keerG eht rof deman
si dna ,secneuqes )ANRr( ANR lamosobir fo smret ni yliramirp denifed si puorg ehT .noitaxif
negortin rof elbisnopser airetcab eht fo ynam edulcni dna ,gnivil-eerf era srehtO .areneg
elbaton rehto ynam dna ,retcabocileH ,oirbiV ,allenomlaS ,aihcirehcsE sa hcus ,snegohtap
fo yteirav ediw a edulcni yehT .airetcab fo )mulyhp( puorg rojam a era airetcaboetorP ehT"
"...airetcaboetorP ..." 102
LMTH.onehP.oneG.5/84OIB/sesruoC/ude.nworb.demoib//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".noitairav hcum woh llet ton
seod ;tneserp noitairav si ereht taht wohs sgod dna snoegip :noitceles laicifitra )2 .)retal
erom( ytilibatireh etamitse nac ;noitubirtsid eht fo strap tnereffid ni stnerap morf slaudividni
fo gnirpsffo eht ta kool :sevitaler gnoma ecnalbmeser )1 yduts nac eno retcarahc gniyrav
ylsuounitnoc a ot sisab citeneg a si ereht taht wohs oT ?noitairav erusaem ew od woH
.noitairav gniniatniam ni elor a syalp suht noitceleS .)egatnavda
etogyzoreteh( "noitceles gnicnalab" yb deniatniam setogyzoreteh dna snoitalupop
larutan ni suogyzoreteh eb lliw icol ynam taht dleh loohcs ecnalaB .snoitatum fo "daol" rieht
fo snoitalupop segrup noitceles larutan ;noitatum tnerrucer ot eud icol suogyzoreteh eraR
.elella "epyt-dliw" a rof suogyzomoh erew slaudividni tsom ,noitairav citeneg elttil yrev saw
ereht taht dleh loohcs lacissalC :etabed lacirotsiH ?ereht si noitairav citeneg hcum woH"
"...seiceps a fo noitalupinam citeneg..." 002
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".deneppah ydaerla sah sihT .smetsysoce larutan gnitpursid ybereht
snoitalupop evitan otni seneg deifidom rieht daerps ot laitnetop eht evah smsinagro eseht
taht yas yehT .sdoof MG fo noitpmusnoc namuh fo sregnad laitnetop eht dna tnemnorivne
eht otni slamina dna stnalp dereenigne yllaciteneg fo noitcudortni eht tuoba snrecnoc
desiar evah elpoep emos ,laitnetop taerg s'ygolonhcet siht ot drager htiw neve ,revewoH
.noitcerid siht ni sesimorp eht lla etipsed dniknam fo sdeen
eht evres ot tey evah noitacifidom citeneg oN .seirtnuoc depoleved ni taem rof dnamed
hgih eht teem ot doof lamina rof denitsed era sporc yllaciteneg fo ytirojam ehT .regnuh
ecuder ton od sporc deifidom yllaciteneG .snoitan hcir yb sffirat evitibihorp yb detavargga
,noitubirtsid sti tub ,melborp niam eht si taht elacs ediwelohw a no doof fo kcal eht ton si
ti taht dootsrednu ylralupop won si tI .yticracs doof dlrow eht evlos ot sitravoN dna otnasnoM

292
 sa hcus seinapmoc dees fo smialc eht etipsed ,cimonoce ylerup eb ot sraeppa ygoloncet
siht gnitomorp ni tseretni tnerappa ylno ehT .seiteirav wef a ot ytisrevidiborga gnicuder
dna elacs egral a no noitcudorp doof gnillortnoc ,sffutsdoof fo lortnoc niag seinapmoc
eht ,sporc cisab fo esac eht nI .ti tnetap ot elba era emoneg deifidom eht nwo taht
seinapmoc ehT .eneg eht fo ecneuqes AND eht gnignahc yb decudorp eb nac nietorp taht
fo snoisrev levon ,eneg a dellac AND fo tnemges a yb deificeps si ecneuqes nietorp a ecniS
.hcraeser rof )esuom
recnac( esuomocno eht sa hcus ecim latnemirepxe fo sepyt wen fo noitcudorp eht dna ,sllec
yravo retsmah esenihC ni niteioporhtyre fo erutcafunam eht ,airetcab deifidom fo esu eht
hguorht nilusni namuh citehtnys fo erutcafunam eht ,ygolonhcet porc gnivorpmi ni sseccus
emos dnuof evah srovaedne gnireenigne citeneG .noitamrofsnart dna gninolc ralucelom
fo seuqinhcet eht sesu gnireenigne citeneG .yltceridni detalupinam era seneg s'msinagro eht
erehw gnideerb lanoitidart htiw desufnoc eb ot ton si gnireenigne citeneG .seneg s'msinagro
na fo noitalupinam tcerid eht ot deilppa smret era gnicilps eneg dna )MG( noitalupinam
/ noitacifidom citeneg ,ygolonhcet AND tnanibmocer ,gnireenigne citeneG"
".EB-SI na yb lairetam citeneg fo noitalupinam dna noitnevretni eht tuohtiw ,etacidni
skoobtxet htraE eht sa ,seiceps rehtona emoceb ot evlove ton seod seiceps enO" 991
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sporc egamad taht stcesni gnikcus-tnalp rehto dna ,spirht ,stcesni elacs ,sdihpa
emusnoc )"sgubydal" ro "sdribydal"( eadilleniccoc ,elpmaxe roF .stsep larutlucirga fo slortnoc
tnatropmi era selteeb fo seiceps rehto elihw ,sutalucam suhcurbosollaC elteeb aepwoc
ro naebgnum eht dna ,muenatsac muilobirT elteeb ruolf der eht ,sidnarg sumonohtnA
liveew llob eht ,ataenilmeced asratonitpeL elteeb otatop odaroloC eht sa hcus ,stsep
larutlucirga era seiceps niatreC .slammam dna sdrib gnidulcni slamina suoirav fo yerp era
seiceps emoS .setarbetrevni rehto tae dna ,sirbed tnalp dna lamina nwod kaerb ,ignuf dna
stnalp no deef netfo yehT .syaw lareves ni smetsysoce rieht htiw tcaretni yehT .snoiger ralop
eht ni ro aes eht ni rucco ot nwonk ton era tub ,statibah lla tsomla ni dnuof eb nac selteeB
.noillim 8 dna 5 neewteb ta ,debircsednu dna debircsed ,seiceps
fo rebmun latot eht tup setamitsE .derevocsid yltneuqerf era seiceps wen dna ,)seiceps
000,053 tuoba( selteeb era seiceps tcesni debircsed lla fo tnecrep ytroF .smrof-efil nwonk
lla fo tnecrep evif-ytnewt tuoba gnitutitsnoc ,modgnik lamina eht ni redro rehto yna ni naht
seiceps debircsed erom sniatnoc dna "gniw dehtaehs" snaem hcihw ,aretpoeloC redro eht ni
decalp era yehT .seiceps fo rebmun tsegral eht evah hcihw stcesni fo puorg a era selteeB"
"...elteeb fo seiceps..." 891
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".seiceps tnereffid noillim
001 dna noillim 2 neewteb erehwyna era ereht taht detamitse si ti ,dlrow eht ni seiceps
tnereffid fo srebmun latot eht gniyllat dna gninifed htob htiw seitluciffid eht fo esuaceB
'.ekas ecneinevnoc erem rof dna ,ylirartibra
deilppa osla si ,ecnereffid laudividni erem htiw nosirapmoc ni niaga ,yteirav
mret ehT .smrof gnitautculf erom dna tcnitsid ssel ot nevig si hcihw ,yteirav mret eht
morf reffid yllaitnesse ton seod ti .... rehto hcae gnilbmeser ylesolc slaudividni fo tes
a ot ecneinevnoc fo ekas eht rof nevig ylirartibra eno sa seiceps mret eht ta kool I'

192
 ,dekramer niwraD selrahC sa ,sselehtreveN
.seman laimonib sti yb ot derrefer eb nac yllacifitneics debircsed neeb
sah hcihw seiceps A .ot sgniknar cimonoxat esicerp evig ot tluciffid yllareneg era slissof
morf ylno nwonk seiceps tcnitxE .seiceps a sa dedrager eb nac ti erofeb sretcarahc gniyfinu
rof deiduts eb tsum seiceps desoporp a fo selpmaxe elpitlum ,yllanoitidarT .ytisrevidoib
gnirusaem rof dna seiroeht lacigoloib gnitset dna gnitats rof laitnesse era seiceps
ralucitrap gniyfitnedi fo sdohtem elbailer dna "seiceps" drow eht fo noitinifed elbasu A
.)eniP faelgnoL eht sa nwonk ylnommoc( sirtsulap suniP ,elpmaxe roF .)tehtipe
cificeps ro( eman cificeps dna eman cireneg eht fo gnitsisnoc eman laimonib a nevig era
seiceps llA .areneg rehto fo seiceps ot naht suneg sti nihtiw seiceps rehto ot detaler ylesolc
erom si seiceps eht taht sisehtopyh a si sihT .suneg elgnis a nihtiw decalp si seiceps hcaE
.egdelwonk
cifitneics desaercni htiw egnahc yam seiradnuob seiceps woh gnitartsulli ,seiceps
elgnis a deredisnoc ecno erew seiceps owt tsal ehT .)klE( itipaW dna reeD deR ,reeD
s'dlE gnidulcni ,seiceps 43 fo ylimaf a ot srefer "reed" ,elpmaxe rof :ton od seman nommoc
sesac rehto nI .seiceps a ot srefer hcae ",eert rohpmaC" dna ",surlaw" ",noil" ,elpmaxe
rof :seiceps ot dnopserroc semitemos axat lamina dna tnalp rof seman desu ylnommoc ehT
.seicepsbus otni seiceps edividbus rehtruf yam stiart detpada-yllacol cificeps fo ecneserP
.ygolohprom ro AND fo ytiralimis no desab sa hcus ,desu netfo era serusaem gnireffid
ro esicerp erom ,etauqeda si noitinifed siht sesac ynam ni elihW .gnirpsffo elitref gnicudorp
dna gnideerbretni fo elbapac smsinagro fo puorg a sa denifed netfo si seiceps A .knar
cimonoxat a dna noitacifissalc lacigoloib fo stinu cisab eht fo eno si seiceps a ,ygoloib nI"
"...seiceps..." 791
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".naem eht sdrawot noisserger" nommoc won eht ot degnahc retal hcihw dna
scitsitats ni denioc tsrif eh esarhp a ",ytircoidem sdrawot noisrever" a morf devas eb yteicos
dluoc seicilop laicos eseht gnignahc yb ylno dna ;tsekaew eht fo noitcnitxe rof elbisnopser
noitceles larutan eht htiw sddo ta erew seiteicos esoht ,kaew dna degelivirprednu
eht tcetorp ot thguos seiteicos namuh ynam ecnis ,taht denosaer eH .noitazilivic
namuh yb detrawht yllaitnetop erew noitceles larutan fo smsinahcem eht yberehw saedi
s'niwraD nopu tliub notlaG ,seicepS fo nigirO s'niwraD gnidaer retfA .s0781 dna s0681 eht
gnirud niwraD selrahC nisuoc sih fo yroeht eht yb dedivorp slamina dna nam fo noitulove eht
tuoba egdelwonk wen ot gnidrocca secitcarp dna saedi eseht dezitametsys notlaG sicnarF
riS .scitsitats laicos gnisu scinegue fo saedi eht depoleved yllaitini notlaG sicnarF riS
.reviR rebiT eht ni snrobwen derisednu gninword yb enod
netfo saw sihT .noitercsid rieht ta stnafni "dracsid" ot thgir eht nevig erew yteicos namoR ni
shcrairtap ,noitidda nI .htaed ot tup eb dluow nerdlihc demrofed taht elbat htruof eht ni detats
,cilbupeR namoR eht fo noitamrof eht ni ylrae dehsilbatse ,waL namoR fo selbaT 21 ehT
.nerdlihc demrofed no deilppa saw hcihw
ycilop edicitnafni evitceles fo ecitcarp scinegue fo mrof evitimirp sti ot eud atrapS desiarp
,mih erofeb lekceaH tsnrE ekil hcum dna ",etatS hcsiklöV" tsrif eht eb ot atrapS deredisnoc
reltiH flodA .detaercorp dna devivrus tsegnorts eht ylno erusne dluow siht ,atrapS
oT .stnemele eht ot meht gnisopxe dna eniw ni meht gnihtab dedulcni hcihw seibab rof

092
 slairT .yaw siht dellik eb ot syob naht slrig rof nommoc erom saw tI .niatnuom sutegyaT eht
morf nworht yllausu saw ti ,gnivil fo elbapacni demeed saw dlihc eht fI .tnafni eht fo etaf eht
dediced ohw ,sredle s'ytic eht yb detcepsni erew snrobwen ,atrapS nI .noitceles cipytonehp
fo mrof a sa edicitnafni decitcarp ,atrapS dna emoR sa hcus ,snoitazilivic tneicna rehtO
.emoneg namuh eht fo gnippam
eht dna sciteneg nailedneM fo tnempoleved eht litnu detcefrep ton saw hcihw ,ecnatirehni
citeneg ezylana yllacitamehtam ot stpmetta tseilrae eht fo eno neeb evah thgim sihT
.nerdlihc ”luos eznorb“ ecudorp llits dluoc snosrep ”luos dlog“ ecnis ”rebmun egairram“ eht
fo eruliaf eht degdelwonkca otalP ,revewoH .ecar namuh eht fo tnemevorpmi eht dna stluser
elbatciderp ot dael dluow siht ,yroeht nI .srebmun hgih fo snosrep rehto htiw etaercorp
ot dewolla eb dluow srebmun hgih fo snosrep dna ,dezylana ylevitatitnauq eb dluow
laudividni eht fo ytilauq eht hcihw ni ”rebmun egairram“ a yb nesohc eb dluow ,cilbupeR
s’otalP ni ,setaM .yrettol dexif a aiv cilbup eht morf delaecnoc eb hturt eht desoporp dna
,detpecca ylidaer eb ton dluow lortnoc tnemnrevog fo mrof siht dootsrednu otalP ,revewoH
.roirefni yrev eht fo eurt si etisoppo eht dna ,elbissop sa
yltneuqerf sa nemow tseb eht htiw esruocretni evah tsum nem tseb ehT“ ,saw cilbupeR ehT
s’otalP morf elpicnirp cinegue cisab ehT .etats eht yb dellortnoc dna derotinom eb dluohs
noitcudorper namuh deveileb ohw ,otalP yb dednuopxe ylsuomaf tsom saw yhposolihp
ehT .noitazilivic nretseW fo sgninnigeb eht morf dnuof eb nac scineguE fo slaedi cisab ehT"
" .gnitset lanif rof tnemnorivne yratenalp lautca eht otni decudortni saw lamina
wen eht yllautneve dna edam snoitacifidom ,tuo dekrow erew snoitcefrepmI ..." 691
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".pihsruenerpertne gnidulcni
sdleif ynam ot deilppa eb nac hcihw smetsys xelpmoc sa smetsys gnivil fo gnidnatsrednu
taerg a evah yehT .smetsys xelpmoc fo niamod eht nihtiw smelborp evlos dna seitinutroppo
wen tiolpxe ot ytiliba eht evah sreenigneoiB .dleif lacidem eht ot detimil ton si gnireenigneoiB
.snrecnoc htlaeh gnigreme
dna tnerruc ot snoitulos lacinhcet poleved ot slanoisseforp htlaeh rehto dna srotcod lacidem
,ot detimil ton era tub ,htiw ylesolc krow sreenigneoiB .ygolocamrahp dna ,ygoloisyhp
,ygolonummi ,ygoloiboruen ,ygolotyc ,yrtsimehc nietorp ,ygoloib ralucelom ,sciteneg
sa hcus secneics lacigoloib ni egdelwonk htiw esitrepxe gnireenigne selpuoc gnireenigneoiB
.sdeen lacidem tnatropmi rehto dna ,slairetam elbitapmocoib ,tnempiuqe citsongaid
,secived lacidem fo ngised eht ot meht seilppa dna ,gnigami dna ,scinortcele ,gnisnes sa
llew sa secneicsoruen dna ,ygoloiborcim ,yrtsimehcoib ,ygoloib ralucelom ni stnempoleved
wen stiolpxe gnireenigneoiB .smetsysoce ot stnalp dna seborcim morf ,smetsys gnivil
fo murtceps lluf eht ot selpicnirp gnireenigne fo snoitacilppa gnidulcni rettal eht ,gnireenignE
lacigoloiB ot detaler si gnireenigneoiB .enicidem dna htlaeh namuh ni segnellahc
ot ngised dna selpicnirp gnireenigne fo noitacilppa na si gnireenigne lacidemoiB"
"...sreenigne lacigoloib ..." 591
cote?1v8256-RG/tcartsba/tnetnoc/igc/gro.emoneg.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".sessecorp ralullec ni selor latnemadnuf yalp ot
ylekil era seneg eseht fo stcudorp ehT .seneg ANR lamosobir eht htiw kcart taht seinegolyhp

982
 htiw noitcnuf nwonknu fo seneg lareves deifitnedi osla sisylana ehT .efil fo sniamod
eerht eht fo ecnegrevid eht ot laitnesse neeb evah yam taht snoitavonni stseggus
seneg devresnoc eht fo erutan ehT .devloser eb ton dluoc tsap tnatsid rieht taht ecneuqes
ni hcum os degrevid evah ro ,tsap eht ni refsnart laretal enogrednu rehtie evah seneg
lasrevinu rehtO .emosobir eht htiw tcaretni yltcerid meht fo tsom dna ,noitamrofni citeneg
fo refsnart eht htiw devlovni era seneg eseht fo lla tsomla ,seiduts reilrae yb detacidni sA
.emit taht ecnis devloveoc evah dna rotsecna
lasrevinu eht ot kcab decart eb nac taht seneg fo tes llams a deifitnedi sesylana ruO
.sllec fo eroc citeneg lartsecna eht etutitsnoc erofereht dna ,ANR lamosobir sa nrettap
citenegolyhp emas eht evah taht seneg devresnoc yllasrevinu rehto rof hcraes ot semoneg
dehsilbup morf noitamrofni dna esabatad spuorG suogolohtrO fo sretsulC eht desu eW
.efil lla rof rotsecna lasrevinu a ni segrevnoc taht ynegolyhp niamod-eerht a slaever
smsinagro nredom fo sANR lamosobir eht ni secneuqes devresnoc fo sisylana raluceloM
3Z1 T6V adanaC ,aibmuloC hsitirB ,revuocnaV ,aibmuloC hsitirB fo ytisrevinU ,ygolonummI
dna ygoloiborciM fo tnemtrapeD 3 ;ASU ,02749 ainrofilaC ,yelekreB ,yelekreB ,ainrofilaC
fo ytisrevinU ,ygoloiborciM ni puorG etaudarG 
2 ;ASU ,7430-90308 odaroloC ,redluoB
,odaroloC fo ytisrevinU ,ygoloiB latnempoleveD dna ralulleC ,raluceloM fo tnemtrapeD 1
1ecaP .R namroN dna 
3,namlegeipS .B egroeG 
1,yelleK .T ttocS ,sirraH kriK .J
rotsecnA lasrevinU eht fo eroC citeneG ehT"
"...seiceps lla ot nommoc si lairetam citeneg cisab fo ytirojam eht ..." 491
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sterces s'doG
peek I !enogeB" ot setalsnart hcihw ,"ieD anacra ogeT !I" esarhp nitaL eht rof margana
na si esarhp eht taht detseggus neeb sah tI .brag lacissalc ni serugif lufhtuoy yb derevocsid
bmot a no noitpircsni na sa sraeppa esarhp eht gnitniap eht nI ."sdrehpehS naidacrA
ehT" sa nwonk osla ,nissuoP salociN yb gnitniap 7461 a htiw detaicossa netfo tsom
si esarhp ehT .htaed fo ytilibativeni eht dna efil fo erutan yrotisnart eht fo rednimer
yranoituac a ,irom otnemem fo elpmaxe na si "aidacrA ni neve ma I" ro "aidacrA
ni osla ma I" naem ot deterpretni yllausu si hcihw oge aidacrA ni tE esarhp nitaL ehT
.esidarap cillydi yranigami emos ot refer yam
aidacrA taht tniop eht ot ,sevil yppah tey detacitsihposnu larotsap elpmis gnidael nemsdreh
evitimirp sa laibrevorp emaceb stnatibahni sti dna ,aera dedulces ,citsur a deniamer aidacrA
.semreH ,nos 'sueZ fo ecalphtrib eht neeb evah ot dias osla saw tI .otsillaC saw
rethguad s'noacyL .sueZ yb flowerew a otni demrofsnart saw ,gnik naigsaleP citsilabinnac
a ,noacyL .aidacrA ni mueacyL tnuoM si sueZ rof detroper secalphtrib eht fo enO"
."ynapmoC noitarenegeR aidacrA ..." 391
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".lanrete si—namtā
eht dellac ,nosrep yreve fo "fles" eurt eht—luos ro tirips eht taht eveileb sudniH tsoM

882
 .feileb fo snoitairav dna seitixelpmoc eht fo noitacifilpmisrevo na
si mret hcus yna tub ,)sdog rehto fo ecnetsixe eht gnitpecca elihw doG elgnis a ot noitoved(
citsiehtoneh sa ot derrefer semitemos si tI .msiehta dna msinom ,msiehtnap ,msiehtnenap
,msiehtylop ,msiehtonom gninnaps sfeileb htiw thguoht fo metsys esrevid a si msiudniH
.)secitcarp ro
shtap( sagoY suoirav eht dna ,)arasmas morf noitarebil( ahskoM ,)noitcaer tneuqesbus dna
noitca( amraK ,)htriber dna htaed ,efil ,htrib fo elcyc gniunitnoc ehT( arāsmaS ,)seitud/scihte(
amrahD edulcni sfeileb udniH ni semeht tnenimorP .snoitanimoned lla gnoma ecnatpecca
lasrevinu htiw senirtcod yna yfitnedi ot tluciffid ti dnuof evah sralohcs ,sudniH tsom
yb detpecca era htiaf eht fo stenet emos hguohtlA .noigiler esrevid ylemertxe na si msiudniH
.lapeN
dna aidnI ni evil noillim 509 tuoba mohw fo ,stnerehda noillib a yletamixorppa htiw ,malsI dna
ytinaitsirhC gniwollof noigiler tsegral driht s'dlrow eht si tI .rednuof elgnis on sah msiudniH
,snoitidart dna sfeileb esrevid fo etaremolgnoc A .noitazilivic cideV tneicna eht ot decart
eb nac snigiro tseilrae stI .decitcarp llits si taht noigiler rojam tsedlo s'dlrow eht si msiudniH
."wal lanrete eht" ro "htap
lanrete eht" gninaem esarhp tirksnaS a ,amrahD anatānaS sa ot derrefer netfo si msiudniH"
"...msiudniH..." 291
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sriomem rieht htiw selat eht denibmoc evah tsuacoloH eht tuoba sretirW
.meht tsniaga denraw secrof deillA eht taht ylgnorts os dna ,srentrap egairram erup yllaicar
gnikees stcnitsni laicar dnuos htiw nerdlihc gniwohs selat hsiklof sa meht desiarp sizaN
ehT .sesu ynam ot tup neeb evah sevlesmeht selat ehT .erutluc nretseW fo skrow gnidnuof
eht fo eno sa ,II raW dlroW gnirud ,ti desiarp neduA .H .W .selas ni eraepsekahS mailliW fo
skrow eht dna elbiB eht ylno dniheb sknar tI .daerpsediw saw skoob eseht fo ecneulfni ehT
.desaercni
saw ,snialliv gnihsinup nehw ylralucitrap ,ecneloiv ,stcepser ynam ni tub ,ycnangerp reh
gnilaever os dna ,tif regnol on gnihtolc reh yhw gniksa yb ecnirp eht gniyarteb s'leznupaR sa
hcus ,secnerefer lauxes devomer yehT .ytilibatius hcus ot eye na htiw edam ylbaborp erew
,rehtompets a ot leterG dna lesnaH dna etihW wonS ni noitide tsrif eht fo rehtom dekciw
eht gninrut sa hcus—snoitide eht hguorht segnahc ynaM .rettam tcejbus eht dna dedulcni
noitamrofni ylralohcs eht rof htob ,nerdlihc rof elbatius sa dedrager ton erew yeht ,"selaT
s'nerdlihC" dellac erew yeht hguohtla ,esuaceb dezicitirc hcum erew semulov tsrif ehT
.4181 ni dewollof
seirots 07 fo emulov dnoces eht ;seirots 68 gniniatnoc ,noitide tsrif eht fo emulov tsrif eht
dehsilbup yeht 2181 ,02 rebmeceD nO .snoitareneg rof nwod dednah neeb dah degella yeht
taht selat nwod etirw dna tcelloc ot detrats yehT .selat yriaf tneicna ni tseretni na depoleved
srehtorb ehT .mmirG srehtorB eht ,mmirG mlehliW dna bocaJ yb 2181 ni dehsilbup tsrif
saw ,selaT yriaF s'mmirG sa nwonk ylnommoc ,)selaT dlohesuoH dna s'nerdlihC :hsilgnE
;MHK( nehcrämsuaH dnu -redniK selat yriaf nigiro namreG fo noitcelloc suomaf dlrow ehT"
"...selaT yriaF s'mmirG..." 191

782
 gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".seidob namuh htiw detnemirepxe dah leppiD darnoK deman tsimehcla suoiroton a erehw
,enihR eht gnola tdatsmraD raen ,dnalreztiwS ot yaw rieht no nietsneknarF eltsaC detisiv
yellehS ycreP dna yraM taht deugra ,nietsneknarF fo hcraeS nI koob sih ni ,ucserolF udaR
.ecnatsmucric eno siht
morf detanigiro selat rorroh yradnegel owT .erneg yraretil eripmav citnamor eht fo rotinegorp
eht ,)9181( erypmaV ehT detaerc irodiloP siht morf dna ,snaklaB eht gnillevart elihw
draeh eh sdnegel eripmav eht no desab tnemgarf a tsuj etirw ot deganam noryB ".rehtegot
tup dah eh gniht eht ediseb gnileenk stra dewollahnu fo tneduts elap eht" was ehs
hcihw gnirud eramthgin ro maerd gnikaw a otni llef ehs retfa aedi na deviecnoc yraM
.elat tseiracs eht etorw reveohw yb now
gnieb tsetnoc eht ,nwo rieht fo yrots a esopmoc hcae ot rehtona eno degnellahc yeht
,seirots tsohg namreG fo ygolohtna na ,anairogamsatnaF gnidaer retfA .larutanrepus
eht dna ecneics tuoba gniklat nwad tsomla litnu sroodni deriter puorg eht os ,dennalp
dah yeht seitivitca yadiloh roodtuo eht yojne ot remmus taht yraerd dna dloc oot yltnetsisnoc
saw rehtaew ehT .dnalreztiwS ni aveneG ekaL yb itadoiD alliV eht ta noryB droL detisiv
,yellehS ehssyB ycreP )dnabsuh retal dna( revol reh dna ,91 ega ,niwdoG tfarcenotslloW
yraM .5181 ni arobmaT tnuoM fo noitpure eht yb desuac retniw cinaclov dloc gnol a ni
dekcol saw dlrow eht ",remmuS a tuohtiW raeY" eht ,6181 fo remmus yniar eht gniruD
.yteicos s'yadot
ot deknil eb nac taht seussi ynam sesiar levon ehT .levon noitcif ecneics dezilaer
ylluf tsrif eht deredisnoc ylbaugra si tI .smlif dna seirots rorroh fo erneg etelpmoc
a denwaps dna erutluc ralupop dna erutaretil ssorca ecneulfni na dah sah yrots ehT
.lufrewop erom dna egareva
naht regral tub ,nam fo ssenekil eht ni gnieb a setaerc dna efil etaerc ot woh snrael ohw
,nietsneknarF rotciV ,tsitneics a ot srefer levon eht fo eltit ehT .1381 ni dehsilbup ,noitide
driht desiver eht no sraeppa eman s'yellehS .8181 ni nodnoL ni ylsuomynona dehsilbup
saw noitide tsrif ehT .dlo sraey 81 saw ehs nehw levon eht etorw yellehS .yellehS
yraM rohtua hsitirB eht yb nettirw levon a si suehtemorP nredoM ehT ,ro :nietsneknarF
"...thgin ymrots dna krad eno yrots suoititcif a etorw ohw EB-SI eht ..." 091
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".tcnasorcas ton ecneh ,egdelwonk lautirips
rehgih fo erehps eht fo snoitisopxe namuh rehtar tub secnanidro enivid sa sadeV eht
drager ton did noitarebil htiw denrecnoc ylralimis )atnadev eht ekil( era yeht hguoht ,msiniaJ
dna msihdduB ylbaton ,snoitidart rehtO .)akitsā( "xodohtro" sa deifissalc era ytirohtua
larutpircs rieht sa sadeV eht etic hcihw yhposolihp naidnI fo sloohcS .sadeV eht no snoitisop
gnireffid nekat evah tnenitnocbus naidnI eht ni depoleved taht stces dna seihposolihP
.snoisacco suoicipsua rehto dna snoitcnuf suoigiler ,sreyarp udniH ta deticer era sartnam
cideV .)"draeh si tahw"( iturś dellac era suht dna ,delaever yltcerid neeb evah ot desoppus
gnieb ,"snoitisopmoc namuh ton" era sadeV eht ,noitidart udniH ot gnidroccA .msiudniH
fo stxet dercas tsedlo eht dna erutaretil tirksnaS fo reyal tsedlo eht mrof yehT .aidnI
tneicnA ni gnitanigiro stxet fo suproc egral a era )"egdelwonk" देव adév tirksnaS( sadeV ehT"

682
psa.snmyhcidev/noitcescidev/moc.etisbewudnih.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".draeh erew taht esoht ro siturs sa derrefer ylnommoc era yeht ,setats evitatidem peed ni
draeh ylno erew tub sgnieb namuh yna yb nettirw ton erew yeht ecniS .nigiro ni enivid
eb ot deredisnoc era yeht esuaceb ,serutpircs delaever eb ot deveileb era sadeV ehT
.dlo sraey 0008-0006 tsael ta eb ot deredisnoc
era ,adeV giR eht fo snmyh eht yllaicepse ,snmyh cideV eht fo emoS .snmyh fo sdnasuoht
dna snoitces lareves sniatnoc adeV hcaE .serutpircs evitsuahxe yrev era sadeV ehT"
"...snmyH cideV tneicna eht ni denoitnem "noitulove" dnif lliw uoy ..." 981
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".9971 ni noitcefni
taorht yb htaed sih ot gnitubirtnoc ,nwardhtiw saw doolb fo )sertil 7.1( sdnuop 4 tsomla
:tnedicca gnidir kcabesroh a gniwollof rennam siht ni detaert saw notgnihsaW egroeG
.emit eht rof neve ,hgih erew taht gnittel-doolb fo slevel gnidnemmocer ,esaesid ot yek
eht sa seiretra eht fo etats eht was )ecnednepednI fo noitaralceD eht fo yrotangis a( hsuR
nimajneB erehw ,aciremA fo setatS detinU gnuoy eht ni ralupop yllaicepse saw gnitteldoolB
.noitaniru ecudni ot citeruid a ro ,gnitimov
ecudni ot citeme na meht evig ro tneitap eht morf )arohtelp( doolb 'ssecxe' evomer rehtie
dluow naicisyhp a ,sruomuh eht ecnalab ot redro nI .lortnoc fo deen tsom ni eno eht dna
ruomuh tnanimod eht saw doolb taht deveileb nelaG .erif dna htrae ,retaw ,ria fo stnemele
lacissalc keerG ruof eht ot gnitaler ,elib wolley dna ,elib kcalb ,mgelhp ,doolb gnieb sruomuh
ruof eht ,htlaeh ro ssenlli fo sisab eht saw ecnalab laromuh taht saw dnoces ehT .seitimertxe
eht ni 'etangats' dluoc ti os dna etalucric ton did ti ,pu desu neht dna detaerc saw
doolb taht saw tsrif ehT .gnitteldoolb fo metsys sih ni stpecnoc yek owt erew erehT .emit eht
ta deveileb ylnommoc saw sa ria ton ,doolb htiw dellif erew seiretra dna sniev eht derevocsid
eh retfa ,nelaG fo saedi eht yb decrofnier saw eceerG ni gnitteldoolb fo ytiralupop ehT
.noitatuper
yraniugnas tsom a deniag dna ylevisnetxe gnitteldoolb decitcarp ,emoR ni ecitcarp ot
snaicisyhp keerG tsrif eht fo eno ,suhtagahcrA .gnitteldoolb detacovda sulihporeH .gnitimov
dna ,ekatni doof decuder ,gnitaews ,esicrexe yb ,yllaitini ,detaert eb sarohtelp eseht taht
desivda dna ,doolb eht ni ,secnadnubarevo ro ,sarohtelp yb desuac erew sesaesid ynam
taht deziroeht ,revewoh ,sutartsisarE .seuqinhcet yrateid no deiler lareneg ni tub gnitteldoolb
snoitnem ohw ,setarcoppiH fo emit eht dnuora esu ni saw gnitteldoolb ,eceerG nI .scetzA eht
dna ,snayaM eht ,skeerG eht ,snaitpygE eht ,snaimatoposeM eht gnidulcni ,selpoep tneicna
esrevid gnoma decitcarp neeb gnivah ,secitcarp lacidem tsedlo eht fo eno si gnitteldoolB"
"...gnitteldoolB..." 881
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
"1-105-12648-0-879 NBSI ,2-10512-648-0 NBSI :koobtxet revocdraH .1791 ,llessuR
& llessuR :kroY weN .raW rof noitaziliboM s'ynamreG :metsyS cimonocE izaN ehT
.GBXV0J000B NISA :kcabrepaP .4491 ,hcraeseR cimonocE fo uaeruB lanoitaN
:sttesuhcassaM ,egdirbmaC .raW ni ymonocE ruO gniknaB dna ecnaniF raW izaN

582
 :II WW ni tnemevlovni sknaB ssiwS eht liated hcihw skoob gniwollof eht
fo rohtua eht saw nahtaN ottO .sakuD neleH htiw etatse yraretil sih fo eetsurt-oc sa nietsniE
yb detangised saw dna sraey ynam rof nietsniE treblA fo dneirf esolc a saw nahtaN .rD .)25
-6491( ytisrevinU drawoH dna ,)44-2491( egelloC rassaV ,)24-5391( ytisrevinU kroY weN
,)53-3391( ytisrevinU notecnirP ta thguat ohw tsimonoce na saw )7891-3981( nahtaN ottO
0=dac&s_yrammus_sbg=ecruos&
sknaB+ssiwS+,gnidnuf+raw+terces=qv&CQG1cz8wexXH=di?skoob/moc.elgoog.skoob//:ptth
:ecnerefeR --
".hcieR drihT eht fo stnanmer eht dna ,sknab ssiwS eht ,selluD nellA ,eeS yloH eht gnivlovni
spu-revoc gnibrutsid yldnuoforp fo seires a fo yrotsih evitinifed eht si ytinirT ylohnU ,erom
dna scipot eseht lla srevoC .meht gnoma gnivil slanimirc raw izaN eht tuoba tnarongi snezitic
rieht peek ot ngiapmac a gnigaw llits era stnemnrevog naidanaC dna ,hsitirB ,nailartsuA
eht taht dna ;selluD nellA feihc ecnegilletni .S.U tcetorp ot srefsnart dlog izaN fo sterces
deirub neht dna sknab ssiwS eht deggub srekaerb-edoc eht taht ;sserp nretseW eht ot deil
tub 1491 sa ylrae sa tsuacoloH eht fo erawa ylluf erew srekaerb-edoc hsitirB dna .S.U taht
etartsnomed srohtua eht ,sgniht rehto gnomA .yrots knab-ssiwS eht ni noitcennoc nacitaV
lativ eht dessim evah aidem eht woh wohs dna etad ot pu yletelpmoc koob eht gnirb ,noitide
siht rof sutfoL dna snoraA yb nettirw ,sretpahc lanif wen dna noitcudortni wen eht ;serusaert
nelots s'izaN eht fo thgilf eht fo esopxe s'ytinirT ylohnU demrifnoc evah sknab ssiwS
fo elor eht tuoba snoitalever rojam ,1991 ecniS .ynamreG izaN ni srotsevni nretseW ot sknil
neddih eht detnemucod dna dlog izaN ot noitcennoc knab ssiwS--nacitaV eht delaever tsrif
,1991 ni dehsilbup yllanigiro ,koob siht ,semirc rieht rof tnemhsinup epacse ot slanimirc izaN
gnidia ni elor s'nacitaV eht gnirolpxE .noitarepo nacitaV s'lukruT evreserp ot decifircas ylraen
erew krowten sih dna ,tnega elbuod teivoS-hsitirB suomafni eht ,yblihP miK woh swohs
dna emit tsrif eht rof noitarepo "izaN deR" s'lukruT sesopxe ytinirT ylohnU .nilmerK eht ni
sretsam sih rof gnits a otni snoitarepo eht denrut ohw tnega elbuod teivoS taerg eht ,lukruT
notnA ecnirP yb detartenep saw krowten gnilggums izaN s'acitaV ehT .msinummoC tsniaga
thgif retaerg yldesoppus eht ni desu eb dluoc yeht taht os eporuE fo tuo slanimirc izaN
deterref srewop eerht eseht ,ygoloedi raW dloC tnecsan eht ot ecitsuj gnimusbuS .stnega
ecnegilletni naciremA dna hsitirB htiw ecnailla eganoipse na otni deretne ycapaP eht ,htworg
teivoS fo egrus a gniraef ,dedne dah raw eht retfA .II raW dlroW fo selat tsekrad eht fo eno
sllet )sutfoL nhoJ ,snoraA kraM yB( ytinirT ylohnU ,sweJ eht tsniagA raW terceS ehT"
mth.lopa_oloh/gro.ecnarelotsuoigiler.www//:ptth
:etisbew gniwollof eht no sliated eht daeR .II raW dlroW fo dne eht ta nwonk
saw emiger izaN eht gnidnuf ni tnemnrevog dna sknab ssiwS eht fo yticilpmoc ehT
fpmutS drahnieR dna ,nhaR renreW ,gooB tsroH yb raW dlroW dnoceS
eht dna ynamreG( raW labolG ehT :IV emuloV :raW dlroW dnoceS eht dna ynamreG
:enihcam raw izaN eht sknaB ssiwS
neewteb pihsnoitaler eht liated hcihw skoob detnemucod llew ynam osla era erehT
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".smrA
notgnimeR rof sllehs rof sgnisac dna snug rof slerrab dna yrtsudni daorliar eht rof strap
yawliar derutcafunam hcihw ynapmoC sgnitsaC leetS eyekcuB rof dekrow ohw hsuB .P
leumaS rehtaf sih morf emac yrtsudni htaeD fo stnahcreM eht ot noitcennoc hsuB ttocserP

482
 .ytngierevos etats fo
elpicnirp eht no desab dessimsid saw 1002 ni .S.U eht ni delif tiuswal noitca-ssalc A .noillib
04$ fo tnuoma eht ni hsuB ttocserP fo srieh eht dna setatS detinU eht fo tnemnrevog
eht tsniaga nodnoL ni tius delif evah dnaloP morf srerobal evals remrof owT
".ynamreG fo noitan eht ot tifeneb laicnanif fo
erew yeht taht gniwonk seinapmoc eseht fo sdraob eht no deniamer yehT .ymene eht
ot trofmoc dna dia gnivig rof ]detucesorp eb ot[ namirraH llerevA dna )reklaW egroeG(
wal-ni-rehtaf sih ,hsuB ttocserP rof esac a ekam dluow I ,rotucesorp laredef remrof
a sA" ,dias sah sutfoL nhoJ rotagitsevnI .htaed 1591 sih litnu pu stnemtsevni namreG
sih fo emos dna nessyhT htiw namirraH srehtorB nworB fo pihsnoitaler deunitnoc eht
tnemucod ,srepap namirraH eht gnidulcni ,sevihcrA lanoitaN eht ni sdrocer emoS .setatS
detinU eht ni desu nessyhT mrif gniknab tnemtsevni eht fo eeyolpme na sa hsuB
denoitnem dna "legnA s'reltiH" sa nessyhT ot derrefer enubirT-dlareH kroY weN ehT
.detcurtsnoc retal saw pmac noitartnecnoc ztiwhcsuA eht erehw ,micęiwśO fo tuo robal evals
desu hcihw dnaloP deipucco-izaN ni snoitarepo gninim eht htiw ticilpmoc mih ekam )kcilF
dna nessyhT htiw( sessenisub naiseliS ot snoitcennoc s'hsuB taht demialc sah sregoR yboT
.yrtsudni ygrene
saxeT eht ni stnemtsevni ylimaf hsuB hcnual ot desu retal erew stessa desoppus
esehT )mialc siht troppus ot ecnedive yratnemucod on si ereht tub - emit eht ta
yenom fo tnuoma eguh a(.000,005,1$ desrubmier saw eh ,ti roF .ynapmoc eht ni erahs
eno dleh dna CBU fo srotcerid fo draob eht no saw hsuB .1591 ni devlossid saw CBU
.drawretfa denruter neht ,raw eht fo noitarud eht rof tnemnrevog eht yb dleh erew stessa ehT
).ssenisub eht no yrrac ot srentrap .S.U eht gnivael ,ynapmoc eht ni
serahs ytironim denwo namreG dezies tnemnrevog naciremA eht ,taht ot esnopser
nI .naciremA-naiseliS fo lortnoc lluf ekat ot deirt snamreG eht raw eht gnirud ;ytitne
namreG a yb denwo yllaitrap saw ynapmoc siht( noitaroproC naciremA-naiseliS •
)namirraH htiw( noitaroproC tnempiuqE leetS sselmaeS eht •
)namirraH htiw( noitaroproC gnidarT naciremA-hctuD •
.wal-ni-rehtaf s'hsuB ,reklaW trebreH egroeG saw emit taht ta CBU fo tnediserP
ehT .)namirraH srehtorB nworB dna nessyhT rof( )CBU( noitaroproC gniknaB noinU •
:dedulcni
2491 rebmevoN dna rebotcO ni tca eht rednu dezies stseretni ssenisub namirraH ehT
..oC & namirraH srehtorB nworB fo draob eht fo srebmem gnieb sa
llew sa senoB dna llukS fo srebmem erew hsuB ttocserP dna namirraH dnaloR .E htoB
)ytrap izaN eht fo rebmem
tnatropminu ton a ,evitucexE lairtsudnI namreG( erahs 1 – regnineorG .G nnahoJ •
)sdnalrehteN deipucco izaN
ni CBU deganam ,nessyhT noV rof CBU dezinagro( erahs 1 – nevohnewuoK .J.H •
)namirraH llerevA dna namirraH dnaloR
.E rof rentrap gniganam roines ;reklaW egroeG wal-ni-rehtaf sih yb derosnops
dna dednuof-oc saw hcihw ,CBU fo rotcerid( erahs 1 – hsuB .S ttocserP •
)seilimaf namirraH dna hsuB eht fo rentrap ssenisub a( erahs 1 – sirroM yaR •
)namirraH
srehtorB nworB ta hsuB ttocserP yb deyolpmE( erahs 1 – notgninneP .D dloraH •

382
 )ytraP izaN eht fo reknab kroY weN eht saw eH( serahs 4 – esneveiL silenroC •
)hsuB ttocserP
fo lortnoc gnitov rednu dna deganam( serahs 1993 – namirraH dnaloR .E •
.tnemnrevog izaN eht fo sdnah
eht ni saw hcihw ,eripme gniknab sih revo lortnoc dah regnol on nessyhT 1491 yB .ycnega
are-II raW dlroW a ,naidotsuC ytreporP neilA fo eciffO eht fo hcraeser dna noitagitsevni
fo noisivid eht fo feihc ,senoJ remoH yb dengis tnemucod a ot gnidrocca ,srotcerid
.S.U neves eht fo seman eht ni deretsiger erew knab hctuD eht yb denwo serahs gniknaB
noinU 000,4 eht taht slaever lairetam deifissalced yltnecer taht detroper sah sweN xoF
.nessyhT yb denwo knab hctuD a htiw snoitcennoc dah hcihw ,erahs eno dleh dna
rotcerid a saw hsuB hcihw fo ,)CBU( noitaroproC gniknaB noinU eht ylno detic redro ehT
.tcA ymenE eht htiw gnidarT eht rednu ytreporp s'hsuB gnizies 842 rebmuN redrO gnitseV
dengis ,yelworC .T oeL ,naidotsuC ytreporP neilA s'tlevesooR .ytiC kroY weN ni snoitarepo
gniknab namreG fo eruzies eht deredro tnemnrevog .S.U eht ,2491 ,02 rebotcO nO
.setatS detinU eht fo ymene deralced eht htiw ssenisub gniod erew seinapmoc .S.U
taht cilbup edam neeb dah ti retfa tcA ymenE eht htiW gnidarT eht dengis tlevesooR onaleD
nilknarF tnediserP ,robraH lraeP no kcatta eht retfa syad xis ,tub ,1491 ,11 rebmeceD
no setatS detinU eht no raw deralced reltiH nehw lagelli ton erew ynamreG htiw snoitcasnart
ssenisuB .emiger eht ot noitisoppo sih rof sizaN eht yb deliaj retal saw eH .reltiH
gnicnuoned ylrettib saw dna ynamreG delf dah 9391 yb tub ,8391 litnu ytrap izaN eht fo
rekcab laicnanif ylrae na neeb dah nessyhT .nessyhT ztirF fo stseretni laicnanif .S.U deirav
eht dna seinapmoc namreG lareves rof noitcennoc teertS llaW niam eht saw knaB namirraH
.hsuB reklaW trebreH egroeG tnediserp remrof
fo rehtaf eht ,hsuB ttocserP yb detcudnoc gnieb erew taht ytiC kroY weN ni snoitarepo
gniknab namreG izaN fo eruzies eht deredro tnemnrevog .S.U eht ,2491 ,02 rebotcO nO"
:.hsuB
.W egroeG tnediserP ,nos sih dna hsuB egroeG tnediserP fo hcrairtap eht ).proC
gniknaB noinU fo rotceriD ,hsuB ttocserP( yb sizaN fo gnicnanif II raW dlroW eht
ni detnemucod neeb sah ytivitca siht fo elpmaxe nredom tnellecxe nA :ETON S'ROTIDE(
"...erafraw dna snopaew
ecnanif dna etomorp yltrevoc ohw ruetacovorp tnatabmoc-non ,neesnu na sa
tca ot si sreknab lanoitanretni no sevitarepo "eripmE dlO" fo ecneulfni yramirp A " 781
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".grebredliB yb dediced ylegral si dlrow eht fo etaf eht segella
taht puorg eht dnuora pu nworg sah yroeht ycaripsnoc yranidroartxe na ,ssenfoola hcus yb
detaerc diov eht nI" setats enizagaM enilnO sweN CBB ni gnitirw ,yffuD nahtanoJ retropeR
.grebredliB
fo lacitirc lairetam gnitsoh ylegral ,gro.grebredliB eman niamod eht deretsiger sah
,gnilsoG ynoT ,puorg eht fo tnenoppo rehtonA ."tnemnrevoG dlroW enO erutuf a ot snaem
eht tub dne eht ton si" puorg eht setats eH ."eripmE dlroW-enO a dliuB" ot si grebredliB fo
esoprup mret-gnol eht taht smialc nilutsE leinaD rohtua desab-dirdaM .noinU naeporuE eht
ot ralimis erutcurts lanoitan-arpus a otni seirtnuoc rehto dna setatS detinU eht fo ytngierevos
eht evlossid ot sdnetni puorg eht taht yroeht eht setomorp senoJ xelA tsoh oidaR

282
 .redrO dlroW weN a etaerc ot ycaripsnoc a fo trap si puorg eht taht eveileb
ohw ynam rof reddof dedivorp sah setile rewop ot snoitcennoc sti dna ycerces s'puorg ehT
.ycarcomed
fo esnepxe eht ta ,snoitaroproc lanoitanitlum fo stseretni eht fo evitatneserper
era sweiv esohw snaicitilop fo sreerac eht setomorp puorG grebredliB eht yas scitirC
.naicitilop dna namssenisub naigleB eht ,nongivaD enneitE si
namriahc tnerruc s'puorg ehT .rebmem a osla si ztiwofloW luaP daeh knaB dlroW remrof
dna yraterceS esnefeD ytupeD .S.U remroF .BBA ynapmoc gnireenigne ssiwS/hsidewS
eht fo draob eht no 0002 ni rehtegot devres dnalrehtuS dna dlefsmuR .muelorteP
hsitirB fo dna shcaS namdloG fo namriahc dna renoissimmoc noinU naeporuE remrof a
,dnalerI morf dnalrehtuS reteP si sa ,regrebredliB evitca na si dlefsmuR dlanoD .grebredliB
dnetta stsigetarts ycilop ngierof dna sreicnanif gnidael s'dlrow nretseW eht fo emoS
.aciremA htroN dna eporuE morf sredael lacitilop
dna sreicnanif lanoitanretni ,ytlayor ,sretsinim emirp ,sretsinim tnemnrevog ,snorab
sserp aidem ssam ,strepxe esnefed ,sreknab lartnec edulcni grebredliB fo seednettA
.yekruT ,lubnatsI ni letoH notlraC-ztiR eht ta
3 enuJ ot 13 yaM morf ecalp koot ecnerefnoc 7002 ehT .sdnalrehteN ,dnalloH htuoS ,nedieL
ni eciffo na sah tI .adanaC ro setatS detinU eht ni sraey ruof yreve ecno dna — eporuE ni
yllamron — dlrow eht tuohguorht stroser ro sletoh yruxul ta yllaunna steem puorg etile ehT
.scitilop dna aidem ,ssenisub
fo sdleif eht ni ecneulfni fo snosrep era mohw fo tsom ,stseug 031 dnuora fo ecnerefnoc
ylno-noitativni launna laiciffonu na si ecnerefnoc grebredliB ro puorG grebredliB ehT"
:gro.aidepikiW morf noitazinagro siht ot ecnerefer gniwollof eht eeS ."ecnerefnoC
grebredliB" eht si ytivitca fo dnik siht fo elpmaxe suomaf tsom ehT :ETON S'ROTIDE
"...sreknab lanoitanretni no si sevitarepo "eripmE dlO" fo ecneulfni yramirp A" 681
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".smitciv tsuacoloH dna sknab ssiwS lareves neewteb tnemelttes
noillib 58.1$SU a devorppa egduj truoC tcirtsiD setatS detinU a ,0002 nI .stisoped eht
tpecca ot deunitnoc BNS eht ,dlog eht fo noitisiuqca lufgnorw dna tfeht fo ecnedive etipsed
,taht dnuof lenap ehT .knaB lanoitaN ssiwS eht ni detisoped dna ,seirtnuoc dereuqnoc
fo seirusaert eht sa llew sa ,smitciv tsuacoloH morf nelots neeb dah dlog fo tnuoma
tnacifingis a demialc taht yduts a desaeler snairotsih fo lenap lanoitanretni na ,8991 nI
"...seiraidemretni
suoirav dna seititne erohsffo hguorht ssenisub tcudnoc ot dettimrep era stnedisernon
dna tsisrep selur ycerces ,stnemeriuqer gnitroper dna noitalsigel tnacifingis
etipsed ;gnirednual yenom fo segats noitargetni dna gnireyal eht ot elbarenluv ertnec
laicnanif lanoitanretni rojam a" si dnalreztiwS ,koobtcaF dlroW AIC eht ot gnidroccA
.segA elddiM
eht ot setad hcihw ,ycerces knab fo noitidart s'yrtnuoc ehT .noitamrofni dna stessa
'stneilc fo noitcetorp dna ycavirp ,ytilibats yb deziretcarahc si dnalreztiwS ni gniknaB"

182
 "...metsys
gniknab lanoitanretni na dehsilbatse yeht erehw dnalreztiwS ot delf sralpmeT ehT" 581
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sthgink lautca erew htnet a tuoba mohw fo ,sralpmeT
000,02 dna 000,51 neewteb erew ereht kaep s'redrO eht ta taht detamitse si tI
.dnalreztiwS ot ro dnaltocS detacinummocxe sa hcus ,lortnoc lapaP
edistuo seirotirret rehto ot delf evah yam emoS .yllufecaep syad rieht tuo evil ot dewolla
dna denoisnep ro ,rellatipsoH sthginK eht sa hcus sredro yratilim rehto otni debrosba
,)detcivnoc enon yllautriv htiw( noitagitsevni lapaP eht rednu deirt dna detserra rehtie
erew eporuE dnuora sralpmeT gniniamer eht ,enog sredael s'redrO eht fo tsal eht htiW
.siraP ni ekats
eht ta denrub sralpmeT fo snezod evah ot snoissefnoc decrof ylsuoiverp eht gnisu ,tpmetta
siht dekcolb pilihP 0131 ni tub ,slairt eht ni sevlesmeht dnefed ot ecneirepxe lagel tneiciffus
dah emoS .snoissefnoc rieht detnacer sralpmeT ynam ,erutrot 'srotisiuqnI eht fo deerf ecno
dna ,ecneconni ro tliug 'sralpmeT eht enimreted ot sgniraeh lapap rof dellac tnemelC epoP
.stessa rieht ezies dna sralpmeT lla tserra ot eporuE ni shcranom naitsirhC
lla detcurtsni hcihw ,7031 ,22 rebmevoN no eaitnenimeearP silarotsaP llub eht deussi
neht tnemelC epoP ,pilihP morf gniyllub erom retfA .siraP ni ladnacs a desuac ,sserud rednu
deniatbo neeb gnivah etipsed ,snoissefnoc ehT .ymehpsalb fo snoissefnoc eslaf tcartxe ot
derutrot dna seisereh suoremun htiw degrahc erew sralpmeT ehT .detserra ylsuoenatlumis
eb ot sralpmeT hcnerF rehto fo serocs dna yaloM ed deredro pilihP ,)noititsrepus
ht31 eht yadirF eht fo nigiro eht htiw deknil etad a( 7031 ,31 rebotcO yadirF nO
.stbed sih morf flesmih gnieerf fo yaw a sa ,redrO eht tsniaga noitca ekat
ot hcruhC eht gnirusserp nageb eH .sesoprup nwo sih rof sromur eht nopu ezies ot dediced
dna hsilgnE eht htiw raw sih morf sralpmeT eht ot tbed ni ylpeed ydaerla saw pilihP gniK"
".redrO eht ot tbed ni ylpeed
saw ohw ,ecnarF fo VI pilihP gniK yb dednabsid erew ralpmeT sthginK ehT " 481
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".noitaroproc lanoitanitlum tsrif s'dlrow eht sa seifilauq ylbaugra ralpmeT
ehT .surpryC fo dnalsi eritne eht denwo neve yeht tniop eno ta dna ;spihs fo teelf nwo
rieht dah yeht ;tropxe dna tropmi ,gnirutcafunam ni devlovni erew yeht ;seltsac dna sehcruhc
tliub yeht ;sdrayeniv dna smraf deganam dna thguob yeht ;tsaE elddiM eht dna eporuE
ni htob ,dnal fo stcart egral deriuqca yehT .modnetsirhC fo elohw eht ssorca skrowten
laicnanif dehsilbatse ralpmeT eht ,gnilaed ssenisub dna snoitanod fo xim siht no desaB
.sreffoc ralpmeT eht ot detubirtnoc osla dna ,seveiht rof stegrat evitcartta
ssel meht gnikam yb smirglip fo ytefas eht devorpmi ti ;seuqehc fo esu eht troppus
ot metsys lamrof tsrif eht neeb evah yam tnemegnarra evitavonni sihT .sdnuf rieht
eveirter ot dnaL yloH eht ni lavirra nopu tnemucod taht desu neht ,tisoped rieht fo eulav eht

082
 gnitacidni tnemucod detpyrcne na deviecer ,gnikrabme erofeb yrotpecerp ralpmeT lacol
a htiw selbaulav rieht detisoped smirglip :dnaL yloH eht ot gniyenruoj smirglip rof tiderc
fo srettel gnitareneg nageb 0511 ni redrO eht ,remertuO eht dna eporuE ssorca rennam
siht ni htlaew gnitalumuccA .yawa saw eh elihw tnemeganam ralpmeT rednu stessa
sih lla ecalp thgim sedasurC eht ni gnitapicitrap ni detseretni saw ohw namelbon
A .snoitanod tcerid dnoyeb htlaew fo lortnoc nevig saw ,ytrevop laudividni ot nrows
erew srebmem sti hguoht ,redrO ralpmeT ehT .erutcurtsarfni laicnanif eht eganam
ot dna sthgink eht tsissa ot snoitisop troppus ni detca srehto ehT .stnatabmoc
erew srebmem wef ylevitaler ,yratilim saw redrO eht fo noissim yramirp eht hguohtlA
.sreidlos 000,62 naht erom fo ymra s'nidalaS taefed ot depleh sthgink ralpmeT 005 emos
erehw ,drasigtnoM fo elttaB eht gnirud 7711 ni saw seirotciv suomaf tsom rieht fo enO .senil
noitisoppo kaerb ot tpmetta na ni ,ymene eht ta deeps lluf pollag ot tuo tes dluow sesrohraw
demra ylivaeh rieht no sthgink eht sa ,sedasurC eht fo selttab yek ni ecrof ecnavda
eht netfo erew sralpmeT .yldipar werg redrO eht ,secruoser elpma dna noissim raelc sti htiW
.epoP eht fo taht tpecxe ytirohtua
lla morf tpmexe erew dna ,sexat yna yap ot deriuqer ton erew ,sredrob lla hguorht
yleerf ssap dluoc sralpmeT eht taht tnaem gnilur sihT .swal lacol ot ecneidebo morf redrO
eht detpmexe mumitpO mutaD enmO llub lapap s'II tneconnI epoP nehw ,9311 ni emac
tifeneb rojam rehtonA .dnaL yloH eht ni thgif eht htiw pleh ot regae erew ohw seilimaf morf
snos nrob-elbon dna ,sessenisub ,dnal ,yenom gniviecer ,eporuE ssorca ytirahc derovaf a
emaceb sralpmeT eht ,gnisselb lamrof siht htiW .hcruhC eht yb desrodne yllaiciffo saw redrO
eht ,seyorT fo licnuoC eht ta 9211 ni dna ,flaheb rieht no ylevisausrep etorw dna ekops eH
.sthgink gnidnuof eht fo eno fo wehpen a dna erugif hcruhC gnidael a ,xuavrialC fo dranreB
ni etacovda lufrewop a dah yehT .gnol tsal ton did sutats dehsirevopmi 'sralpmeT ehT
.ytrevop s'redrO eht gnizisahpme ,esroh elgnis a no gnidir sthgink owt fo saw
melbme riehT .evivrus ot snoitanod no deiler dna secruoser laicnanif wef dah ,sthgink enin
tuoba htiw ,redrO ehT .sthgink "ralpmeT" ro ,nomoloS fo elpmeT eht dna tsirhC fo sthginK
rooP fo eman eht koot redrO eht taht noitacol siht morf saw ti dna ,elpmeT s'nomoloS
sa euqsoM asqA lA eht ot derrefer erofereht sredasurC ehT .nomoloS fo elpmeT eht
fo sniur eht eb ot deveileb saw tahw evoba saw ti esuaceb ,euqitsym a dah tnuoM elpmeT
ehT .euqsoM asqA lA derutpac eht ni ,tnuoM elpmeT eht no sretrauqdaeh a rof ecaps meht
evag dna ,tseuqer rieht ot deerga melasureJ fo II niwdlaB gniK .smirglip eht fo noitcetorp
eht rof redro citsanom a fo noitaerc eht desoporp ,remO-tniaS ed yerfdoG evitaler sih
dna sneyaP ed seuguH thgink hcnerF eht ,edasurC tsriF eht fo snaretev owt ,9111 dnuorA
.tseuqnoc sti retfa melasureJ ot egamirglip eht edam ohw
snaeporuE ynam eht fo ytefas eht erusne ot 6901 fo edasurC tsriF eht fo htamretfa eht ni
dednuof saw tI .segA elddiM eht ni seirutnec owt yletamixorppa rof detsixe noitazinagro ehT
.sredro yratilim naitsirhC nretseW eht fo suomaf tsom eht gnoma erew ralpmeT sthginK eht
sa nwonk ylnommoc nomoloS fo elpmeT eht fo dna tsirhC fo sreidloS-wolleF rooP ehT"
"...ralpmeT sthginK ..." 381
lmth.ssAlomyte/tumala/seigoloedi/jbus/moc.tumala.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".lliw nwo rieht fo nedrag taht tfel evah reven dluow yeht taht
os ,rof deksa yeht gnihtyreve deviecer ;yeht ;stnemniatretne taerg dna sgnos ni meht htiw
syawla erew slesmad eseht dnA .esidarap ni eb ot sevlesmeht deveileb ylurt yeht ,sgniht
suolevram eseht lla htiw nedrag eht ni sevlesmeht dnuof dna ,ekow nem gnuoy eseht nehW"

972
 .denekawa meht dah eh erehw nedrag eht otni gnipeels deirrac
erew yeht neht ,syad eerht rof tpels yehT .knird ot hsihsah meht evag eh ,ytnewt ro net
,ruof fo spuorg ni nedrag eht otni meht tnes naM dlO eht nehW .nem suoegaruoc emoceb ot
denitsed mih ot demees sa dlo sraey evlewt fo syob hcus truoc sih ta tpek naM dlO ehT" taht
dlot si ti "oloP ocraM fo ]slevarT ro[ serutnevdA ehT" ni oloP ocraM yb nevig tnuocca eht nI
.dlrow nademmahoM eht hguorht rorret
daerps dna ,"sniatnuom eht fo nam dlo eht" sa sredasurC eht gnoma ytirbelec live deniatbo
eh taht emoh niatnuom siht morf saw tI .aeS naipsaC eht fo htuos noiger suoniatnuom eht
ni seil hcihw ,rabduR fo ecnivorp eht ni ,tumalA fo eltsac eht dezies srewollof sih dna nassaHla ,0901 nI .ecnadiug sih rednu rewop lacol deniag hcihw scitanaf fo ytrap erucsbo rehtar
a ,snailiamsI eht fo tces naisreP eht fo daeh eht emaceb nassaH-la ,yrutnec ht11 ylrae eht nI
.noitamrofni siht rof secruos dna stcaf gnitcilfnoc ynam era erehT
.nassaH-lA fo ngier eht retfa sraey 051 tsomla ,3721
ni aera eht detisiv ohw oloP ocraM fo sgnitirw eht morf semoc noitamrofni siht rof secruos
yramirp eht fo enO .)nassaH fo rewollof ro - nihsihcsa( snissassa sa nwonk ymra etavirp sih
otni nem gnuoy fo dia eht tsilne ot hsihsah desu habbaS-la-nbi nassaH-la taht si yrots ehT"
"...habbaS-la-nbi nassaH-la ..." 281
lmth.egaminoiro/moc.sneppocpilihp.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".demrofrep saw ynomerec eht
nehw ,thgindim ta ylesicerp ,htinez eht hguorht ssap ot desoppus erew yeht thgin detcepxe
eht no dna ,sedaielP eht devresbo ylluferac dah srossecederp rieht dna scetzA ehT
.dnuoR radnelaC raey 25 yreve fo dne eht ta derrucco ynomerec eht taht detats stnamrofni
cetzA s’nuguhaS ed onidranreB .ynomerec eriF weN eht sa nwonk si tahw dekram
noitcnujnoc htinez sedaielP-nuS ehT .slautir suoigiler eht ni tnatropmi era sedaielP eht
dna nus ehT .nacauhitoeT fo nigiro eht ta saw taht tneve siht saw ti taht detseggus won si
tI .raey 001 .xorppa detsal ylno ,sedaielP eht fo gnisir lacaileh eht sa nwonk ,noitazinorhcnys
sihT .seiks nwaderp eht ni nuS eht erofeb tsuj esor sedaielP eht ,DA 051 .ac ,71 yaM nO
.noigiler fo niamod eht ni
detacol eb ot sdeen rewsna eht taht raelc si ti tub ,taht fo noitaterpretni na eb dluoc ”noitats
ecaps neila“ na ,erus roF .sdog otni nem mrofsnart ot tliub saw xelpmoc eht taht detats
sdnegel lacoL .ygolohtym noitaerc eht fo trap saw erutluc nayaM eht ni dna )deugra evah
lavuaB treboR dna trebliG nairdA sa sirisO ton( suroH fo lobmys eht saw tpygE tneicna ni
hcihw ,noirO fo tleB eht tneserper ot :nalp dnuorg lareneg emas eht ot gnirewsna ,desu neeb
evah stneidergni emas eht taht tseggus dluow I ,secnereffid laudividni era ereht hguohT
.ufuhK fo taht htiw serapmoc ,dimaryp lluf a otni tliub
saw reven tub ,nalp dnuorg tsegral eht sah hcihw ,ltaoclazteuQ fo elpmeT eht dna erfahK
htiw dimaryP nuS eht ,uaetalp eht no dimaryp tsellams eht htiw serapmoc nooM eht fo
dimaryP ehT .noirO fo tleB eht tneserper nacauhitoeT fo serutcurts niam eerht eht dna heziG
ta sdimaryp eerht eht htob fo tuoyal eht taht si ,revewoh ,nosirapmoc suoivbo tsom ehT
.rehto eht naht rellat si eno hguoht neve ,thgieh lauqe
na hcaer dimaryp s’erfahK dna s’ufuhK erehw ,heziG ni nees eb osla nac erutaef sihT .tniop

872
 tsehgih s’etis eht no stis ti esuaceb ,nuS fo taht sa hgih sa si timmus sti tey ,ediw m 051 dna
hgih m 24 :rellams hcum si nooM eht fo dimaryP ehT .heziG ta ufuhK fo dimaryP eht fo taht
ot esolc rehtar si nalp roolf ehT .sriats 242 aiv si tnecsa stI .dum fo sreyal evisseccus evif fo
tuo detcurtsnoc ,hgih m 56 dna ediw m522 si nuS eht fo dimaryP ehT .nacauhitoeT fo esoht
dna heziG fo sdimaryp eht neewteb secnednopserroc rojam era ereht taht tnemugra s’rehto
hcae detaeper evah ,kcocnaH maharG dna nihctiS airahceZ gnidulcni ,srohtua lareveS"
"...nacauhitoeT ..." 181
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".elyts lairepmi wen a otni stcejbus sih lla morf
stnemele tlem ot derovaedne gniK taerG eht sa detceffa tsom eno eht saw erutluc
naisreP eht yllacinori os ,elpoep dereuqnoc eht fo noigiler dna erutluc eht ot edutitta
nepo rieht saw )seripme taerg gnirudne tsom htiw sa( sseccus dinemeahcA eht
ot syek eht fo enO .sronrevog dna sgnik tneilc hguorht ,secnivorp sa seirotirret dereuqnoc
rieht delur srorepme naideM ,taerG eht suryC yb aideM fo tseuqnoc eht fo emit eht ot pU"
"...yhposolihp nairatinamuh dna ,lacihte fo dradnats hgih a dehsilbatse eh ..." 081
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".aisreP nairtsaoroZ ni )"adzaM aruhA fo tcepsa lausiv" eht( rahavaraF
eht otni devlove lobmys ehT ."rewop" rof lobmys cireneg a sa won yb ,slaes werbeH
no sraeppa ti ,CB yrutnec ht8 eht .ac morF ."nuS eht ,fles nwo sih" ,yllaretil sa debircsnart
,ytlayor rof lobmys a sa nailotanA cihpylgoreiH ni dna srelur nairyssA htiw sfeiler
ni sraeppa tI .aimatoposeM ot dna tnaveL eht ot daerps lobmys eht ,CB 0002 ylhguor morF
.irpehK
.g.e gnidulcni ,dog nus eht fo stcepsa eb ot deredisnoc erew tpygE fo sdog detanidrobus
eht fo lla )noitaterpretni ot gnidrocca( dessap emit sA .hatP fo llub eht ,sipA fo kcen
eht no detciped semitemos si tI .ethcaraH-aR htiw deifitnedi retal ,ufdE fo suroH detneserper
itedeheB lobmys eht ,noigiler naitpygE ylrae nI .suearu a htiw edis rehtie no deknalf netfo
,)CB yrutnec ht62 ,urefenS( modgniK dlO eht morf detsetta si lobmys eht ,tpygE tneicnA nI
.ailartsuA
sa llew sa aciremA htuoS fo snoiger suoirav ni gnidiser serutluc tneicna fo sdrocer eht
ni dnuof neeb osla sah lobmys ehT .)aisreP dna ,ailotanA ,aimatoposeM ,tpygE( tsaE raeN
tneicnA eht ni rewop dna ytlayor ,ytinivid htiw detaicossa lobmys a si nus degniw ehT"
" ."csiD-degniW" a no gniylf ..." 971
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".dlrowrednU eht dna htraE eht hguorht detubirtsid erew
yehT .snoinapmoc s'unA dna ,sdoG eht fo licnuoC hgiH eht erew ikannunA ehT .htrae
eht no derdnuh eerht ,nevaeh ni derdnuh eerht ,snoitats reporp rieht ot meht sngissa
dna ikannunA eht sedivid kudraM ,dniknam fo noitaerc eht retfa ,kudraM gniyfingam
noisrev etal eht nI .hsilE amunE ,htym noitaerc nainolybaB eht ni raeppa ikanunnA ehT
."htrae dna nevaeh"
ro 'gnirpsffo ylecnirp' ro 'doolb layor fo esoht' fo tceffe eht ot gnihtemos gninaem

772
 ,)sdog ronim( igigI eht dna )'sdoG taerG ytfiF' eht( anunnA eht ,htiw gnippalrevo
sesac emos ni dna ,ot detaler seitied naidakkA dna nairemuS fo puorg a era ikannunA ehT"
"...ikannunA ehT ..." 871
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".dliw eht ni dna ytivitpac ni htob ,revewoh snamuh yb ylevisnetxe deiduts neeb sah roivaheb
nihploD .ygolodohtem dna ezis elpmas etauqedani htiw tuo deirrac neeb evah ro ,tuo deirrac
neeb ton evah llits stluser lufgninaem dleiy dluoc hcihw stset emos taht snaem scitauqa
egral htiw krow latnemirepxe gniod fo esnepxe dna ytluciffid eht ,eromrehtruF .noitingoc
fo erutan dna ,sedom esnopser ,sutarappa yrosnes ni secnereffid yb detacilpmoc era
ecnegilletni evitaler 'seiceps fo snosirapmoc sa ,era snihplod tnegilletni woh tsuj yas ot
drah si ti hguoht ,slamina tnegilletni tsom s'htraE fo eno sa dedrager netfo era snihploD
.revir segnaG eht fo ytied eht ,agnaG
htiw detaicossa si nihploD reviR segnaG eht ,ygolohtym udniH nI .sossonK ta ecalap
deniur eht morf ecnedive citsitra yb gnigduj ,snaoniM eht ot tnatropmi neeb evah ot
mees osla snihploD .egayov htooms a rof nemo doog a deredisnoc saw ekaw rieht ni gnidir
snihplod gnittops pihs a ;emoclew htiw meht detaert skeerG tneicnA ehT .nihplod a fo kcab
eht no gnidir yob ro nam a erutaef hcihw emit eht morf snioc ynam era ereht dna ygolohtym
keerG ni nommoc era snihploD .erutluc namuh ni elor a deyalp gnol evah snihploD
".selahw ro snihplod fo seidob
eht gnitibahni snaeco eht ni dnuof neeb evah noilattaB tsol eht fo srebmem emoS" 771
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".remuS fo ytic tsedlo eht ,udirE ta ,ygolohtym nairemuS tneicna ni dniknam ot noitazilivic
fo stra eht reviled ot aE yb tnes erew ohw ,)nam=uL ,taerG=laG ,retaw=bA nairemuS
ni( ullagbA ro segas naivulidetna neves eht fo tsrif eht - )apadA( naU no desab tcaf ni
si sennaO taht nwonk won si ti ,aE dog nainolybaB tneicna eht no desab eb ot thguoht ecnO
.secneics suoirav eht dna stra
eht ,gnitirw ni noitcurtsni dniknam gnihsinruf dna emityad eht ni sretaw eht fo tuo gnisir dna
,fluG naisreP eht ni gnillewd sa debircsed si eH .nam a fo erugif eht htaenrednu tub hsif a fo
ydob eht gnivah sa sennaO sebircsed sussoreB .modsiw dniknam thguat ohw gnieb lacihtym
a ot CB yrutnec dr3 eht ni sussoreB retirw nainolybaB eht yb nevig eman eht saw sennaO"
"...sennaO..." 671
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".adzaM aruhA htiw noinu
ro ,iterek-ohsarf sdrawot sessergorp luos eht taht yaw a hcus ni evil ot si hcihw ,efil
ni esoprup s'eno fo rednimer a eb ot dias si rahavaraf eht ,msinairtsaoroZ yad-tneserp nI
.sgniw eht evoba mrof namuh a evah ton did lobmys eht ,I suiraD fo ngier eht ot roirP
.eninimef yllacitammarg
era seititne eht natsevA ni dna atsevA eht ni sihsavarF eht fo noitpircsed
lacisyhp on si ereht ,revewoH .ihsavarF a stneserper lobmys eht taht feileb tnerruc eht
stcelfer seititne enivid fo ssalc eht dna lobmys eht fo eman eht neewteb pihsnoitaler sihT

672
 .ytirohtua s'gnik a fo noitadnuof eht saw taht
etadnam enivid eht detneserper ro ,gnik eht fo ihsavarF eht ro ,)haneravhk( 'yrolG layoR
eniviD' eht tneserper ot thguoht osla si ti ,snoitpircsni layor no sraeppa tsrif lobmys eht
esuaceB .raelcnu si sfeiler naitpygE dna naimatoposeM reilrae morf ti detpada ohw esoht
fo sdnim eht ni detneserper ti tahw ,eman sti sevired ti hcihw morf dna )legna naidraug a
.c( ihsavarF a tneserper ot thguoht yltnerruc si lobmys eht elihW .slaes layor egA eznorB
no gniraeppa hpylgoreih "nus degniw" eht yb decneulfni si lobmys eht ,yllacirotsiH .tsaE
elddiM dna raeN tneicna eht fo erutluc dna tra eht ni yrotsih gnol a sah csid degniw ehT
.msinairtsaoroZ
fo slobmys nwonk-tseb eht fo eno si )seirav noitaretilsnart( rahoraf ro rahavaraf ehT"
"...rahavaraf ..." 571
lmth.stekcubretawsdog/moc.sknilatsyrc.www//:ptth
:etisbew gniwollof eht ta deweiv eb nac eseht fo shpargotohp tnellecxE :ETON S'ROTIDE
"....sgnieb degniw
,dedaeh elgae yb deirrac gnieb ,stekcub retaw ro steksab sa dezilyts era hcihw
secived noitceted cinortcele dna ,stnemurtsni depahs-enoc wohs sgnivrac eht ..." 471
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".gnieb ot nruter dna noitacifirup fo rewop eht htiw ,erutan eurt ro fles
fo egdelwonk tcefrep eht fo cilobmys era miburehc ehT .esidarap ot nruter fo etag eht
gnidraug miburehc eht yb ecneirepxe ,nellaf ,gnitimil taht ni yllanrete gnivil morf detcetorp
era ew ,)livE dna dooG fo egdelwonK fo eerT eht fo gnitae sa hcus( ytilaud ni eveileb ro
brosba ot detpmet neeb gnivah ,emahs secneirepxe )ssensuoicsnoc ecafrus( oge eht ecnO
.tneserp reve tub ,elbissop
ylno ton si dog/ytilaer enivid/ssendoog tcefrep eht fo ecneirepxe tcerid dna ,eciohc
a sselehtreven si )emocrevo eb tonnac hcihw( htaed lacisyhp ,etats a hcus nI .luos
ro ydob eht fo ytilatrommi ton ,tnemllifluf ro ssenevila lanrete fo etats detevoc eht
gnitneserper efiL fo eerT eht - lobmys lasuac/noitatsefinam a si eert eht ,hcus sA .ytilaer
fo ecneirepxe lanretxe eht dna dnim fo setats neewteb pihsnoitaler eht gninrecnoc
tnetnoc lacirohpatem rof daer era stxet dercas ,snoigiler dlrow fo snoitidart lacitsym nI
.stluc eert
htiw detaicossa snigiro sti sah noigiler keerG tneicna fo smrof tseilrae eht fo enO •
.)ECB 9422
- 0932( dakkA morf slaes rednilyc ni dnuof gnieb ,ytiuqitna fo ecnanevorp dilos a
sah sihT .nos a htiw mih edivorp ot 'htrib fo tnalp' a rof sehcraes anatE ,ygolohtym
naimatoposeM nI .ytilatrommi rof tseuq ralimis a si hsemagliG fo cipE ehT •
.dednah-ytpme nruter ot sah ayiquluB ,draug eht taefed
ot elbanU .rdihK-lA yb dedraug htuoY fo niatnuoF a si ybraeN .seert detsurcnelewej htiw esidarap a sdnif dna ytilatrommi rof sehcraes oreh eht hcihw ni
,'ayiquluB fo elaT ehT' ,yrots a sah sthgiN enO dna dnasuohT enO fo kooB ehT •
.eert eht no sehcnarb sa deyartrop netfo erew
slamina dna srotsecna ,)deid( dessap yeht retfa taht tcaf eht yb detagaporp

572
 saw sihT .dercas eb ot thguoht erew seert sa ,stlob gninthgil gnizilobmys
repap dercas htiw dekram erew seert ,otnihS fo noigiler esenapaJ eht nI •
.)4-1( atig-davagahB fo retpahc ht51 eht ni dna ,adeV-giR
fo koob ht01 eht fo nmyh ht531 eht ni denoitnem si eert eht fo msilobmys ehT •
.ainemrA ,navereY ni ssertrof inuberE eht fo sllaw eht no sgnitniap sa hcus ,stcafitra
utrarU suoremun no dnuof eb nac eert sihT .ti fo erac gnikat era yeht fi sa pu sdnah
rieht fo eno htiw eert eht fo edis hcae no doots )degniw emos( stnavreS .eert eht
fo xepa eht no fael eno dna ,fael eno gnivah hcnarb hcae htiw ,mets eht fo sedis tfel
dna thgir eht no dedivid yllauqe erew eert eht fo sehcnarb ehT .sroirraw fo ruomra
eht no devrac dna sessertrof fo sllaw roiretxe eht otno nward ,lobmys suoigiler
a saw efiL fo eerT eht ,CB yrutnec ht6 ot ht31 dnuora ainermrA tneicna nI •
.detciped
"efiL fo eerT" eht htiw ,utrarU morf temleh eznorb a fo tnemgarF .yaW ykliM eht fo
dnab eht fo noitatneserper a sa deterpretni neeb osla sah eert dlrow lartnec ehT •
.)dlrowrednu eht
fo cilobmys ,"retsnom-retaw" a pota semitemos( retaw ro htrae otni gnidnetxe
stoor rieht dna ,sehcnarb rieht ni sdrib htiw detciped yltneuqerf era seert dlroW •
.seitied dna sroloc lanoitcerid eht dna ,sradnelac naciremaoseM
ni sreraeb raeY ruof eht htiw detaicossa osla era seert dlrow lanoitceriD •
.ygolonorhc naciremaoseM fo sdoirep
evitamroF etaL/diM eht tsael ta ot gnitad ,srehto dna ,cemlO ,cetxiM ,napazI
,cetzA ,ayaM eht sa hcus serutluc fo snoitidart lacigolohtym dna tra eht
ni dnuof era ,stcepsa lartnec dna lanoitcerid rieht ni htob ,seert dlrow fo snoitcipeD •
.dlrow lairtserret eht fo taht htiw yks eht dna dlrowrednU eht
fo senalp eht gnitcennoc idnum sixa cilobmys a ,eert dlrow lartnec a fo erutan
dlofruof eht osla detneserper hcihw ,snoitcerid lanidrac ruof eht deidobme seert
dlroW .yhpargonoci dna seigolomsoc lacihtym naciremaoseM ni fitom tnelaverp
a si "seert dlrow" fo tpecnoc eht ,serutluc naciremaoseM naibmuloC-erp gnomA •
.flesti haroT eht ot deilppa ylevitarugif si ,sbrevorP fo kooB eht ni dnuof ,noisserpxe
ehT .msiaduJ ni desu mret nommoc a si ,"efiL fo eerT" rof werbeH ,miahC ztE •
.ecnetsixe latrom-tsop dna noitavlas sa dootsrednu
semitemos dna ,)32-12:11 ihpeN 1 ees( doG fo evol eht fo cilobmys si tI .)21-01:8
ihpeN 1 ees( iheL ot noitalever a ni nomroM fo kooB eht ni sraeppa efiL fo eerT ehT •
.torihpeS net eht selbmeser ti ,hcus sA .halabbaK eht
fo trap tnatropmi na si ,sedon detcennocretni net fo mrof eht ni ,efiL fo eerT A •
).efiL fo eerT emas eht fo kaeps tnuocca noitaleveR fo kooB
eht dna tnuocca siseneG fo kooB eht taht ,detpecca yllasrevinu ti si ron ,suoivbo
yletaidemmi ton si ti ,revewoH( .evE dna madA ot ytilatrommi tnarg ot laitnetop
eht sah ti hcihw ni ,siseneG fo skooB eht ni denoitnem si efiL fo eerT ehT •
.sdog eht rof ytilatrommi
sedivorp taht eert s'nnuðI morf selppa nedlog eht si ti ygolohtyM esroN nI •
.seiteicos rieht nihtiw seert dercas gniruonoh sebirT cinamreG fo devivrus evah
stnuocca ,lisardggY eht ot detaler spahreP .ti gnidnuorrus erol evisnetxe htiw eert
evissam a ,eert dlrow eht ,lisardggY sa noigiler esroN ni sraeppa efil fo eert ehT •
.sdog fo eman eht ni ylbissop dna stxet gnivivrus fo stcepsa
suoirav ni gniraeppa ,elor tnenimorp a deyalp seert ,msinagap cinamreG nI •
.sdlrow owt eht gnitcennoc
,htaed dna efil fo dlohserht eht no doots osla eromacyS yloH s'naitpygE ehT •

472
 ."desolcne era htaed dna
efil hcihw ni eert" eht sa ti ot gnirrefer ,efil fo eert eht deredisnoc snaitpygE
eht hcihw ,sisoaS fo eert aicaca eht morf degreme evah ot dias erew yehT .sirisO
& sisI era ,)yks & htrae( tiuN & beG dna )ssenyrd & erutsiom( tunfeT & uhS morf
trapa ,elpuoc tsrif eht ,silopoileH fo metsys daennE eht ni ,ygolohtym naitpygE nI •
.elpoep dna snioc
era eert eht fo sevael ehT .sgniw htiw tsaeb denroh a yb dedraug si esab cimarec
ehT .efil fo eert rehtona si )EC 022 - 52 c( ytsanyd naH etal eht morf ,nauhceS
morf oslA .swalc htiw erutaerc )xineohp( ekil-drib egnarts a si pot eht tA .sehcnarb
rewol eht morf gnignah tiurf dna ,nogard a saw esab eht tA .hgih sretem 4 meht fo
eno ,seert eznorb 3 deniatnoc ti ,ECB 0021 tuoba morf gnitaD .anihC ,nauhceS
ni iudgnixnaS ta tip laicifircas a fo saw s0991 eht ni yrevocsid lacigoloeahcra nA •
.ytilatrommi seviecer tiurf eht stae ohw
eno ehT .sraey dnasuoht eerht yreve hcaep a secudorp taht eert a fo yrots tsioaT
eht osla si erehT .ytilatrommi stneserper netfo nogard eht ygolohtym esenihC ni
- nogard a dna xineohp a stciped efiL fo eerT a fo gnivrac a ygolohtym esenihC nI •
.flesmih gniK eht ro ,stseirP & sdoG dedaeH elgaE yb ot
dednetta netfo ,selpoep eseht gnoma lobmys suoigiler tnatropmi na saw tI .senil gnissorcssirc dna sedon fo seires a yb detneserper saw efiL fo eerT )naisreP ro( nairemuS ehT
.raeppa yeht mohw rof selpoep eht ot ecnacifingis suoigiler dna larutluc dloh netfo
esehT .ytilatrommi ot gnitaler netfo ,noitcif dna erutluc ,erolklof ni raeppa efil fo seerT"
"....efil fo eert ..." 371
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".egA nedloG cimalsI eht gnirud tsaE elddiM eht ni
ecneulfni suomrone esicrexe ot deunitnoc aisreP ,)eripmE barA( etahpilaC cimalsI eht yb
EC yrutnec ht7 eht ni aisreP fo tseuqnoc cimalsI eht etipseD .ainnellim txen eht rof stneve
dlrow ni selor tnanimod deyalp lla noigiler dna erutaretil ,yhposolihp naisreP .yrotsih
dlrow fo esruoc eht no tcapmi dnuoforp a dah elur s'suryC rednu aisreP fo esir ehT
.esimed sih retfa gnol derudne eripme dinemeahcA eht ,detaerc eh erutcurtsarfni lacitilop
eht ot trap ni euD .sretroppus citsaisuhtne otni stcejbus dereuqnoc ylwen sih ekam ot
elba saw eh ,snoigiler lacol gnirovaf yb dna ,noisserper fo daetsni ytisoreneg fo ycilop
a gniusrup yB .reidlos a sa dna namsetats a sa yllauqe dehsiugnitsid saw suryC
.mlaer eht fo strap ynam morf stpircsnoc dna
etubirt ylno dednamed eripme 'suryC .taerG eht suiraD rosseccus 'suryC yb deunitnoc
saw ,spartas dellac sgnik lassav yb delur secnivorp otni seirotirret dereuqnoc ylwen
fo noitazinagro rehtruF .seipartas naideM gnidnapxe dna gniniater hguorht yltrap deveihca
,smodgnik dereuqnoc fo noiger tsav a revo lortnoc deniatniam suryC ,ngier sih gniruD"
"...II suryC yb desu noitazinagro fo metsys euqinu ..." 271
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
”.sthgiR namuH
fo dleif eht ni taerG eht suryC yb decneulfni erew nosreffeJ samohT sa hcus srednuof
nwo s'aciremA .serugif gnirewot s'yrotsih fo eno yleniuneg si taerG eht suryC“

372
 :mih fo yas ot siht dah
dna ,ronoh sih ni edam gnieb mlif yratnemucod wen eht tuoba gniklat saw eh nehw ,taerG
eht suryC denoitnem leppoK deT ,leppoK deT htiw enilthgiN s'CBA fo tnemges tnecer a nI
".ecnirP
ehT s'illevaihcaM edisgnola nemsetats rof daer yrotadnam a saw hcihw" ,koob eht fo seipoc
lanosrep owt dah ,elpmaxe rof ,nosreffeJ samohT .aideaporyC sa hcus skrow hguorht taerG
eht suryC morf noitaripsni thguos aciremA fo setatS detinU eht fo srehtaferof eht fo ynaM
".sthgir namuh fo yrotsih
eht ni deiduts eb dluohs taerG eht suryC fo retrahC ehT .lla rof modeerf deetnaraug
dna htiaf dna noigiler sih egnahc ot nosrep yna ecrof ot ton desimorp eH '.ti hsiw ton
did yeht fi elpoep eht revo ngier ton dluow' eh taht oga sraey 005,2 rewop fo elcannip
eht ta demialcorp rorepme sihT .taerG eht suryC fo tnadnecsed a ,nainarI na ma I"
:gniyas ,suryC
dekove idabE nirihS ,ezirP ecaeP leboN eht fo ecnatpecca reh ni ,3002 ,01 rebmeceD nO
.yrotsih ni serugif laitneulfni tsom eht fo tsil s'traH .H leahciM no 78# deknar saw eh ,2991 nI
.tnemnrevog lartnec a yb dedaeh noitartsinimda
elgnis a rednu delur erew ,segaugnal dna ,snoigiler ,secar ,seirtnuoc fo snezod ynam
gnisirpmoc ,etatsrepus tsav a erehw ,gnidliub eripme fo ega eht ni are wen a nageb
stseuqnoc 'suryC .seipartas naideM gnidnapxe dna gniniater hguorht yltrap deveihca
,smodgnik dereuqnoc fo noiger tsav a revo lortnoc deniatniam suryC ,ngier sih gniruD
.iduduaM alA lubA ralohcs innuS dna izarihS
merakaM dna naziM-la risfaT sih ni ,ieabatabaT hemallA sralohcs a'ihS yb desrodne dna
dazA malaK lubA ralohcs innuS yb desoporp saw yroeht sihT .taerG eht suryC si nyanraQluhD fo erugif cina'ruQ eht taht detseggus evah sralohcs milsuM yraropmetnoc emoS
.)6-1:54 haiasI( hkanaT eht ni ,gnik detnioppaylenivid a ,haissem a sa detangised eb ot elitneG ylno eht si eH .gnik suoethgir dna
deifingid a sa mih deronoh sweJ eht ,seicilop 'suryC fo tluser a sA .arzE fo kooB eht
ni decudorper ylluf si tcide sihT .elpmet eht dliuber ot suryC morf tcide na gniwollof ,nolybaB
morf dnaL desimorP eht ot denruter noitalupop hsiweJ eht fo tnanmer a taht sdrocer elbiB
ehT .nolybaB ni sweJ eht fo tnemtaert sih si ycilop suoigiler sih fo elpmaxe nwonk ylno ehT
.noitazilivic
nretseW dna nretsaE htob no sa llew sa ,ygetarts yratilim dna ,scitilop ,)noitarotseR
fo tcidE sih hguorht( noigiler hsiweJ no ycagel gnitsal a tfel suryC ,noitan sih dnoyeB
.elur trohs sih gnirud tpygE reuqnoc ot deganam
ohw ,II sesybmaC ,nos sih yb dedeeccus saw eH .CB 035 tsuguA ni ayraD ryS eht
gnola eategassaM eht gnithgif ,elttab ni deid flesmih eh sa ,tpygE otni erutnev ton did suryC
.eripmE nainolybaB-oeN eht dna ,eripmE naidyL eht ,eripmE naideM eht gnidulcni ,emit
sih fo setats tsetaerg eht fo emos tsniaga thguof suryC ,ngier raey enin-ytnewt sih gniruD
.nees tey dah
dlrow eht etats tsegral eht etaerc ot ,tsae eht ni reviR sudnI eht ot tsew eht ni tnopselleH
eht dna tpygE morf ,aisA lartneC fo hcum dna aisA tsewhtuoS fo tsom gnireuqnoc
yllautneve ,elur sih rednu dednapxe eripme ehT .ytsanyd dinemeahcA eht rednu eripmE

272
 naisreP eht fo rednuof eht saw eH .rorepme naisreP a saw ,redlE eht suryC dna aisreP fo
II suryC sa nwonk osla ,)CB 035 ro CB 925 tsuguA — 675 ro CB 095 .c( taerG eht suryC
"...aisreP fo II suryC..." 171
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
."elpmet s'ollopA ni doots hcihw ,htrae eht fo tniop-dim dna enots-levan
dercas eht ,solahpmO eht gnidraug nohtyP tnepres eht wohs serutcip ynaM .nwo sih sa
,eceerG lacissalC ni suomaf tsom eht ,elcaro eht dna emoh remrof reh edamer dna reh wels
ohw ,ollopA ytied naipmylO retal eht fo ymene eht emaceb ohtyP .dedraug nohtyP hcihw
,levan ro solahpmo eht ,enots a yb detneserper ,htrae eht fo retnec eht deredisnoc saw
etis ehT .eman ecalp eht gnieb ohtyP ,htraE ,aiaG ,rehtom reh rof retnec tluc eht ni detsixe
hcihw ,elcaro cihpleD eht ta dediser ehS .tnepres a sa sgnitniap-esav dna erutplucs ni
detneserper syawla ,ihpleD fo nogard-htrae eht saw ,tnepres ,nohtyP ygolohtym keerG nI"
"...tnepres eht ,nohtyP..." 071
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
."sdog eht"
htiw noitacinummoc tcerid wolla ot dias erew senots solahpmO .sunarU ,rehtaf nwo
sih desoped dah eh sa mih esoped dna pu worg ton dluoc yeht os nerdlihc sih dewollaws
ohw ,rehtaf sih ,sunorC evieced ot saw sihT .sueZ saw ti gnidneterp ,sehtolc gnilddaws
ni depparw aehR hcihw enots eht sa deifitnedi eb ot emac ihpleD ta solahpmO ehT
esab sti sdrawot snediw hcihw ,ertnec wolloh
a sah dna ,ecafrus sti gnirevoc ten dettonk a fo gnivrac a sah )ypoc a neeb evah yam hcihw(
flesti enots ehT .aihtyP eht raen notyda elpmet eht ni solahpmO eht etacol stnuocca tsoM
.ihpleD ni elcaro eht ta saw esoht fo suomaf tsom eht ;aeS naenarretideM eht gnidnuorrus
saera lareves ni detcere erew tniop siht etoned ot desu senots solahpmO .dlrow eht
fo "levan" eht ,retnec sti ta teem ot dlrow eht ssorca ylf ot selgae owt tuo tnes sueZ ,skeerG
tneicna eht ot gnidroccA .)elahpmO neeuQ fo eman eht erapmoc( "levan" snaem solahpmo
drow eht ,keerG nI .rsulyteab ro ,tcafitra enots suoigiler tneicna na si solahpmo nA"
"...senots solahpmO ..." 961
mth.4-6/siseneg/cc.elbib//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".yllaunitnoc live ylno saw traeh sih fo sthguoht eht fo
tnetni yreve taht dna ,htrae eht no taerg saw nam fo ssendekciw eht taht was hewaY nehT 5
.nwoner fo nem ,dlo fo erew ohw nem
ythgim eht erew esohT .meht ot nerdlihc erob yeht dna ,nem fo srethguad eht ot ni emac
"doG fo snos" eht nehw ,drawretfa osla dna ,syad esoht ni htrae eht no erew milihpeN ehT 4
”.sraey ytnewt dna derdnuh eno eb llahs syad sih sselehtreven
;hself si osla eh esuaceb ,reverof nam htiw evirts ton llahs tiripS yM“ ,dias hewaY nehT 3
.esohc yeht revemohw ,sevlesmeht rof
seviw koot yeht dna ;lufituaeb erew nem fo srethguad eht taht was "doG fo snos" eht taht 2

172
 ,meht ot nrob erew
srethguad dna ,dnal eht fo ecaf eht no ylpitlum ot nageb nem nehw ,tuoba emac ti woN 1"
.haroT ro hcuetatneP eht fo skoob evif fo tsrif eht dna
,ytinaitsirhC fo dna msiaduJ fo elbiB eht fo koob tsrif eht si )"nigiro" ,"htrib" :keerG( siseneG"
"...siseneG..." 861
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".raluces dna suoigiler htob ,seihposolihp rehto ni dezingocer
yltnednepedni neeb evah taht shturt lasrevinu sniatnoc gnihC eT oaT eht eveileb ynaM
".tneserp yllanrete eb ot si hsirep ot ton tub eid oT
.serudne ,si eh erehw syats ohw eH
.rewop lliw fo ngis a si ecnarevesreP
.hcir si hguone sah eh swonk ohw eH
;htgnerts seriuqer fles eht gniretsaM
;ecrof seriuqer srehto gniretsaM
.tnemnethgilne si fles eht gniwonK
;modsiw si srehto gniwonK
.ton si tahw fo eulav eht ezingocer dluohs ew 
,si tahw fo egatnavda ekat ew sa tsuj eroferehT
.sdneped
esuoh eht fo eulav eht taht gnihton si ereht erehw secaps eseht no si ti dnA
;esuoh a ekam ot swodniw dna srood ecreip eW
.sdneped lessev eht fo eulav eht taht gnihton si ereht erehw ecaps eht no si ti tuB
;lessev a ekam ot yalc nrut eW
.sdneped leehw eht fo eulav eht taht gnihton si ereht erehw ecaps eht no si ti tuB
;leehw a ti llac dna rehtegot sekops tup eW
.yrd snur reven tI
.lliw uoy sa ti nopu warD
;elihw eht lla ,su nihtiw ereht si tI
.gnarps htraE dna nevaeH hcihw morf esab eht sI
elameF suoiretsyM eht fo yawrood ehT
.elameF suoiretsyM eht si tI
.seid reven tiripS ehT"
".dnik sti retfa hcaE
.serutaerc dnasuoht net eht sraer taht rehtom eht tub si deman ehT
;gnarps htraE dna nevaeh taht sselemaN eht morf saw tI
.seman gniyravnu ton era deman eb nac taht seman ehT
;yaw gniyravnu na ton si fo dlot eb nac taht yaW ehT"
:ecaps ro emit erofeb ecnetsixe fo etats a sebircsed izoaL
.egaugnal sdnecsnart dna ,snoitcnitsid dnoyeb seog )oaT( .sseleman si oaT
".segaugnal nretseW
otni snoitalsnart fo sderdnuh yb dedia ,aisA tsaE edistuo ylediw daerps osla sah ecneulfni
stI .noitaripsni fo ecruos a sa gnihC eT oaT eht desu evah srenedrag neve dna ,srehpargillac

072
 ,sretniap ,steop gnidulcni ,stsitra esenihC ynaM .stpecnoc dna sdrow tsioaT fo esu eht
hguorht deterpretni ylegral saw anihC otni decudortni tsrif nehw hcihw ,msihdduB esenihC
tub )
 oāijoàD( msioaT rof ylno ton ,noigiler esenihC ni lartnec osla si koob tneicna sihT
."eutriv" éd  dna ",yaw" oàd 
 :snoitces owt sti fo sdrow
gninepo eht morf semoc eman stI .txet cissalc esenihC a si gnihC eT oaT .anihC ni nwonk
si txet eht eman esohw yb ,truoc ytsanyD uohZ eht ta repeek-drocer a ,)"retsaM dlO" ,uzT
oaL ro( izoaL egas tsioaT eht yb CB yrutnec ht6 dnuora nettirw saw ti ,noitidart ot gnidroccA"
"..."yaW ehT" dellac koob llams a etorw ohw rehposolihp a ,izoaL" 761
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
."pihsrow fo tcejbo tsehgih eht si adzaM aruhA"
,atsevA eht nI .adzaM fo pihsrow eht ,ansayadzaM sa stnerehda sti yb debircsed suht si
htiaf nairtsaoroZ ehT .ytinivid tcnitsid a si dna adevgiR eht fo "arusA rehtaF" sseleman eht
dna ,artim* dna anuruov* htob ot roirepus ,ecnellecxe rap aruhA eht sa nees si adzaM aruhA
."redro cimsoc eht otni thgisni )delaever(" eht sa 01.6.8 adevgiR ni debircsed ,arihdem
cideV eht fo tnelaviuqe eht si adzam nairtsaoroZ ,weiv siht nI .adevgiR eht fo anuraV ,si taht
,"arusA rehtaF" sseleman eht si eH .doG ecneh ,rotaerC detaercnu eno eht sa retsaoroZ
yb detlaxe ytinivid a rof eman egaugnal natsevA eht si )ādzaM aruhA( adzaM aruhA"
".adzaM aruhA dellac EB-SI na ..." 661
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".srehposolihp fo ygolonorhc
a ni tsrif retsaoroZ secalp yhposolihP fo yranoitciD drofxO eht fo noitide 5002 ehT
”.gnitirw citamotua“ hguorht retsaoroZ detcatnoc evah ot demialc evah ot dias erew eh
dna efiw siH .staeY reltuB mailliW teop yrutnec-htneetenin eht yb denoitnem saw retsaoroZ
.yhposolihp
larutan no otalP htiw tnemeergasid sih sserpxe ot redro ni yhposolihp s’retsaoroZ
no desab retsaoroZ dellac txet a etorw ,sucitnoP sedilcareH ,yraropmetnoc s’otalP
.rE fo htyM eht sa hcus ,erutaN nO s’retsaoroZ )ot detubirtta si tahw( fo strap gniziraigalp
fo cilbupeR ehT s’otalP desucca setoloC ,revewoh ,CB yrutnec driht eht nI .msilaer
cinotalP nwo sih otni ti fo emos detaroprocni dna suxoduE hguorht yhposolihp s’retsaoroZ
fo tnrael otalP ”.lufesu tsom dna suomaf tsom eht“ sa yhposolihp s’retsaoroZ desiarp
redlE eht ynilP retirw nitaL eht dna sudinC fo suxoduE retirw keerG tneicna ehT .yhposolihp
namoR dna yhposolihp keerG no ecneulfni tnacifingis a dah retsaoroZ fo skrow ehT
.tbuod drawni dna ,feilebnu dna noitisoppo drawtuo secaf eH .seilla sih fo noitcetorp eht
dna doG sih ni tsurt yb derewopme si tehporp eht ,krow siht nI :sirisO dna sisI ni retsaoroZ fo
skaeps ,supmopoehT no yltrap gniward ,hcratulP .)4 ,amuN( suilipmoP amuN dna sugrucyL
htiw mih serapmoc hcratulP .ega gnuoy a morf ti gnirolpxe deyojne dna ssenredliw eht ni
devil eH .htrib sih fo yad eht no dehgual evah ot dias si retsaoroZ ,yrotsiH larutaN s’ynilP nI
.stnuocca cihpargoirotsih ni raeppa - srewop tlucco gnivah sa debircsed lla -
sretsaoroZ tnereffid fo rebmun a dna ,ytiuqitna lacissalc ni suomaf saw retsaoroZ eman ehT

962
 .sdeed dna sdrow ,sthguoht doog fo esicrexe eht dna efil ni noitapicitrap evitca hguorht
srucco siht ,dniknamuh roF .aša niatsus ot si ,noitaerc rehto lla fo taht ekil ,dniknamuh
fo esoprup ehT .yhposolihp suoigiler ot noitubirtnoc tsetaerg s’retsaoroZ ylbaugra
si hcihw ,lliW eerF dna )aša si taht( ecnetsixe ,)aša si taht( noitaerc ,)aša si ohw( adzaM
aruhA fo taht gnidulcni ,enirtcod nairtsaoroZ rehto lla fo noitadnuof eht ta si - elbatalsnart
yleugav ylno dna decnaun ylhgih si hcihw - aša fo tpecnoc lanidrac ehT ”.eil“ jurd dna ”hturt“
aša neewteb elggurts cimsoc eht sa esrevinu eht sees teop dna tehporp eht ,retsaoroZ"
"...retsaoroZ " 561
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ioloS ti deman gnik eht hcihw rof edutitarg ni ,gnik lacol a
rof latipac wen a fo noitcurtsnoc eht wasrevo eh erehw ,surpyC ot delias noloS txeN .saitirC
dna soiamiT seugolaid sih ni secnerefer edam yltneuqesbus otalP hcihw ot ,meop a
sa yrotsih siht tuo etorw noloS .sitnaltA fo yrotsih eht fo tnuocca na ereht stseirp eht
morf deviecer dna elpmet s'htieN detisiv eh ,siaS ta ,yltneuqesbuS .sihponesP ,tcejbus
eht no trepxe naitpygE na htiw yhposolihp dessucsid eh erehw ,silopoileH detisiv eh erehT
.tpygE saw pots tsrif siH .daorba delevart noloS ,yrtnuoc eht gnimrofer dehsinif dah eh retfA
.ycarcomed nainehtA rof snoitadnuof eht dial gnivah htiw detiderc
netfo si eh tey ,mret trohs eht ni deliaf smrofer sih fo emoS .snehtA ciahcra ni enilced larom
dna cimonoce ,lacitilop tsniaga etalsigel ot stroffe sih hguorht erolklof ni dna yrotsih ni ecalp
a deriuqca sah noloS .dlrow tneicna eht fo segaS neveS eht gnoma noloS detsil ,sainasuaP
,retirw levart ehT .teop ciryL dna ,rekamwal ,namsetats nainehtA suomaf a saw noloS"
"..sitnaltA fo ecnetsixe eht detroper eceerG morf nam esiw a ,noloS" 461
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".gnik naicaeahP eht fo truoc eht ni elihw sucodomeD deman
drab dnilb a fo selat eht ot snetsil suessydO dekcerwpihs a hcihw ni yessydO eht ni egassap
laitnerefer-fles ylbissop a yb detroppus si drab dnilb a sa remoH fo noitaziretcarahc ehT
.snos evitan rieht fo eno sa mih gnimialc ni deiv seitic suoirav erehw ,ainoI ni erehwesle ro
anrymS ta ,soihC fo dnalsi eht no nrob saw eh taht dna )gninaem siht erob sorēmoh ,emyC
fo tcelaid nailoeA eht ni ,esuaceb spahrep( dnilb saw eh taht dloh snoitidart fo rebmun A
.retemaxeh cilytcad ni yllacipyt ,yrteop cipe fo egaugnal
eht ,keerG cipE fo sisab eht sa devres retal tI .keerG ciloeA sa hcus ,stcelaid rehto niatrec
morf serutximda htiw ,keerG cinoI fo noisrev ciahcra na si remoH yb desu egaugnal ehT

."elbon yltnenime si eh taht ,yllanif dna
;saedi dna rettam sih ni ,si taht ,thguoht sih fo ecnatsbus eht ni tcerid dna nialp yltnenime si
eh taht ;sdrow sih ni dna xatnys sih ni htob ,si taht ,ti fo noisserpxe eht ni dna thguoht sih fo
noitulove eht ni htob ,tcerid dna nialp yltnenime si eh taht ;dipar yltnenime si eh taht :rohtua
sih fo seitilauq ruof eht fo esnes a yb detartenep eb lla evoba dluohs" ,syas eh ",remoH fo
rotalsnart eht" :dlonrA wehttaM yb detalucitra llew neeb evah remoH fo elyts eht fo seitilauq
lanidrac ehT .ytiuqitna lacissalc morf sevivrus remoH tuoba noitamrofni lacihpargoib
elbailer oN .yessydO eht dna dailI eht smeop cipe eht fo rohtua eht deredisnoc yllanoitidart
,teop cipe )nainoI( keerG tneicna na saw )sorēmoH ,ςορηµ :keerG tneicna( remoH"
"...teop keerG dnilb eht ,remoH" 361

862
 gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".yorT fo gninrub cihportsatac a fo ecnedive lacigoloeahcra htiw sdnopserroc ylhguor
hcihw ,CB 4811–4911 ,senehtsotarE yb nevig setad eht gnirreferp netfo ,CB seirutnec
ht11 ro ht21 eht ot ti etad yllausu tcilfnoc lacirotsih cificeps a morf evired raW najorT ehT
sralohcs tsom yb detpecca won si mialc siht ;yorT sa deifitnedi eh hcihw aera siht ni etis
a detavacxe nnameilhcS hcirnieH tsigoloeahcra namreG eht ,revewoh ,0781 nI .lacirotsihnon eb ot deveileb ylediw erew ytic eht dna raw eht htob semit nredom yB .sellenadraD eht
raen yekruT yad nredom ni detacol saw yorT taht deveileb dna ,CB yrutnec ht21 ro ht31 eht
ni ecalp nekat dah taht tneve lacirotsih a saw raW najorT eht thguoht skeerG tneicnA ehT
.ylatI ot snajorT gnivivrus eht del evah ot dias saw ohw ,snajorT eht fo eno ,saeneA
ot nigiro rieht decart retal snamoR ehT .serohs tnatsid ni seinoloc dednuof ynam dna
semoh rieht ot ylefas denruter snaeahcA eht fo weF .htarw 'sdog eht gninrae suht ,selpmet
eht detarcesed dna snajorT eht derethguals snaeahcA ehT .esroH najorT eht fo esur eht
ot llef ytic eht ,siraP dna rotceH snajorT eht dna ,xajA dna sellihcA snaeahcA eht gnidulcni
,seoreh ynam fo shtaed eht retfA .sraey net rof ytic eht degeiseb dna yorT ot spoort naeahcA
fo noitidepxe na del ,sualeneM dnabsuh s'neleH fo rehtorb eht dna eanecyM fo gnik
,nonmemagA .yorT ot reh koot ohw ,siraP htiw evol ni llaf ,nemow lla fo lufituaeb tsom eht
,neleH edam etidorhpA ,egnahcxe nI .elppa eht eviecer dluohs ,"tseriaf" eht sa ,etidorhpA
taht degduj ohw ,siraP ot tnew sesseddog ehT ."tseriaf eht rof" dekram ,drocsiD fo elppA
eht sa nwonk semitemos ,elppa nedlog a meht evag ,drocsid dna efirts fo sseddog eht ,sirE
retfa ,etidorhpA dna areH ,anehtA sesseddog eht neewteb lerrauq a morf detanigiro raw ehT
.divO dna ligriV ekil steop namoR rof dna ,erutaretil keerG fo skrow rehto dna
ydegart keerG rof lairetam dedivorp raw eht morf sedosipE .stnemgarf ni devivrus ylno sah
hcihw ,smeop cipe fo elcyc a ni dlot erew raw eht fo strap rehtO .sredael naeahcA eht fo eno
,suessydO fo emoh yenruoj eht sebircsed yessydO eht elihw ,yorT fo egeis eht fo raey tsal
eht fo trap a setaler dailI ehT .remoH yb yessydO eht dna dailI eht gnidulcni ,erutaretil keerG
fo skrow ynam ni detarran saw dna ,ygolohtym keerG ni stneve tnatropmi tsom eht gnoma
si raw ehT .atrapS fo gnik eht ,sualeneM dnabsuh reh morf neleH elots yorT fo siraP retfa
snaeahcA eht yb yorT fo ytic eht tsniaga degaw saw raW najorT eht ,ygolohtym keerG nI"
".raW najorT eht fo elanif eht sa yorT fo noitcurtsed eht ..." 261
lmth.sesom/taammehkna/moc.namfoniamod.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".yrtnuoc eht fo retnec citedoeg tcaxe eht ta detacol
saw ti sa ecnalab wen a rof erised s'netanehkA detartsnomed rehtruf tpygE fo latipac
wen eht rof nesohc etis ehT .llew sa efilretfa eht dna tnemgduj lanrete ni feileb fo noisrev
sti htiw sirisO fo tluc eht fo noitcejer eht dna ,numA fo tluc eht htiw detaicossa ygolortsa
dna cigam naitpygE lanoitidart fo noitcejer eht dedulcni netanehkA fo smrofer suoigiler ehT
.netatehkA fo ytic eht ta stsigoloeahcra yb dnuof saw
hcihw netA eht ot nmyH eht fo tnemhsillebme na si 401 mlasP .elbiB eht dna ytsanyD ht81
naitpygE eht fo erutaretil eht neewteb pihsnoitaler dehsilbatse na si ereht ,evoba denoitnem
sA .)7:7 ;b 41:5 auhsoJ( netA/nodA eltit eht gnisu doG sesserdda osla auhsoJ
dna ;netA/nodA eltit eht gnisu )82:11 srebmuN( auhsoJ yb dna )11:21.muN ;22:23.xE(
noraA yb htob desserdda si ,flesmih ,sesoM ;)71:01 ;62:7 ;32:3 ymonoretueD
;71:41 srebmuN ;9:43 ;22:5 ;31,01:4 sudoxE( netA/nodA eltit eht gnisu doG sesserdda
sesoM :enola snoitacilppa gniwollof eht rof devreser si ti erehw ,)ecnadrocnoC evitsuahxE

762
 s'gnortS ni "DROL" rednu eeS( elbiB eht fo skoob xis tsrif eht ni yllaicepse ,tnacifingis
si egasu detimil sti ,revewoh ,tneuqerfni si nodA fo mrof nettirw ehT .daetsni deciov
saw )netA( nodA ,duol tuo daer eb ot saw )hwhY( havoheJ eman nettirw eht revenehW
.nekops reven tub ,nettirw saw )hwhY( havoheJ eman eht ,semit tneicna ni ,revoeroM
.doG fo seman lanosrep evisulcxe eht sa elbiB eht ni )hwhY( havoheJ htiw gnola desu
si )"droL ym" sa detalsnart ,ianodA dna( "droL eht" sa selbiB hsilgnE yb detalsnart si hcihw
,nodA .nodA drow werbeH eht otni setaretilsnart netA ytied naitpygE eht fo eman ehT
.tnelaviuqe werbeH eht ,marmA fo nos eht sa ot derrefer si sesoM ,elbiB eht
nI .marmI eman eht erob ,netA eht ,rehtaf ylnevaeh dna dog s'netanehkA fo ehcuotrac ehT
.)haduJ fo sgniK eht yb laes "hcelemal" layor a sa retal desu saw csid nus ehT( .thgir nwo
sti ni ytied a dna ,aR ,dog lanrete dna elbisivni eht fo noitatneserper lacisyhp elgnis eht eb
ot deredisnoc won saw nus eht fo csid ehT .egami lamina ro namuh tuohtiw dog a emoceb
ecnesse ni dah netA ehT .lobmys s'netA eht morf devomer neeb dah nam-noclaf eht
,ycnegeroc eht fo dne eht yB .)silopoileH( nO dna sihpmeM ta semit tneicna yrev morf neeb
dah pihsrow fo retnec esohw aR dog ralos lanoitidart eht morf yllanigiro devired )ythkareHeR sa ot derrefer csid nus a dna nam dedaeh-noclaf a yb( msilobmys dna ,lautir ,ngised
elpmet netA .revo-ekam a deviecer netA eht fo noigiler tneicna eht ,netatehkA fo ytic eht tA
.llew sa ecalp gnitser sih eb dluow netatehkA
fo ytic eht taht depoh dah eh ,ylsuoivbO .numA fo stseirp eht yb srehtaferof sih dna
mih tuoba nekops sdrow lufetah eht ot derrefer netanehkA ,ytic wen eht fo srenroc ruof eht
gnikram stnemunom eht nO .netA fo tub ,numA dog eht fo nos eht eb ot flesmih deredisnoc
regnol on eh taht detacidni eman ni egnahc ehT .)netA eht fo noziroh ro ecalp gnitser
eht gninaem( netatehkA dellac eh hcihw ,ytic latipac naitpygE wen a hsilbatse ot sebehT
tfel dna netanehkA ot eman sih degnahc VI petohnemA ,ycneger-oc eht otni sraey eviF"
"...tpygE fo retnec citedoeg tcaxe eht ..." 161
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".simanust etareneg ot nwonk era edutingam siht
fo stneve cinacloV .hgih )selim 32( mk 63 ot pu ,amgam fo )selim uc 7( ³mk 03 yletamixorppa
gnitceje ,yrotsih dedrocer ni noitpure lufrewop tsom eht ylbissop—tsaE raeN eht sa yawa raf
sa ,naenarretideM nretsae eritne eht detceffa hcihw ,ereht onaclov íliggortS eht fo espalloc
dna noitpure CB 0051 .ac elbirret eht yb deflugne saw dnalsi detaf-lli siht denimreted
evah stsigolonacluV .retnec sti ta dnalsi na htiw aredlac evissam a fo etis eht si inirotnaS
.eterC morf selim 001 tuoba )arehT dellac neht( inirotnaS fo dnalsi
eht fo noitcerid eht morf emac hcihw ,CB 0051 acric ,eterC fo dnalsi eht tih simanust elpitlum
taht eziroeht stsitneicS ."snaetnaltA" eht fo etaf eht fo noitpircsed s'otalP ot ralimis saw
osla sihT .rewop dna htlaew sti fo thgieh eht ta ,ylneddus deraeppasid noitazilivic naoniM"
".eterC fo elpoep eht rof eman
rieht eb ot sneppah osla hcihw ,uhcpeK "sitnaltA" dellac ohw ,.snaitpygE eht ..." 061
)"inirotnaS" eeS( gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".inirotnaS dna eterC no htob ,dehtraenu neeb evah won setis
hcus ynaM .metsys rewes a ot gnidael esuoh hcae ni steliot dna retaw gninnur hserf htiw
,niaga ,derevocsid reve )shtap dna sdaor gnitcennocretni fo ylbmessa derutcurts( gninnalp
nwot fo mrof tseilrae eht dah evah yam ytic sihT .sgnidliub yrots-itlum era ereht iritorkA tA

662
 .aredlac eht fo retnec
eht tneserper ot stsigoloeahcra yb deziroeht ,dnalsi eht no ytic eguh a swohs osla tI .yaw siht
ni deterpretni eb nac taht noitarugifnoc a htiw inirotnaS detciped evah dnalsi eht morf socserf
dehtraenU .debircsed saw osla ,spihs dias fo ograc gnidaolnu rof yawesuac a dna ,spihs
fo rebmun eguh a rof skcoD .lanac peed a yb aes eht ot detcennoc eno hcae ,retaw dna dnal
fo selcric cirtnecnoc fo seires a ni tuo dial gnieb sa debircsed saw sitnaltA fo ytic-dnalsi ehT
.inirotnaS no dnuof skcor eht
sehctam noitpircsed ehT .ytic dnalsi taerg a tcurtsnoc ot desu dna sllih eht morf detcartxe
erew "der dna ,kcalb ,etihw fo skcor" erehw sitnaltA fo dnalsi eht no seirrauq debircsed otalP
.emit eht ta erutluc hgih htiw noitazilivic rehto ylno eht erew
yeht ecnis ,pleh rof tpygE deksa retsasid cinaclov naoniM eht fo srovivrus taht detaluceps
si tI .eterC fo elpoep eht rof eman rieht eb ot sneppah osla hcihw ,uhcpeK sitnaltA dellac
snaitpygE ehT .noloS aiv ,htym sitnaltA eht fo ecruos eht sa tpygE ot ecnerefer s'otalP"
"...llef sitnaltA nehw ..." 951
mth.yothkA/benesaR~/moc.dopirt.srebmem//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".II nokrosO fo nos dnoces eht yb tliub ,ytsanyd dnIIXX eht ni
ssertrof yek a fo etis eht dekram ti hguoht ,sdrawretfa tnatropmi sa reven saw silopoelcareH
.modgniK elddiM eht fo gninnigeb eht dna tpygE fo noitacifinuer eht dekram tahT .ytsanyd
htX eht werhtrevo dna maertsnwod dehcram ylkciuq eh deneppah taht ecno ;tuysA derutpac
,II petohutneM ,fetoynI fo nosdnarg eht yllaniF .sedis htob morf sdiar tneuqerf etipsed
,nimhkA ta dleh saw enil eht sraey ytxis naht erom rof dna ,emoh ta htX eht yb dedeeccus
saw ytsanyd htXI ehT .sgnik natilopoelcareH eht fo ytingid eht fo srednefed eht emaceb won
tuysA fo shcramon eht ;srehto eht tsniaga deliaverp ,tsaW fo II fetoynI ,meht fo eno yllaniF
.ytirohtua lartnec on si ereht erehw sngier syawla soahc esuaceb ,sevlesmeht gnoma thguof
yeht emit gnol a roF .)siloponokareiH( nehkeN dna )sebehT( tsaW ,sinihT fo esoht :redro
wen eht egdelwonkca ot desufer ohw sronrevog eerht tsael ta erew ereht tpygE reppU nI
.mih desoppo
ohw esoht dna yothkA detroppus ohw esoht neewteb yradnuob nrehtuos eht emaceb ,emon
ht9 eht ni ,nimhkA .ytirohtua s'yothkA ot dettimbus atleD eliN nretsae eht fo trap dna tpygE
elddiM fo llA .ytsanyd htXI eht fo rednuof dna sdnaL owT eht fo gnik-dog flesmih deralced eh
,sseldlihc deid hoarahp etihpmeM tsal eht nehw dna ,sihpmeM morf ecnednepedni deralced
,hcramon lacol eht ,yothkA .dnal elohw eht elur ot kaew oot erew dewollof ohw srelur
eht ,dedne ytsanyd htIV eht nehw yltnerappa tub ,raelc ton era sliateD .doireP etaidemretnI
tsriF eht ,yrotsih ruo ni emit tnelubrut a gnirud tpygE fo ytic niam eht saw silopoelcareH"
."silopoelcareH
ot sihpmeM morf tpygE fo ytic latipaC eht devom hoarahp namuh ehT " 851
) moc.sdoowehtfodog.www ( recnepS .R ecnerwaL yb "sdooW ehT fo doG ,naP" koob
eht daer esaelp ,naP sa wonk EB-SI eht tuoba noitamrofni deliated erom roF :ecnerefeR --
"...sdooW ehT fo doG ,naP..." 751
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

562
 .)yawa sraey-thgil 034 detautis( ratS
htroN tnerruc eht ,siraloP sa thgirb sa htfif-eno ylno si ti )edutingam htruof( 76.3 edutingam
tA .ratS htroN eht saw ocarD noitalletsnoc eht ni nabuhT rats tniaf eht CB 0003 nI
.seirutnec
ynam rof eltit taht sdloh yllacipyt rats elgnis a ,wols os si sexoniuqe eht fo noissecerp
eht ecniS .rehtona ot rats eno morf sessap ratS htroN fo elor eht ,ainnellim eht revo erehps
laitselec eht dnuora sevom sixa s'htraE eht fo noitcejorp eht sa dna ,gnignahc ylsuounitnoc
tub ylwols yrev si sixa s'htraE eht fo noitcerid eht sexoniuqe eht fo noissecerp eht ot euD
).siraloP naht rethgirb osla srats
srehto ynam era ereht dna ,suiriS ot sgnoleb eltit sihT .yks thgin eht ni rats tsethgirb eht
si siraloP taht kniht ylnekatsim elpoep emoS( .)edutingam dnoces( 79.1 fo edutingam lausiv
a sah siraloP .roniM asrU noitalletsnoc eht ni msiretsa reppiD elttiL eht fo "eldnah" eht fo dne
eht ta elop eht morf eerged a fo sdriht-owt tuoba seil hcihw ,siraloP si ratS htroN tnerruc ehT
.eloP htroN s'htraE eht ta revresbo na ot daehrevo yltcerid sraeppa hcihw dna ,elop laitselec
htron eht ot yks eht ni tsesolc seil taht rats eht si ,ratS eloP eht sa nwonk osla ,ratS htroN
.)dlrowrednu
naitpygE( taud eht hguoht sirisO dna sisI fo gnissap eht dezilobmys doirep yad 07 eht elihw
,suroH nos rieht dna sirisO dnabsuh reh htiw ytinirt a fo trap a demrof ohw sisI sseddog
taerg eht htiw deifitnedi saw sihtoS .elgnairt a dna rats a serutaef sihtoS rof hpylgoreih
ehT .seiks eht morf ecnesba yad 07 a retfa ,ecitslos remmus eht dna eliN eht fo gnidoolf
launna eht erofeb tsuj derrucco sihT .nus eht fo eralg eht morf yawa hguone raf gnivom
retfa esirnus erofeb tsuj elbisiv semoceb ti yad eht yleman ,suiriS fo gnisir lacaileh eht
no radnelac rieht desab snaitpygE ,modgniK elddiM eht fo are eht gniruD .)sihtoS :keerG(
tedpoS sa tpygE tneicnA ni nwonk ,sdrocer lacimonortsa tseilrae eht ni dedrocer si suiriS
.nuS eht naht suonimul erom semit
52 si tI .24.1 fo edutingam lausiv etulosba na sah dna nuS eht sa evissam sa eciwt tuoba
si A suiriS .srobhgien raen ruo fo eno si metsys suiriS eht ,)sraey-thgil 6.8( scesrap 6.2 fo
ecnatsid a tA .nuS eht ot ssenesolc sti dna ytisonimul cisnirtni sti htob ot eud thgirb si suiriS
.B suiriS demret ,2AD epyt lartceps fo noinapmoc
frawd etihw tniaf a dna ,A suiriS fo gnitsisnoc ,metsys rats yranib a yllautca si eye dekan
eht ot rats elgnis a sa sraeppa tahW .rats tsethgirb txen eht ,suponaC sa thgirb sa eciwt
tsomla ,74.1− fo edutingam tnerappa lausiv a htiw yks thgin eht ni rats tsethgirb eht si suiriS
remmus fo 'syaD goD' eht dna tpygE tneicnA
ni eliN eht fo gnidoolf eht dekram suiriS fo gnisir lacaileh ehT .nus eht morf trapa rats rehto
yna naht selat cirolklof dna lacigolohtym erom fo tcejbus eht si tI .rojaM sinaC ,noitalletsnoc
sti ni ecnenimorp sti gnitcelfer ,"ratS goD" eht sa yllaiuqolloc nwonk osla si suiriS
.doirep yad 4.15 a htiw gnitibro
rats noinapmoc a sah nabuhT taht setacidni sisylana lartcepS .nus eht fo taht semit 062
tuoba ytisonimul a gnivah tnaig III0A etihw a si nabuhT ".liaT s'nogarD ehT" nabuhT llac ot
demotsucca erew nemaes ,nellA ot gnidroccA .ocarD fo noitalletsnoc eht ni srats fo rebmun
A ."saneyH ehT" ,hab'ihD lA cibarA eht morf bidA si rats eht rof eman rehtona si nabuhT
.nus eht naht suonimul erom semit 000,11 tsael ta ,nus eht fo retemaid
eht semit 51 tuoba rats tnaigrepus bI7.9O eulb a si A katinlA .metsys rats elbuod a si katinlA

462
 diaklA
raziM
htoilA
zergeM
adcehP
kareM
ehbuD
:edulcni srats noitalletsnoC reppiD giB
mth.a5htiekr/htiekger/moc.seiticoeg.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
.ratS htroN tneserp
eht dna noitcurtsnoc desoppus s'dimaryP eht fo emit eht ta ratS htroN dlo eht saw hcihw
noitalletsnoC ocarD eht ni nabuhT ot tniop ylesicerp owt rehto eht -- noitalletsnoC noirO
eht fo "tleb" eht ni katiniA dna suiriS tniopnip yllautca hcihw syaw egassap owt ,dna ;lairub
rof desu reven saw hcihw bmot nepo na htiw rebmahc s'gniK reppu na ;rebmahc s'neeuQ
rewol a ;petS taerG a :edulcni serutaef roiretni rehtO .yrellaG dnarG a sa snepo )hcihw( yaw
egassap drawpu eht fo noisnetxe na era )dimaryP taerG eht ni( "thgiL ni hturT fo llaH ehT"
"...roniM asrU ateB
dna sinocarD ahplA ,suiriS ,)katiniA( tleB s'noirO fo noitalletsnoc eht ni srats..." 651
mth.2_lpm/moc.seiretsym-dlrow.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
"!dimaryP taerG eht ta si
ti dna ,ssorc nac htrae lairtserret eht fo senil-dnal tsegnol eseht taht ecalp eno ylno ylsuoivbo
si erehT .ebolg eht no lellarap dnal tsegnol eht si )htron seerged 03( sixa tsew-tsae
eht dna ,naidirem dnal tsegnol eht si )hciwneerG fo tsae seerged 13( sixa htuos-htron ehT
.sretrauq lauqe yletamixorppa otni ssam dnal s'htrae eht gnidivid ,dlrow eht fo aera dnal
eht lla fo retnec tcaxe eht ni seil osla tI .stnenitnoc eht fo ytivarg fo retnec eht ni seil dimaryP
ehT .htraE eht fo ecaf eht no tnemecalp sti fo retcarahc elbakramer eht setartsnomed
,tpygE ,heziG ta )keerG ni spoehC ro ,ufuhK fo dimaryP eht( dimaryP taerG ehT"
"...htraE fo sessam
dnal eht fo lla fo retnec tcaxe eht ta ylesicerp detacol saw dimaryp taerg ehT" 551
lmth.txetdimaryp/moc.sknilatsyrc.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".deyolpme egaugnal
detauqitna eht naht rehto spahrep ,noitnevni laitini rieht fo etad eht fo aedi elttil yrev
evah ew ,ytilaer nI .ediser yeht erehw stnemunom eht fo etad eht htiw snigiro s'txet eht ecalp
sralohcs ,yadot hguoht ,ytilibissop gnorts a sniamer stxet eseht fo gnitad ylrae yrev A .doirep
citsanyderp eht morf neve ;elbissop sa ylrae sa txet eht etad ot detpmetta stsylana ylraE
.tliub erew sdimaryp eht emit eht
ta ecitcarp ni neeb regnol on ot mees taht tluc yrarenuf eht fo stcepsa ot refer ,iteT dna sanU
fo sdimaryP eht ni sraeppa ylno hcihw dna ,nmyH labinnaC eht dellac ,4-372 secnarettU
sa hcus slleps ,tcaf nI .sesu reilrae dah evah yam tub sdimaryp eht ni debircsni gnieb

362
 fo esoprup eht rof yllacificeps desopmoc ton erew meht fo ynam taht eveileb ot sralohcs del
sah rehtegot meht gniknil ecneuqes evitarran tcirts a evah ton od hcihw secnarettu tcnitsid
fo pu edam era stxet eht taht tcaf ehT .drocer lacigoloeahcra eht ni tnedecerp yna tuohtiw
,stxet yrautrom fo noitcelloc degdelf-ylluf a sa ,egreme yeht esuaceb nigiro rieht gnidrager
noitaluceps hcum desuora evah snigiro riehT .stxeT dimaryP eht etad ot tluciffid si tI
.yaD yb htrof gnimoC eht
fo kooB ehT ,ylreporp erom ro ,daeD eht fo kooB eht otni devlove yllautneve dna detartsulli
sa llew sa ,dezirogetac dna detarapes yllautneve erew segassap ehT .tpygE tneicna
fo erutaretil dna ygoloeht suoigiler retal eht fo hcum fo sisab eht smrof noitcelloc sihT .tpygE
tneicna morf su ot nwonk slleps suoigiler fo noitcelloc tsedlo eht osla era stxeT dimaryP ehT
.dlrow eht ni sgnitirw nwonk
tsedlo eht fo emos era yeht ,suht ;oga sraey dnasuoht evif fo sdrawpu nettirw erew yehT
.htaed retfa hoarahP enivid eht fo yks eht otni tnecsa eht dna ,efilretfa eht fo weiv naitpygE
eht tciped yehT .sdimaryp ni sbmot fo sllaw eht no snoitpircsni yltsom ,modgniK dlO
eht fo emit eht morf stxet suoigiler naitpygE tneicna fo noitcelloc a era stxeT dimaryP ehT"
".stxet dimaryP ..." 451
mth.2_lpm/moc.seiretsym-dlrow.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".esab s'dimaryP taerG eht
fo %79 si nuS eht fo dimaryP eht fo esab eht ,ylesrevnoC .nuS eht fo dimaryP eht fo esab
eht naht regral semit - 30.1 si dimaryP taerG ehT .ecnereffid thgils a si erehT .dimaryP taerG
eht fo thgieh eht flah "tsomla" si nuS eht fo dimaryP ehT .retemirep esab ni rehtona eno ot
lauqe ylraen yrev ro tsomla era tpygE fo dimaryP taerG eht dna nuS eht fo dimaryP ehT
.elcric eht fo ecnerefmucric eht ot lauqe esab eht dna elcric a
fo sretemaid owt lauqe thgieh eht htiw dimaryp eht fo ngised tnagele morf tluser snoitroporp
sihT .dimaryp eht fo retemirep eht slauqe yltcaxe π2 semit dimaryP taerG eht fo thgieh ehT
.dimaryp
eht fo thgieh eht morf htrae eht fo suidar eht gnitcartbus yb detareneg eb nac noom eht
fo suidar eht neht ,htrae eht fo retemaid eht htiw detauqe si dimaryP taerG eht fo esab eht fI
!noitulos eht ot teg nac uoy sa esolc sa tuoba gnimoc lla era ,dimaryP taerG eht
dna ,noom eht ,htraE eht ,)derusaem yltcaxe eb tonnac ,lanoitarri gnieb ,ip sa( yrutnec ht91
eht ni elbissopmi yllacitamehtam nevorp saw elcric eht gnirauqs fo melborp eht hguohtlA
.mialc siht ekam nac metsys
ralos ruo ni pihsnoitaler noom/tenalp rehto oN…tniop egatnav s'htrae morf ylno eurt si oot
sihT .espilce na gnirud deciton ylraelc tsom ,ezis emas eht eb ot raeppa nus eht dna noom
eht taht nonemonehp eht si siht htiw gnolA ."elcric eht serauqs" taht oitar noitces nedlog
euqinu siht sniatnoc taht metsys ralos ruo ni eno ylno eht si pihsnoitaler noom/htrae ehT
.stibuc layor 082 ,dimaryp taerG eht fo thgieh eht ta gnitnih ,
901x082 stibuc layor otni
detalsnart si hcihw ,mk 
601x741 si )noilehirep( nuS ot tsesolc si htraE nehw ecnatsid ehT
.teef 944 ylno won si tub ,llat teef 184 saw thgieh lanigiro ehT •
.teef 547 won si tub ,teef 457 yllanigiro saw edis hcae
fo htgnel eht dna teef erauqs 005,865 ,serca 31 srevoc dimaryp eht fo esab ehT •

262
 !snot noillim 5.6 si erutcurts eht fo thgiew latot detamitse ehT •
.snot noillim 5.6 :)detamitsE( thgiew latoT •
.sraey 02 :)detamitsE( emit noitcurtsnoC •
..C.B 9852 :)detamitsE( etad noitcurtsnoC •
.snot 9 sa hcum sa hgiew rebmahC s'gniK eht fo gniliec eht ni desu
skcolb egral ehT .snot 2 naht ssel gnihgiew enon dna snot 5.2 gnihgiew kcolb egareva eht
htiw noitcurtsnoc sti ni desu erew etinarg dna enotsemil fo skcolb 000,003,2 revo fo latot A"
"...dimaryp "taerg" ehT" 351
988253=di&slooT-gnittuC-resaL?/moc.selcitraenize//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".taeh gnivig ffo ni desu era senihcam regral eht elihw gnidlew dna
,gnittuc ,gnillird rof desu si resal rellams ehT .ytisnetni taeh dna sezis tnereffid ot detsujda
eb nac tI .scitobor fo esu eht hguorht detalupinam si eceip krow eht dna maeb resal ehT
.gnittuc dna ,gnillird ,gnidlew rof desu taeh setaerc thgil resal eht ,ecafrus eht no desucof
si ti nehW .tnetnoc ygrene hgih sah osla tub tnerehoc ylno ton si maeb thgil resal ehT
.eceip krow eht ot neht dna snel eht hguorht
nwod gniog erofeb rorrim delgna eht ot ylbmessa rettuhs eht ot neht rorrim eht hguorht ssap
lliw tnecrep ytfif ot ytriht elihw rorrim raer eht no detcelfer si thgil resal fo tnecrep derdnuh A
.ecnegrevid muminim
rof swolla dna htgnelevaw eno si desaeler thgil ehT .slatsyrc dor eht fo eno ni desaeler
si notohp dellac eslup thgil esnetni na ,gnimrof-eslup fo krowten eht yb nevig si rewop nehW
.latsyrc eht sdnuorrus
ebut hsalf a dna ytisned hgih sah taht ecruos thgil A .tcelfer ot ytiliba eht evah taht secafrus
evah sdne htoB .sdne lellarap dna talf htiw dor latsyrc eno sesu etats dilos a ni si taht resaL
.rennam evitceffe tsoc a ni sogol dna slobmys
tuo gnittuc ni lufesu era smetsys gnirutcafunam dias ehT .elyts detceles eht fo liated yreve
gnirutpac ,ylesicerp rettel hcae tuc nac nevird-retupmoc era taht sretuor rettuc resaL .referp
uoy taht tcudorp dehsinif fo epyt eht no gnidneped sloot gnittuc resal suoirav era erehT"
"...sloot gnivrac dna rettuc enots gnittime evaw-thgil ,cinortcele na ..." 251
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".erauqs niam eht no nuS eht
ot elpmet a gnidulcni ,sgnidliub lanoitidda evif tliub acnI ehT .detlusnoc ylbamuserp acnI eht
mohw ,elcaro eht dedulcni sihT .doohtseirp acnI eht fo yltnednepedni gninoitcnuf eunitnoc
ot stseirp camacahcaP eht dewolla dna enirhs suoigiler a sa ti deniatniam acnI eht revewoH
.retnec evitartsinimda tnatropmi na emaceb camacahcaP dna eripme acnI
eht denioj amhcI ehT .dog rotaerc qamaK ahcaP eht fo noitarenev eht rof etis suoigiler a
yliramirp sa camacahcaP desu yehT .dimaryp eno tsael ta dah tI .reviR níruL eht fo yellaV
eht ni ureP ,amiL fo tsaehtuos mk 04 etis lacigoloeahcra na si camacahcaP fo elpmet ehT"

162
 "... camacahcaP ..." 151
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sacnI eht yb tliub kcolc cimonortsa na eb ot deveileb )erofeb dias yeht sa( si tI
.ecalp s'ti ni nus eht dloh ot desoppus saw ti esuaceb "nuS eht fo tnioP gnihctiH ehT" dellac
osla si tI .senots lautir rehto ynam ekil deyortsed ton saw enotS anatauhitnI eht os yrutnec
ht02 eht litnu uhcciP uhcaM dnif ton did hsinapS ehT .ecitslos retniw eht gnirud nus eht
ta yltcerid tniop yeht os degnarra era yehT .aciremA htuoS ni senots lautir ynam eht fo eno
si enots anatauhitnI ehT .dlrow tirips eht ees lliw uoy enotS anatauhitnI suomaf-dlrow eht
tsniaga daeherof ruoy bur uoy dna nosrep evitisnes a er'uoy fi taht yas sdnegel cinamahS
.stneve lacimonortsa yek htiw tnemngila ni eb ot detroprup era hcihw ,sniatnuom
sti si elpmaxe hcus enO .serutaef epacsdnal dercas ot evitaler noitisop sti no desab detceles
saw etis eht taht ecnedive detneserp drahnieR nahoJ ,noitidda nI .itucahcaP ,rorepme
acnI eht fo etatse na saw uhcciP uhcaM ,taerter evisnefed a naht rehtar taht stsigoloeahcra
tsom decnivnoc sah ,regruB drahciR dna ewoR nhoJ sa hcus ,sralohcs yb detcudnoc
hcraeseR .yteicos acnI eht tsniaga semirc suoneh hcus detimmoc dah ohw wef evitceles
eht rof nosirp a sa tliub neeb evah osla yam tI .snoiger dereuqnoc eht fo ymonoce eht
lortnoc ot tliub tnemelttes a :"atcall" acnI na saw uhcciP uhcaM taht sniatniam yroeht enO
.eripmE
acnI eht fo lobmys railimaf tsom eht ylbaborp si uhcciP uhcaM ,"sacnI eht fo ytiC tsoL ehT"
sa ot derrefer netfO .oczuC fo tsewhtron )im 05( mk 08 si hcihw ,ureP ni yellaV abmaburU
eht evoba egdir niatnuom a no detautis si tI .level aes evoba )tf 578,7( sretem 004,2
detacol etis acnI naibmuloC-erp a si )"kaeP dlO" ,uhcciP uhcaM :auhceuQ( uhcciP uhcaM
"... uccipuhcaM ..." 051
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".amiL ni desab erew ohw srodatsiuqnoC rehto dna orraziP ocsicnarF
no skcatta lufsseccus tcudnoc ot ocnaM yb desu osla saw ssertrof eht dna ,ssaprus
ot srodatsiuqnoC eht rof selcatsbo egral yrev erew secarret noitatnalp dna skcor
tuc ylenif ehT .elttab eceip-tes a ni hsinapS eht taefed ot elba saw acnI ocnaM rorepme
acnI eht erehw tops eht rof dna ,sniur sti rof nwonk tseb si obmatyatnallO fo ytic ehT
.level aes evoba sretem 2972 fo edutitla na ta detautis
,ocsuC fo ytic eht fo tsewhtron eht ot mk 06 yletamixorppa si tI .noiger ocsuC ,abmaburU fo
ecnivorp ,obmatyatnallO fo tcirtsid eht ni detacol ,ureP nrehtuos ni nwot a si obmatyatnallO"
"...obmatyatnallO..." 941
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".meht yortsed ot doolf a detaerc dna stnaig eht htiw yppahnu werg neht tub ,ygoloehcra
rieht fo hcum esirpmoc taht senots evissam eht evom ot stnaig detaerc ahcocariV
taht deveileb ukanawiT ehT .htrae eht hguorht meht ot efil thguorb dna kcor fo tuo
elpoep eht detaerc eh ukanawiT nI .saera esoht ni sebirt eht eman ot stnavres sih tnes dna
kcor eht no snoitces werd eh nehT .kcor fo eceip taerg a no ,stnavres owt htiw ,elpoep

062
 detaerc eH .sdlrow ynam fo reyortsed dna ,sdlrow ynam fo repahs ,noitca fo dog
eht ,ahcocariV saw sdog tnatropmi tsom eht fo eno dna ,sdog ynam deppihsrow yehT
.elpoep 000,284,1 dna 000,582 neewteb erehwyna fo setamitse yticapac gniyrracnoitalupop ta gnivirra ,ukanawiT fo syellav yramirp eerht eht ssorca sullok akus dezilissof
fo tnetxe eht pam ot yltnecer desu saw gnigami etilletaS .sednA nrehtuos eht ni rewop
lanoiger tnatropmi na gnimoceb )ytiuqitna ni( snoitroporp nabru ot werg ytinummoc ehT
.retaw revo
saw ecnatsid eht fo hcum hguoht ,leehw eht fo dia eht tuohtiw devom erew yehT .ytic eht ot
erom ro mk 04 detropsnart neht dna deirrauq saw ukanawiT dliub ot desu enots ehT
.ecalp ni skcolb egral rohcna ot desu netfo erew spmalc "T-elbuod" reppoc ro eznorB
.smetsys eganiard etarobale htiw dettif yltneuqerf erew serutcurts latnemunom
dna ,sesruoc raluger ni dial skcolb ralhsa ralugnatcer syolpme yllausu erutcetihcra
enots ukanawiT ,acnI retal eht fo elyts yrnosam eht ot tsartnoc nI .pihsnamkrow
lanoitpecxe fo senots egral yb deziretcarahc si erutcetihcra latnemunom ukanawiT"
"...ocanauhaiT ..." 841
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".tnedicni tuohtiw ti desrevart evah tfarcecaps dennamnu elpitlum taht detubirtsid
ylniht os si lairetam dioretsa ehT .elcitrap tsud a fo ezis eht ot nwod egnar seidob
gniniamer ehT .retemaid ni mk 059 tuoba si ,tenalp frawd ylno s'tleb niam eht ,sereC elihw
,mk 004 naht erom fo sretemaid naem evah eseht fo llA .aeigyH 01 dna ,sallaP 2 ,atseV 4
,sereC :stcejbo tsegral ruof eht ni deniatnoc si tleb niam eht nihtiw ssam eht flah naht eroM
.ksid derettacs dna tleb repiuK
eht sa hcus ,metsyS raloS eht nihtiw stenalp ronim fo snoitartnecnoc rehto morf ti hsiugnitsid
ot tleb niam eht demret osla si noiger tleb dioretsa ehT .stenralp ronim ro sdioretsa
dellac seidob depahs ylralugerri suoremun yb deipucco si tI .retipuJ dna sraM stenalp eht
fo stibro eht neewteb ylhguor detacol metsyS raloS eht fo noiger eht si tleb dioretsa ehT"
"...tleb dioretsa ..." 741
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sraM no tsixe ot detaluceps neeb evah stnev lamrehtordyh
tneicna dna ,aporuE noom s'retipuJ no tsixe ot deveileb era stnev lamrehtordyh evitcA
.stnev lamrehtordyh ta derevocsid neeb evah seiceps
wen 003 revO .)F°671( C°08 ot pu serutarepmet gnidnatshtiw fo elbapac si hcihw
,)anajepmoP allenivlA( mrow iiepmoP eht dna ,slairetam cinagro dna nori fo pu edam selacs
htiw deromra lians a era metsysoce siht tibahni ohw anuaf euqinu eht fo selpmaxe rehtO
.aomaS naciremA ,enoc cinaclov aunafaN raen detacol si ytiC leE .stnev lamrehtordyh
etanimod yllacipyt setarbetrevni reilrae denoitnem sa ,nommocnu ton era slee hguohT .slee
fo yltnanimoderp stsisnoc hcihw ,'ytiC leE' debbud derevocsid neeb sah ytinummoc enO
lacitircrepus
semoceb C°704 fo erutarepmet a dna m 000,3 fo htped a ta retaW .liob t'nseod retaw

952
 eht os dna ,diuqil sniamer retaw hcihw ta egnar lamreht eht sdnapxe yltnacifingis shtped
eseht ta erusserp hgih ehT .retaw naeco peed gnidnuorrus eht rof C°2 lacipyt a ot derapmoc
,C°004 ot pu gnignar serutarepmet ta tnev lamrehtordyh a morf segreme retaw ehT
.pmirhs dna ,smalc ,smrow ebut tnaig
gnidulcni ,smsinagro esrevid gnitroppus ,sdiulf tnev eht ni devlossid slacimehc eht yb deleuf
seitinummoc xelpmoc gnitsoh netfo ,evitcudorp erom yllacigoloib era stnev lamrehtordyh
enirambus dnuora saera eht ,selihpomertxe aes peed eht fo ytirojam eht ot evitaleR
.treseD amacatA eht fo seborcim lios eht yb deifilpmexe si epyt
sihT .snoitidnoc gnitaccised ,yrd ylemertxe ni worg nac taht msinagro nA :elihporeX •
.C° 08-06 neewteb serutarepmet ta evirht nac taht msinagro nA :elihpomrehT •
.noitaidar
raelcun gnitsiser fo elbapac smsinagro sedulcni osla tub noitaidar teloivartlu
ylnommoc tsom ,noitaidar gnizinoi fo slevel hgih ot tnatsiser :tnatsiseroidaR •
.kcapwons enipla
rednu/ni dna ,retaw naeco dloc ,eci ralop ,tsorfamrep ,slios dloc ni nommoC .rewol
ro C° 51 fo serutarepmet ta retteb sworg taht msinagro nA :elihpoyrC/elihporhcysP •
.yrogetac eno
naht erom rednu selihpomertxe na sa seifilauq taht msinagro nA :elihpomertxeyloP •
.sehcnert cinaeco ni sa llew sa ,ecafrusbus lairtserret peed eht ni
nommoC .erusserp citatsordyh hgih ta yllamitpo sevil taht msinagro nA :elihpozeiP •
.noitartnecnoc
ragus hgih a htiw stnemnorivne ni htworg fo elbapac msinagro nA :elihpomsO •
.stnemnorivne detimil yllanoitirtun ni htworg fo elbapac msinagro nA :hportogilO •
.snarudillatem ainotslaR dna .ps amsalporreF
edulcni selpmaxE .cniz dna ,cinesra ,muimdac ,reppoc sa hcus ,noitulos
ni slatem yvaeh devlossid fo slevel hgih gnitarelot fo elbapac :tnarelotolateM •
.lios mrof ot kcordeb tnerap fo gnirehtaew eht
dna gnilcyc lacimehcoeg ni evitca era dna ,setiryp ekil sdnuopmoc larenim decuder
morf ygrene gnivired fo elbapac era smsinagro esehT .aeaporue sanomosortiN
sa hcus )shportohtilomehc( noitadixo cinagroni cinogrexe dna edixoid nobrac
si nobrac fo ecruos elos esohw )airetcab yllausu( msinagro nA :hportotuaohtiL •
.stresed dloc ni skcor edisni sevil taht msinagro nA :htilopyH •
.smetsys lamrehtordyh ni dnuof esoht sa hcus
,C° 121-08 neewteb serutarepmet ta evirht nac taht msinagro nA :elihpomrehtrepyH •
.htworg rof ,lCaN ,tlas fo M2 tsael ta gniriuqer msinagro nA :elihpolaH •
.ecafrusbus peed eht ni
retawdnuorg htiw dellif stluaf dna ,srefiuqa ,serussif gnitalupop smsinagro sedulcni
osla mret sihT .shtilodneotpyrc dellac eb osla yam esehT .sniarg etagergga neewteb
serop sa hcus ,skcor nihtiw secaps cipocsorcim ni sevil taht msinagro nA :htilodnE •
.evoba ro 9 fo slevel Hp ta htworg lamitpo htiw msinagro nA :elihpilaklA •
.3 Hp woleb ro ta level Hp mumitpo na htiw msinagro nA :elihpodicA •
:elpmaxe roF .seirogetac elpitlum rednu llaf selihpomertxe ynaM .ehcin latnemnorivne
sti yaw eht ot gnidnopserroc hcae ,selihpomertxe fo sessalc tnereffid ynam era erehT"
"...suneV ekil tnemnorivne
cirehpsomta na erudne nac taht htraE no smrof efil wef a era erehT ..." 641
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

852
 .tirksnaS ni "ssenraelc ,ssenthgirb" ro "erup ,raelc" gninaem ,arkuhS sa nwonk si suneV
,ygolortsa cideV naidnI nI .efil namuh fo stcepsa esoht ecneulfni ot dleh si suneV ,evol
dna ytininimef fo sesseddog htiw noitatonnoc lacirotsih sti morf devired ,ygolortsa nretsew nI
.evol fo sseddog dna ,doohnamow fo noitacifinosrep eht ,rathsI tenalp eht
deman snainolybaB ehT .erutluc namuh ni noitisop dehcnertne na deniag sah hcus sa dna
semit cirotsiherp ecnis nwonk neeb sah suneV ,yks eht ni stcejbo tsethgirb eht fo eno sA
".aredlac
elbisiv eht fo yna seinapmocca wolf aval fo ecnedive on yhw ot sa amgine na si ti tub
,yadot evitca llits era seonaclov sti fo ynam wohs ot strepxe emos yb nekat si erehpsomta
eht ni ruflus eht dna ,msinaclov evisnetxe htiw gnuoy yrev yllacigoloeg gnieb fo ecnedive
swohs tI .htraE ot derapmoc rebmun wol ylgnisirprus a ,sretarc roetem dnasuoht a tuoba
detsil nallegaM tcejorP ;sraey 02 tsal eht ni ylno liated ni deppam neeb sah ecafrus s'suneV
.sesag esuohneerg rehto dna edixoid nobrac ti fo ytirojam taerg eht
,htraE eht fo taht semit 29 si ecafrus s'tenalp eht ta erusserp cirehpsomta ehT .ecaps
yratenalpretni otni depacse sah negordyh dna detaicossid sah ropav retaw detaropave
ehT .skcor ekil-bals ynam htiw epacs tresed yrd ytsud a gnivael ,detaropave yllatot evah
dessessop evah ot deveileb si suneV gnuoy eht snaeco ekil-htrae eht taht toh os emoceb
sah tI .ssamoib ni ti brosba ot efil cinagro ron ,serutaef ecafrus dna skcor otni kcab nobrac
kcol ot elcyc nobrac on sah ti sa ,edixoid nobrac fo yltsom gnitsisnoc ,stenalp lairtserret
eht lla fo erehpsomta tsesned eht sah suneV .yrutnec hteitnewt eht ni ecneics yratenalp
yb delaever erew sterces sti fo emos litnu noitaluceps taerg fo tcejbus a saw siht ;thgil elbisiv
ni ecaps morf nees gnieb morf ecafrus sti gnitneverp ,dica ciruflus fo sduolc evitcelfer ylhgih
fo reyal euqapo na htiw derevoc si suneV .noitisopmoc klub dna ,ytivarg ,ezis ni ralimis
era owt eht rof ,"tenalp retsis" s'htraE dellac semitemos si ti ,tenalp lairtserret a sa deifissalC
.ratS gninevE eht
ro ratS gninroM eht dellac netfo si ti nosaer hcihw rof ,tesnus retfa yltrohs ro esirnus erofeb
yltrohs ssenthgirb mumixam sti sehcaer suneV .°8.74 fo mumixam a sehcaer noitagnole sti
:nuS eht morf raf erutnev ot sraeppa reven ti htraE morf ,tenalp roirefni na si suneV esuaceB
.6.4− fo edutingam tnerappa na gnihcaer ,nooM eht rof tpecxe ,yks thgin eht ni tcejbo larutan
tsethgirb eht si tI .syad htraE 7.422 yreve ti gnitibro ,nuS eht ot tenalp tsesolc-dnoces ehT"
"...suneV tenalp eht revo koot niamoD ehT..." 541
mth.1_keblaab_pse/ten.sedayelpacetoilbib.www//:ptth
mth.keblaab/nonabel/tsae_elddim/moc.setisdercas.www//:ptth
)aera eht fo sotohp tnellecxe evah setisbew gniwollof eht fo htob( :secnerefeR
".denoitats neeb evah dluoc sutarappa
yellup eguh a erehw ecalp elbaviecnoc on ylpmis si ereht ,senots eseht fo gninoitisop eht ot
euD .edis-yb-edis ecalp ni tup ylesicerp erew senots tnaig fo seires a rehtar tub detcere saw
ksilebo eno tsuj ton ,eromrehtruF .)enod saw gnitfil eht retfa devomer ylsuoiretsym neht dna(
detcurtsnoc neeb gnivah ecafrus mrif yllarutcurts dna talf a fo dnuof neeb sah ecnedive on
dna decalp neeb evah ot deen dluow sutarappa gnitfil erehw morf yawa epols slliH .decalp
erew senots keblaaB eht woh fo txetnoc laitaps eht ni elbaliava si ecaps hcus oN .sepor
eht no gnillup sesroh dna nem eht dna sutarappa gnitfil eht lla etadommocca ylisae dluoc

752
 taht ecaps nepo taerg a saw ,revewoh ,detcere saw ksilebo siht erehw aera ehT .sesroh
041 dna nem 008 fo ecrof denibmoc a detatissecen hcihw ,syellup eguh 04 desu ,emoR ni
acilisaB s'reteP tS fo tnorf ni ksilebo naitpygE not-723 a gnitcere nehw ,anatnoF ocinemoD
tcetihcra ecnassianeR ehT .amgine keblaaB eht rof noitulos eht sa detseggus neeb
sah dohtem siht fo elpmaxe lacirotsih nA .nosinu ni gnikrow slamina dna snamuh fo srebmun
egral yb derewop saw hcihw syellup dna spmar ,gnidloffacs fo yarra xelpmoc a gnisu
desiar erew senots eht taht deziroeht neeb sah tI .noitisop ni decalp ylesicerp dna detfil erew
,etis eht ot thguorb erew yeht ecno ,skcolb htommam eht woh fo melborp eht si ereht txeN
.semit tneicna ni detaerc neeb gnivah ecafrus gniluah talf
a fo reveostahw ecnedive on si ereht dna ,niarret gnidniw dna hguor revo ,llih pu si ,revewoh
,keblaaB fo etis eht ot etuor ehT .shtap tnemevom ediw htiw secafrus talf gnola devom neeb
evah ot dna senots keblaaB eht fo thgiew dna ezis eht ht01/1 ylno neeb evah ot nwonk era
skcolb deggard eht - srerobal fo sdnasuoht dna srellor nedoow ,sepor gnisu - noitatropsnart
kcolb fo dohtem siht fo ecnedive evig deedni od aimatoposeM dna tpygE fo selpmet
eht ni segami devrac elihW .etis elpmet eht ot seirrauq ybraen eht morf deggard ylsuoirobal
erew senots keblaaB evissam eht taht dediced evah ,ecneics nredom ot roirepus egdelwonk
depoleved evah thgim serutluc tneicna taht noiton eht htiw elbatrofmocnu ,’sralohcs‘ suoiraV
.sredliub nredom ro tneicna nwonk yna fo ytiliba lacigolonhcet eht dnoyeb si tnemecalp
noisicerp dna noitatropsnart ,gniyrrauq fo dohtem rieht taht si ,ekila stsigoloeahcra
dna sreenigne htob ,stsitneics yraropmetnoc ot amgine na hcus era senots eseht yhW
.nohtilirT eht fo senots rehto eht ot txen noitacol
demuserp sti ot detropsnart dna eerf tuc eb ot ydaer tsomla erew ti hguoht sa kcor yrrauq
eht ot dehcatta llits esab sti fo trap tsewol eht htiw elgna desiar a ta syal ti ,namoW tnangerP
eht fo enotS eht ,albiH le rajaH eht ro ,htuoS eht fo enotS eht ,elbuoG le rajaH eht dellaC
.dlrow eht ni detfarc reve krowenots fo eceip tsegral elgnis eht ti gnikam ,sehcni net teef
neetriht yb teef neetxis yb teef enin-ytxis si ti ,snot 0021 detamitse na gnihgieW .xelpmoc
keblaaB eht morf elim a fo retrauq a yrrauq enotsemil a ni seil enots regral neve rehtonA
.teef evlewt fo
htped a dna sehcni xis teef neetruof fo thgieh a htiw ,htgnel ni teef evif-ytxis dna eerht-ytxis
neewteb ezis ni yrav senots taerg esehT .hcae snot 0001 sdeecxe thgiew esohw ,nohtilirT
eht dellac ,senots regral neve eerht era edis nretsew eht no skcolb xis eht evobA .)ecarreT
dnarG eht fo snoitces eht lla htaeneb gud ton raf suht evah snoitavacxe lacigoloeahcra
tub tsixe yam srehto( tsew eht no xis dna ,htuos eht no enin ,elpmet eht fo edis htron
eht no elbisiv era skcolb eseht fo eniN .hcae snot 054 yletamixorppa hgiew dna ,htped ni
teef net dna thgieh ni teef neetruof ,htgnel ni teef eerht ytriht ot ytriht morf ezis ni egnar yehT
.skcolb denoitisop ylesicerp dna detfarc ylenif ,eguh fo demrof era llaw retuo eht fo sesruoc
rewol ehT .senots evissam fo gnillif a dna llaw retuo eguh a fo stsisnoc hcihw ,ecarreT
dnarG eht dellac ,mroftalp a nopu detautis si elpmet retipuJ eht fo draytruoc ehT .retipuJ
fo elpmeT namoR eht htaeneb senots noitadnuof evissam eht snrecnoc ,dlrow tneicna
eht fo seiretsym tsetaerg eht fo eno deedni dna ,keblaaB fo sniur eht fo yretsym taerg ehT"
"...keblaaB ..." 441
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".gninihcam ro gnitsac yb demroferp neeb evah taht strap no snoitarepo gnittuc mrofrep nac sresal sixa-6 emoS .slairetam
gnipip dna larutcurts sa llew sa lairetam teehs-talf tuc ot desu era srettuc resal lairtsudnI
.hsinif ecafrus ytilauq hgih a htiw egde na gnivael ,sag fo tej a yb yawa nwolb si ro ,yawa
seziropav ,snrub ,stlem rehtie neht lairetam ehT .tuc eb ot lairetam eht ta ,retupmoc yb

652
 ,resal rewop hgih a fo tuptuo eht gnitcerid yb skrow gnittuc resaL .gnirutcafunam lairtsudni
ni desu yllausu si dna ,slairetam tuc ot resal a sesu taht ygolonhcet a si gnittuc resaL
.snoitacilppa citemsoc dna yregrus lanretni rof desu era
enicidem ni desu sresaL .yreviled snopaew rof noitanimulli dna noitacifitnedi tegrat ,gnidnif
egnar rof yratilim eht yb desu era sresaL .sresal deslup fo esac eht ni noitarud eslup trohs ro
htgnelevaw denifed-llew rieht fo esuaceb yllacipyt ,ypocsortceps yllaicepse ,ecneics ni sdleif
suoirav ni desu ylnommoc osla era sresaL .)sdraobyek retupmoc no srettel eht sa hcus(
snrettap gnibircsni rof dna slatem rehto dna leets gnittuc rof desu era sresal ,yrtsudni nI
.sretniop resal dna sretnirp resal ,sredaer edoc rab era sresal fo snoitacilppa nommoc
rehtO .csid eht fo ecafrus eht snacs )ezis ni sretemillim wef a( resal eht hcihw ni ,sreyalp
DVD dna csid tcapmoc sa hcus secived egarots lacitpo ni si sresal fo esu daerpsediw tsom
ehT .yrtsudni rallod noillib-itlum a emoceb evah sresal ,yltneceR .seirotarobaL hcraeseR
sehguH ta namiaM erodoehT yb 0691 yaM ni detartsnomed saw resal gnikrow tsrif ehT
.shtgnelevaw fo murtceps ediw a revo dna aera
ediw a revo thgil stime hcihw ,blub thgil tnecsednacni eht sa hcus ecruos thgil a ot tsartnoc
ni si thgil resal ,yaw siht nI .htgnelevaw denifed-llew a htiw maeb ,)murtceps elbisiv eht
ni gnitarepo si resal eht fi ,deruoloc-elgnis( citamorhconom ecnegrevid-wol ,worran a ni thgil
stime resal lacipyt A .noitaidaR fo noissimE detalumitS yb noitacifilpmA thgiL rof mynorca na
si "resal" mret ehT .noitaidar thgil tnerehoc stime taht ecived lacitpo-cinortcele na si resal A"
"...ygrene cinortcele dna sevaw thgil detartnecnoc ylhgih fo sloot gnittuc desu..." 341
lmth.milihpen/n/selcitra/gro.noehtnap.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".rehto hcae detalihinna
yllautneve stnaig eht hcihw ni ,leirbaG yb deticni raw eht ni tuoba emac milihpeN eht
fo dne ehT .deniahc eb ot retal erew dna nevaeh ot seye rieht tfil ton dluoc yeht rof ,ecaep
yna slegna nellaf eht wolla ton did doG .nerdlihc rieht dna meht no decnuonorp tnemgduj
eht fo slegna nellaf eht mrofni ot ,nam suoethgir a ,hconE esohc osla eH .milihpeN eht
gnoma raw livic a etingi ot leirbaG legna eht detcurtsni doG .doG fo feirg dna htarw eht htob
derrucni dah noilleber live riehT "...emoceb dah htrae eht no ssendekciw s'nam taerg woh
was droL ehT" :sevlesmeht dna snamuh tsgnoma desuac dah milihpeN eht taht noitpurroc
eht ot sedulla 5:6 siseneG .llot yvaeh a ti htiw deirrac milihpeN eht fo ssendekciw ehT
.norbeH sa nwonk won si dna redliub sti rof
deman saw hcihw ,abrA htairiK ,ytic a tliub ,abrA ,milihpeN eht fo eno niatrec a ,erol ciaduJ
ot gnidrocca ,eromrehtruF .was seips werbeH rehto eht dna auhsoJ taht naanaC fo milihpeN
eht stnuocer 33-62:31 srebmuN fo egassap ehT .)32:11 .norhC 1( naitpygE llat a dna
,)02:12 .maS 2( miahpeR eht fo eno sa denoitnem si ohw seot evlewt dna sregnif evlewt htiw
tnaig a ,)91:12 .maS 2( htailoG sa hcus ,llew sa stxet eseht ni denoitnem era stnaig rehtO
".stnepreS" dna "srotatsaveD" ro miwwA dna ,)51:41 ,22:11 .hsoJ ;01:2 .tueD( "dekcengnoL" ro ,mikanA ,)01:2 .tueD( "sreveihcA" ro ,mimmuzmaZ ,)4:61 boJ( "seoreH tnaiG" ro
,mirobbiG ,)51:11 .norhC 1 ;31:32 .maS 2( "senO daeD" ro "srenekaeW" ro ,miahpeR ,)01:2
.tueD ;5:41 .neG( "srorreT" ro ,mimE sa ot derrefer ylsuoirav era yehT .segassap lareves
ni detic era stnaig eseht fo sdnik esrevid ehT .milihpeN eht rof seman lareves noitnem
,sllorcS aeS daeD eht dna elbiB eht ,milihpeN eht fo yrots eht ot tropmi lartnec fo stxet owT
.htrae eht no noitcurtsed
evissam fo esuac eht erew dna snamuh desserppo dna dekcatta milihpeN ehT .sevlesmeht

552
 snamuh emusnoc ot nageb yeht ,secruoser s'dniknamuh fo lla gniruoved nopU .esnemmi
setiteppa rieht dna suoigidorp saw htgnerts riehT .erutats ni citnagig erew milihpeN ehT
.milihpeN eht :gnirpsffo dirbyh decudorp dna ,meht
htiw detam ,gnirujnoc dna cigam ni nemow eht detcurtsni slegna nellaf eht ,gnitsul retfA
.selamef namuh eht rof denip slegna eht noos tub ,seirutnec wef a rof no tnew egaletut ehT
.ssensuoethgir ni snamuh tcurtsni ot htrae ot tnecsed a ni slegna fo tces a del ,knar hgih fo
legna na ,iazahmehS .slegna nellaf eht fo yrots a htiw snigeb milihpeN eht fo noitanigiro ehT
.ssenlufnis rof yticapac taerg a dna ,sseworp ,htgnerts rieht
rof denwoner erew yehT ".seno nellaf" snaem "milihpeN" ,stxet werbeH eht morf detalsnarT
.nem fo srethguad eht dna )slegna nellaf ylbamuserp( doG fo snos eht fo noinu lauxes eht yb
decudorp erew taht stnaig fo ecar a erew milihpeN ehT ".nwoner fo nem ,dlo fo seoreh eht
erew yehT .meht yb nerdlihc dah dna nem fo srethguad eht ot tnew doG fo snos eht nehw
--sdrawretfa osla dna-- syad esoht ni htrae eht no erew milihpeN ehT" setats 4:6 siseneG"
lmth.milihpen/ten.noitaercwn.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR -- .".stnaig sa
elbiB eht ni ot derrefer era hcihw ecar )doolf-erp( ecar naivulidetna na erew milihpeN ehT"
"...milihpeN..." 241
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".elbarap tnematseT weN elbiB eht fo sisab eht si hcihw ,sevaol 7 ylno htiw ereht sessam
eht sdeef suroH hcihw ni htym a gnitnuocer ,daerb gniylpitlum fo ecalp eht saw silopoileH
woh sebircsed dna rehtruf seog daeD eht fo kooB ehT .daerb fo ecalp eltit eht gniniag
ti ot gnidael ,def eb ot nwot eht no dnecsed dluow elpoep ynam nehw ,shtnom retniw eht rof
silopoileH ni derots saw niarg ,emit fo doirep a rof tpygE fo latipac eht sA .csid ralos deified
eht ,netA fo pihsrow citsiehtonom decudortni netanehkA haorahP ,doireP anramA eht gniruD
.)snoziroH owT eht fo suroH )si ohw( ,aR yllaretil( ythkarah-aR
ytied ralos citsitnerhcnys eht no desucof pihsrow ,ecnenimorp ni deniag suroH sa ,semit retal
ni hguohtla ,noehtnap daennE eht fo pihsrow eht fo ecruos lanigiro eht osla saw ytic ehT
.elpmet yramirp eht ni deppihsrow saw ohw ,mutA dog
eht saw silopoileH fo ytied feihc ehT .devivrus silopoileH gnidulcni seitic naitpygE eht ,doolf
eht gnirud deyortsed erew seitic keerG lla elihW .rehtaf sih retfa ytic eht deman ohw ,edohR
dna soileH fo snos eht fo eno ,sitcA yb tliub saw silopoileH suluciS surodoiD ot gnidroccA
.secruos lautxet morf semoc ti tuoba noitamrofni tsom ;oriaC
laveidem fo noitcurtsnoc eht rof desu neeb gnivah sgnidliub rehto dna selpmet sti ,deyortsed
yltsom si ti ,yletanutrofnu ,yadoT .smodgniK elddiM dna dlO eht gnirud sngiapmac
gnidliub evisnetxe htiw ,doireP citsanyderP eht ecnis deipucco neeb sah silopoileH"
"...silopoileH ..." 141
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".siloporcen
aziG eht ni sdimaryp niam eerht eht fo tuoyal eht dna tleb s'noirO ni srats niam eerht
eht fo tuoyal eht neewteb noitcennoc a edam neht lavuaB .srehto eht morf ylthgils tesffo

452
 saw tleb s'noirO pu gnikam srats eht fo ylretsae erom rellams eht ,akatniM taht denoitnem
dna ,noirO tuo detniop dneirf siH .noitidepxe gnipmac a rof tresed naibarA eht fo senud dnas
eht otni pu ylimaf s'dneirf a dna ylimaf sih koot eh ,aibarA iduaS ni gnikrow elihw ,thgin enO
.noirO fo noitalletsnoc eht ni srats niatrec fo tnemngila
eht dna uaetalP aziG eht fo sdimaryp naitpygE ytsanyd htruof eht neewteb pihsnoitaler a
sesoporp sihT .)TCO( yroehT noitalerroC noirO eht rof nwonk yllacificeps si lavuaB )treboR("
."...aziG morf yks eht ni nees sa noirO fo noitalletsnoc eht fo tnemngila
eht yltcefrep sehctam dnuorg eht no aziG fo sdimaryP eht fo tnemngila ehT" 041
htA-htmelF esoR dna dnaR ,lleF ykS eht nehW :ecnerefeR --
".tnempoleved s'htrae eht fo yroeht eht htiw flesmih snrecnoc ohw
enoyna fo noitnetta suoires eht sevresed aedi ,gnitanicsaf neve ,gnihsinotsa rehtar siht taht
kniht I ... .ecafrus s'htrae eht fo yrotsih eht ot detaler si taht gnihtyreve ot ecnatropmi taerg
fo flesti evorp ot seunitnoc ti fi - dna ,yticilpmis taerg fo ,lanigiro si aedi siH .em deifirtcele
doogpaH .rM morf deviecer I taht ,revewoh ,noitacinummoc tsrif yrev ehT .ytidilav cifitneics
fo dessessop modles yrev era saedi eseht taht gniyas tuohtiw seog tI .saedi dehsilbupnu
rieht gninrecnoc em tlusnoc ot hsiw ohw elpoep morf snoitacinummoc eviecer yltneuqerf I"
:snigeb droweroF
ehT .)kroY weN ,skooB noehtnaP yb 8591 ni dehsilbup( ECNEICS HTRAE FO SMELBORP
CISAB EMOS OT YEK A :TSURC GNITFIHS S'HTRAE koob s'doogpaH rof drowerof
elbarovaf yrev a etorw nietsniE ,4591 yaM fo ht81 eht nO .decnivnoc won saw nietsniE
.airebiS citcrA fo shtommam nezorf eht gnidulcni "ecnedive lacigolotnoelap" fo segap
neves-ytriht dna melborp siht no segap ruof htiw dednopser doogpaH .melborp "mutnemom
lagufirtnec" eht sserdda ot mih gnigru doogpaH )3591 rebmeceD 71( etorw nietsniE
.steehs eci eht fo noitulove eht
dna serutcarf htrae no ecnedive fo segap owt-ytrof nietsniE tnes doogpaH )3591 enuJ 11( retal htnom A ."serutcarf htrae" fo ecnedive no pu wollof ot doogpaH degru eH
".emit trohs a nihtiw dna
yldetaeper ecalp nekat evah tsurc eht fo stfihs tnacifingis taht tbuod yldrah nac enO .tcerroc
si sisehtopyh ruoy taht noisserpmi eht evah dna evisserpmi yrev stnemugra ruoy dnif I"
:)3591
yaM 8( dednopser nietsniE .eci ni derehtoms yal aciremA htroN taht emit emas eht ta eerfeci saw acitcratnA resseL taht ecnedive s'doogpaH saw tnemugra sih ot lartneC .nietsniE
ot ecnedive siht fo segap thgie-ytriht dedrawrof eh 3591 yaM fo dr3 eht nO .tnemecalpsid
tsurc htrae na fo aedi eht troppus ot ecnedive lacigoloeg derehtag doogpaH ,shtnom xis roF
".stcaf lacigolotnoelap dna lacigoloeg"
dilos saw ,demialc nietsniE ,dedeen saw tahW .tsap s'htrae eht tuoba eveileb ot detnaw
ew tahw htiw tif t'ndid ti esuaceb tsuj "iroirpa" tuo delur eb ton dluohs tnemecalpsid tsurc
htrae fo aedi eht taht etorw nietsniE ,doogpaH ot )2591 rebmevoN 42( ylper dnoces sih nI
:yrammus feirb a si ereH .tnirpeulB sitnaltA ehT ni deliated si ecnednopserroc sihT
.yroeht eht fo tnempoleved eht ni doogpaH selrahC gnitsissa ni devlovni saw nietsniE treblA
ylevisnetxe woh tsuj ,emit tsrif eht rof ,wohs yehT .5991 fo llaF eht ni sevihcrA s'nietsniE
treblA morf )doogpaH ot nietsniE morf net( srettel eseht deniatbo I dna esoR .ecneics
fo yrotsih eht ni egap nettogrof a si ecnednopserroc doogpaH-nietsniE ehT .nietsniE treblA

352
 fo troppus dna ytisoiruc eht detcartta hcihw aedi lacigoloeg lacidar a ,tnemecalpsid tsurc
htrae fo yroeht sih htiw s0591-dim eht ni noitnetta cilbup ot emac tsrif doogpaH selrahC"
."...tenalp eht fo selop eht fo tfihs eht..." 931
mth.6_lpm/moc.seiretsym-dlrow.www//:ptth
lmth.ait/moc.enozweiv.www//:ptth
lmth.ocanauhait/aivilob/sacirema/moc.setisdercas.www//:ptth
:setisbew gniwollof eht tisiv ,etis siht fo ygoloeahcra eht tuoba noitamrofni deliated erom roF
"...ocanauhaiT..." 831
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".IIWW gnirud sizaN eht yb serusaert tra fo gnitool eht
eton osla ;erehwesle spoort hcnerF yb gnitool dna ,nwot eht retne spoort s'noelopaN erofeb
snezitic s'wocsoM yb gnitool daerpsediw sebircsed hcihw ,ecaeP dna raW ees ,elpmaxe
roF .ytinummoc eht fo srebmem nailivic yb osla tub ,erafraw gnirud spoort suoirotciv
yb ylno ton seitic dna segalliv fo gnirednulp eht ot yliramirp derrefer yllanigiro gnitooL
.egallip ro ,rednulp
,tool sa debircsed eb nac seitivitca eseht lla fo sdeecorp ehT .seitirohtua tnemnrevog ro
sevitucexe etaroproc ydeerg ylrevo ro tpurroc yb stessa cilbup ro etavirp fo "gnirednulp" eht
sa hcus ,tnemelzzebme dna tfeht fo secnatsni suoigerge ebircsed ot ,esnes )lacirohpatem
eugra dluow emos( redaorb a ni desu osla si mret ehT .gnitoir ro ,retsasid larutan ,raw gnirud
sa hcus ,toir ro ehportsatac a gnirud ro ,yrotciv lacitilop ro yratilim a fo trap sa ecrof yb sdoog
fo gnikat etanimircsidni eht si gnigallip ro ,gniliopsed ,gnirednulp ,gnikcas ,gnitooL"
".snoissessop rieht rednulp"... 731
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".narI ,tebiT ,manteiV nrehtron sa htuos raf sa dna ,suR naveiK
eht sa tsewhtron raf sa gniog ,yrotsih dlrow ni eripme dnal suougitnoc tsegral eht
otni eripmE lognoM eht gnidnapxe nageb srosseccus sih dna eh dna ,nahK sihgneG eltit
eht koot eh ,6021 nI .sniatnuoM iatlA eht dna airuhcnaM neewteb sebirt lognoM eht gnitinu
ni dedeeccus yllanif nijümeT deman niatfeihc a ,yrutnec htflewt etal eht fo soahc eht nI"
"...ailognoM fo seppets ..." 631
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".CB 054 sa ylrae sa enemukiO eht fo
pam sih ni dnegel siht detacol sutodoreH .slamina dliw yb netae ro deirub rehtie saw dna
sniatnuom eht ot delf ehs ,tnepres a ot htrib gnivig ta deifirreT .selkareH yb depar saw
dna xyrbeB fo rethguad eht saw ohw )keerG ni erif( eneryP retfa deman era seeneryP ehT"
..."sniatnuoM seeneryP "... 531
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

252
 ".sdrib cimedne ynam
dna seiceps etamirp lareves ,stnahpele tserof gnidulcni ,noitalupop lamina rieht rof dna
;wons ot swodaem enipla hguorht tserofniar laciport morf gnignar ,noitategev rieht rof nwonk
era iroznewuR ehT .ymelotP yb denoitnem "nooM eht fo sniatnuoM" eht htiw deifitnedi
netfo era siroznewuR ehT .acirfA ni hcus ylno eht era ayneK tnuoM dna orajnamiliK
tnuoM htiw gnola ,yeht dna ,deppac-wons yltnenamrep era siroznewR tsehgih ehT"
"...sniatnuoM iroznewR ..." 431
lmth.alp_noitcnitxe/02/01/6002/swen/moc.yrevocsid.csd//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".knirb eht
revo atoib desserts ylhgih dehsup taht tcapmi na htiw dedicnioc ,egnahc etamilc tnadnetta
dna — aidnI ni noitpure sparT nacceD eht — msinaclov evissam esac suoecaterC etal eht nI
".snoitcnitxe ssam rojam rehto eht fo yna ro T-K eht rof msinahcem gnillik
eht neeb evah ton dluoc enola stcapmI .gnorw lla si sisehtopyh llik-tcapmi eht taht ylemaN"
.ytisrevinU notecnirP fo relleK atreG dias ",sraey ynam rof gniyas neeb evah stsigolotnoelap
rehto ynam dna I tahw gniyas fo yaw tneuqole erom a yllaitnesse si" yroeht ehT
.snoitcnitxe ssam fo yroeht eslup/sserp
eht dellac gnieb won si tahw s'tI .swolb lufrewop wef a htiw denibmoc si efil no erusserp
lanoitareneg-itlum ,elbanimretni fo tros emos nehw neppah sffo-eid tsrow eht ,daetsnI
.oga sraey noillim
56 sruasonid fo dne eht thguorb taht tneve yraitreT-suoecaterC eht fo esac eht ni neve
,emalb ot reve si namnug enol rehto ro noitpure cinaclov ,roetem elgnis on taht aedi eht pu
gnikcab si htraE no efil fo yrotsih eht tuohguorht snoitcnitxe ssam fo yduts lacitsitats wen A"
lmth.onaclov-ruasonid/62/01/7002/swen/moc.yrevocsid.csd//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".dias ehs ,stsigolotnoelap ot yretsym a neeb
gnol sah yrevocer wols eht fo rettam rettal sihT .sgniht gnivil ynam fo yrevocer eht dewols
evah ot thgir demit si noitpure lanif ,retal eht taht ,dnoceS .emit emas eht ta deneppah
noitcnitxe ssam T-K eht dna noitpure nacceD evissam tsom eht taht ,tsriF :relleK dias ,sgniht
tnatropmi owt smrifnoc yrevocsid ehT .ocixeM fo fluG eht ni tcapmi roetem a ton ,sruasonid
eht tuo depiw taht snoitpure cinaclov latnemunom fo seires a saw ti taht aedi lacidar
eht stroppus lagneB fo yaB eht fo serohs eht morf gud ecnedive weN -- 7002 ,62 .tcO"
".snoitpure
cinaclov fo taht ekil hcum tuollaf cirehpsomta esuac snoisolpxe cimotA" 331
.55730 erihspmaH
weN ,revonaH ,egelloC htuomtraD ,tnemtrapeD secneicS htraE eht ni rosseforP 
2 .55730 erihspmaH weN ,revonaH
,egelloC htuomtraD ,tnemtrapeD secneicS htraE eht ni rosseforp hcraeseR 1 

2 ekarD .L selrahC dna 
1 reciffO .B selrahC
stnevE latnemnorivnE suoecaterC lanimreT :elcitrA :ecnerefeR --

152
 ".tneve tcapmi dioretsa egral elgnis a fo oiranecs eht htiw ton dna lavretni emit
cigoloeg trohs ylevitaler a gnirud gnirrucco stneve cinaclov evitpure esnetni fo seires a fo
oiranecs eht htiw drocca ni era stluser esehT .stnemele eseht rof nigiro citiroetem naht rehtar
eltnam a srovaf ecnedive cigoloeg elbaliava ehT .sraey 000,001 ot 000,01 emos gninnaps
lavretni emit a gnirud tub ylsuoenatnatsni detisoped ton erew stnemele detaicossa rehto
dna muidiri taht setacidni stneve latnemnorivne suoecaterC lanimret fo drocer cigoloeg ehT"
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".evoba eht htiw dnuof erew slevel lamron semit sdnasuoht fo snet slevel
ta hsa dna tooS .setis 03 naht erom ta reyal emas eht ni dnuof neeb osla sah ,snoisolpxe
bmob cimota ro stcapmi egral fo tluser eht sa mrof ot nwonk ylno si hcihw ,)etiseoc(
ztrauq dekcohs yllanoitceriditluM .setis tnereffid 001 ta ediwdlrow dnuof neeb sah
yradnuob T–K eht ta reyal muidiri sihT .htrae eht htiw dedilloc evah tsum sretemolik 41–01
fo dioretsa na taht detamitse retal maet zeravlA eht ,"reyal muidiri" dlo raey noillim 56 eht ni
tneserp muidiri fo noitubirtsid dna tnuoma eht morF .setiroetem ynam ni tnadnuba ylevitaler
tub tsurc s'htraE eht ni erar si taht tnemele na ,muidiri fo snoitartnecnoc hgih yllausunu
derevocsid yelekreB ,ainrofilaC fo ytisrevinU eht morf leahciM .V neleH dna orasA knarF
stsimehc raelcun dna ,zeravlA retlaW tsigoloeg ,nos sih ,zeravlA siuL tsicisyhp ,0891 nI
.tneve noitcnitxe cissairT-naimreP eht htiw ti etaicossa
thgim hcihw ,stnemerusaem ytivarg no desab ,sraey noillim 052 tuoba kcab etad yam hcihw
teehS ecI citcratnA tsaE eht htaeneb retarc tcapmi retemaid mk-384 a detacol evah yeht taht
detats stsitneics etatS oihO morf troper tnecer a hguoht ,snoitcnitxe ssam rojam rehto ruof
eht ot gnidael stcapmi fo ecnedive dilos on si erehT .tneve noitcnitxe yraitreT–suoecaterC
eht si siht ;tcapmi dioretsa egral a htiw dedicnioc evah ot dnuof neeb sah dna sruasonid
eht fo esimed eht ot del noitcnitxe ssam hcus tsal ehT .seiceps lla fo %09 ffo dellik dna
oga sraey noillim 052 doirep naimreP eht dedne hcihw ,cissairT-naimreP eht ni saw htraE no
efil detceffa evah ot noitcnitxe ssam tsegral ehT .seiceps lla fo flah dehsiugnitxe egareva
no taht snoitcnitxe ssam rojam evif neeb evah ereht sraey noillim 006 tsap eht nI"
"...sruasonid eht deyortsed taht msylcatac labolg ehT..." 231
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".snoiger larutlucirga lla gnidulcni ,aisaruE fo hcum revo C°03– naht erom
fo dna aciremA htroN fo saera egral revo srucco C°02– naht erom fo gnilooC ... dnal revo
tsegral era segnahc erutarepmet ehT .ecar namuh eht fo yrotsih eht ni edutilpma dna deeps
ni detnedecerpnu egnahc etamilc a eb dluow siht ,C°5– tuoba saw oga ry 000,81 ega eci tsal
eht fo htped eht ta gnilooc egareva labolg eht taht gniredisnoC .)2 .giF( C°4– llits si gnilooc
eht edaced a retfa dna ,sraey rof stsisrep C°8– ot C°7– fo gnilooc ecafrus egareva labolg A
.noitpure onaclovrepus
na fo stceffe-retfa eht fo eno ot deilppa neeb osla sah mret ehT .erehpsotarts
s'htraE eht otni detcejni eb dluow toos dna ekoms fo stnuoma egral erehw ,seitic
sa hcus stegrat elbammalf revo yllaicepse ,snopaew raelcun fo srebmun egral gnitanoted yb
desuac eb nac rehtaew dloc ylereves taht thguoht si tI .raw raelcun elacs-egral a fo emoctuo
elbissop a eb ot detciderp si taht noitidnoc etamilc labolg lacitehtopyh a si retniw raelcuN"
"...gnilooc labolg esuac dna ,ecaps otni kcab detcelfed si nus eht morf noitaidar
hcihw gnirud doirep evisnetxe na sa llew sa noitullop cirehpsomta ot eud ..." 131

052
 gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".tsap lacigoloeg eht ni derrucco osla evah snoitpure evissamrepus rehto ynaM
.erehpsomta eht
ni dica ciruflus fo noitamrof eht rof elbisnopser saw dna ,)onaclov eht fo ytiniciv eht ni
neve ,evivrus ot deganam snamuh hguohtla( noitalupop namuh eht fo %06 detamitse
na gnitacidare ,retniw cinaclov a otni htraE eht degnulp noitpure aboT ekaL ehT
)³mk 000,5~( oga sraey noillim 8.72 ffuT noynaC hsiF eht fo
noitpure suomrone ylurt eht fo ecruoS - setatS detinU ,odaroloC ,aredlaC atiraG aL •
)³mk 000,1( oga sraey 000,046 dna
)³mk 005,2( oga sraey noillim 2.2 - setatS detinU ,gnimoyW ,aredlaC enotswolleY •
)³mk 008,2( oga sraey 000,57 - aisenodnI ,artamuS ,aboT ekaL •
)³mk
071,1( oga sraey 005,62 noitpure iunaurO - dnalaeZ weN ,dnalsI htroN ,opuaT ekaL •
.sesehtnerap ni nevig era lairetam detpure fo emulov eht fo setamitsE .snoitacol gniwollof
eht ta snoitpure dedulcni evah stneve cinaclov 8-IEV efil rof secneuqesnoc cimsylcatac htiw
,sraey rof etamilc labolg tceffa ylereves dna epacsdnal eht retla yllacidar ot hguone si
arhpet detceje fo emulov eht tub ,seirav snoitpure hcus fo ytivisolpxe ehT .htraE no noitpure
fo sdnik suonimulov tsom dna tsegral eht secudorp taht onaclov a si onaclovrepus A"
"...noisolpxe cinaclov lassoloc ..." 031
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".)aotakarK fo dlihc( uatakarK kanA dellac ,noitacol emas eht ni dnalsi wen a tliub evah 7291
ecnis onaclov eht ta snoitpurE .aotakarK fo dnalsi eht fo sdriht owt deyortsed noitpure ehT
.noisolpxe eht dewollof hcihw simanust eht morf
yltsom ,noitpure eht yb derujni erew sdnasuoht ynam dna ,deid elpoep )llot laiciffo( 714,63
tsael ta ,degamad ylsuoires 231 dna deyortsed erew snwot dna segalliv 561 ,sdrocer laiciffo
ot gnidrocca ,aotakarK raeN .)mk 000,5( selim 000,3 .xorppa suitiruaM raen seugirdoR
fo dnalsi eht dna ,)mk 011,3( selim 039,1 .xorppa ailartsuA ni htreP sa yawa raf sa draeh
yltcnitsid saw noisolpxe cimsylcatac eht :detroper yllacirotsih dnuos tseduol eht detareneg
dna ,ecimup dna ,hsa ,kcor fo sertemolik cibuc 52 naht erom detceje noitpure 3881 ehT
.napaJ ,amihsoriH detatsaved hcihw
,)TK 61 ot 31( bmob yoB elttiL eht fo dleiy eht semit 000,31 tuoba — TNT fo sennotagem
002 ot tnelaviuqe saw ti ,6 fo xednI ytivisolpxE cinacloV a htiW .semit nredom ni stneve
cinaclov tneloiv tsom eht gnoma saw hcihw ,3881 72-62 tsuguA no snoisolpxe evissam fo
seires a ni detanimluc noitpure nwonk tseb ehT .yrotsih dedrocer tuohguorht secneuqesnoc
suortsasid htiw dna ,ylevissam ,yldetaeper detpure sah tI .elohw a sa onaclov eht
dna ,)atakaR dellac osla( dnalsi niam eht ,puorg dnalsi eht rof desu si eman ehT .aisenodnI
ni artamuS dna avaJ neewteb tiartS adnuS eht ni dnalsi cinaclov a si aotakarK .tM"
"...aotakarK .tM..." 921
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

942
".tuollaf niar dica gnisuac ,tneve eht
yb erehpsomta eht otni detceje saw dica ciruhplus fo snot cirtem 0101 taht detaluclac
neeb sah ti noitidda nI .llafhsa fo m 9 htiw derevoc erew aisyalaM fo strap dna kciht
)teef 02( m 6 ot pu si yadot reyal hsa aboT eht ,aidnI lartnec ni etis eno ta ;tnenitnocbus
naidnI eritne eht revo kciht )ni 6( mc 51 yletamixorppa reyal hsa na detisoped ti
,aisenodnI ni ecalp koot noitpure eht hguohtla taht redisnoc ,edutingam sti fo aedi na evig oT
.oga sraey 000,048
dna 000,007 dnuora demrof erew saredlac reilraE .onaclov eht ta derrucco evah hcihw
snoitpure gnimrof-arredlac eerht tsael ta fo seires a fo tsetal eht saw noitpure aboT ehT
".aciremA htroN sa yawa raf sa "remmuS
a tuohtiW raeY" eht detaerc dna kcor esned fo sretemolik cibuc 001 dnuora fo tnelaviuqe
eht dettime ,5181 ni arobmaT tnuoM ta ,semit cirotsih ni noitpure cinaclov tsegral eht tslihw
,lairetam fo mk cibuc 2.1 dnuora detceje sneleH .tS tnuoM fo noitpure 0891 eht ,tsartnoc yB
.tsew eht ot ti fo tsom gniwolb dniw eht htiw ,hsa sa llef taht
³mk 008 dnuora dna dnuorg eht revo dewolf taht etirbmingi fo ³mk 000,2 dnuora — )selim
cibuc 076( mk cibuc 0082 tuoba saw lairetam detpure fo tnuoma latot ehT .sraey noillim evifytnewt tsal eht nihtiw noitpure cinaclov evisolpxe tsegral eht ylbissop ti gnikam ,)"lassolocagem" sa debircsed( 8 fo xednI ytivisolpxE cinacloV detamitse na dah tI .oga sraey 005,57
ot 005,76 tuoba aboT ekaL won si tahw ta derrucco )tneve aboT eht( noitpure aboT ehT
..."artamuS ni aboT ekaL"... 821
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".level aes eht htaeneb knis ton did ti - trapa
ekorb ssamdnal lanigiro ehT .noitacol tneserp sti ot evom dna ,oga sraey fo snoillim yawa
kaerb ot aidnI desuac tnemevom etalp tub ,)secnalbmeser lacigoloeg rof gnitnuocca suht(
ssamdnal emas eht fo trap ecno deedni erew aidnI dna racsagadaM ,)ygoloeg ni mgidarap
detpecca ylno eht syadawon si hcihw( scinotcet etalp fo yroeht eht ot gnidroccA .ytinummoc
cifitneics regral eht yb detpecca erew tfird latnenitnoc dna scinotcet etalp fo seiroeht eht
retfa noitaredisnoc cifitneics lanoitnevnoc morf yletelpmoc deraeppasid yroeht airumeL ehT
.saciremA eht dna aisA ssorca seiceps fo snoitubirtsid gninialpxe
,snaeco cificaP eht fo strap ssorca dednetxe dah airumeL taht dezisehtopyh stsitneics rehtO
.aes eht htaeneb knus dah ti esuaceb dnuof eb ton dluoc drocer lissof
eht demialc eh ,tnenitnoc tsol siht no seiceps namuh eht fo snigiro eht gnitacoL .)'airumeL'
eman eht gnisu tuohtiw tub( retalcS ot roirp siseht siht drawrof tup lekceaH ,ecruos rehtona
ot gnidroccA .sdrocer lissof "knil gnissim" fo ecnesba eht rof noitanalpxe na sa airumeL
desoporp ,tsimonoxat nainiwraD namreG a ,lekceaH tsnrE .sralohcs rehto fo skrow eht
ni raeppa ot nageb ti ,ytinummoc cifitneics eht nihtiw ecnatpecca emos deniag airumeL sA
.seiceps
fo noitubirtsid tneserp eht rof tnuocca ot redro ni ,yrutnec ht91 eht gnirud desoporp erew
stnenitnoc dna segdirb dnal degrembus lacitehtopyh ynaM .7881 ni ethcihcsegdrE koob
sih ni ryamueN roihcleM yb edam saw tpmetta citametsys tsrif ehT .stnenitnoc tnereffid no
snoitamrof kcor fo secnalbmeser gnikirts rof tnuocca ot deirt stsigoloeg ,ylralimiS .retaw fo
sreirrab yb detarapes won seiceps desab-dnal fo snoitalupop rof tnuocca ot redro ni sessam
dnal degrembus detalutsop yltneuqerf stsigoloib ,tfird latnenitnoc fo ecnatpecca eht ot roirp

842
.meht morf dednecsed gnieb sa snaisenaleM dna snaupaP
,sdiolartsuA eht dna snaidivarD eht ,ecar diorgeN eht debircsed dna kcalb deroloc gnieb sa
)ecar toor driht reh( snairumeL eht debircsed ykstavalB emadaM taht eton ot gnitseretni si tI
.tsaoc udaN limaT yad tneserp eht dna ailartsuA gnitcennoc ssam dnal egral a saw ereht
taht srohtua limaT morf smialc suoirav era erehT .sdoolf evisseccus yb degrembus emaceb
taht aidnI htuoS fo tsaoc yad tneserp eht fo htuos dnal morf emac yllanigiro snaidivarD
eht — rahuP fo ytic degrembus eht ebircsed taht ialakeminaM dna marakitappaliC scipe
eht — erutaretil limaT lacissalc ni sfitom fo snoitaterpretni tsinredom eseht ot gnidroccA
.airumeL htiw derapmoc semitemos modgnik neknus a si madnaK iramuK .samtahaM
eht yb nayzD fo kooB naetnaltA-erp ,tneicna na nwohs neeb evah ot s0881 eht ni demialc
ohw ,ykstavalB emadaM fo skrow eht hguorht tluccO eht fo nocixel eht deretne airumeL
.cimsylcatac netfo ,egnahc
lacigoloeg fo tluser a sa naeco eht htaeneb knas dna semit tneicna ni detsixe tnenitnoc
a taht feileb nommoc a erahs lla tub ,stxetnoc rieht fo stnemeriuqer eht ot gnidrocca reffid
airumeL fo stnuoccA .aidnI fo sretirw limaT emos sa llew sa ,sretirw tlucco yb detpoda neeb
sah ti ,ecneics lanoitnevnoc fo mlaer eht fo tuo dessap sah airumeL hguohT .yhpargoegoib
ni seitiunitnocsid rof tnuocca ot stpmetta ni eil snigiro yrutnec ht91 stI .snaecO
cificaP dna naidnI eht ni detacol ylsuoirav "dnal tsol" lacitehtopyh a fo eman eht si airumeL"
"...rumeL..." 721
/gro.nalta.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR
".no os dna ,gnivaew ,redwopnug ,sgurd lanicidem
,tebahpla eht ,repap ,erutplucs dna yrnosam enots ,ygrullatem :airumeL dna sitnaltA ot dewo
osla era ,emit fo nwad eht morf su ot emac ohw ,snigiro suoiretsym fo snoitnevni fo seires
a ,eseht sediseB .lla ta depoleved evah reven dluoc noitaziliviC — gnireenigne citeneg
fo esu decnavda na ydobme netfo dna ,sitnaltA ni detanigiro hcihw fo lla ro tsom — slamina
dna stnalp detacitsemod eht tuohtiW .reve snoitnevni tsetaerg eht ,noitacitsemoD laminA
dna erutlucirgA sa hcus seuqinhcet dna stra eht sessapmocne osla egatireh naetnaltA ruO
.snoitazilivic rehto
eht lla fo rehtaF eht saw aidnI-sitnaltA taht dna ,rehtoM eht saw aisenodnI-airumeL taht
yas nac ew ,smret lacihtym nI .rentrap dna "niwt" sti emaceb hcihw ,aidnI fo noiger ybraen
eht dezinoloc snaetnaltA nairumeL eht ,ereht morF .noitaziliviC dna dniknaM htob fo nigiro
fo etis eht ,esidaraP ro nedE sa emas eht ,sitnaltA lapytehcra eht saw airumeL ,yltcaxe eroM
.etad emas eht ssel ro erom ta ,edis yb edis detsixeoc
airumeL dna sitnaltA ,deednI .snoitacol dna sezis rieht dna shcope rieht htob snrecnoc
tahw ni srotagitsevni fo stros lla yb decalpsim dna detrotsid ylssorg neeb evah airumeL
dna sitnaltA .od ot tnow era stsinoloc sa ,dnalrehtom eht etacilpud ot detpmetta ,lausu
sa ,seinoloc esehT .revo dlrow eht seinoloc dah dna ,eripme ediwdlrow a detaerc sitnaltA
.aisenodnI fo esoht sa wonk ew hcihw dna ,tselB eht fo sdnalsI eht sa wenk
retal stneicna eht tahw gnimrof ,retaw eht evoba deniamer sniatnuom tseitfol sti fo skaep eht
ylno ,saes eht rednu knus tnenitnoc siht retfA .tsaoc sti ot txen dnalsi na no detacol saw dna
,sinodiesoP fo taht yb ro eman emas eht yb dellac saw latipac stI .tnenitnoc a saw sitnaltA"
"...atnaltA..." 621
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

742
".sevlesruo fo demahsa gnieb pots reven lliw ew
dnA .ydegart emas eht taeper lliw ew ,esiwrehtO .sgnieb namuh fo sdnim eht detanimretxe
yletelpmoc eb dluohs smra raelcun gnisu aedi tsethgils eht nevE .desu eb reven dluohs
sgnieb namuh fo seidob dna sdnim eht wang hcihw snopaew raelcun eht taht denrael I
.yad taht no nrael ot srotcod lacidem ,su rof tol a saw ereht llitS .tnemtaert lacidem tneiciffus
gnivig morf su detneverp no os dna noitazinagro detargetni ,seitilicaf lacidem ,egdelwonk
lacidem fo kcal eht taht eurt s'tI .elpoep esoht lla fo gnireffus eht hguorht ,ecneirepxe
eht hguorht tol a denrael srotcod ,ew taht ezilaer ot emac I ,yad taht no tcelfer ot emit
dah I nehw ,no retaL .efil ym fo yad tsegnol eht saw tI .reverof stneitap eht gnitaert no dna
no peek ot dah I .dedne reven ti ,detrats yad taht ecno fi sa taht tlef I .ot snoitcerid evag I
mohw stneitap esoht edulcni uoy fi yad yrev taht no dnasuoht 3 ro 2 tsael ta ,lleW :REWSNA
?6 tsuguA no taert uoy did stneitap ynam woH :REWEIVRETNI
.srovivrus eht ot tnemtaert
lacidem gnitteg ysub yrev saw eh ,sdrawretfA .derujni ylsuoires ton saw eh ,retnecopyh
eht morf raf rehtar gnieB .retnecopyh eht morf mk 1.4 ,sretrauqdaeh eht ta gnidliub eht
edisni saw eh ,desopxe saw eh nehW .anijU ni sretrauqdaeh ymra eht ta denoitats rotcod
ymra na saw eH .deppord saw bmob eht nehw dlo sraey 82 saw akihcawaS ihsoriH .rM
.ssapmoc eht fo stniop lla morf erif eht fo retnec eht sdrawot
ni gniwolb sdniw ecrof elag sah mrots erif A .semoh dna sgnidliub erom ynam deyortsed
dna noitanoted retfa setunim 02 nihtiw depoleved mrots erif suodnemert a ,amihsoriH nI
.sraey ynam rof gnilggurts retfa won gniga yldipar era gnibmob eht devivrus
ohw esohT .raey taht fo dne eht yb elpoep 000,051 dna 000,031 neewteb gnillik 5491
,ht6 tsuguA no amihsoriH no deppord saw emit raw ni desu yllautca bmob cimota tsrif ehT
.ecived eht fo dleiy eht no gnidneped ,noisolpxe
eht ni desaeler ygrene eht fo %54-53 neewteb rof stnuocca noitaidar lamrehT .dleiy nopaew
htiw yldekram sesaercni stceffe lamreht fo egnar ehT .tsalb a yb tfel sirbed eht ni yldipar
daerps taht serif trats nac ti taht lufrewop os si thgil ehT .segnar tsalb dnoyeb llew rucco nac
seirujni eseht ,syad raelc nO .seirujni eye dna snrub era sdrazah feihc ehT .thgil teloivartlu
dna ,derarfni ,elbisiv sa noitaidar citengamortcele fo stnuoma egral time snopaew raelcuN"
"...ytivitcaoidar ..." 521
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".diaklA dna ,htoilA ,roclA era rojaM asrU fo "sratS liaT" ehT
"...)reppiD giB( rojaM asrU eht
ni "srats liat" eht fo eno raen detacol sretrauqdaeh esohw ,"eripmE dlO" eht ..." 421
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".)spmac
tnecajda ro sottehg htiw segalliv dna snwot fo stnatibahni hsiweJ-non ,sdraug pmac ,nem
ecilop dna SS( slaudividni elgnis ot osla tub ,seitirohtua namreG ot ylno ton tnew yenom sihT
.nelots saw )soruE 000,000,055 ro SU$ 000,000,007 dnuora :eulav s'yadot( ytreporp hsiweJ
fo htrow kramshcieR namreG 069,540,871 yletamixorppA .drahnieR noitarepO fo esruoc eht
ni kenadjaM dna aknilberT ,robiboS ,cezleB ni sevil rieht tsol sweJ noillim 2 yletamixorppA

642
 .pmac eht dedraug srewothctaw nedooW .desu erew
secnef cirtcele on ,ztiwhcsuA ekilnU .strap tnereffid eht detarapes dna pmac eht dednuorrus
,sehcnarb enip htiw degalfuomac yllaitrap ,secnef eriw debraB .aera etarapes a ni deyats
sikinwarT dna SS ehT .sdirg noitamerc dna stip ,srebmahc sag htiw aera noitanimretxe eht
ot )ebut ro eciuls dellac( htap degalfuomac ,worran a deretne sweJ eht ,skcarrab gnisserdnu
dna pmar htiw aera noitpecer eht morF .lacitnedi ylraen saw spmac lla fo erutcurts ehT
.2491 fo skeew owt tsal eht rof pmac yb slavirra latot eht sa llew sa
,2491 fo dne eht hguorht drahnieR noitkA fo spmac ruof eht ot slavirra latot 661,472,1
detsil nilreB ni nnamhciE flodA rerhüfnnabmrutsrebO-SS ot 3491 ,11 yraunaJ no
elföH nnamreH rerhüfnnabmrutS-SS yb tnes margeleT elföH detpecretni eht ,elpmaxe roF
.detnemucod dna dekcart
ylluferac saw redrum ssam ehT .devomer erew sgnillif latned dlog yna retfa detamerc
erew sesproc riehT .stnapucco eht gnillik ,sepip sag hguorht degrahcsid neht saw
hcihw sag edixonom nobrac detaerc enigne nA .ria hserf elbaliava eht eziminim ot
ylthgit dekcap dna rebmahc sag eht otni dehcram neht erew smitciV .selbaulav rehto
dna yrlewej rof dehcraes erew sehtolc rieht dna ,desserdnu neht yehT .knabshcieR
namreG eht fo ytreporp emaceb hcihw ,selbaulav rieht revo dnah dluow smitciV
.emit a ta elpoep fo stropsnart elohw
gnillik rof pu delacs yleguh tub ,airtsuA dna ynamreG ni spmac noitanimretxe xis eht ni
desu dohtem eht ot ralimis saw aknilberT dna robiboS ,cezleB ni ssecorp noitanimretxe ehT
.denodnaba eb ot dah nalP racsagadaM eht ,sizaN
eht yb detapicitna sa detaefed ton erew hsitirB eht ecnis ,revewoH .racsagadaM ot sweJ
s'eporuE fo lla elixe ot taefed s'niatirB retfa yvaN layoR eht esu ot saw nalp lanigiro ehT
".elbissopmi dna namreG-nu sa noitcivnoc
renni fo tuo elpoep a fo noitanimretxe lacisyhp fo dohtem kivehsloB eht stcejer eno fi ,tseb
dna tsedlim eht llits si dohtem siht ,eb yam esac laudividni hcae cigart dna leurc revewoH"
:detats relmmiH hcirnieH feihc SS
."noituloS laniF" eht fo sliated tcaxe eht ot yvirp edam saw eh erehw ,2491 fo ecnerefnoC
eesnnaW eht erofeb noitpo siht detroppus ,ralucitrap ni ,nnamhciE flodA .racsagadaM
ot sweJ naeporuE lla troped ot ynamreG izaN ni edam erew snalp eugav ,tsrif tA
.uanekriB-ztiwhcsuA yllanif dna ,kenadjaM dna onmłehC ,aknilberT ,robiboS
neht ,cezleB tsrif :tliub gnieb erew spmac noitanimretxe tsrif eht ,1491 ,1 rebmevoN yB
"...shtaed wols eht dehctaw netfo dna desivrepus yeht ;snoitutitsni rehto ni dellik
eb ot stneitap rieht derednerrus -- os od ot decreoc gnieb tuohtiw -- ro tuo secnetnes
eht deirrac ohw srenoitucexe eht erew yeht ;esac laudividni hcae ni htaed ro efil
fo ecnetnes a decnuonorp yeht ;gnillik fo sdohtem eht dediced dna ,secalp eht dna
stneitap eht dedivorp ,serudecorp eht tuo dekrow ohw srotartsinimda eht erew yeht
;eid ot saw ohw gnidiced rof selur eht nwod dial ohw srotalsigel eht erew yehT .esle
ydobemos yb decnuonorp ecnetnes htaed a tuo gniyrrac ton erew yehT .nwo rieht
no detca yehT .redro na evah ot evah ton did STSIRTAIHCYSP eht taht si ydegart ehT"

542
 ... :ynamreG izaN ni yrtaihcysp fo elor eht ebircsed ot tsrif eht gnieb rof tiderc eht
sevresed ,noisseforp sih fo citirc lacidar a snaem on yb ,mahtreW cirederF tsirtaihcysP
...dedrater eht rof semoh dna slatipsoh cirtaihcysp fo setamni yltsom ,000,003
dna 000,052 neewteb eb ot daed fo rebmun eht etamitse ,grebmeruN gnidulcni ,slanubirt
emirc-raw suoirav morf setamitse dna ,ytpme yleritne erew snoitutitsni egral ynam ,raw
eht fo dne eht tA .meht gniredrum fo esoprup eht rof stneitap wen gnittimda neve ,nwo rieht
no tca ot deunitnoc ,neruebfuaK ta taht sa hcus ,snoitutitsni laudividni ,no neht morF .dellik
neeb dah stneitap latnem namreG 000,002 dna 000,001 neewteb tub ,dnuorgrednu
margorp eht dehsup reltiH morf msaisuhtne fo kcal dna egartuo cilbup ,1491 etal nI
.stsirtaihcysp
yb deffats sretnec noitanimretxe laiceps xis ot deppihs gnieb erew stneitap 0491 yraunaJ
yB .stsirtaihcysp gnidnatstuo s'noitan eht fo eettimmoc a yb nilreB ni nevig neht saw
htaed hcae fo lavorppa lanif dna ,slatipsoh laudividni ot detalucric erew smrof aisanahtue
dellac-oS .spohskrow dna sgniteem lanoitan fo seires a hguorht slatipsoh latnem fo
srotcerid dna yrtaihcysp fo srosseforp gnidael yb dezinagro saw tI .trats eht ta ton ,tsael
ta - yrtaihcysp fo emahs terces ,neddih a ton saw margorp noitanimretxe cirtaihcysp ehT
.nwo rieht no "noitca eht" revo koot slatipsoh latnem
etats lacol dna denodnaba ylegral saw margorp lanoitan eht nehw ,1491 fo dne eht ot roirp
sretnec noitanimretxe cirtaihcysp ot ffo deppihs neeb dah stneitap fo sderdnuH .sweJ eht
fo redrum citametsys eht no koot reltiH erofeb margorp cirtaihcysp lanoitan a fo trap a
sa nugeb dah noitanimretxe eht taht mrifnoc latipsoh eht ta smarbA yb derevocnu sdroceR
.seicilop dna noitalsigel cinegue s'reltiH no esiarp
depaeh dna derotinom slanruoj lacidem gnidael s'dlrow eht ni selcitra ynaM .rewop koot eh
retfa dlrow eht dnuora stsitneics laicos dna stsirtaihcysp morf troppus deviecer reltiH
".elbaviecnoc 
ylecracs smees yadot hcihw yrevocer a ot dael dluow tub enutrofsim elbarusaemmi 
na morf ytinamuh eerf ylno ton dluow ... kcis yllatnem eht dna etareneged 
yllacisyhp eht fo trap eht no etaercorp ot ytinutroppo dna ytlucaf eht fo noitneverp A" 
"... nerdlihc rieht fo seidob eht ni gnireffus; rieht etauteprep 
ton tsum yhtrownu dna yhtlaehnu yllatnem dna yllacisyhp era ohw esohT" 
"... dniknam fo tca enamuh tsom eht stneserper 
,detucexe yllacitametsys fi ,dna nosaer tseraelc eht rof dnamed a si gnirpsffo 
evitcefed yllauqe gnitagaporp morf detneverp eb elpoep evitcefed taht dnamed oT"
:fpmaK nieM ni segassap hcus ynam
fo wef a morf etouq oT .emit eht fo skoobtxet cirtaihcysp dna slanruoj lanoitanretni
rojam eht morf enot ni dna egaugnal ni elbahsiugnitsidni yllaretil si fpmaK
nieM fo hcum taht esolc os saw stsirtaihcysp cinegue eht dna reltiH neewteb eit ehT
.setatS detinU eht dna ynamreG izaN ni
ediconeG cirtaihcysP : staoC etihW ni sreredruM ssaM .)6891( ynneL ,nopaL :ecnerefeR --
".semiger izaN ni snoitisop yek dleh ohw stsirtaihcysp fo rebmun a detcivnoc
slairT grebmeruN ehT .s0491 eht fo redrum ssam eht fo snigiro lanirtcod dna ,larudecorp

442
 ,lanoitutitsni eht dedivorp s0391 eht ni snoitutitsni latnem namreG ni elpoep fo aisanahtue
citametsys dna smelborp laicos fo noitazilacidem eht taht eugra sretnemucod tsuacoloH"
"..."noitulos lanif"..." 321
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".etats ladiconeg a" dellac sah ralohcs tsuacoloH eno
tahw otni yrtnuoc eht gninrut ,redrum ssam eht fo scitsigol eht ni devlovni saw ycarcuaerub
s'ynamreG fo mra yrevE .srebmahc sag ni dellik erew meht fo ytirojam eht ,yenruoj eht
devivrus yeht fi ,erehw spmac noitanimretxe ot niart thgierf yb selim fo sderdnuh detropsnart
gnieb erofeb sottehg otni demmarc erew amoR dna sweJ .sgnitoohs ssam ni stnenoppo
lacitilop dna sweJ deredrum neppurgztasniE dellac stinu dezilaiceps ,eporuE nretsae
ni yrotirret wen dereuqnoc hcieR drihT eht erehW .esaesid ro noitsuahxe fo deid yeht
litnu ruobal evals sa desu erew setamni hcihw ni dehsilbatse erew spmac noitartnecnoC
.II raW dlroW fo kaerbtuo eht erofeb sraey detcane saw yteicos livic morf sweJ
eht evomer ot noitalsigeL .segats ni dehsilpmocca erew ediconeg dna noitucesrep ehT
.stnedissid suoigiler dna lacitilop dna ;nem
yag ;delbasid eht ;elpoep civalS rehto ;seloP cinhte ;raw fo srenosirp ylralucitrap
,steivoS ;amoR eht gnidulcni ,emiger eht yb dellik dna detucesrep erew spuorg rehtO
.reltiH flodA yb del ynamreG ni emiger )izaN( tsilaicoS lanoitaN eht yb detucexe dna dennalp
noitanimretxe etarebiled fo margorp a fo trap sa ,II raW dlroW gnirud sweJ naeporuE noillim
xis yletamixorppa fo gnillik eht ebircsed ot desu yllareneg mret eht si ,)"tnrub" ,sotsuak
dna "yletelpmoc" ,soloh :)notsuakóloh( νοτσυακόλ keerG eht morf( tsuacoloH ehT"
"...tsuacoloH ..." 221
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".tsuacoloH
eht ni spmac htaed dna spmac noitartnecnoc otcaf-ed otni meht gninrut eporuE
nretsaE fo seitic eht fo saera dekcap ylthgit otni seispyG semitemos dna sweJ enifnoc
ot sizaN eht yb dehsilbatse erew 4491-9391 eporuE deipucco ni sottehg II raW dlroW gniruD
.dnik nwo
sti htiw evil ot ytironim eht naht erom yap ot elba dna gnilliw si ytirojam eht nehW •
.saera ralucitrap otni seitironim ecrof
ot )sreirrab lagel ro ,ytilitsoh ,ecneloiv yllacipyt( noislupmoc sesu ytirojam eht nehW •
.seitironim laicar tnargimmi dna ,seitironim laicar rof yrtne fo strop sA •
:syaw eerht ni demrof si ottehG
.nosrep fo epyt
yna fo noitartnecnoc a htiw saera cihpargoeg etacidni ot ylevitarugif desu osla si "ottehG"
"...tenalp "ottehg" a si htraE"... 121
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

342
".snoitca sih morf yltnenamrep
dereffus mohw fo ynam ,noisserped mutrap-tsop dna sredrosid yteixna sa hcus smelborp
ronim rof etutitsni eht deretne dah ohw stneitap no tuo deirrac yllacipyt erew stnemirepxe siH
.stnemetats evititeper elpmis ro esion fo spool epat gniyalp elihw )esac eno ni eerht ot pu(
dne no shtnom rof amoc decudni-gurd otni stcejbus gnittup fo detsisnoc stnemirepxe
"gnivird" siH .rewop lamron eht semit 04 ot 03 ta ypareht evisluvnocortcele sa
llew sa ,sgurd citylarap suoirav htiw detnemirepxe osla noremaC ,DSL ot noitidda nI
.)deggurd saw nosrep eht elihw snoitasrevnoc ro DSL
,sisonpyh ,spool epat aiv( saedi dna seiromem eslaf htiw decalper eb yldesoppus neht
dluow hcihw ssol yromem cihportsatac ecudni ot dengised saw ,txetnoc siht ni sgurd
rehto dna ,ypareht amoc nilusni ,spool-epat ,stnasserped-itna ,)sisocran( tnemtaerT peelS
peeD htiw denibmoc tnemtaerT kcohS evisluvnoC nortcelE fo sesod 'cioreh' fo esu
evisnetxe ehT .levon eht retfa 'etadidnaC nairuhcnaM ehT' demret emaceb tpecnoc sihT
.anosrep demussa sih detroppus taht seiromem detnalpmi yleslaf eht laever ot elba
eb ylno dluow eH .ecnaigella hsitirB/naciremA eurt sih gnilaever fo erutrot neve ro sserud
rednu elbapacni eb dluow eh ,yrtnuoc evitpoda sih ni derutpac saw yps taht fi taht os level
peed a ta seiromem eslaf tnalpmi dna )'gninrettap-ed'( yps deilla na fo seiromem eht
etaretilbo ot yaw a dnif ot saw sehcraeser s’AIC eht dna tnagraS ,noremaC fo mia ehT
.snoitcennoc ecivreS ecnegilletnI terceS hsitirB dna
AIC evisnetxe dah nem htoB .aera siht ni sehcraeser lautum rieht dna seuqinhcet gninrettaped dna gnihsawniarb no noitamrofni dna sweiv degnahcxe dna derahs ohw seugaelloc
dna sdneirf erew ,yteiroton ARTLUKM tcejorP fo noremaC newE rD dna tnagraS
.scitilop dna noigiler ni gnihsawniarb fo smsinahcem eht ot sgnidnif s’volvaP detcennoc osla tnagraS .ylsuoicanet dleh eb
ot metsys feileb wen a esuac ylbissop dluoc siht ,ytilanosrep laitini s’god eht no gnidnepeD
.ssenlli hguorht sa ,noitidnoc lacisyhp s’god a gnignahc dna slangis evitagen dna evitisop
gnitator ,sdoirep gnitiaw lamron naht regnol ,slangis esnetni yb desuac eb osla dluoc sihT
.nwodkaerb a gnisuac ecnesse ni ,esnopser rof yticapac s’god a dnoyeb sesserts detalumits
yb degnahc eb dluoc snrettap roivaheb denoitidnoC .smetsys feileb dezilanretni dna
denrael elpoep syaw eht ot sgnidnif s’volvaP detcennoc tnagraS mailliW .dniM eht rof elttaB
,gnihsawniarb fo ygolohcysp eht no skoob tsrif eht fo eno dehsilbup tnagraS mailliW 7591 nI
".snoitcurtsnoc eslaf s'tsipareht
eht tpecca ot enorp era stneitap sisylanaocran fo etats neknurd eht nI .noitcaerba dna
esnopser lanoitome denethgieh eveihca ot ecneirepxe-efil s'tneitap eht fo stcaf eht
trotsid yletarebiled dluohs tsipareht eht taht" ,gniraeh etaneS .S.U 7791 eht ta detsetta
eH .stneitap otni seiromem eslaf gnicalp fo sdohtem ni reenoip a saw tnagraS mailliW
.sedaced eerht rof tnirp ni deniamer dna ypareht kcohs dna
ymotobol dedulcni taht yrtaihcysp lacigoloib no koobtxet a ,yrtaihcysP ni tnemtaerT
fo sdohteM lacisyhP ot noitcudortnI nA gnitirw ni retalS htiw detaroballoc eh 4491 nI
.nwoD
notroP ta ertneC erafraW lacigoloiB eht ta sgurd gnidneb-dnim fo esu eht gnitagitsevni ,AIC
eht rof snoitarepO laicepS fo daeH gnitcA ytupeD ,noslO knarF htiw detaicossa eh 3591
nI .)6IM/5IM( ecivreS ecnegilletnI terceS hsitirB eht ot tnatlusnoc a saw tnagraS mailliW"
"...stsirtaihcysp tnemnrevog yb depoleved sdohtem lortnoc-dnim ..." 021

242
 gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".noitarepo
galf eslaf a erew SU eht no skcatta 1002 ,11 rebmetpeS eht yas hcihw )rotidE
- ecnedive drah fo ydob egral yrev a dna( seiroeht ycaripsnoc 11/9 suoirav era erehT
.detabed yllanoisacco dna nwonknu llits si erif gatshcieR
eht detrats yllautca ohw fo noitseuq eht ,sraey 47 retfA ”.debircserp esiwrehto stimil lagel
eht dnoyeb elbissimrep osla era ,ytreporp no snoitcirtser sa llew sa snoitacsifnoc rof
sredro ,sehcraes esuoh rof stnarraw dna snoitacinummoc cinohpelet dna cihpargelet
,latsop fo ycavirp eht fo snoitaloiv dna ;noitaicossa dna ylbmessa fo sthgir eht
no ;sserp eht fo modeerf gnidulcni ,noinipo fo noisserpxe eerf fo thgir eht no ,ytrebil
lanosrep no snoitcirtseR“ :detats hcihw ”,etatS eht dna elpoep eht fo noitcetorP
eht rof“ eerced ycnegreme na gniussi yb yad txen eht dednopser grubnedniH ,reltiH
fo gnigru eht tA .erif no tes saw gnidliub gatshcieR eht 3391 ,72 .beF fo thgin eht nO
".esimorpmoc
lacitilop fo sepoh yna gnihsauq fo mia eht htiw skcatta tsirorret tuo yrrac ot saw noissim
esohw )etarotceriD ecnallievruS lairotirreT / eriotirreT ud ecnallievruS al ed noitceriD(
TSD eht yb 6591 rebmeceD ni detaerc stsirorret-retnuoc fo puorg a ,)FARO( ecnatsiseR
naireglA hcnerF eht fo noitazinagrO eht" fo dednimer LAJO eht ,)9991( pporK lacsaP dna
togilaF regoR ot gnidroccA )cilbupeR naireglA eht fo draugefas eht rof noitasinagrO terceS(
ARSSO eht ro )snaireglA eerF gnuoY fo noitasinagrO( LAJO eht dedulcni spuorg hcuS
.skcatta rorret galf eslaf dettimmoc dna stsirorret tsimalsI sa sevlesmeht desiugsid secrof
ytiruces )étirucéS al ed te tnemengiesneR ud tnemetrapéD(SRD fo desopmoc sdauqs htaeD
.4991-dim eht ni gnitrats ,raw livic naireglA eht gnirud deyolpme osla erew scitcat galf eslaF
.ecnarF ni sweJ dna sbarA
neewteb noisnet esaercni ot depoh hcihw puorg tsirorret tsicsaf-oen a yllaer saw ,puorg
tsinoiZ a yldesoppus ,tnemevoM esnefeD dna noitcA adasaM eht ,ecnarF nI .)inivlaS odiuG
yb elpmaxe rof ,snoitagitsevni suoirav dna .cte ,ercassam angoloB 0891 ,romuR onairaM
retsiniM roiretnI remrof fo tpmetta noitanissassa 3791 ,arreugicniV oznecniV yb kcatta
onaeteP 2791 ,gnibmob anatnoF azzaiP 9691 ,oidalG noitarepO ees( secivres terces nailatI
eht htiw gnitarepooc snoitazinagro thgir-raf yb tuo deirrac tcaf ni erew ,snoitazinagro tfel-raf
ot detubirtta ,s0791 eht ni sgnibmob lareves hcihw ni noisnet fo ygetarts nailatI eht gniruD
.noisnet fo ygetarts s'ylatI gnirud ,elpmaxe rof ;emitecaep ni desu neeb evah dna ,snoitarepo ycnegrusni-retnuoc dna raw ot detimil ton era
snoitarepo galf eslaF .nwo s'eno naht rehto yrtnuoc a fo galf eht gniylf ,si taht ;sroloc eslaf
gniylf fo tpecnoc yratilim eht morf devired si eman ehT .seititne rehto yb tuo deirrac gnieb
era yeht fi sa raeppa ot dengised era hcihw ,snoitazinagro rehto ro ,snoitaroproc
,stnemnrevog yb detcudnoc snoitarepo trevoc era snoitarepo galf eslaF"
"...seitivitca rieht esiugsid ot snoitarepo noitacovorp eslaf gnisu..." 911
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ecilop terces a sa deurtsnoc ro nees eb yam hcihw ,srewop
gnipeews ro lanoitidda secivres ytiruces dna gnicilop sti tnarg yllufwal yam ycarcomed a ,raw
ro ycnegreme fo semit ni ,dna ycarcomed fo seiteirav tnereffid era ereht setats citarcomed
ni tsixe ton od yllamron ecilop terces hguohtlA ."secnaraeppasid" dna snoitanissassa
tuo yrrac ot sdauqs htaed esu yam dna ,tnessid dna noitisoppo lacitilop sserppus

142
 ot rorret fo stca dna ecneloiv esu yllausu setats nairatilatot dna spihsrotatcid
ni secrof ecilop terceS .stnemnrevog fo sepyt ynam yb desu neeb evah ecilop terceS
.lanubirt terces a yb ro ,lairt wohs elyts-truoc ooragnak a ni
detcivnoc eb yam daetsni dna ,lairt cilbup a eviecer ton yam stcepsuS .tnemtaert enamuhni
ot detcejbus ro derutrot eb yam seetserra ,noitneted ni elihW .ssecorp eud tuohtiw
deniated dna detserra ylirartibra netfo era ecilop terces eht yb dedneherppa elpoeP
.tnessid fo detcepsus elpoep dneherppa ot ,nwad dna thgindim neewteb
semoh gnidiar rof denwoner era ecilop terces ehT .noitamrofni gnidivorp otni tcepsus
a fo sdneirf ro sevitaler ecreoc ro ,liamkcalb ,kcirt ot seuqinhcet suoirav esu ,senil
enohpelet pat ,liam nepo yam ecilop terceS .detserra eb yam stnenoppo hcus nopuerehw
,tnemnrevog eht tsniaga stca lagelli mrofrep ot stnenoppo lacitilop eticni ot sruetacovorp
stnega yolpme osla yam yeht dna ,stnedissid ro sredael tsetorp dnif ot stnamrofni
nailivic dna seips lanretni yolpme snoitazinagro ecilop-terceS .tniartser lacitcarp
on ro elttil htiw etarepo yllausu yeht taht rewop hcum os eurcca ot meht elbane ecilop terces
yb desu noitadimitni dna noitagitsevni fo scitcat ehT .weiver lanretxe tuohtiw stnemhsinup
esoht retsinimda ot dewolla dna ,yraiciduj cilbup eht fo tnednepedni stnemhsinup
tnemelpmi ot dengissa ,noitneted fo htgnel eht fo lortnoc desivrepusnu nevig era yeht sesac
emos ni tub ,niated dna tserra ot ytirohtua ecilop lanoitidart eht evah ylno ton ecilop terceS
.ecilop terces fo scitsiretcarahc
emos no gnikat dna yllufwalnu gnitca seicnega ytiruces-citsemod fo ytilibissop eht stsixe llits
ereht ,thgisrevo hcus etipseD .serusaem ytilibatnuocca rehto dna ,stnemeriuqer gnitroper
,noitaluger tnemnrevog ot tcejbus yllareneg era seicnega ytiruces citsemod esuaceb
,seicarcomed larebil nredom ni seicnega ytiruces citsemod eht morf reffid ecilop terceS
.setats ecilop sa ot derrefer semitemos era rewop tnacifingis dleiw ecilop terces eht erehw
setatS .noisserper lacitilop fo tnemurtsni na sa desu neeb netfo evah snoitazinagro
ecilop terceS .slaiciffo evitucexe tsompot eht rof tpecxe ,slaiciffo tnemnrevog lla
morf dna cilbup lareneg eht morf neddih dna erucsbo era snoitarepo rieht fo lla ro tsom ,.e.i
;ycerces ni yllaitrap ro yleritne etarepo yehT .tnemnrevog eht fo hcnarb evitucexe eht ot
ylno elbatnuocca netfo era yeht dna ,wal eht fo seiradnuob lamron eht edistuo gnitarepo
,secrof ecilop livic ot roirepus ytirohtua htiw dewodne yllaiciffo snoitazinagro tnemecrofne wal
era ecilop terceS .wal fo elur eht dlohpu naht rehtar etats eht fo rewop lacitilop eht niatniam
ot desu netfo era yeht sa ,semiger nairatilatot htiw detaicossa yllacipyt era secrof
ecilop terceS .etats eht ot staerht lanretni tsniaga ytiruces lanoitan niatniam ot ycerces
ni setarepo hcihw noitazinagro ecilop a era )ecilop lacitilop semitemos( ecilop terceS"
"...ecilop terces eht yb deganam si noitarepo sihT " 811
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".seiroeht tfihs
elop naht ytinummoc cifitneics eht ni ecnatpecca erom sah lasrever citengamoeG .)selop
citengam htuos dna htron eht gnihctiws ylevitceffe( dleif citengam s'htrae eht fo lasrever
cidoirep eht ,lasrever citengamoeG htiw desufnoc eb ot ton osla era seiroeht tfihs eloP
.sraey fo snoillim fo sderdnuh revo snaeco dna stnenitnoc fo pukaerb dna
gnigreme laudarg eht ni gnitluser ,htrae eht fo ecaf eht revo ylwols devom evah stnenitnoc
eht fo snoitacol taht sniatniam hcihw scinotcet etalp ot yralloroc eht ,tfird latnenitnoc htiw ron
;erehpsonehtsa diulf a revo tfihs hcihw setalp dilos fo stsisnoc ecafrus s'htraE eht taht yroeht
lacigoloeg detpecca-llew eht ,scinotcet etalp htiw desufnoc eb ot ton era seiroeht tfihs eloP

042
 .secnetsixe rieht gnirud
noitatneiroer laixa decneirepxe evah yam seidob metsys ralos rehto tub ,htraE fo txetnoc
eht ni dessucsid syawla tsomla si yroeht tfihs eloP .detfihs eb lliw ro neeb dah selop lacisyhp
sti taht ,sdrow rehto ni ;ereht tsisrep ton lliw sixa eht taht ro snoitacol yad-tneserp sti ta neeb
syawla ton sah tenalp a fo noitator fo sixa eht taht sisehtopyh a si yroeht tfihs elop ehT"
."sraey 000,02 yreve ecno tuoba yllacidar tfihs tenalp eht fo selop citengam ehT " 711
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ry / sretemitnec 01 - 5 fo sdeeps
ta yllacipyt si setalp eht fo tnemevom laretal ehT .seiradnuob etalp gnola rucco noitamrof
hcnert cinaeco dna ,gnidliub-niatnuom ,ytivitca cinaclov ,sekauqhtraE .seiradnuob mrofsnart
dna ,seiradnuob gnidaerps ro tnegrevid ,seiradnuob noisilloc ro tnegrevnoc :seiradnuob
etalp fo sepyt eerht fo eno ta rehtona eno ot noitaler ni evom setalp esehT .erehpsonehtsa
eht no edir setalp cirehpsohtil ehT .setalp ronim ynam dna rojam neves era ereht
,htraE fo esac eht ni — setalp cinotcet dellac era tahw otni pu nekorb si erehpsohtil ehT
.erusserp hgih ot eud
tub serutarepmet relooc fo esuaceb ton ,revewoh ,si sihT .niaga digir erom si erehpsonehtsa
eht woleb eltnam repeed ehT .selacs emit lacigoloeg no diuqil a ekil wolf nac dna htgnerts
raehs dna ytisocsiv wol ylevitaler sah erehpsonehtsa eht ,dilos hguohtlA .erehpsonehtsa eht
seil erehpsohtil eht woleB .eltnam eht fo trap tsomreppu digir eht dna tsurc eht gnisirpmoc
,erehpsohtil eht si evoba :sreyal owt fo pu edam si roiretni s'htraE eht fo trap tsomretuo ehT
.s0691 eht
gnirud depoleved gnidaerps roolfaes fo tpecnoc eht dna yrutnec ht02 eht fo flah tsrif eht morf
tfird latnenitnoc fo yroeht redlo eht dedesrepus dna dessapmocne yroeht ehT .erehpsohtil
s'htraE eht fo snoitom elacs egral rof ecnedive devresbo eht nialpxe ot depoleved neeb sah
taht ygoloeg fo yroeht a si )"nosam" ro "redliub" nōtket ,νωτκέτ keerG morf( scinotcet etalP"
".tfird dna elbmurc ,kcarc yllaunitnoc sessam dnal ehT" 611
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".lliw eerf fo tpecnoc s'retsaoroZ ni tnemele
lartnec a si noitapicitrap evitca sihT .yab ta soahc eht peek ot dna ssenippah erusne ot
yrassecen si sdeed doog dna sdrow doog ,sthguoht doog hguorht efil ni noitapicitrap evitcA
.tcilfnoc eht ni yalp ot elor evitca na sah
hcihw ,ytinamuh gnidulcni ,esrevinu eritne eht sevlovni tcilfnoc gnitluser ehT .redrosid dna
dooheslaf ,soahc fo sisehtitna eht si — redro dna hturt sa tnedive — noitaerc s'adzaM aruhA
.detcerid yletamitlu si pihsrow lla mohw ot dna
rotaerc detaercnu eno eht ,adzaM aruhA ,doG latnednecsnart dna lasrevinu eno si erehT
."sdeed doog ,sdrow doog ,sthguoht doog" ,esarhp elpmis
eht ni pu demmus eb ot neht si ytilarom nairtsaoroZ .niur rieht rof emalb ot sevlesmeht evah
live od ohw esohT .sdeed suoethgir od ohw esoht rof seripsnart doog ,msinairtsaoroZ nI

932
.efil rieht
evil slaudividni woh no dneped lla feirg dna ssenippah ,tnemhsinup ,draweR .rehtona
eno ot tca yeht yaw eht ni dna ,ni era yeht snoitautis lla rof ytilibisnopser raeb snamuH
.gnihcaet nairtsaoroZ ni detcejer si noitanitsederp ,ylralimiS .jurd fo krow eht etatilicaf os
dna ytud siht pu evig ot ro ,dlrow latrom eht ni si eno hcihw rof ytud dna ytilibisnopser
eht neewteb esoohc ot ,eciohc larom no sisahpme eht si msinairtsaoroZ ot lartneC
.are taht ni snigiro sti sah osla taht noigiler cideV lacirotsih
eht htiw stnemele emos serahs yltneuqesnoc msinairtsaoroZ dna ,doirep nainarI-odnIotorp eht fo sfeileb dna erutluc eht ot kcab decart eb nac msinairtsaoroZ fo stiart ynaM"
.naicigam dna cigam sdrow eht
fo nigiro eht si mret eht ,hsilgnE nI .narI ,narheT raen ,hevaS fo tcirtsid eht yadot si tahw
ni nees evah ot demialc oloP ocraM sevarg esohw dna )mehelhteB ot stfig thguorb ohw(
,elbiB eht ni "tsaE eht morf neM esiW" eht ,igaM )eht erew snairtsaoroZ( nwonk tseb ehT"
"...retsaoroZ..." 511
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ytilatrommi fo tseuq eht gnisserdda noigiler a si msioaT
.izgnauhZ eht ni
dnuof )thguoht dna ssenerawa ylidob fo dnim eht gniytpme( "noivilbo ni gnittis" eht sa hcus
,secitcarp ciretose dna iew uw neewteb noitcennoc a ees stsioaT emoS .sexat yvaeh dna
swal hsrah ,raw sa secnatsmucric hcus gnidiova snaem ti ,level lacitilop a nO .noitca hsifles
ot tsartnoc ni netfo ,seutriv yek sa ytilimuh dna yticilpmis htiw yldaorb mret eht desu izoaL
".tnemom
eht htiw gniwolf" dna ,"ylsuoenatnops gnitca" ,"ssengnihton gnitaerc" ,esnes lacirtaeht
eht ni "gnitca ton" ,"gnicrof ton" ,"gnihtyna gniod ton" naem nac ti ;noitalsnart hsilgnE
ni neve ,sgninaem elpitlum 'sdrow eht ni detcelfer dna xelpmoc yrev si iew uw fo tpecnoc
ehT .gnijedoaD eht fo tpecnoc lartnec a si ,"gnitca ton" ro "noitca-non" yllaretil ,iew uW
.tniop eht neprahs ot sexodarap gnisu ylediw ,laicifitra dna desaib yltnerehni
sa meht sweiv msioaT .dessessa yllacitirc era modsiw lanoitnevnoc dna egaugnaL
.oaD htiw ynomrah ni ,etats larutan rieht ot "nruter" a ot stneduts dael ot sdnetni gnijedoaD
ehT .oaD eht fo ecnalab larutan eht gnittespu ,"yllarutannu" tca ynaM .)erutan nwo
rieht retla ot elba era suht dna( lliw eerf dna serised evah elpoeP .snoitatsefinam )"dnasuoht
net"( ynam sti fo eno tsuj gnieb ,oaD eht nihtiw ecalp laiceps on evah snamuh ,gnijedoaD
eht ot gnidroccA .sgniht lla fo toor eht gnieb ,elbmuh ylemerpus tey lufrewop ylesnemmi
,tnednecsnart ton tub ,neesnu si ti :ecnetsixe lla fo laedi dna ecruos lacitsym eht sa )oaT
ro( oaD eht sebircsed ,rohtua detuper sti retfa izoaL eht ylpmis dellac netfo ,gnijedoaD ehT"
"...izoaL ..." 411
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sgnihcaet s'ahdduB eht yb dediug htap
lautirips a gnidaert yllanosrep yb derevocsid eb tsum hcihw ,dnim eht fo erutan eurt eht fo
gnidnatsrednu eht yb tub ,ylenivid delaever neeb evah ot deveileb ton si ecitcarp noitatidem
dna thgisni fo metsys tsihdduB ehT .si ti sa ytilaer dna hturt ees dna ihdob dellac gninekawa
lautirips eht niatta ot sevlesmeht aāvriN fo htap eht daert tsum ohw sgnieb tneitnes

832
 eht rof rehcaet dna ediug a ylelos si ahdduB eht dna ;sevlesmeht amrak ot detcejbus
era sdog taht detats eH .noitavlas dna ytinivid fo snoiton s'nosrep egareva eht denoitseuq
eH .gnidnatsrednu tcerroc dna scihte dezisahpme ahdduB eht ,noitidart ot gnidroccA
.dnim
raelcnu ot eud snoitautis lla morf reffus sgnieb lla tahT :)ahkud :tirksnaS( ahkkuD 
.noisulli na si "fles" tnatsnoc a fo noitpecrep eht tahT :)namtāna :tirksnaS( attanA 
.tnenamrepmi era sgniht lla tahT :)aytina :tirksnaS( accinA 
.)attana( ytitnedi tnednepedni
laer on evah yeht ,)accina( tneisnart dna denoitidnoc suht era sgniht lla esuaceB 
.erutuf
dna tneserp ,tsap emit gnirevoc tceffe dna esuac fo bew xelpmoc a ni anemonehp rehto fo
’ecnetsixe‘ eht fo esuaceb ylno 'stsixe' nonemonehp yna taht :noitanigiro tnednepeD 
.noitartnecnoc thgir dna ,ssenlufdnim thgir ,troffe thgir ,doohilevil thgir ,noitca
thgir ,hceeps thgir ,thguoht thgir ,gnidnatsrednu thgir :htaP dlofthgiE elboN ehT 
.gnireffus erofereht dna gnivarc dna tnemhcatta fo noitassec eht ot dael lliw htaP
dlofthgiE elboN eht gniwollof taht dna ;desaec eb nac gnivarc dna tnemhcatta taht ;gnivarc
dna tnemhcatta era ecnarongi taht fo smotpmys niam eht dna ecnarongi si gnireffus fo
nigiro eht taht ;ecnetsixe fo trap tnerehni na si gnireffus taht :shturT elboN ruoF ehT 
:ahdduB amatuaG
ot detubirtta sgnihcaet eht fo slatnemadnuf eht fo wef a eht era stniop gniwollof ehT"
"... ahdduB ..." 311
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".grebnesoR vaoY dna mutztiW noroD htiw learsI ni ytisrevinU
werbeH eht fo spiR uhayilE rosseforP yb "siseneG fo kooB eht ni secneuqeS retteL
tnatsidiuqE" repap eht ni debircsed euqinhcet eht no desab si koob s'ninsorD .aeS daeD
eht raen deirub si seveileb eh hcihw ,ksilebo siht dnif ot detpmetta ninsorD .ksilebo leets a
ni edoc eht ot yek eht tfel edoc eht thguorb ohw neila eht taht gnitseggus ,II edoC elbiB ehT
ni yroeht siht no setarobale ninsorD .)htraE ot edoc citeneg namuh eht fo AND eht thguorb
osla smialc eh hcihw( efil lairtserretartxe yb nettirw saw edoC eht taht stseggus ninsorD
.hparg a edisni tif ot dettamrof
neeb sah taht txet a ni slavretni lauqe ta segassap haroT suoirav fo srettel eht gnicalp
yb derehpiced eb nac dna ,haroT eht ni neddih eb ot detroprup era segassem ehT .elbib
werbeH eht ni dedocne era segassem hcihw ni ,"edoc elbiB" degella na sebircsed ninsorD
.sutats
relles-tseb dehcaer osla dna 2002 ni dehsilbup saw ,II edoC elbiB ehT ,leuqes A .7991
ni dehsilbup tsrif ,ninsorD leahciM yb koob laisrevortnoc gnilles-tseb a si edoC elbiB ehT"
"...dedoced...haroT..." 211
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
.”emehpsalb“ naht rehtar ”ecnuonorp“ fo gninaem eht deirrac
”htaed ot tup eb tsum HWHY fo eman eht semehpsalb ohw enoynA“ ,61:42 sucitiveL ni
desu ”emehpsalb“ rof drow werbeH eht ,ciamarA nI .sgninaem rehto dah tub ralimis ro emas
eht dednuos taht sdrow emos deniatnoc ,nommoc ni sdrow yralubacov ynam gnirahs elihw
,dna werbeH ot detaler ylesolc saw hcihw ,srotpac nainolybaB rieht fo egaugnal ciamarA

732
 eht yb decalper saw sweJ eht yb nekops egaugnal werbeH eht ,ytivitpac nainolybaB
eht gniruD .learsI fo doG eht fo eman eht, יהוה fo noitidner hsilgnE na si hewhaY"
lmth.sesom/taammehkna/moc.namfoniamod.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".netatehkA fo ytic eht ta
stsigoloeahcra yb dnuof saw hcihw netA eht ot nmyH eht fo tnemhsillebme na si 401 mlasP
.elbiB eht dna ytsanyD ht81 naitpygE eht fo erutaretil eht neewteb pihsnoitaler dehsilbatse
na si ereht ,evoba denoitnem sA .)7:7 ;b 41:5 auhsoJ( netA/nodA eltit eht gnisu
doG sesserdda osla auhsoJ dna ;netA/nodA eltit eht gnisu )82:11 srebmuN( auhsoJ
yb dna )11:21.muN ;22:23.xE( noraA yb htob desserdda si ,flesmih ,sesoM ;)71:01
;62:7 ;32:3 ymonoretueD ;71:41 srebmuN ;9:43 ;22:5 ;31,01:4 sudoxE( netA/nodA
eltit eht gnisu doG sesserdda sesoM :enola snoitacilppa gniwollof eht rof devreser si ti
erehw ,)ecnadrocnoC evitsuahxE s'gnortS ni "DROL" rednu eeS( elbiB eht fo skoob xis tsrif
eht ni yllaicepse ,tnacifingis si egasu detimil sti ,revewoh ,tneuqerfni si nodA fo mrof nettirw
ehT .daetsni deciov saw )netA( nodA ,duol tuo daer eb ot saw )hwhY( havoheJ eman nettirw
eht revenehW .nekops reven tub ,nettirw saw )hwhY( havoheJ eman eht ,semit tneicna ni
,revoeroM .doG fo seman lanosrep evisulcxe eht sa elbiB eht ni )hwhY( havoheJ htiw gnola
desu si )"droL ym" sa detalsnart ,ianodA dna( "droL eht" sa selbiB hsilgnE yb detalsnart
si hcihw ,nodA .nodA drow werbeH eht otni setaretilsnart netA ytied naitpygE eht
fo eman ehT .tnelaviuqe werbeH eht ,marmA fo nos eht sa ot derrefer si sesoM ,elbiB eht
nI .marmI eman eht erob ,netA eht ,rehtaf ylnevaeh dna dog s'netanehkA fo ehcuotrac ehT"
"...hewhaY .. 111
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
."nrub noitaidar enivid" fo tros a yb derugifsid saw
ecaf 'sesoM ,ti edih ot liev a raew ot dah yltneuqesbus eh ecnis ,taht thguoht ,efiL A :sesoM
koob sih ni ,hcsriK nahtanoJ .liev a raew ot sesoM gnidael dna setilearsI eht gninethgirf
,tnaidar emaceb ecaf 'sesoM fo niks eht doG htiw gniteem retfa taht sllet 53-92:43 sudoxE
."swerbeH" naem ot terpretni s0791 ot s0591 eht ni sralohcs emos mohw
— "uribaH" eht yb dedavni gnieb saw naanaC taht etacidni )netanehkA( VI petohnemA
dna III petohnemA shoarahP ot retal sraey ytrof .ac nettirw ,srettel anramA eht ecnis ,CB
s0041 dnuora derrucco evah yam )sesoM yb del ,tpygE morf evals werbeH fo sudoxE ehT("
"...sesoM..." 011
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".behmeroH
dna nemahknatuT fo sngier eht gnirud nemA fo tseirP hgiH eht saw "refenneraP"
.netanehkA fo emit eht fo gninnigeb eht litnu III petohnemA
fo ngier eht fo dne eht morf devres esomhatP taht dna esomhatP rof trohs si ayaM
taht setaluceps drofdeR .netanehkA fo 4 raey litnu nemA fo tseirP hgiH eht saw "ayaM"
.numA dog naitpygE tneicna eht fo doohtseirp
eht ni tseirp gniknar tsehgih eht saw numA fo tehporP tsriF ro numA fo tseirP hgiH ehT"
"...nemA fo stseirP eht yb detanissassa..." 901

632
 lmth.tnepres/msilobmys/ac.ycb.yrnosameerf :ecnerefeR --
".snaicisyhp rof lobmys a emaceb hcihw suecudac eht
dnuora snobbir niwt eht decalper retal sdnah sih ni stnepres owt ehT .)suipelcsA( suhcuihpO
,relaeh yradnegel eht retfa deman saw esuoh siht ,"noitacovnI fo doG" eht sa nwonK
.suihciehplA dellac saw noitalletsnoc siht seirutnec htneetneves dna htneetxis eht nI .oiprocS
revo tahwemos ,arbiL dna suirattigaS neewteb seil noitalletsnoc sihT .redloH tnepreS
eht ,suiratnepreS suhcuihpO sa nwonk caidoz eht fo ngis htneetriht a edulcni smetsys emos
taht tuo tniop lliw ,ygolortsa fo tnempoleved lacirotsih eht ni detseretni esoht ro ,sregolortsA
.rewollof sih emaceb daetsni tub mih llik ton dluoc ekans eht ,ahdduB eht fo htgnerts
renni eht ot euD .tsiaw sih dnuora semit neves flesti dnuob hcihw ekans a yb dekcatta
saw ahdduB eht dnegel rehtona nI .rotaerc eht fo modsiw dna rewop eht dezilobmys hcihw
,sekans deniwtne owt yb dednuorrus saw dlrow eht taht deniatniam ygolohtym esenihC
.soroboruO erugif siht dellac skeerG ehT .htaed dna efil ,noitaerc wen dna ,noitcurtsed
neewteb erutan fo elcyc gnidnenu eht stneserper ,liat sti gnitib ekans a ,snerovidnaC
snepreS lobmys ehT .ohtyP dellac ekans a yb dedraug si hcihw ,htrae eht fo levan eht dellac
semitemos ,dlrow eht fo ertnec eht ta tem hcihw selgae owt deerf sueZ ygolohtym keerG nI
.eerged tfarcwolleF eht ni nroc fo rae na fo egasu cinosam eht fo toor eht si siht taht
stseggus jieM .H .orB .W .htriber fo lobmys eht sa dedrager eb ot taehw fo faehs eht gnignirb
,evil ot dias saw suroH fo tirips eht erehw sdleif taehw eht dedraug osla eH .hteS dellik
dna pegA dellac ekans suonosiop a otni flesmih demrofsnart rohtaH deman dog a ,yrots
rehtona nI .sdog rehto eht yb detaerc saw hcihw ,hpenk eht ,gge cimsoc eht detanimesni
ot retaw eht morf degreme dna ekans a fo mrof eht koot ohw aR-numA dog nus
eht saw hcihw fo eno ,srewop ruof yb detaerc saw dlrow eht ygolohtym naitpygE tneicna nI
.ecnacifingis evitisop erom sti dah osla sah
ti tuB .nataS fo tnavres eht si ekans eht :live dna noitatpmet stneserper ekans eht ,sfeileb
naitsirhC maertsniam nI ".llaf yppahnu sih retfa madA ot edam esimorp eht ot ecnerefer
detbuodnu na gniraeb dna ;tnahpmuirt ytinaitsirhC fo melbme gnikirts A" ".ydob etartsorp
sti no gnilpmart ,yltnahpmuirt retne llahs yeht dna ,daeh sti gnisiurb yb srewollof lufhtiaf
sih ot nevaeH fo setag eht nepo lliw rerevileD desimorp eht rof ;epoH fo lobmys thgirb a
si ...yrnosaM fo melbme enitnepres ehT" ,tnepres a otni degnahc dor 'sesoM : yrnosameerF
ni lobmys tnacifingis" a si tnepres eht taht setirw revilO egroeG ,dnah rehto eht nO
.yrotsih fo dna ,aciretose ,noigiler fo stneduts ot tseretni
fo era ekans eht fo segasu cilobmys eht ,dias tahT .srerutcafunam ailager fo krow eht sa
nees ylisae si snorpa cinosam rof renetsaf a sa noitcudortni stI .yrnosameerF raluger fo lautir
ro sgnihcaet eht ni elor on syalp ekans ro tnepres eht taht dezisahpmerevo eb tonnac tI"
..."ekanS eht fo srehtorB"... 801
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ngier s'numahknatuT
gnirud snoisiced lacitilop tnatropmi eht fo tsom gnikam ylbaborp saw yA rosseccus
lautneve dna reiziv sih ,ega ylrae na hcus ta ngier sih nageb numahknatuT sA .dnuof reve
bmot naitpygE tneicna etelpmoc tsom eht -- tcatni yletelpmoc tsomla derevocsid saw sgniK
eht fo yellaV eht ni ,yleuqinu ,bmot sih taht dna netahnekA rossecederp sih yb decudortni

532
 snoitavonni suoigiler lacidar eht fo noitcejer sih morf smets ecnacifingis numahknatuT
smret lacirotsih nI .htaed ta dlo sraey neetenin mih gnikam ,sraey net yletamixorppa
rof dengier dna ,hoarahp emaceb eh nehw dlo sraey net ro enin ylno saw numahknatuT
.eb-ot-gnik-yob eht gnidloh saw
esrun tew eht taht etacidni dluow hcihw ,ybab a gnidloh esrun tew a ylekil erom ro ssecnirp a
rehtie si tahw gninnaf ,deb htaed s'ayiK ot txen gnidnats reraeb naf layor a wohs netanehkA
fo bmot eht ni llaw bmot eht no segami ,yroeht siht gnitroppuS .rieh na mih enrob evah dluoc
ehs taht elbissop si ti os "netanehkA fo efiW devoleB yltaerG" saw eltit s'ayiK neeuQ .ayiK
neeuQ efiw ronim sih dna ,VI petohnemA sa nwonk osla ,netanehkA fo nos eht saw eH"
"...numahknatuT ..." 701
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".)CB 9331( 11 raeY :ernepeteS •
.)CB 1431( 9 raeY :erurefenrefeN •
)CB 4431( 6 raeY :tirehsaT netaurefenrefeN •
numahknatuT fo neeuq retal ,netaapnesehknA •
.)CB 9431( eerht ro 1 raeY :netatekeM •
.)CB 6531(.eno raey fo gninnigeb yrev eht ro eno raey erofeB :netatireM •
:htrib fo sraey
detseggus htiw tsil a si sihT .netanehkA hoarahP eht htiw srethguad nwonk xis dah ehS
.)nemahknatuT dellac retal( netahknatuT hoarahP eht fo rehtorb-flah ro rehtaf eht neeb evah
yam netanehkA dnabsuh reh ,dewollof si shoarahp naitpygE tneicna eht fo ygolaeneg eht
fo noitcurtsnocer hcihw no gnidnepeD .netA fo eman eht yb dog eno depihsrow ylno ititrefeN
."eno lufituaeb" snaem eman reH ...ylimaf reh ni rehtona eno ot detaler wohemos erew yeht
taht stseggus taht nemow eseht fo hcae fo seltit eht nopu desab ecnedive emos si erehT
.mohw htiw os fi dna nerdlihc dah reve ehs taht noitacidni on si ereht tub eyiT ediseb efiW
layoR taerG ot detavele si numatiS .III petohnemA fo noisnecsa eht retfa tsixe ot desaec
taht seltit yratidereh tnatropmi dleh teraI .rehtom s'numatiS saw teraI neeuQ .III petohnemA
fo retsis-flah ,numatiS fo rethguad eht sa ititrefeN secalp yroeht rehtonA .ytilibon nabehT
hgih eht fo ro ,III petohnemA fo evitaler ro rethguad a saw ititrefeN taht detseggus neeb osla
sah tI .demrifnoc yllaiciffo neeb tey ton sah siht tub ,eman evitanretla na sa ,sllorcs redlo
ni denoitnem neeb sah nihtiremiN eman ehT .apihkudaT ssecnirp innatiM eht htiw ititrefeN
deifitnedi troppus emos deniag taht yroeht rehtonA .hoarahp eb ot retal YA fo rethguad eht
saw ehs taht deveileb yllareneg won si ti tub ,ytniatrec htiw nwonk ton si egatnerap s'ititrefeN
.muesuM setlA
s'nilreB ni won ,tsub reh yb suomaf edam saw ehS .gniraew sa deyartrop netfo saw ehs taht
,"refen" dellac ,daeb dlog detagnole fo epyt a htiw eman reh serahs osla ehS ."devirra sah
eno )tcefrep ro( lufituaeb eht" ot setalsnart ylhguor eman reH .hcraeser tsetal eht yb detbuod
si noitacifitnedi siht hguohtla ,numahknatuT fo noissecca eht erofeb dna htaed s'dnabsuh
reh retfa ylfeirb netaurefenrefeN eman eht rednu thgir nwo reh ni hoarahp sa delur osla evah
yam ititrefeN .numahknatuT hoarahP eht fo rehtompets elbaborp dna wal-ni-rehtom eht saw
ehS .netanehkA hoarahP naitpygE eht fo )efiw/trosnoc feihc ro( efiW layoR taerG eht saw
)ECB 0331 .c - ECB 0731 .c( )at
itarfan* ekil gnihtemos emit eht ta decnuonorp( ititrefeN"
...ititrefeN ..." 601

432
 gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".dnuof neeb evah eugalp eht fo secart eht anramA
ta taht tcaf eht ot eud detseggus neeb osla sah eugalp kcalb ehT .shcranom anramA eht
tsniaga denrut evah ot sdog eht deredisnoc snoitareneg retal yhw nialpxe osla yam tI
.denodnaba yltneuqesbus saw netatehkA fo etis eht hcihw htiw ytidipar eht nialpxe pleh yam
esaesid fo ecnelaverp ehT .snamuh ni azneulfni cimednap fo nigiro fo etis elbissop a sa
detseggus neeb osla sah aisA dna nwonknu sniamer eugalp naitpygE siht fo erutan
esicerp eht ,revewoH .azneulfni fo kaerbtuo dedrocer tseilrae eht neeb evah yam tsaE raeN
tneicnA eht tuohguorht doirep siht dewollof taht cimednap eht dna ,tpygE tneicnA fo doirep
anramA eht gnirud si metsys larutlucirga siht rof ecnedive lacigoloeahcra tsrif eht fo emoS
.setsaw rieht dna slamina eseht fo gnixim eht wolla taht
smetsys larutlucirga fo tnempoleved eht ot eud eb yam esaesid cimednap a sa nigiro sti dna
,snamuh dna sgip ,lwof retaw fo ytimixorp esolc eht htiw detaicossa esaesid a si azneulfnI
.gniK etittiH eht ,I amuilulippuS gnillik ,tsaE elddiM eht tuohguorht daerps dna tpygE
morf emac hcihw ,azneulfni fo kaerbtuo dedrocer tsrif s'dlrow eht spahrep ro ,oilop ro ,eugalp
eht ylbissop ,cimednap a fo kaerbtuo suoires a htiw detaicossa osla si doirep anramA sihT
".noitaerc taht fo trap eno yna yb detneserper
yletauqeda ro ylluf eb tonnac ,noitaerc gnidnecsnart gnihtemos sa erutan yrev sti
yb ,taht gnihtemos fo noitatneserper a :taht tsuj sa nekat eb ot saw rotaerC gnissapmocnellA sa nus eht fo noitatneserper eht taht gnitats ,"etontoof cihpylgoreih" fo tros a
htiw deinapmocca syawla erew netA eht fo snoitatneserper taht ,revewoh ,eton ot tnatropmi
si tI .ytied lasrevinu a rehtar tub ,dog nus a ylerem ton deredisnoc yltnedive saw neht yb ohw
,netA fo tirips neesnu eht tneserper ot raeppa )sdnah ni gnidne detciped ylnommoc( syar
eht hcihw ni ,csid ralos deyar a fo noitpecxe eht htiw ,slodi no nab a dedulcni hcihw ,emiger
wen eht fo msilacidar eht ezisahpme ot ,9 raeY retfa yltnereffid nettirw osla si eman s'netA
.devomer osla erew 'sdog' larulp eht fo snoitpircsni secnatsni fo rebmun
a ni dna ,tpygE tuohguorht selpmet s'numA fo gnicafed eht deredro eH .elpoep sih dna netA
neewteb yraidemretni ylno eht saw ,netanehkA ,eh taht dna ,dog ylno eht tub ,dog emerpus
eht ylerem ton saw netA taht deralced netanehkA ngier sih fo 9 raeY yb ,revewoH .txetnoc
suoigiler naitpygE railimaf a ni saedi sih tup ot tpmetta na ni ,)aR dog nus eht htiw degrem
gnimoceb numA ni gnitluser ,numA fo tluc eht fo ecnenimorp ot esir reilrae na fo tluser eht
flesti( aR-numA ytied emerpus railimaf eht fo tnairav a sa netA detneserp netanehkA ,yllaitinI
.netA eht ot nmyH taerG eht desopmoc
evah ot deveileb osla si netanehkA .motsuc suoiverp eht neeb dah sa ,serusolcne elpmet
krad ni naht rehtar ,thgilnus nepo eht ni deppihsrow saw netA ,selpmet wen eseht nI .numA
fo elpmet dlo eht ot esolc ,kanraK ta eno gnidulcni ,tpygE tneicna ni sexelpmoc elpmet
evissam tsom eht fo emos fo noitcurtsnoc eht wasrevo osla netanehkA ,netA fo ronoh nI
.sraey erom lareves rof deunitnoc evah ot smees ytic eht fo noitcurtsnoc hguoht ,netanehkA
ni secitcarp suoigiler naitpygE dezilartnec eh drawretfa noos yreV .evitcepsrep suoigiler
gnitfihs sih fo ecnedive sa )'netA fo tiripS evitceffE'( netanehkA ot eman sih degnahc
yllaiciffo VI petohnemA ,raey emas eht nI .anramA sa yadot nwonk etis eht ta ,)'netA
fo noziroH'( netatehkA ,latipac wen sih no noitcurtsnoc fo gninnigeb eht dekram thgie raeY
.ngier s'hoarahP a fo raey hteitriht
eht ni dleh yllanoitidart saw ,pihsgnik fo srewop enivid s'hoarahP eht ecrofnier ot dednetni
eelibuj layor fo tros a ,lavitsef-deS a ecnis ,pets lausunu ylhgih a – raey langer driht sih ni
lavitsef deS a etarbelec ot noisiced sih htiw nugeb evah ot sraeppa noitamrofer suoigiler siH

332
 .ititrefeN saw efiw feihc s'netanehkA ECB 4331 – ECB 1531 ro ECB 6331 - ECB 3531
morf era )ygolonorhc naitpygE gnidnuorrus setabed eht ot tcejbus( ngier s'netanehkA rof
setad detsegguS .sraey 21 ro 2 ot 1 rehtie neewteb gnitsal ycnegeroc a retfa ylbissop ,ngier
raey-83 sih fo dne eht ta htaed s'III petohnemA retfa rehtaf sih dedeeccus VI petohnemA
.siht ta saw eh lufsseccus
woh ot sa stbuod era ereht hguohtla ,netA fo pihsrow citsiehtonom eht ni noitalupop
naitpygE eht lepmoc ot gnitpmetta rof deton yllaicepse si eH .tpygE fo ytsanyd htneethgiE
eht fo hoarahP a saw ,raey tsrif sih erofeb )deifsitaS si numA gninaem dna VI sihponemA sa
daer semitemos( VI petohnemA sa nwonk tsrif ,netA fo tirips evitceffE gninaem ,netanehkA"
"...netanehkA..." 501
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".enorht eht ot mih dedeeccus yletamitlu ohw ,netanehkA ,nos dnoces sih dna ,rehtaf sih
desaecederp ohw esomhtuT ecnirP nworC eht aiv msiehtonom fo rotinegorp eht sa nwonk
neeuq taerg a ,eyiT efiW layoR taerG sih htiw snos owt derehtaf III petohnemA .rehtaf
s'petohnemA fo efiw ronim a ,aiwmetuM yb VI esomtuhT fo nos eht saw III petohnemA
.deid VI esomtuhT rehtaf sih retfa ECB 0531/CB 1531 rebmeceD ot ECB 8831 enuJ ro ECB
3531 rebmeceD-CB 1931 enuJ morf tpygE delur eh ,srohtua tnereffid ot gnidroccA .ytsanyd
htneethgiE eht fo hoarahp htnin eht saw deifsitaS si numA gninaem ,III petohnemA"
"...III petohnemA..." 401
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".aimatoposeM
ni seirotirret naitpygE eht gnikcatta "uribaH" fo sdnab gnidiar ebircsed hcihw ,netanehkA
ot selbon yb nettirw ,"sretteL anramA" eht dna ,msiehtonom 'sesoM ot rossecederp
elbissop a gnieb netanehkA fo noigiler citsiehtonom eht :era yroeht siht dniheb
saedi lapicnirp ehT .desrever yltneloiv gnieb erew smrofer citsiehtonom s'hoarahp eht fo
ynam nehw )CB 4331 .ac( htaed s'netanehkA retfa tpygE delf evah yam sesoM taht tseggus
,llebpmaC hpesoJ ot duerF dnumgiS morf ,sralohcs fo rebmun tnacifingis A .netanehkA
hoarahP eht fo truoc eht ni elbon a sa sesoM secalp weiv lacilbiB-non dna tneceR"
lmth.sesom/taammehkna/moc.namfoniamod.www//:ptth
".netatehkA fo ytic eht ta stsigoloeahcra yb dnuof saw
hcihw netA eht ot nmyH eht fo tnemhsillebme na si 401 mlasP .elbiB eht dna ytsanyD ht81
naitpygE eht fo erutaretil eht neewteb pihsnoitaler dehsilbatse na si ereht ,evoba denoitnem
sA .)7:7 ;b 41:5 auhsoJ( netA/nodA eltit eht gnisu doG sesserdda osla auhsoJ
dna ;netA/nodA eltit eht gnisu )82:11 srebmuN( auhsoJ yb dna )11:21.muN ;22:23.xE(
noraA yb htob desserdda si ,flesmih ,sesoM ;)71:01 ;62:7 ;32:3 ymonoretueD
;71:41 srebmuN ;9:43 ;22:5 ;31,01:4 sudoxE( netA/nodA eltit eht gnisu doG sesserdda
sesoM :enola snoitacilppa gniwollof eht rof devreser si ti erehw ,)ecnadrocnoC evitsuahxE
s'gnortS ni "DROL" rednu eeS( elbiB eht fo skoob xis tsrif eht ni yllaicepse ,tnacifingis
si egasu detimil sti ,revewoh ,tneuqerfni si nodA fo mrof nettirw ehT .daetsni deciov
saw )netA( nodA ,duol tuo daer eb ot saw )hwhY( havoheJ eman nettirw eht revenehW
.nekops reven tub ,nettirw saw )hwhY( havoheJ eman eht ,semit tneicna ni ,revoeroM
.doG fo seman lanosrep evisulcxe eht sa elbiB eht ni )hwhY( havoheJ htiw gnola desu
si )"droL ym" sa detalsnart ,ianodA dna( "droL eht" sa selbiB hsilgnE yb detalsnart si hcihw
,nodA .nodA drow werbeH eht otni setaretilsnart netA ytied naitpygE eht fo eman ehT

232
 .tnelaviuqe werbeH eht ,marmA fo nos eht sa ot derrefer si sesoM ,elbiB eht
nI .marmI eman eht erob ,netA eht ,rehtaf ylnevaeh dna dog s'netanehkA fo ehcuotrac ehT"
"...sesoM..." 301
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".noitanracnier fo evitseggus sesac naeporuE no koob a dehsilbup
nosnevetS ,msicitirc fo epyt siht gniwolloF .noitanracnier fo tpecnoc eht timrep netfo snoigiler
tnanimod erehw ,seiteicos nretsaE ni etanigiro noitanracnier fo sesac detroper s'nosnevetS
rosseforP fo ytirojam tnacifingis a taht deton eb dluohs ti ,revewoH .seiromem s’dlihc eht
rof snoitanalpxe "lamron" elbissop lla tuo delur sdohtem tcirts sih taht deveileb nosnevetS
.ylimaf s'yob eht ot noitcennoc tnerappa on dah
ohw dna ,nrob saw yob eht erofeb sraey lareves deid dah ohw nam a fo efil eht hctam ot tuo
denrut hcihw fo lla -- htiw gnitnuh tnew eh elpoep eht dna ,snisuoc dna stnerap dna sretsis
s'cinahcem eht fo seman eht ,hsarc eht fo noitacol tcaxe eht ,revird eht fo eman eht dedivorp
yob eht ,sessentiw elpitlum ot gnidroccA .daor hcaeb a no rac gnideeps a morf htaed
sih ot nworht ,cinahcem dlo-raey-52 a gnieb fo ekops turieB ni yob a ,esac lacipyt ylriaf a nI
.shpargotohp yspotua sa hcus sdrocer lacidem
yb deifirev ,desaeced eht no sracs dna sdnuow ot stcefed htrib dna skramhtrib dehctam
osla eH .yromem s'dlihc eht dehctam taht efil s'nosrep desaeced eht fo stcaf eht deifirev
dna ,htiw deifitnedi yldegella dlihc eht nosrep desaeced eht deifitnedi eh nehT .stnemetats
s'dlihc eht detnemucod yllacidohtem nosnevetS rosseforP ,esac hcae nI .efil tsap a tuoba
nekops yltnerappa evah ohw nerdlihc fo yduts eht ot detoved sraey 04 revo tneps nosnevetS
.noitanracnieR fo evitsegguS sesaC ytnewT
sa hcus skoob ni ,ainigriV fo ytisrevinU eht morf ,nosnevetS naI rosseforP yb dehsilbup
neeb evah noitanracnier fo rovaf ni stroper lanosrep fo snoitcelloc deliated tsom ehT
.labinnaH
lareneG nainigahtraC fo noitanracnier a saw eh deveileb nottaP ,ralucitrap nI .srotsecna
sih fo snoisiv ekilefil ,diviv nees evah ot demialc netfo ,ylimaf sih fo srebmem rehto
ynam htiw gnola ,dna noitanracnier ni reveileb hcnuats a saw nottaP .S egroeG lareneG
".su ot sevig efil fo weiv gnol
eht taht ssenmlac eht srehto ot etacinummoc ot ekil dluow I .esae ta sdnim s’nem
stup ti taht os ti etirw ,noitasrevnoc siht fo drocer a evreserp uoy fI .esae ta dnim ym
tup noitanracnieR fo yrevocsid ehT .erom wonk yeht os dna ,srehto naht sluos redlo
era emoS .sevil ynam ni ecneirepxe gnol fo tiurf eht si ti tub ,tnelat ro tfig a si ti taht
kniht ot mees emoS .ecneirepxe si suineG .kcolc eht fo sdnah eht ot evals a regnol
on saw I .detimil regnol on saw emiT .saedi ym tuo krow ot ecnahc a saw ereht
taht dezilaer I nalp lasrevinu a dnuof dah I fi sa saw ti noitanracnieR derevocsid
I nehW .txen eht ni efil eno ni tcelloc ew ecneirepxe eht ezilitu tonnac ew fi elituf
si kroW .noitcafsitas etelpmoc em evig ton dluoc krow nevE .tniop eht ot gnihton
dereffo noigileR .xis-ytnewt saw I nehw noitanracnieR fo yroeht eht detpoda I"
:sfeileb s'droF
debircsed 8291 ,62 tsuguA morf renimaxE ocsicnarF naS eht morf etouq A .grubsytteG fo
elttab eht ta dellik reidlos a sa yltnecer tsom ,erofeb devil dah eh decnivnoc saw droF yrneH

132
 .nottaP egroeG lareneG dna droF yrneH edulcni snoitpecxe elbatoN .noitanracnier ni
feileb a depoleved evah tseW eht ni elpoep fo ytironim tnacifingis a ,sedaced tnecer gniruD
.etanracnier ot )luos lanrete ro( "fles" on
si ereht taht ni stnemevom egA weN dna snoitidart desab-udniH eht morf yltnacifingis sreffid
noitanracnier sa ot derrefer netfo hguohtla htribeR fo tpecnoc tsihdduB ehT .ytinaitsirhC
ciretosE dna citsonG dna msifuS ,halabbaK sa hcus seihposolihp ciretose fo stneduts
dna ,snoitidart nacirfA niatrec fo srenoititcarp ,msitiripS fo srewollof htiw gnola ,stnemevom
egA weN emos od sa noitanracnier ni eveileb osla snagaP nredom ynaM .srehposolihp
keerG tneicnA emos yb deniatretne osla saw aedi ehT .msihkiS dna ,msiniaJ ,)msiviahS
dna ,msivanhsiaV ,agoY gnidulcni( msiudniH sa hcus ,snoitidart suoigiler naidnI fo ytirojam
eht nihtiw tenet lartnec a si enirtcod sihT .nonemonehp tneicna na si noitanracnier ni feileB
.sevil evisseccus eht tuohguorht
tnatsnoc sniamer fles eht fo trap emos tub ,dlrow lacisyhp eht ni efil hcae gnirud depoleved
si ytilanosrep wen a ,sfeileb hcus ot gnidroccA ."I" ro ,"kraps enivid" ,fles "eurt" ro "rehgih"
eht ,luos ro tirips eht sa ot derrefer netfo si trap laitnesse sihT .ydob wen a ni nrober eb ot
htaed sevivrus )sgnieb namuh ylno snoitairav emos ni( gnieb gnivil a fo trap laitnesse emos
taht feileb lacisyhpatem ro enirtcod a si ,"niaga hself edam eb ot" yllaretil noitanracnieR"
:noitanracnier fo nonemonehp eht seilpmi sihT .noitarepo tenalp nosirp
dna aisenma na fo txetnoc eht ni "efil erutuf" a srefni yllacitamotua oiranecs "sevil tsap" A
".sevil tsap..." 201
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".secrof evitagen hsiuqnav ot gnieb sa
esoprup rieht snoitnem atiG davagahB ehT .aguY ilaK fo dne eht ta neppah ot llits eno htiw
,tsap eht ni derrucco gnivah sa debircsed era )hcihw( 'snoitanracni' ro ,sratava enin sah eH
."enO gnidavrePllA eht" yletamixorppa ot gnitalsnart ,un xiffus a dna ,"edavrep ot" ro ,"retne ot ,elttes
ot" gninaem ,śiv toor eht sevlovni uiV eman eht fo noitanalpxe tirksnaS lanoitidart ehT
.semit 39 denoitnem si unhsiV
,adevgiR eht nI .nihtiw stnemele lla spoleved dna setanigiro dna esrevinU eht snrevog dna
sniatsus ,stroppus ohw eno ,secnetsixe lla fo reyortsed dna rotaerc eht ,erutuf dna tneserp
,tsap eht dnoyeb dna fo retsam eht ,sgnieb lla fo ecnesse gnidavreP-llA eht si unhsiV"
"...unhsiV..." 101
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".kiR eht htiw rehtegot dessalc esac taht ni gnieb ,dedulcni lla ta fi ,adeV htruof eht
,)sujay( reyarp dna ,)namas( tnahc ro enut ,)kir( snmyh fo ,modsiw dlofeerht ro ,aydiv iyart
eht sa ot derrefer yltneuqerf osla si )snoitcelloc eerht tsrif eht ylralucitrap dna( stxet fo ydob
eritne sihT .artnam dellac ,erutan lanoitoved a fo stxet ,laciteop yltsom ,dercas fo )atihimas(
noitcelloc a fo yliramirp stsisnoc sadeV ruof eseht fo hcaE .snavrahtA eht fo erol ro
,adevavrahtA eht )4( dna ;)salumrof laicifircas ro( reyarp fo erol ro ,adevrujaY eht )3( ;)stnahc
ro( senut fo erol ro ,adevamaS eht )2( ;)snmyh ro( esiarp fo erol ro ,adev-giR eht )I( 

032
 :adeV dellac esiwekil ,snoitcelloc etanidro-oc ruof )emehcs retal a ot gnidrocca( ro eerht
otni dedivid si nonac dercas sihT .feileb suoigiler fo metsys lacinamharB eht fo noitadnuof
eht smrof hcihw dna ,)"gniraeh" yllaretil ,iturhs( noitalever enivid ot debircsa si hcihw fo
nigiro eht sgnitirw fo ydob a secarbme "erol )dercas( ,egdelwonk" snaem adev mret ehT"
"...snmyH cideV eht ..." 001
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".noitanimoned cihpargomed a ni nayrA drow eht esu ot
seirtnuoc ylno eht era narI dna aidnI ,yltnerruC .lobmys akitsaws eht sa rennam emas eht
ni ,detniat gnieb sa tseW eht ni dediova semitemos si drow eht ,msizaN fo adnagaporp eht
htiw noitcennoc ni ecar nayrA fo esu yllaicepse dna ,nayrA fo esu tsicar lacirotsih fo esuaceB
,sitnaltA ot meht gnicart ,oga sraey noillim a tuoba ot meht gnitad ,"secaR tooR"
reh fo htfif eht sa "snayrA" setalutsop ehs erehw )8881( enirtcoD terceS ehT s'ykstavalB
emadaM yb decneulfni osla erew sizaN emoS .seihcrareih laicar yrutnec htneetenin
etal morf devired stnemugra esehT .erutluc fo noitcurtsed ro ,noisrevnoc fo elbapac
ylerem era secar rehto elihw ,snoitazilivic dna erutluc gniniatniam dna gnitaerc ,ni tseretni na
htiw ro ,fo elbapac ecar ylno eht sa "ecar nayrA" na fo noitaterpretni rieht deyartrop msizaN
.noitubirtsid egaugnal yb dekram yticinhte lartsecna dna laroivaheb evitcnitsid
fo aedi eht htiw "detavele" ro "elbon" fo gninaem tirksnaS eht egrem ot sdnet egasu
sihT .aidnI nrehtron fo strap llams dna narI ,eporuE fo strap ssorca dednapxe dah taht ecar
cificeps a detutitsnoc snaeporuE-odnI-otorP eht taht deveileb sretirw hcuS .scitsiretcarahc
gnireffid htiw secar tcnitsid yllacigoloib otni ytinamuh fo noisivid eht ni ylgnorts deveileb
ohw stsiroeht laicar naeporuE yb yrutnec ht02 ylrae eht ni desu mret a saw ecar nayrA ehT
.roivaheb elbon rof elpoep niatrec ot
nevig tcepser dna ronoh fo eltit a si ,ayrA ."suoethgir ro ,elbaruonoh ,suoutriv gnieb"
avahdās dna ,"elbatcepser dna nrob-llew gnieb" anajjas ,"ronaemed dna roivaheb
denifer ro eltneg gnivah" ayhbas ,"ylimaf elbon a fo gnieb" ayrānīluk alukāham
sa ayrA senifed nocixel tirksnaS ehT ."tseug laitnetop" fo esnes eht ni "regnarts"
tub ,"regnarts" fo gninaem a sah snoitatsetta tseilrae sti ni -ayra mret cideV ehT"
"...elpoep nayrA eht ..." 99
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ton swonk eh spahrep ro ,swonk eh yleruS .royevrus sti si nevaeh
tsehgih eht ni eh ;ton ro edam saw ti rehtehw ;gnieb otni emoc sah noitaerc siht ecnehW
?gnieb otni emoc sah ti ecnehw swonk ,neht ,ohW .siht fo noitaerc eht ot tneuqesbus era
sdog ehT ?noitaerc siht ecnehw ,esora ti ecnehw eralced lliw ereh ohW ?ylurt swonk ohW
.evoba seslupmi ,woleb rewop tnerehni :srewop erew ereht ,srotangerpmi
erew erehT ?evoba saw tahw ,woleb saw tahw ;ssorca dednetxe saw ]noisiv fo[ enil riehT
.modsiw
htiw traeh eht ni dehcraes gnivah ,tnetsixenon eht ot tnetsixe eht fo knil siht derevocsid
segaS .thguoht fo egrahcsid tsrif eht saw sihT .gninnigeb eht ni esora erised taht nopU

922
 .taeh fo rewop
eht hguorht nrob saw enola taht ,diov eht yb depolevne saw hcihw taht ,semoceb hcihw tahT
.aes elbahsiugnitsidni na saw siht llA .gninnigeb eht ni ssenkrad yb neddih saw ssenkraD
.esle gnihtyna ton saw ereht taht naht rehtO .rewop nwo sti yb sseldniw dehtaerb enola
tahT .thgin ro yad fo noitcnitsid ton saw erehT .neht ytilatrommi ron htaed rehtien saw erehT
?ssyba elbamohtafnu nA ?retaw
ti saW ?noitcetorp esohw nI ?erehW ?delaecnoc saw tahW .dnoyeb era hcihw snevaeh
eht ron ton saw erehpsomta ehT .emit taht ta ton saw tnetsixe eht ;ton saw tnetsixe-non ehT
?emehcs noitaerc siht ni tif sdog eht od erehW
.yretsym ni deduorhs si ssecorp elohw eht teY .)si
ti taht tuoba ti gnirb ot yrt neht tub ton si tahw erised ew( gnieb ot gnieb-non sknil erised dna
)derised eb neht nac ti fo thguoht si gnihtemos nehw( erised ot esir sevig thguoht woh ecitoN
.efil fo sutepmi na evig dluoc hcihw ,htaerb cimsoc mraw a dna )"aes elbahsiugnitsidni"
,krad eht( soahc yretaw a ylno ,ton saw dlrow eht nehw denoisivne si emit A"
"noitaerC fo nmyH ehT: :ageV giR eht morf snmyh suomaf tsom eht fo eno si ereH
."draeh erew taht esoht" a derrefer
ylnommoc era yeht ,setats evitatidem peed ni draeh ylno erew tub sgnieb namuh yna
yb nettirw ton erew yeht ecniS .nigiro ni enivid eb ot deredisnoc era yeht esuaceb ,serutpircs
delaever eb ot deveileb era sadeV ehT .dlo sraey 0008-0006 tsael ta eb ot deredisnoc
era ,adev giR eht fo snmyh eht yllaicepse ,snmyh cideV eht fo emoS .snmyh fo sdnasuoht
dna snoitces lareves sniatnoc adev hcaE .serutpircs evitsuahxe yrev era sadeV ehT
"...snmyH cideV..." 89
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
"."leetS fo tcaP" eht inilossuM yb dellac ,ecnailla na otni demrofsnart
pihsnoitaler siht ,9391 yaM ni ,retaL .ynamreG morf troppus deviecer dna snoitaN
fo eugaeL eht morf ainissybA ni raw sti ot noitisoppo htiw decaf saw ,ynamreG ot desoppo
yllanigiro ,ylatI nehw degrof saw ytaert sihT .evlover dluow eporuE fo setats rehto eht hcihw
dnuora "sixa" na mrof dluow seirtnuoc owt eht taht deralced inilossuM .6391 ,52 rebotcO
no ynamreG dna ylatI neewteb dengis pihsdneirf fo ytaert eht fo tuo gnisira sixa nilreBemoR a fo ekops eh nehw ,6391 rebmevoN ni ,inilossuM otineB yb desu tsrif saw mret ehT
.raw eht fo esruoc eht gnirud sixA eht tfel retal dna deretne snoitan
emos dna ,diulf saw sixA eht fo pihsrebmem ,seillA eht ekiL .taefed latot rieht htiw dedne
II raW dlroW tub ,naecO cificaP eht dna aisA tsaehtuoS dna tsaE ,acirfA ,eporuE fo strap
egral detanimod taht seripme delur srewop sixA eht ,htinez rieht tA .srewop sixA eht dednuof
yllaiciffo hcihw ,0491 rebmetpeS ni tcaP etitrapirT eht fo gningis eht no ecnailla yratilim
a fo trap erew napaJ lairepmI dna ,ylatI tsicsaF ,ynamreG izaN ,srewop sixA rojam eerht
ehT .II raW dlroW gnirud seillA eht ot desoppo seirtnuoc esoht erew sixA eht tsuj semitemos
ro seirtnuoc sixA ,snoitan sixA ,ecnailla sixA sa deterpretni osla ,srewop sixA ehT"
"...srewop sixA eht ekil ..." 79
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

822
".skcart
rieht ni daed pord ot seimra esuac lliw dna redrob s'noitan gnidnefed a morf selim 002 fo
ecnatsid a ta senalpria ymene 000,01 fo teelf a nwod gnirb lliw yeht taht ygrene suodnemert
hcus fo ,ria eerf eht hguorht selcitrap fo smaeb detartnecnoc dnes ]dluow elzzon ehT[
:noitarepo s'nug elcitrap eht gninrecnoc noitpircsed gniwollof eht evag alseT .)remrofsnart
gniyfingam sih ot nika snaem yb( egatlov hgih aiv detarelecca netsgnut ro yrucrem
diuqil fo sretsulc cimota fo maerts worran a no desab saw ti taht etacidni sih fo sdroceR
.)noisluper citatsortcele
hguorht( smaerts elcitrap evisrepsidnon gnitcerid dna gnitaerc fo dohtem a dna ,stlov
fo snoillim ot selcitrap gnigrahc fo dohtem a ,tixe ot selcitrap dewolla taht laes tej sag a htiw
ebut muucav dedne nepo na debircsed tI .edargleB ni evihcra muesuM alseT alokiN eht ni
yltnerruc si maeb elcitrap eht fo esitaert sihT ."raw lla ot dne na tup dluow taht nopaewrepus"
a fo noitpircsed lacinhcet eht no dnuopxe ot tpmetta na ni tnemucod eht dehsilbup alseT
.smaeb elcitrap degrahc gninrecnoc "aideM larutaN eht hguorht ygrenE evisrepsid-noN
detartnecnoC gnitcejorP fo trA ehT" deltitne esitaert a desopmoc alseT ,7391 nI .htaed sih
fo emit eht llit s0091 ylrae eht neewteb nopaew ygrene-detcerid a rof snalp no dekrow alseT
.noitnevni eht fo ,nug ro ,rotcejorp eht
eb dluow sihT .ecrof gnilleper lacirtcele suodnemert a gnicudorp rof dohtem wen A .4
.msinahcem
dnoces eht yb depoleved ecrof eht gniyfilpma dna gniyfisnetni fo snaem A .3
.dehsilpmocca osla saw
,alseT ot gnidrocca ,sihT .ecrof lacirtcele suodnemert gnitareneg rof msinahcem A .2
.dehsilpmocca saw ,4391 ni alseT ot gnidrocca ,sihT .tsap eht ni sa muucav
hgih a ni fo daetsni ria eerf ni ygrene fo snoitatsefinam gnicudorp rof sutarappa nA .1
:dedulcni sdohtem dna stnenopmoc eht ,latot nI .yar htaed ro "yar ecaep"
a ti dellac sserp ehT .nopaew "ecrofelet" a gninrecnoc smialc elbakramer emos edam alseT
5191 ,alseT alokiN -- ".snaem lacirtcele
yb degaw eb lliw erutuf eht ni sraw taht ,tciderp ot suodrazah ti thguoht ton evah I"
...".nonnac cinortcele htiw thguof era sraW ..." 69
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
" 'elbarapesni era noitulover eht dna raw eht' taht gnimussa
fo part eht otni llef I taht si srettam yllaer tahW" :gnorw mih devorp stneve dettimda
llewrO ,raw eht gniruD ?)woleb morf( noitulover tsilaicoS aiv ro )evoba morf( taté'd puoc
tsicsaF aiv dne ti dluoW :gnieb noitseuq eht ;raw eht evivrus ton dluow ,9391 erofeb detsixe
ti sa ,ycarcomed hsitirB taht dias yldetaeper llewrO egroeG ,raW dlroW dnoceS eht gniruD
.debmob saw retsehcloC hcihw gnirud raw eht ro eripmE hsitirB eht fo noitaxenna 'setatS
detinU eht ro rewop demussa ytraP eht nierehw raw livic eht :tsrif derrucco tahw raelcnu
si tI .aciremA htroN dna ,aissuR nretsew ,eporuE ni ylniam thguof ,raw cimota na saw erehT
.napaJ dna anihC dnuora seirtnuoc
naisA tsae eht sesirpmoc ,aisatsaE ,etats repus driht eht ;aisaruE gnimrof ,eporuE dnalniam
dessapmocne noinU teivoS eht ,ylsuoenatlumiS .ainaecO fo trap gnimoceb ,raw livic
ot llef modgniK detinU eht ,raW dlroW dnoceS eht retfa taht laever ,nietsdloG leunammE
yb ,msivitcelloC lacihcragilO fo ecitcarP dna yroehT ehT ni sdaer eh tahw dna ,snoitcellocer

722
 s'notsniW .tnereffid tahwemos si 4891 fo dlrow eht fo yrotsih eht dna ,noitpeced a eb ot
tnaem si flesti koob eht taht elbissop si ti ,rebmem ytraP a yb mih ot nevig si sdaer notsniW
koob eht esuaceb ,deednI .4891 ot yrotsih lluf s'dlrow eht redner ton seod levon ehT
.elbatumsnart era dlrow sti dna 4891 raey
eht ;ti retla ylirartibra nac etatS eht esuaceb ,tnavelerri sa ti sedulcnoc eh ,esruoc s'yrots eht
nI .seviecrep htimS notsniW tahw si ti esuaceb ,elbanoitseuq si etad ehT ".neetriht gnikirts
erew skcolc eht dna ,lirpA ni yad dloc thgirb a saw tI" :4891 ,4 lirpA no snigeb yrots ehT
."snosrepnu" sa deifitnedi
elpoep fo ecnetsixe eht gniteled ,selcitra repapswen gnidnema ,ecnedive gniyortsed :tcerroc
dna thgir syawla si tnemnrevog eht taht os yrotsih fo gniretla dna gnitirwer launitnoc eht si
urTiniM ni boj siH .ytraP retuO eht fo rebmem a si eh ;skrow ,tsinogatorp eht ,htimS notsniW
erehw ,)urTiniM( hturT fo yrtsiniM eht aiv meht slortnoc ,ytraP eht ,tnemnrevog sihT ."selorP"
eht )iii( dna ,ytraP retuO eht )ii( ,ytraP rennI eht )i( — sessalc eerht ni era elpoep s'ainaecO
.ecalupop eht
fo secaps cilbup dna etavirp eht setanimod )neercselet eht( noisivelet yaw-owt ;sepacsdnal
ytic eht etanimod ,UOY GNIHCTAW SI REHTORB GIB noitpac eht htiw ,redael ytraP
eht ,"rehtorB giB" fo sretsoP ."niatirB ro dnalgnE dellac neeb dah" taht ainaecO fo ecnivorp
a flesti ,"enO pirtsriA fo ytic feihc" eht ,nodnoL ni srucco yrots ehT .setats-repus nairatilatot
latnenitnocretni eerht s'dlrow eht fo eno ,ainaecO secudortni ruoF-ythgiE neeteniN
.3291 ecnis dehsilbup slevon egaugnal-hsilgnE
derdnuh eno tseb eht gnoma ti detsil enizagam emiT ,5002 nI .saipotsyd suomaf tsom
s'erutaretil gnoma si ,yrubdarB yaR yb ,154 tiehnerhaF dna ,yelxuH suodlA yb ,dlroW weN
evarB htiw gnola ,ti ,seirtnuoc emos ni degnellahc ro dennab neeb sah levon eht hguohtlA
htgnertS si ecnarongI
yrevalS si modeerF
ecaeP si raW
:suomaf emoceb sah noitatouq gniwollof ehT .ecnallievrus evisavni ,evisavrep setonnoc
uoY gnihctaW si rehtorB giB :esarhp eht ;noitazinagro dna noitca nairatilatot setoned
"naillewrO" evitcejda ehT .ytiruces etats lanoitan ot tsol ycavirp lanosrep rof sdrowyb
era emanrus s'rohtua sti dna ,)kaepsweN( egaugnal sti dna smret sti ,eltit s'levon ehT
.ruoFythgiE neeteniN ni tsol smodeerf lacitilop dna lanosrep eht setarbelec ,stniop ta ,riA roF pU
gnimoC .mraF laminA dna ainolataC ot egamoH ni snoitulover deyarteb dna msinairatilatot
fo tsurtsid detats dah ydaerla eH .srednefed sti yb noitulover a fo layarteb eht tuoba
elat yranoituac nairatilatot-itna na si ruoF-ythgiE neeteniN ,eroferehT ".msilaicos citarcomed
rof dna msinairatilatot tsniaga ,yltceridni ro yltcerid ,nettirw" saw 6391 ni raW liviC hsinapS
eht ecnis etorw eh krow suoires eht lla taht snialpxe llewrO ,etirW I yhW yasse eht nI
secneulfni s'llewrO
.4891 raey eht ni sevil eh hcihw ni etats eht ,ainaecO fo tnemnrevog nairatilatot
eht fo luofa snur eh nehw noitadarged sih dna ,hturT fo yrtsiniM eht ta rekrow lautcelletni
na ,htimS notsniW yb devil sa pihsrotatcid a ni efil tuoba levon naipotsyd hsilgnE na si ,)rialB
ruhtrA cirE fo eman nep eht( llewrO egroeG yb ,)4891 deltit osla( ruoF-ythgiE neeteniN"

622
:woleb detprecxe ,gro.aidepikiW ta tenretni eht no koob
eht ot ecnerefer eritne eht daer ro "4891" ,koob eht daer ,sisylana evitarapmoc etelpmoc roF
".deruc si notsniW sediced neirB'O litnu gniunitnoc ,taht eveihca
lliw erutrot kcohsortcele ;detucexe eb lliw neht eh — sebircsed ytraP eht sa ytilaer
gnitpecca — deruc ecno taht gnidda ,noissefnoc ekaf a tcartxe ot ton ,gnikniht fo yaw sih
retla ot si esoprup s'erutrot taht notsniW ot snialpxe eh ,noisses a gniruD .ytraP eht rof
dertah sih fo deruc eb lliw eh taht htimS sllet neirB'O ,rebmahc erutrot evoL fo yrtsiniM
eht nI .eciloP thguohT eht fo reciffo na flesmih slaever moor eht meht detner ohw repeek
pohs eht ,notgnirrahC ;)etad retal a ta detucexe eb ot( desaeler semitemos tub ,dellik dna
derutrot era stnenoppo s'emiger eht erehw ,evoL fo yrtsiniM eht ta detagorretni yletarapes
era yeht dna moordeb yrautcnas rieht ni ailuJ dna notsniW erutpac eciloP thguohT ehT"
:gro.aidepikiW ,aidepolcycne tenretni
eht morf tprecxe gniwollof eht ni detic slellarap era eseht fo wef a ,elpmaxe roF
.lriA htiw "sweivretnI neilA" eht fo stpircsnart eht ni seitivitca tenalp
nosirp htraE eht dna tnemnrevog "eripmE dlO" eht fo noitpircsed eht dna ,"4891"
ni llewrO yb dessucsid stpecnoc eht neewteb slellarap gnitseretni ynam yrev a erehT
".egruP taerG eht fo slairT wocsoM
eht sllacer sretcarahc lareves fo tnemtaert ecilop eht ;sdrocer cihpargotohp laiciffo
morf desare gnieb dna snosrepnon edam gnieb seimene s'nilatS ot suogolana ,yrots
eht ni snosrepnu fo noitaerc eht dna euqinhcet adnagaporp a si yhpargotohp derotcoD
.erugif tsihcranA suomaf eht ,namdloG ammE si nietsdloG rof noitaripsni detseggus rehtonA
.)'nietsnorB' saw emanrus laer s'ykstorT dna ,ymongoisyhp emas eht evah htob ,hsiweJ
era htob( ykstorT noeL selbmeser ,nietsdloG leunammE ,ymenehcra s'ytraP eht ;nilatS
hpesoJ selbmeser rehtorB giB ;slavir dna seimene etatS fo noitazinomed lautir eht saw
"etaH 'setuniM owT" ehT .noinU teivoS s'nilatS nopu desab si yteicos cinaecO fo hcuM"
:tnemnrevog "eripmE dlO" eht fo noitpircsed esolc yrev a si tI .gro.aidepikiW
morf mitabrev nekat era "4891" s'llewrO rof sisab eht fo noitpircsed gniwollof ehT
."...stnemnrevog nairatilatot ot desoppo yltneloiv era yeht esuaceb ereh
era htraE no sEB-SI eht ..." fo eno si eh esuaceb htraE ot decnetnes sEB-SI eht fo eno
saw eh ,tsael yrev eht ta ,rO .koob siht gnitirw elihw niamoD ehT fo EB-SI na yb "decneulfni"
neeb evah yam llewrO taht etaluceps ot ysae si tI ."ruoF-ythgiE neeteniN" ,koob eht ni
llewrO yb debircsed serutaef eht fo ynam rorrim ot nworg sah tnemnrevog .S.U eht fo etats
ehT .8491 fo enuJ ni dehsilbup saw hcihw ,llewrO egroeG yb "4891" levon eht ,weivretni
siht retfa raey eno tsomla ,yllatnedicnioc TON spahrep ro ,yllatnedicnioC :etoN s'rotidE --
"...stnemnrevog nairatilatot
ot desoppo yltneloiv era yeht esuaceb ereh era htraE no sEB-SI eht fo ynaM ..." 59
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".asrev eciv ro ,seussi redneg ni ton tub srettam ecar
ni sthgir lauqe troppus thgim eno ,elpmaxe roF .ecnereffid laudividni fo aera elbissop yreve
ni ytilauqe ot gnibircsbus ton fi neve ,evoba detsil saera tsom ni nairatilage na deredisnoc
eb yam eno ,ecitcarp lautca nI .egral ta yteicos dna ,hcruhc eht ,wal eht rednu lauqe dleh
gnieb ot seilppa ti yllareneG .htrib morf slauqe sa detaert eb dluohs elpoep lla taht sdloh
taht enirtcod lacitilop a si )lauqe gninaem ,lagé drow hcnerF eht morf devired( ,nairatilagE

522
."esoprup
nommoc a fo tiusrup ni yltnetsisnoc dna yltnetsisrep rehtegot llup ot elpoep
fo puorg a fo yticapac eht si elarom" ,nothgieL .H rednaxelA ot gnidroccA .srehto dna
fleseno ni neve ro ,laog a ro noitutitsni na ni feileb niatniam ot elpoep fo yticapac eht
rof desu mret elbignatni na si ,puorg a fo elarom eht gnissucsid nehw ,sproc ed tirpsE"
"...sproc ed tirpse nairatilage a yb detinu ..." 49
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".smetsys yratnemailrap ni stnediserp dna shcranom ot gnirrefer ni
etairporppani ylgnisaercni emoceb yam esu sti taht hcus ,ytirohtua lanoitutitsnoc detimil htiw
etats fo daeh a ot ylppa ot elbatiusnu ti ekam ot gninnigeb si evitarojep eht otni ,sgninaem
degnahc fo ssecorp gnorts a ni era taht sdrow ynam ekil ,tfird ot drow siht fo ycnednet ehT
.enorht eht
dniheb erugif lufrewop erom a yb dellortnoc gnieb yllautca si tey ,ytirohtua lluf gnisicrexe eb
dluohs ohw redael sselrewop a ot refer dna ,senotrevo retsinis erom evah osla nac drow ehT
.reh detroppus regnol on ti nehw tnemailrap ssapyb ot reh dewolla
taht seerced laretalinu eussi ot aidnI fo tnediserP daeherugif eht desu ihdnaG aridnI retsiniM
emirP naidnI ,elpmaxe roF .ycnegreme fo semit ni detiolpxe eb nac daeherugif a semitemoS
.feihc ni srednammoc netfo era yeht emitraw ta tub ,)erutalsigel lanoitan
eht gnissimsid ro gninevnoc sa srewop hcus detageled( ecaep fo semit ta sdaeherugif
era stnediserp ,smetsys yratnemailrap nI .II raW dlroW ni tnemevlovni s'otihoriH rorepmE
eb dluow elpmaxe nA .stneve emos no ecneulfni tnacifingis meht evig nac tnemnrevog fo
slevel hgih ot ssecca dna tcepser ,cilobmys yllareneg si daeherugif a fo ytirohtua eht elihW
.learsI fo tnediserP eht sa hcus ,seicarcomed yratnemailrap ni stnediserp
ro ,napaJ fo rorepmE eht sa hcus ,shcranom lanoitutitsnoc edulcni sdaeherugif nommoC
.rewop lautca elttil setucexe tey eciffo ro eltit tnatropmi na sdloh ohw nosrep a si ,pihs
gnilias a fo worp eht ta daeherugif devrac eht htiw rohpatem yb ,daeherugif a ,scitilop nI"
".daeherugif sti sa hcranom layor..." 39
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".noitazinagro
lamrofni eht fo ecnacifingis eht ezisahpme ot sdnet weiv sihT .revewoh ,setacidni
trahc lanoitazinagro lanoitidart eht yaw eht ni skrow "yllautca" rewop rehtehw noitseuq
stsylana emoS ."revo rewop sah" ro "sdnammoc" si yhcrareih siht gninifed pihsnoitaler
eht suhT .setanidrobus rieht naht rewop erom evah ,"sessob" dellac ,sroines ylnommoc
;yllaiciffo tsael ta ,snoitazinagro lacihcrareih era stnemevom lacitilop dna seimra ,sehcruhc
,sessenisub ,snoitutitsni lanoitacude ,stnemnrevog sa hcus ,snoitazinagro namuh ynaM
".teem yllautneve lliw dnammoc fo sniahc esohw
fo htob tub ,ssob s'rehto eht si mohw fo rehtien ,srekrow-oc owt ot nika si sihT .niaga nwod
neht dna ,roirepus tceridni ro tcerid nommoc a dnif ot yhcrareih eht pu gnilevart yb deknil
"yllatnoziroh" eb sselehtreven nac rehtona eno ot deknil yllacitrev ton era hcihw yhcrareih
eht fo strap llA .noitcerid emas eht ni sknil elpitlum aiv sdrawnwod ro sdrawpu "yllacitrev"

422
 dnetxe nac sknil lacihcrareih tceridnI .snrettap lanoitazinagro rehto etaroprocni osla
nac lacihcrareih ylegral si taht metsys a hguohtla ,setanidrobus s'eno fo eno ot ro roirepus
etaidemmi s'eno ot era ,lacihcrareih era yeht sa rafosni ,yhcrareih a ni sknil tcerid ylno ehT
.yllatnoziroh ro yllacitrev rehtie dna ,yltceridni ro yltcerid rehtie seititne knil nac yhcrareih A
.tnemele rehto elgnis a ot etanidrobus a si
)tnemele pot eht rof tpecxe( metsys eht fo tnemele hcae erehw ,elpoep ro sgniht gnizinagro
dna gniknar fo metsys a si )'elur' ,ohkra dna ,'dercas' ,soreih :keerG ni( yhcrareih A"
"...yhcrareih
lacitilop dna ,cimonoce ,laicos laturb a yb detaluger ,stnemnrevog yratenalp..." 29
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".nerdlihc fo gniraer eht gnidulcni ,efil fo tcepsa yreve detatcid enihcam etats eht gninnur
yhcragilo ehT .yteicos yratilim nairatilatot eht fo trap saw ”metsys lanoitacude“ stI .eceerG
tneicnA ni etats natrapS eht yb desu osla saw msinairatilatoT .msilageL troppus ton did
ohw sralohcs dellik dna erutaretil lla deyortsed dna seitivitca lacitilop detcirtser dna anihC fo
thguoht lacihposolihp gnilur eht sa msilageL fo yhposolihp lacitilop eht detpoda iS iL .anihC
yfinu ytsanyd niQ eht depleh ohw iS iL retsiniM emirP fo pihsredael lacitilop eht rednu anihC
tneicna ni sa hcus ,roirp seirutnec detsixe sah msinairatilatot taht eugra emos revewoH
.srehto sa llew sa ,razalaS rednu lagutroP ,ocnarF rednu niapS ,ylatI tsicsaF ,ynamreG
izaN fo msinairatilatot sa llew sa ,abuC dna noinU teivoS eht fo semiger tsinummoc eht
edulcni hcihw ,yrutnec ht02 eht ni nugeb evah ot semiger nairatilatot tsrif eht redisnoc ynaM
.scitcat rorret fo esu
daerpsediw dna ,ecnallievrus ssam fo esu eht ,setats ytrap-elgnis ,msicitirc dna noissucsid
eerf fo noitcirtser dna noitaluger ,stluc ytilanosrep ,aidem ssam dellortnoc-etats eht hguorht
detanimessid adnagaporp ,ecilop terces fo snaem yb rewop lacitilop ni sevlesmeht niatniam
stnemevom ro semiger nairatilatoT .roivaheb etavirp dna cilbup fo tcepsa yreve ylraen
setaluger taht etats a sebircsed taht ecneics lacitilop ni desu tpecnoc a si msinairatilatoT"
"...nairatilatoT ..." 19
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".llennoC'O dna regrebnietS dna ,yrubdaL ,.g.e ,eeS
.snoitamrofed rehto ro sehcnalava eltnam morf eltnam eht ni snoitubirtsider ssam •
.niwoB ,.g.e ,eeS .snoitubirtsider
ssam BMC ot gnidael ,rotcev noitator laixa sti fo tfihs dna noitator eroc laitnereffid
yb decudni spahrep ,yradnuob eltnam-eroc eht fo yhpargopot eht fo snoitabrutrep •
.htraE ecneulfni
tonnac ti hcihw morf noitacol a ot ”snruter“ tcejbo laitselec gnidurtni eht retfa ,s'htraE
eht senimreted niaga dleif citengam s'nus eht ,yllautnevE .noitator fo sixa wen
a tuoba erehpsohtil eht ”sgard“ neht hcihw ,dleif citengam eht tneiroer yliraropmet
ot htraE ot hguone esolc sessap hcihw tcejbo laitselec citengam yllausunu na •
.sixa stfihs tenalp
eritne eht taht elgna na hcus ta htraE stih hcihw temoc ro dioretsa yticolev-hgih a •
eltnam eht fo tnednepedni sevom erehpsohtil
eht taht elgna na hcus ta htraE stih hcihw temoc ro dioretsa yticolev-hgih a •
:gnivlovni esoht edulcni sessam eci ralop nopu tnedneped ton era hcihw seiroeht rehtO

322
 .esoR ,efiw sih htiw nettirw-oc lleF ykS eht nehW ni 5991 ni krow siht fo stluser eht dehsilbup
htA-melF .yroeht eht fo noisnapxe sih ni dna mialc s'doogpaH kcab ot ecnedive cifitneics
fo tiusrup sih ni mih gnigaruocne ,htA-melF dnaR ,nairarbil naidanaC ot etorw doogpaH
.citcra erom ro lairotauqe erom rehtie emoceb etarepmet erew taht saera
dna ,etarepmet emoceb lairotauqe ylremrof erew taht saera sa ,ecafrus s'htrae eht fo tsom
rof segnahc etamilc rojam ni stluser gnirrucco tfihs a fo stluser eht ,deeps fo sseldrageR
.soiranecs yadsmood fo yteirav a ni gnitluser ,sruoh
neve ro ,syad ,skeew ni ecalp ekat taht segnahc esoporp skoob tnecer lareveS .simanust
dna sekauqhtrae ot eud noitcurtsed fo saera dezilacol dna yhpargoeg fo snoitaretla
citamard htiw ,segnahc dipar erom semussa weiv citamard erom A .noitcurtsed on
dna snoitaretla ronim tsom eht syalpsid hcihw ,noitom tfihs elop wols fo elpmaxe na si sihT
.yawroN dna dnalecI neewteb naecO citnaltA eht ni dna ,yaB nosduH ,yrotirreT nokuY
eht edulcni eloP htroN eht rof snoitacol tnecer fo selpmaxe siH .seerged 04 naht erom
derevoc reven tnemevom fo aera eht ,snoitaluclac sih ni ,oslA .stnemevom ralop on htiw
sdoirep raey dnasuoht 03 ot 02 yb dewollof ,sraey dnasuoht evif yletamixorppa koot tfihs
hcae taht deugra eh ,hcraeser nwo sih no desaB .noitatneiro laixa sti sniater hcihw ,eroc
s'htrae eht dnuora tsurc retuo s'htrae fo hcum ro lla fo egappils gnisuac ,ecnalab lanoitator
s'htrae eht sezilibatsed dna setalumucca-revo selop htob ro eno ta ssam eci eht taht
detaluceps ,ledom reilrae hcum s'ramehdA no gnidliub ,doogpaH .)0791( eloP eht fo htaP
dna )nietsniE treblA yb drowerof a sedulcni hcihw( )8591( tsurC gnitfihS s'htraE ehT
skoob sih ni morf ,tnenoporp ylrae derebmemer tseb eht spahrep won si doogpaH selrahC
.ainnellim 7 yletamixorppa fo selcyc gniyfitnedi .sixa eht fo gnippit gnirrucer desuac selop
eht ta eci fo noitalumucca taht deugra osla nworB .ledom reilrae s'ramehdA yb decneulfni
tfihs elop cihportsatac fo yroeht a decnavda ,reenigne lacirtcele na ,nworB ssolcnihcuA hguH
.C.B 2629 ni tes tfihs elop a yb deyortsed saw aipotU lanoitcif sihT .sitnaltA fo dnalsi
eht no eloP htroN eht ta msinummoC erup fo noitan lufssilb a etacol ot yduts lanoitcif a fo
ecived eht desu dleiftaH drahciR yb )8091( .D.hP ,.D.M ,elbbutS kraM etaL eht yb dedroceR
snoitavresbO dna ataD gnieB .mrofeR laicoS ni smsiciripmE :dnalresyeG levon ehT
.C.B 005,01 dnuora nugeb dah taht smsylcatac labolg fo sdoirep ruof rof ecnedive
sa shtym nacixeM tneicna deterpretni hcihw "sniacixeM sed euqirotsih eigolonorhC" deltitne
elcitra 2781 na ni dnuof eb nac sixa s'htraE eht fo gnitfihs a fo noitnem ylrae nA .erew
selop eht erehw ot evom ot rotauqe eht dna pilf ot htrae eht desuac yllacidoirep selop eht
ta eci kciht fo noitalumucca eht taht detseggus ramehdA hpesoJ naicitamehtam ,2581 nI"
..."tfihs ralop..." 09
lmth.airumel/moc.sknilatsyrc.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".ecnalabmi namuh dna smsylcatac
larutan ot eud 'aes' eht htaeneb knas tnenitnoc rieht nehw noitcurtsed ot deknil era llafnwod
dna snigiro riehT .erehwon fo tuo detsefinam ylneddus taht erutluc decnavda ,gnivirht
a ... emas eht lla era sdnegel ehT .stnayovrialc yad-nredom dna dlo fo stehporp yb enilemit
ruo ni neeserof ytinamuh fo ynitsed eht ekil hcum si tI .sitnaltA rof desoporp taht ekilnu
ton si ,zO ro uZ dellac ecyaC tahw dna ,uM ,acificaP sa nwonk osla ,airumeL fo etaf ehT

222
 .aes eht otni llef - sdnalsi fo puorg ro - tnenitnoc eht erofeb
- snairumeL eht ot did yldesoppus yeht sa - sngis gninraw htiw niaga ecno su ot kaeps
airumeL tneicna fo sdnegel eht taht mees dluow tI .sraey ynam rof tnamrod gnieb retfa
,eunitnoc taht seonaclov dna sekauqhtrae lufrewop ,4002 ,62 rebmeceD ni imanusT a htiw
evitca emoceb sah aera sihT .eriF fo gniR eht htiw deknil si ti ,eb ot airumeL fo noitacol eht
eveileb uoy reverehW .aeS naenarretideM eht ot hcterts taht saera dnal citnaltA eht ot deknil
si sitnaltA sa tsuj ,tnenitnoc naciremA eht otni gniwolf noiger cificaP eht fo seiretsym eht fo
trap si ti hguoht ,srohtua dna srehcraeser tnereffid htiw seirav airumeL fo noitacol tcaxe ehT
.sgnilennahc lacisyhpatem ,emos rof dna ,srehcraeser yb rehtegot deceip
seiroeht ,sdnegel ,ecnedive lacigoloeahcra no desab ,deneppah tahw ot sa etaluceps ylno
nac eno sitnaltA htiw sA .noitanalpxe tuohtiw raeppasid dna raeppa tsuj ro - llaf dna esir ot
nwonk neeb evah snoitazilivic tsoL .tnenitnoc lacigolohtym siht fo tseuq ni enog evah ynam
hguoht ,detnemucod yletarucca eb tonnac noitazilivic nairumeL eht fo llaf dna esir ehT"
"...airumeL dna ..." 98
lmth.sitnalta/ten.snoitazilivic-tsol.www//:ptth
:sitnaltA tuoba noitamrofni ralupop eht fo tsom sah etisbew gniwollof ehT
"...sitnaltA fo snoitazilivic tsol ..." 88
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".emas eht dengissa eb tonnac ylbaborp sdrawretfa deifirev fi neve hcihw ,denoitseuq stluda
dna nerdlihc eht fo stroper dna seiromem )yratnemgarf netfo( eht ot roirepus ,noitanracnier
fo ecnedive cihparg dna evitcejbo sehsinruf ti ecnis ,noitanracnier fo noitartsnomed eht
rof ecnatropmi ralucitrap sah stcefed latinegnoc dna skramhtrib otni hcraeser s'nosnevetS
.shpargotohp yspotua sa hcus sdrocer lacidem yb deifirev ,desaeced eht no sracs
dna sdnuow ot stcefed htrib dna skramhtrib dehctam osla sah nosnevetS rosseforP
".sessalc laicos dna cimonoce tnereffid ot gnoleb yeht esuaceb etomer yrev eb nac yeht
tey dna trapa sretemolik 01 ylno evil nac seilimaf owt taht wonk eW .ecnatsid lacisyhp naem
tsuj ylirassecen t'nod ew ,ssenetomer tuoba klat ew nehW .stcatnoc roirp on dah sah ylimaf
sih hcihw htiw dna nwo sih morf etomer etiuq sevil taht ylimaf a ni sevil ohw nosrep rehtona
tuoba stnemetats tcerroc fo )03 ro 02 yas( rebmun elbaredisnoc a sekam dlihc a hcihw
ni esoht naem I hcihw yb ,sesac regnorts eht rof evah ew noitanalpxe tseb eht si ti taht
tub ,sesac eseht rof noitanalpxe ylno eht ton si noitanracnier taht si raf os noisulcnoc yM"
:detagitsevni setaicossa sih dna eh hcihw
,sevil tsap rebmemer ot deraeppa ohw nerdlihc fo sesac 0052 eht tuoba dias sah nosnevetS
.smialc noitanracnier tneluduarf gnikam nerdlihc
ot del sah taht evitom a ,ylimaf taht yb detpoda eb ot dlihc eht ot dael nac siht ,ylimaf hcir
a morf nosrep detanracnier eht eb ot smialc ylimaf roop a morf dlihc a fi — nommoc etiuq
si nonemonehp siht erehw — aidnI nI .noitanracnier fo tpecnoc eht timrep netfo snoigiler
tnanimod erehw ,seiteicos nretsaE ni etanigiro noitanracnier fo sesac detroper s'ainigriV
fo ytisrevinU eht fo noitroporp tnacifingis a taht deton eb dluohs ti ,revewoH .seiromem

122
 s’dlihc eht rof snoitanalpxe "lamron" elbissop lla tuo elur sdohtem suolucitem
sih taht seveileb nosnevetS .yromem s'dlihc eht hctam taht efil s'nosrep desaeced eht
fo stcaf eht seifirev dna ,htiw seifitnedi yldegella dlihc eht nosrep desaeced eht seifitnedi eh
,nehT .stnemetats s'dlihc eht stnemucod yllacidohtem nosnevetS ,esac hcae nI .sevil tsap
tuoba nekops evah ohw nerdlihc fo yduts eht ot detoved sraey 04 revo tneps sah nosnevetS
.noitanracnieR fo evitsegguS sesaC ytnewT sa hcus
skoob ni ,nosnevetS naI rosseforP yb dehsilbup neeb evah noitanracnier fo rovaf ni stroper
lanosrep fo snoitcelloc deliated tsom ehT .skramhtrib dna seiromem efil tsap doohdlihc ylrae
fo sesac gninimaxe ni krow rieht tuoba srepap hcraeser deweiver-reep dna skoob dehsilbup
evah nosnevetS naI rosseforP dna rekcuT miJ .rD stsirtaihcysp ainigriV fo ytisrevinU"
".eurt eb thgim taht
snoitnetnoc fo selpmaxe sa tub ,)t'nod I( dilav eb ot ylekil er'yeht kniht I esuaceb ton
smialc eseht kcip I .noitanracnier naht rehto yaw yna ni tuoba nwonk evah ton dluoc
yeht hcihw dna etarucca eb ot tuo nrut gnikcehc nopu hcihw ,efil suoiverp a fo sliated
eht troper semitemos nerdlihc gnuoy taht )3( dna ;meht ta "detcejorp" segami ro sthguoht
eviecer nac noitavirped yrosnes dlim rednu elpoep taht )2( ;sretupmoc ni srotareneg rebmun
modnar tceffa )ylerab( nac snamuh enola thguoht yb taht )1( :yduts suoires evresed
,noinipo ym ni ,hcihw dleif PSE eht ni smialc eerht era ereht gnitirw fo emit eht tA"
:yduts suoires devresed
hcihw ygolohcysparap ni saera lareves erew ereht taht dias eh hcihw ni dlroW detnuaHnomeD ehT koob eht etorw dna ,smialc cifitneicsnu knubed ot tuo tes taht puorg a fo
rebmem gnidnuof a saw nagaS .citpeks dna rehcaet ,tsitneics deton a saw nagaS lraC .rD"
".semitefil neewteb..." 78
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".nietsniE treblA naht laitneulfni erom hcum demeed saw notweN ,ecneics
fo yrotsih eht no tceffe tsetaerg eht dah ohw fo yteicoS layoR eht fo llop 5002 a nI
.seires rewop fo yduts eht
ot detubirtnoc dna ,noitcnuf a fo seorez eht gnitamixorppa rof "dohtem s'notweN" dellacos eht depoleved ,meroeht laimonib dezilareneg eht detartsnomed osla eH .suluclac
eht fo tnempoleved eht rof zinbieL deirfttoG htiw tiderc eht serahs notweN ,scitamehtam nI
.dnuos
fo deeps eht deiduts dna gnilooc fo wal laciripme na detalumrof osla eH .murtceps elbisiv
a otni thgil etihw sesopmoced msirp a taht noitavresbo eht no desab ruoloc fo yroeht
a depoleved dna epocselet gnitcelfer eht detnevni eh ,scitpo nI .mutnemom ralugna
dna mutnemom fo noitavresnoc fo selpicnirp eht detaicnune notweN ,scinahcem nI
.noitulover cifitneics eht gnicnavda dna msirtnecoileh tuoba stbuod tsal eht
gnivomer suht ,noitativarg fo yroeht sih dna noitom yratenalp fo swal s'relpeK neewteb
ycnetsisnoc eht gnitartsnomed yb swal larutan fo tes emas eht yb denrevog era seidob
laitselec fo dna htraE no stcejbo fo snoitom eht taht dewohs eH .gnireenigne nredom rof
sisab eht si dna seirutnec eerht txen eht rof esrevinu lacisyhp eht fo weiv cifitneics eht
detanimod hcihw ,scinahcem lacissalc rof krowdnuorg eht gniyal ,noitom fo swal eerht
eht dna noitativarg lasrevinu debircsed ,ecneics fo yrotsih eht ni krow elgnis tsetaerg
eht eb ot dias dna ,7861 ni dehsilbup saw acitamehtaM aipicnirP silarutaN æihposolihP

022
 esitaert siH .tsimehcla dna ,rehposolihp larutan ,naigoloeht ,remonortsa ,naicitamehtam
,tsicisyhp hsilgnE na saw )7271 hcraM 13 – 3461 yraunaJ 4( notweN caasI riS"
"...notweN caasI riS ..." 68
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".noituloveR lairtsudnI dnoceS eht
rof ecrof gnivird a gnimoceb ,efil nredom rof loot laitnesse na otni ytisoiruc cifitneics a morf
denrut saw yticirtcele ,nivleK droL dna lleB maharG rednaxelA ,snemeiS nov renreW tsnrE
,esuohgnitseW egroeG ,nosidE samohT ,alseT alokiN sa elpoep hcus hguorhT .gnireenigne
lacirtcele ni ssergorp tsetaerg eht ees dluow yrutnec htneetenin etal eht ,ecneics
lacirtcele ni ssergorp dipar nees dah taht yrutnec htneetenin ylrae eht neeb dah ti elihW
.7281 ni tiucric lacirtcele eht dezylana yllacitamehtam
mhO groeG dna ,1281 ni rotom cirtcele eht detnevni yadaraF leahciM ;0281 ni msitengam
dna yticirtcele neewteb pihsnoitaler eht derevocsid erèpmA eiraM-érdnA .desu ylsuoiverp
senihcam citatsortcele eht naht ygrene lacirtcele fo ecruos elbailer erom a htiw stsitneics
dedivorp ,reppoc dna cniz fo sreyal gnitanretla morf edam ,0081 fo ,elip ciatlov ro ,yrettab
s'atloV ordnasselA .selcsum eht ot slangis dessap sllec evren hcihw yb muidem eht saw
yticirtcele taht gnitartsnomed ,yticirtceleoib fo yrevocsid sih dehsilbup inavlaG igiuL 1971 nI
.erutan ni lacirtcele deedni saw gninthgil taht gniwohs
,dnah sih fo kcab eht ot yek eht morf gnipmuj skraps fo noisseccus a devresbo eH .yks
denetaerht-mrots a ni etik eht nwolf dna gnirts etik denepmad a fo mottob eht ot yek latem
a dehcatta evah ot detuper si eh 2571 enuJ nI .krow sih dnuf ot snoissessop sih gnilles
,yticirtcele ni hcraeser evisnetxe detcudnoc nilknarF nimajneB ,yrutnec ht81 eht nI .yaF ud
.F .C dna yarG nehpetS ,elyoB treboR ,ekcireuG nov ottO yb detcudnoc saw krow rehtruF
.6461
fo acimedipE aixododuesP s'enworB samohT ni tnirp ni ecnaraeppa tsrif rieht edam hcihw
,"yticirtcele" dna "cirtcele" sdrow hsilgnE eht ot esir evag noitaicossa sihT .debbur gnieb retfa
stcejbo llams gnitcartta fo ytreporp eht ot refer ot )"rebma" rof drow keerG eht ,]nortkele[
νορτκελη morf ,"rebma ekil" ro "rebma fo"( sucirtcele drow nitaL weN eht denioc eH .rebma
gnibbur yb decudorp yticirtcele citats morf tceffe enotsedol eht gnihsiugnitsid ,msitengam
dna yticirtcele fo yduts luferac a edam trebliG mailliW naicisyhp hsilgnE eht nehw ,0061
litnu ainnellim owt revo rof ytisoiruc lautcelletni na naht erom elttil niamer dluow yticirtcelE"
"...yticirtcele..." 58
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".yticirtcele fo erutan eht
saw scisyhp nihtiw yriuqni fo dleif taerg txen eht ,scinahcem lacissalc denifed notweN retfA
.scimanyd diulf ni seiroeht lareves dedulcni osla aipicnirP
ehT .tnemirepxe htiw llew deerga seiroeht htoB .ytivarg fo ecrof latnemadnuf eht sebircsed
hcihw ,noitativarG fo waL s'notweN dna ;scinahcem lacissalc esira hcihw morf ,noitom
fo swal s'notweN :seiroeht lacisyhp lufsseccus dna evisneherpmoc owt gniliated ,aipicnirP
eht dehsilbup notweN ,7861 nI .)7271-3461( notweN caasI riS rotnevni dna tsimehcla
,tsicisyhp ,naicitamehtam eht yb 7861 ni acitamehtaM aipicnirP silarutaN eaihposolihP
eht fo noitacilbup eht htiw detanimluc evah ot deredisnoc si noitulover cifitneics ehT

912
 .mutnemom
fo noitavresnoc eht fo mrof ylrae na etartsulli ot lanac hctuD a gnola taob a fo noitom
eht desu snegyuH .noitom sti ot tnereffidni si ograc s'pihs taht woh dna )emarf gnivom
a sa( pihs a fo noitom eht ssucsid itaivlaS dna oicilpmiS sretcarahc eht neewteb eugolaid a
,secneicS weN owT s'oelilaG nI .aitrenI fo waL eht ralucitrap ni ,scimanyd ni stluser lareves
detset yllufsseccus dna detalumrof oelilaG .dohtem cifitneics nredom eht ni aedi yek eht si
hcihw ,seiroeht lacisyhp etadilav ot noitatnemirepxe fo esu evisnetxe edam oelilaG ,yrutnec
htneetneves ylrae eht gniruD .lacsaP esialB dna ,relpeK sennahoJ ,snegyuH naaitsirhC
,ielilaG oelilaG yb yrutnec gniwollof eht revo edam erew secnavda tnacifingis rehtruF
.ypoc eht gniviecer retfa noos deid sucinrepoC .deyaled neeb dah noitacilbup
eht tub ,roirp sraey nettirw neeb dah stnetnoc sti fo tsoM .suierteP sennahoJ yb )grebnrüN(
grebmeruN ni detnirp ,subinoituloveR eD sih fo ypoc tsrif eht deviecer sucinrepoC
sualociN nehw ,3451 ni nageb noituloveR cifitneicS eht taht dloh silograM drawoH
ekil snairotsiH .ecneics nredom fo noitadnuof a sa deweiv ,"noituloveR cifitneicS" eht sa
nwonk netfo si tahw ni ,ecnassianeR eht fo gnirewolf a sa nees si doirep nredom ylrae ehT"
"...scisyhp fo swal cisab eht ..." 48
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".nredom eht
dna cissalc eht neewteb ega "elddim" a emaceb suht ,krad delebal dah hcrarteP hcihw ,nwo
rieht erofeb ega ehT .nugeb dah egA nredoM ,driht a taht dna ,ega wen siht deniatta dah
yeht deveileb inurB odranoeL sa hcus stsinamuh ,yrutnec ht51 ylrae dna ht41 etal eht yb os
dna ,ytirup larutluc cissalc erotser dna niaga esir dluow eripmE namoR eht yad eno deveileb
stsinamuH .gnivil llits sa flesmih was eh hcihw ni ,ssenkrad fo emit a yb dewollof ,snamoR
dna skeerG eht fo doirep cissalc eht :sdoirep owt dah dah yrotsih taht etorw hcrarteP
.tra dna ,erutaretil ,slaedi lacissalc
fo stnempoleved evissergorp eht hguorht smret )raluces ro( larutluc ni tub ,dlroW eht fo segA
xiS s'enitsuguA .tS fo eniltuo suoigiler eht gnola ton ,gnidlofnu yrotsih was yehT .noitangats
fo emit a sa doirep raey-009 gnidecerp eht was stsinamuH .ytirup remrof sti ot egaugnal
nitaL lacissalc eht erotser ot detnaw eH .stxet keerG dna nitaL cissalc eht gnihsilbuper
dna gnirevocsider eporuE hguorht gnilevart emit sih fo hcum tneps eH .ssentaerg nailatI
fo snoisserpxe sa doirep lacissalc eht dna eripmE namoR eht was hcrarteP ,nailatI na sA
.ssenkrad fo ega eht sa
nees saw ,stnemeveihca larutluc hcus gnikcal ,emit s'hcrarteP elihw ,stnemeveihca larutluc
sti fo esuaceb "thgil" fo ega eht sa hcrarteP yb nees won saw ,ytinaitsirhC fo kcal sti rof
ega "krad" eht deredisnoc gnol os ,ytiuqitnA lacissalC .noitacilppa sti gnisrever yb gninaem
raluces ti evig dna rohpatem eht tpo-oc ot tsrif eht saw hcrarteP ."live susrev doog" ebircsed
ot "ssenkrad susrev thgil" fo srohpatem lanoitidart dah sretirw naitsirhC ".moolg esned dna
ssenkrad yb dednuorrus erew yeht hguohtla ,seye rieht erew neek ssel on ,suineg fo nem
htrof enohs ereht srorre eht tsdimA" ,dias eh ,mih erofeb emoc dah ohw esoht fo gnitirW
.s0331 eht ni hcrarteP yb detaerc saw)segA kraD( tpecnoc eht taht detpecca yllareneg si tI"
..."segA kraD"... 38
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".erutluc eippih fo tnempoleved tneuqesbus
eht dna gurd eht fo noitomorp daerpsediw sih ot yltcerid del stnemirepxe eseht gnirud

812
 DSL fo noitsegni s'yeseK .ytisrevinU drofnatS ta tneduts a elihw stnemirepxe ARTLU-KM
rof dereetnulov ,tseN s'ookcuC eht revO welF enO fo rohtua ,yeseK neK "retsknarP yrreM"
.elorap fo ytilibissop eht tuohtiw nosirp ni efil ot decnetnes neeb sah dna tsirorret
a sa ,retal sraey ,degreme eH ".lufwaL" saw eman edoc dengissa sih ;noitapicitrap sih
nageb eh nehw dlo-raey-neetxis ,elbanoisserpmi hguoht ,suoicocerp a saw iksnyzcaK .2691
fo gnirps eht hguorht 9591 fo llaf eht morf ,snoitaleR laicoS ni rosseforp a ,yarruM .A yrneH
yb ytisrevinU dravraH ta detcudnoc stnemirepxe ARTLU-KM derosnops-AIC ni detapicitrap
iksnyzcaK erodoehT rebmobanU taht noitnetnoc eht stroppus ecnedive elbaredisnoC
stcejbus suomaF
.ARTLUKM ni detapicitrap evah ot nwonk era snosirp 3 dna ,)seitisrevinu
htiw detaicossa esoht ot noitidda ni( scinilc ro slatipsoh 21 ,ekil eht dna seinapmoc
lacituecamrahp ro lacimehc ro snoitadnuof hcraeser 51 ,seitisrevinu ro segelloc naciremA 44
noitapicitrap fo tnetxE
...stcejbus
namuh gnittiwnu no seiduts rehto dna gnitset gurd gnivlovni stcejorp 941 fo detsisnoc
margorp eht ,4691 dna 3591 neewteB .seuqinhcet gnihsawniarb ni secnavda esenihC
dna teivoS deviecrep retnuoc ot dehsilbatse ,margorp ARTLUKM dellac-os eht rednu
detcudnoc erew stset eseht fo ynaM .ZB deman-edoc negonicullah a ,etalizneb lynidilcuniuq
detset osla ymrA eht ,DSL ot noitidda nI .s'0691 dna s'0591 eht ni sreidlos "reetnulov" fo
sdnasuoht ot sgurd cinegonicullah evag esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD eht ,AIC eht htiw gnikroW ...
:yduts eht morf etouq ehT
.secnatsbus suodrazah gnivlovni stnemirepxe dna stset ni stcejbus namuh fo
sdnasuoht deiduts seicnega ytiruces lanoitan rehto dna DOD ,4791 dna 0491 neewteb taht
detats hcihw ,4991 ,82 rebmetpeS no troper a deussi eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG .S.U ehT
tropeR eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG .S.U
.smitciv 721 eht fo hcae ot 000,001$
rof truoc fo tuo delttes yllautneve tnemnrevog naidanaC eht dna ,dah strapretnuoc .S.U
rieht sa AIC eht eus ot smitciv eht yb stroffe deliared ylegral noitalever sihT .stnemirepxe
eht eunitnoc ot gnidnuf ni 000,005$ rehtona dedivorp retal dah dna ,siht fo erawa ylluf
saw tnemnrevog naidanaC eht ,ylgnikcohs erom neve spahrep tub ,stroffe s'noremaC
.rD dednuf AIC eht dah ylno ton taht denrael saw tI .etatsE htfiF ehT ,wohs swen CBC
a no 4891 ni nwonk ylediw gnimoceb ,ecafrus ot regnol hcum koot eussi eht ,adanaC nI
".stnemirepxe rof senilediug xif ot ton seicnega eht yb noisiced eht noitseuq otni llac
... srehcraeser eseht yb derosnops stnemirepxe" eht taht deton eettimmoc ehT ."stcejbus
eht fo yna morf deniatbo ton ylsuoivbo saw tnesnoc roir]p[" taht dedulcnoc ,hcruhC
knarF rotaneS yb deriahc ,hcraeser AIC eht gnitagitsevni eettimmoc lanoissergnoc ehT
.DSL fo noitartsinimda retfa deid dah tcejbus eno tsael
ta taht delaever osla yehT .snaem lacigolohcysp dna ,lacigoloib ,lacimehc rehto dna
enilacsem dna DSL sa hcus sgurd evitcaohcysp fo esu eht hguorht roivaheb namuh
lortnoc dna ecneulfni ot margorp evisnetxe na fo trap sa stcejbus namuh tnazingoc

712
 dna gnittiwnu htob no stnemirepxe detcudnoc dah esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD eht dna
AIC eht taht emit tsrif eht rof cilbup eht ot delaever troper noissimmoC rellefekcoR
laitnediserp eht dna stroper eettimmoC hcruhC lanoissergnoc ,5791 fo remmus eht nI
.yratilim eht fo seicnega detaler-ecnegilletni dna ,IBF eht ,AIC eht fo seitivitca
citsemod otni dekool taht noissimmoC rellefekcoR eht sa nwonk noissimmoc laitnediserp a
yb dna ,eettimmoC hcruhC eht fo mrof eht ni ,ssergnoC .S.U eht yb snoitagitsevni detpmorp
troper tahT .s0691 eht gnirud ,snezitic .S.U no stnemirepxe gnidulcni ,seitivitca citsemod
lagelli detcudnoc dah AIC eht taht detroper semiT kroY weN ehT ,4791 rebmeceD nI
.elbissopmi tub lla ARTLU-KM fo noitagitsevni
lluf a gnikam ,deyortsed erew tcejorp eht gnidrager stnemucod AIC tsom ,redro siht
ot tnausruP .deyortsed selif ARTLU-KM lla deredro smleH drahciR rotceriD AIC ,3791 nI
noitaleveR
.reilrae edaced a ylno lanubirt
lacidem grebmeruN eht fo rebmem a neeb osla dah noremaC .snoitaicossa cirtaihcysp
naidanaC dna naciremA eht fo tnediserp sa llew sa noitaicossA cirtaihcysP dlroW eht
fo namriahc tsrif eht sa ediwdlrow nwonk emaceb noremaC taht are siht gnirud saw tI
.secivreS ecnegilletnI eht htiw devlovni
yllauqe saw dna tnesnoc rieht tuohtiw stneitap sih no ylgnigamad yrev dna ylevisnetxe
detnemirepxe osla ohw ,yerruS ,latipsoH tnomleB dna ,nodnoL ,latipsoH 'samohT tS ta
tnagraS mailliW rD tsirtaihcysp hsitirB eht yb delellarap dna deripsni saw krow siH .stnerap
rieht erew srotagorretni rieht gnikniht dna ,stnerap rieht gnittegrof ,klat ot woh gnittegrof
,aisenma ,ecnenitnocni 'smitciv ni detluser stnemtaert siH .snoitca sih morf yltnenamrep
dereffus mohw fo ynam ,noisserped mutraptsop dna sredrosid yteixna sa hcus smelborp
ronim rof etutitsni eht deretne dah ohw stneitap no tuo deirrac yllacipyt erew stnemirepxe siH
.stnemetats evititeper elpmis ro esion fo spool epat gniyalp elihw )esac eno ni shtnom eerht
ot pu( emit a ta skeew rof amoc decudni-gurd otni stcejbus gnittup fo detsisnoc stnemirepxe
"gnivird" siH .rewop lamron eht semit ytrof ot ytriht ta ypareht evisluvnocortcele
sa llew sa sgurd citylarap suoirav htiw detnemirepxe osla noremaC ,DSL ot noitidda nI
.ereht stnemirepxe ARTLUKM tuo yrrac ot 4691 ot 7591 morf 000,96$ diap saw
dna ytisrevinU lliGcM fo etutitsnI lairomeM nallA eht ta krow ot keew yreve laertnoM ot kroY
weN ,ynablA morf detummoc eH .ehcysp eht gnidliuber yletelpmoc dna seiromem gnitsixe
gnisare yb ainerhpozihcs tcerroc ot gnipoh neeb dah noremaC .gnitseretni ylralucitrap
dnuof AIC eht hcihw ,tpecnoc "gnivird cihcysp" eht fo rotaerc ,noremaC newE dlanoD
tsirtaihcysp hsittocS detiurcer AIC eht nehw adanaC ot detropxe erew stnemirepxe ehT
stnemirepxe naidanaC
".sisonpyh ot
ytilibitpecsus ot ytilanosrep fo pihsnoitaler" gniyduts dna ",stcejbo lacisyhp fo stnemegnarra
xelpmoc llacer dna evresbo ot ytiliba gnisaercni yllacitonpyh" ,snoitanimaxe hpargylop
dna sisonpyh gniyduts ",rettam nettirw xelpmoc llacer dna nrael ot ytiliba gnisaercni
yllacitonpyh" ",seiteixna decudni yllacitonpyh" fo noitaerc eht :dedulcni slaog latnemirepxE
.s0591 ylrae eht ni deiduts saw sisonpyh etacidni stnemucod ARTLU-KM deifissalceD
sisonpyH

612
 .lahtotnep muidos dna ,lohocla ,anaujiram ,enimalopocs ,nibycolisp ,enilacsem ,)HCRAESKM eman edoc rednu desu( mapezamet ,enihprom ,nioreh devlovni stnemirepxe rehtO
.srewsna lufesu teg dna snoitseuq
ksa ot elbissop semitemos saw ti dna ,tniop siht ta yltnerehocni gnilbbab nigeb dluow
tcejbus ehT .desaeler erew senimatehpma eht ,peelsa llaf ot nageb tcejbus eht sa noos
sa dna ,tsrif tcejbus eht otni desaeler erew setarutibrab ehT .rehto eht otni VI enimatehpma
na dna mra eno otni VI etarutibrab a gnitcennoc saw detagitsevni euqinhcet rehtonA
sgurd rehtO
.erutrot
lacisyhp neve ,tpmetta noitagorretni fo mrof yna dnatshtiw ot elba erew yeht taht ytniatrec
rettu dna etulosba s'tcejbus eht eb dluow tceffe dekram tsom eht ylnommocnu ton ,DSL no
stcejbus gninoitseuq hguorht deniatbo semitemos saw noitamrofni lufesu hguohtlA .stceffe
sti ni elbatciderpnu oot sa srehcraeser s'ARTLU-KM yb dessimsid yllautneve saw DSL
.syad evitucesnoc 77 rof DSL nevig erew
sreetnulov ,esac eno nI .stnemirepxe emertxe erom neve rof tuo delgnis eb ot deraeppa
stcejbus eht ,sesac eseht fo ynam ni dna ,lausnesnoc saw noitapicitrap 'stcejbus emoS
.yduts dna gniweiv retal rof demlif erew
"snoisses" eht dna srorrim yaw-eno htiw deppiuqe erew slehtorb eht dna ,DSL htiw desod
erew nem ehT .stneve eht tuoba klat ot dessarrabme oot eb dluow ohw nem fo noitceles
a niatbo ot slehtorb lareves pu tes AIC eht ,xamilC thgindiM noitarepO nI .)6691 ,6 rebotcO
litnu setatS detinU eht ni lagel saw ,elpmaxe rof ,DSL fo esu lautca hguoht( deretsinimda
gnieb erew sgurd taht tcaf eht gnitnuocsid neve ,lagelli netfo erew stcejbus "tiurcer" ot stroffE
.IIWW retfa wollof ot deerga .S.U eht taht
edoC grebmeruN eht fo noitaloiv a ,tnesnoc demrofni dna egdelwonk s'tcejbus eht tuohtiw
deretsinimda yllausu erew sgurd rehto dna DSL .snoitcaer rieht yduts ot redro ni cilbup
lareneg eht fo srebmem dna ,stneitap lli yllatnem ,setutitsorp ,stnega tnemnrevog rehto
,srotcod ,lennosrep yratilim ,seeyolpme AIC ot DSL gniretsinimda dedulcni stnemirepxE
.smargorp s'ARTLU-KM fo ynam etanimod ot emac retal hcihw ,DSL no desucof stroffe ylraE
DSL
sgurD
.ARTLU-KM fo trap sa lortnoc dnim fo esoprup eht rof
detagitsevni erew snaem "lacigoloidar dna lacigoloib ,lacimehc" taht tseggus stnemucod AIC
stnemirepxE
.gnitnuocca
ro thgisrevo tuohtiw ,3591 ni tegdub gnitarepo AIC eht fo tnecrep xis detnarg saw rotcerid
ARTLU-KM ehT .tegdub AIC eht fo egatnecrep a detnarg tnemegnarra eviterces A
tegduB

512
 .stcejorp
AIC detaler dna ARTLU-KM fo laog a yldetbuodnu saw seuqinhcet "lortnoc dnim"
hguorht tcejbus "etadidnaC nairuhcnaM" a gnitaerc taht denrael evah snairotsiH
.reveostahw ytivitca
lacisyhp yna mrofrep ot nam a rof elbissopmi ti ekam lliw stnuoma llams yrev ni
hcihw dna setuor evoba eht yb deretsinimda ylsuoititperrus eb nac hcihw lairetam A .71
.sisab coh da na no sepyt tnega yb esu rof elbatius eb
dna ,aisenma fo mumixam a edivorp ,esu ot efas eb lliw hcihw ,.cte ,losorea na sa
,setteragic ,doof ,sknird ni deretsinimda eb ylsuoititperrus nac hcihw llip tuokconk A .61
.stceffe tnenamrep tuohtiw ylbareferp ,seitlucaf
gniraeh ro thgiseye eht fo noitrotsid ro ssenkaew etomorp hcihw secnatsbuS .51
.stnuoma elbatcetednu ni deretsinimda nehw
nem fo ycneiciffe gnikrow lareneg dna noitibma eht rewol lliw hcihw secnatsbuS .41
.gninoitseuq rednu noitacirbaf a niatniam ot tluciffid ti dnif lliw ecneulfni sti
rednu laudividni eht taht epyt a hcus fo noisufnoc latnem esuac lliw hcihw lairetam A .31
.decnahne si nosrep rehtona nopu tnedneped emoceb ot tneipicer
eht fo ycnednet eht taht yaw a hcus ni erutcurts ytilanosrep retla hcihw secnatsbuS .21
.nwod-tel tneuqesbus on htiw airohpue "erup" ecudorp lliw hcihw secnatsbuS .11
.cte ,aimena
etuca ,sgel eht fo sisylarap sa hcus tnemelbasid lacisyhp ecudorp hcihw secnatsbuS .01
.esu suoititperrus fo elbapac dna
emit fo sdoirep dednetxe revo noisufnoc dna kcohs gnicudorp fo sdohtem lacisyhP .9
.esu rieht gnirud dna
gnidecerp stneve rof aisenma ecudorp lliw hcihw sdohtem lacisyhp dna slairetaM .8
."gnihsaw-niarb" dellac-os dna noitagorretni gnirud noicreoc dna erutrot
,noitavirp dnatshtiw ot slaudividni fo ytiliba eht ecnahne lliw hcihw secnatsbuS .7
.ssenlufesu sti ecnahne
esiwrehto ro reisae sisonpyh fo noitcudni eht redner lliw hcihw slairetaM .6
.cte ,gniregnilam rof desu eb yam yeht taht os yaw elbisrever
a ni sesaesid dezingocer fo smotpmys dna sngis eht ecudorp lliw hcihw slairetaM .5
.lohocla fo tceffe gnitacixotni eht etomorp lliw hcihw slairetaM .4
.lohocla fo tceffe gnitacixotni eht tcaretnuoc ro tneverp lliw hcihw slairetaM .3
.noitpecrep dna noitatnem fo ycneiciffe eht esaercni hcihw secnatsbuS .2
.cilbup ni detidercsid eb dluow tneipicer eht erehw
tniop eht ot ssenevislupmi dna gnikniht lacigolli etomorp lliw hcihw secnatsbuS .1
:swollof sa debircsed secnatsbus gniretla-dnim
fo tnemtrossa na fo yduts eht ot srefer tnemucod siht ;troffe eht fo egnar dna ezis eht fo
noitacidni na sevig tnemucod ARTLU-KM 5591 enO .dnim eht gnillortnoc dna gnicneulfni
fo sdohtem fo snezod gniborp seiduts otni srallod fo snoillim deruop ycnegA ehT
smiA
.smargorp AIC detaler dna artlU KM yb derosnops
stcejorp-bus hcraeser dednuf yllaudividni 051 naht erom eht fo gnidnatsrednu etelpmoc
a niag ot srotagitsevni rof ,elbissopmi ton fi ,tluciffid neeb sah ti ,smleH drahciR rotceriD
AIC neht fo redro yb 3791 ni deyortsed yletarebiled erew sdrocer ARTLU-KM tsom esuaceB

412
 .terceS poT sa deifissalcer neeb
evah selif detaicossa eht fo tsom ,5991 ecniS .tcaf eht retfa sraey 04 naht erom noitartibra
ni pu deit sniamer dna detupsid neeb sah stnemirepxe eseht morf gnitluser tnemtaert
lacidem rof noitasnepmoC .egdelwonk rieht tuohtiw detaidarri erew selcitset esohw ,setamni
nosirp nogerO fo puorg a ot ro sreidlos yvaN .S.U detceffa eht ot dereffo erew seigolopa
on revewoH .sreidlos ymra .S.U detceffa eht ot dna nemow tnangerp eht ot deussi saw
ygolopa laiciffo na nehw 5991 litnu tnemevlovni deined yllaiciffo tnemnrevog .S.U ehT .45
tcejorpbuS dna topaeT noitarepO htob htiw devlovni saw beilttoG yendiS daeh ARTLU-KM
.derevocsid saw cinap ssam delennahc dna dellortnoc no tceffe yralloroc s'DSL
margorp siht gniruD .yromem esare ot stsalb ycneuqerf larua bus desu hcihw ,margorp
"noissucnoC tcefreP" terces pot s'yvaN eht saw ,45 tcejorpbuS ,troffe ARTLU-KM rehtonA
.cinap fo stceffe eht yduts ot DSL htiw
desod erew sreidlos ymra .S.U ,margorp siht rednu oslA .sgniht rehto gnoma ,noitaidar htiw
nemow tnangerp fo gnitset eht devlovni "topaeT noitarepO" deggat margorp ARTLU-KM nA
.lortnoc dnim fo seitilibissop rehto yna erolpxe ot yllareneg
dna ,raW dloC eht gnirud seips teivoS detcepsus gnitagorretni ni esu rof gurd hturt
tcefrep a ecudorp ot detpmetta tcejorp ehT .HCRAES-KM demaner saw tcejorp eht ,4691 nI
.sesoprup eseht rof desu gnieb saw krow rieht taht erawanu
erew snoitazinagro tnorf AIC morf stnarg hguorht dednuf gnieb srehcraeser cimedaca ,sesac
emos nI .tnesnoc ro egdelwonk 'stcejbus eht tuohtiw detcudnoc netfo erew stnemirepxE
.ortsaC lediF gurd
ot semehcs lareves tnevni retal dluow dna ,seuqinhcet hcus htiw sredael ngierof etalupinam
ot elba gnieb ni detseretni osla saw AIC ehT .sevitpac nwo rieht no sdohtem ralimis esu
ot detnaw AIC ehT .aeroK ni raw fo srenosirp .S.U no seuqinhcet lortnoc-dnim fo esu naeroK
htroN dna ,esenihC ,teivoS ot esnopser ni ylegral ,3591 ,31 lirpA no selluD nellA rotcerid
AIC fo redro eht no detrats saw tcejorp ARTLU-KM eht ,beilttoG yendiS .rD yb dedaeH
.scipot detaler dna noitacifidom roivaheb ,noitagorretni ,lortnocdnim yduts ot saw esoprup riehT .1591 ni EKOHCITRA tcejorP ot demaner retal saw hcihw
,)0591 dehsilbatse( DRIBEULB tcejorP dna ,)7491 dehsilbatse( RETTAHC tcejorP dedulcni
stcejorp esehT .pilcrepaP noitarepO fo tuo werg stcejorp tnemnrevog .S.U terces lareveS
.slairT grebmeruN eht gnirud
slanimirc raw sa detucesorp dna deifitnedi neeb tsuj dah mohw fo emos ,gnihsaw niarb dna
erutrot ni strepxe dna stsitneics ,seips izaN remrof tiurcer ot margorp a saw pilcrepaP
noitarepO .pilcrepaP noitarepO rof ytilibisnopser tcerid nevig dna dehsilbatse saw ycnegA
sevitcejbO ecnegilletnI tnioJ eht nehw 5491 ni nageb margorp ARTLU-KM eht fo rosrucerp A
.srevresbo cifitneics deifilauq ton erew gnirotinom eht
gniod stnega ehT .esnes cifitneics elttil edam stset eseht taht degdelwonkca flesti ycnegA
ehT .seitivitca eseht morf detluser ,noslO ]knarF[ .rD fo taht ,htaed eno tsael tA '.snoitautis
laicos ni stcejbus gnittiwnu' ot DSL fo noitartsinimda eht devlovni stset eseht fo lareveS
'.ngierof dna snaciremA evitan ,wol dna hgih ,slevel laicos lla ta' snezitic gnittiwnu no stset

312
 gurd trevoc dedulcni hcihw margorp 'noitatnemirepxe dna gnitset evisnetxe' na ni devlovni
erew snoitutitsni dna seitisrevinu ytriht revo taht delaever AIC eht fo rotceriD ytupeD ehT
:dias ydenneK deT rotaneS ,7791 ni roolf etaneS eht nO
.'.yrots revoc' a denodnaba saw ARTLU-KM taht mialc AIC eht dellac yllacificeps ittehcraM
,weivretni 7791 a nI .deunitnoc hcraeser lortnoc dnim AIC taht dna sngiapmac noitamrofnisid
stcudnoc ylenituor AIC eht taht sweivretni suoirav ni detats sah ittehcraM rotciV naretev AIC
raey-41 ,denodnaba neeb evah stnemirepxe epyt-ARTLU-KM taht stsisni AIC eht hguohtlA
.3791 ni deyortsed selif ARTLU-KM lla deredro smleH drahciR rotceriD
AIC taht tcaf eht yb derepmah erew stroffe evitagitsevnI .noissimmoC rellefekcoR eht sa
nwonk noissimmoc laitnediserp a yb dna ,eettimmoC hcruhC eht yb snoitagitsevni hguorht
,ssergnoC .S.U eht yb 5791 ni noitnetta cilbup ediw ot thguorb tsrif saw ARTLU-KM tcejorP
.noitcnuf niarb retla ot dna setats latnem laudividni etalupinam ot ,ygolodohtem rehto sa llew
sa ,sgurd fo sepyt ynam fo esu suoititperrus eht devlovni tcejorp eht taht ecnedive dehsilbup
hcum si erehT .s0691 etal eht hguorht tsael ta deunitnoc dna s0591 ylrae eht ni nageb
taht ,ecnegilletnI cifitneicS fo eciffO eht yb nur ,margorp hcraeser noitagorretni lacimehc
dna lortnoc-dnim AIC trevoc a rof eman edoc eht saw ,ARTLUKM ro ,ARTLU-KM tcejorP"
:"ARTLU-KM" ,tcejorp AIC eht si snoitarepo
lortnoc-dnim fo esu eht fo ecnedive dezicilbup ylsuomaf tsom ehT :etoN s'rotidE
"...lortnoc dnim ..." 28
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".semit yaled
langis gnisaercni ot eud lacitcarp ton si htrae eht morf secnatsid retaerg ta selcihev ecaps
fo lortnoc etomer tceriD .dnuorg eht morf dellortnoc-etomer erew selcihev dohkonuL
naissuR eht ecnatsni rof ,levart ecaps ni desu osla si ygolonhcet lortnoc etomeR
".elissim llafressaW namreG eht gnieb siht fo tluser eno
,raW dlroW dnoceS eht gnirud ylevisnetni dekrow saw sesoprup yratilim rof ygolonhcet
lortnoc etomer fo esu eht dna ,2391 ni welf enalpria ledom dellortnoc-etomer tsrif ehT
.gnicnanif fo kcal rof tcejorp eht
nodnaba ot dah tub ,seodeprot dna selitcejorp ot onikeleT eht ylppa ot yrt dluow eh ,retaL
.erohs eht morf taob a gnidiug ,oabliB fo trop eht ni noitnevni eht detartsnomed yllufsseccus
serroT ,dworc taerg a erofeb dna gnik eht fo ecneserp eht ni ,6091 nI .lortnoc etomer fo dleif
eht ni reenoip a saw dna lortnoc oidar rof sutarappa tsrif s'dlrow eht detutitsnoc tI .sevaw
citengamortcele yb dettimsnart sdnammoc detucexe taht tobor a fo detsisnoc onikeleT
ehT .setatS detinU eht dna ,niatirB taerG ,niapS ,ecnarF ni tnetap a deniatbo eh ,raey
emas eht nI .noitartsnomed latnemirepxe na gnikam dna ,feirb a yb deinapmocca ,ecneicS
fo ymedacA siraP eht ta onikeleT eht detneserp odeveuQ serroT odranoeL ,3091 nI"
."selciheV ro elciheV gnivoM fo msinahceM gnillortnoC
rof sutarappA na fo dohteM" deman , 908,316 tnetaP .S.U ,tnetap sih ni debircsed dna
,alseT alokiN yb 3981 ni depoleved saw lortnoc etomer fo selpmaxe tseilrae eht fo enO"

212
 "...noitarepo lortnoc-dnim etomer eht ..." 18
eurt=llAwohs&243=di?/swene/gro.seidutstsinamuh//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
8002 ,2 lirpA
gro.sweNkrowteNtsinamuH
RELLEG .N HTUR yB
".elttab sthgir livic tsetal ruo eb yam secruos
edistuo morf noitalupinam laicifitra tuohtiw sthguoht nwo ruo kniht ot modeerf ehT
".gnisitrevda daeh-ni" fo noitnevni eht ot sknaht ,eurt regnol on si tahT
.srae ruo neewteb ecaps eht ni ycavirp deetnaraug eb tsael ta dluoc ew taht eb ot desu tI
"?ereht s'ohW ?ereht s'ohW" ,repsihw eciov s'namow
a raeh ot "ypeerc" tlef ti taht gnitirw ,flesmih SSH decneirepxe eH .enizagam deriW rof
draobllib teertS ecnirP eht tuoba nettirw sah ,nospmohT evilC retirw ygolonhcet dna ecneicS
.meht yb ylno draeh eb nac dettime si taht dnuos ehT .yb llorts yeht sa rosnes a reggirt
ohw snairtsedep gnitcepsusnu ot SSH hguorht tnes neeb sah ,)E&A( krowteN tnemniatretnE
dna strA eht no sria hcihw ",etatS lamronaraP" dellac wohs noisivelet a rof gnisitrevdA
.ytiC kroY weN ni teertS ecnirP no draobllib a morf enod gnieb ydaerla
si tI .no gniog s'tahw wonk t'nod uoy fi ypeerc ytterp rO .sirroN rotnevni skniht ,looc ytterP
.lluks
rieht edisni morf detcejorp gnieb si dnuos eht taht si gniraeh esoht ot noitasnes eht ,revewoH
.dnuos eht raeh ot redro ni maeb SSH na fo htap eht ni gnidnats eb ot sdeen ylno enO
.thgil tcerid nac maeb resal
a sa ylesicerp sa dnuos tcerid nac dnuos cinosrepyH .nmuloc eht edisni enoyna yb draeh
eb nac taht sdnuos etaerc ria eht htiw seicneuqerf eht fo noitcaretni eht tub ,sevlesmeht
yb elbiduani era seicneuqerf cinosartlu ehT .ria eht otni seicneuqerf cinosartlu detaludom fo
nmuloc a stcejorp SSH ,reifilpma/rossecorp langis a dna rettime cinosartlu na htiw mednat nI
.revollips yna tuohtiw laudividni eno ot ylesicerp detcerid eb
ot dnuos selbane noitcejorp )SSH( dnuos cinosrepyH .sirroN ydooW rotnevni yb detaerc
saw ti dna dnuos cinosrepyh dellac si euqinhcet ehT .ygolonhcet dna ycavirp neewteb
tcilfnoc eht ni dnuorgelttab tsewen eht eb yam srae ruoy neewteb ecaps eht ,tcaf nI
.noisurtni larua eht tuoba yppah si enoyreve ton dnA .daeh ruoy otni yltcerid
snagols gnisitrevda tcejorp ot ygolonhcet citsuoca wen a gnisu era sresitrevdA .gnihtemos
uoy lles ot gniyrt eb yam daeh ruoy edisni eciov eht taht ecnahc a si ereht ,8002 nI
".em ton s'ti tub daeh ym ni enoemos s'erehT" .oga sraey 53 desaeler mubla
"nooM eht fo ediS kraD" kramdnal rieht no dyolF kniP gnas ",daeh ym ni si citanul ehT"
.ecaps fo selim fo snoillim ssorca nosrep laudividni na ot detegrat ylesicerp
era taht sthguoht timsnart dluoc taht ,sraey fo snoillim revo denifer neeb sah taht
ygolonhcet a enigami ,sraey 051 ylno rof yticirtcele gnisu neeb sah hcihw ,htraE no
desu eb ydaerla nac )woleb ecnerefer ees( "dnuos cinosrepyh" fI :ETON S'ROTIDE
"...lortnoc thguoht etomer ..." 08

112
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".sdohtem hcus tsiser ot woh no snoitseggus sreffo dna ,sdne eslaf rof detiolpxe ylisae tsom
si elur laicos hcae hcihw rednu snoitidnoc eht seton ,)spuorg ni dna eno no eno htob( lortnoc
dnim emertxe dna dlim htob fo selpmaxe cificeps sreffo eh ,seirogetac daorb xis eseht gnisU
"weF eht fo eluR ehT :yticracS" •
"ecnerefeD detceriD :ytirohtuA" •
"feihT yldneirF ehT :gnikiL" •
"sU erA shturT :foorP laicoS" •
"dniM eht fo snilbogboH :ycnetsisnoC dna tnemtimmoC" •
"ekaT dna...ekaT dna eviG dlO ehT :noitacorpiceR" •
:swollof sa meht seltit eh dna ,yrawnu eht nopu yerp ot desu eb nac
selur laicos nommoc taht setats eH .snoitcaretni laicos namuh yhtlaeh etatilicaf dna eilrednu
taht selur suoicsnocnu eht fo noitatiolpxe trevoc eht hguorht elbissop si lortnoc
dnim taht seugra inidlaiC treboR tsigolohcysp laicos ,ecitcarP dna ecneicS ,ecneulfnI nI
".selpicnirp lacigolohcysp laicos
cisab fo tes a sevlovni taht ssecorp a tub ,lacitsym ron lacigam rehtien si
tI .semoctuo laroivaheb ro/dna noitingoc ,tceffa ,noitavitom ,noitpecrep trotsid
ro yfidom taht seicnega ro stnega yb desimorpmoc si noitca dna eciohc
fo modeerf evitcelloc ro laudividni hcihw yb ssecorp eht si lortnoc dniM"
.srehto ni egnahc eulav dna ,edutitta ,feileb ,ytimrofnoc ,ecnailpmoc
ecudni ot detrexe era secrof lanoitutitsni dna laicos ,lanosrep hcihw
ni syaw eht lla gnissapmocne anemonehp a sa lortnoc dnim fo eviecnoc I"
:noitaicossA lacigolohcysP naciremA eht fo tnediserp remrof
,odrabmiZ pilihP tsigolohcysp laicos si seiroeht hcus fo stnenoporp elbaton tsom eht fo enO
.noitalupinam lanoitome ro gnimarf ,ecnatcaer ,ecnanossid
,noisausrep ,ytimrofnoc ,ecnailpmoc ekil selpicnirp ygolohcysp laicos dehcraeser
llew fo esu tnetsisrep dna deifisnetni na sa ti sees lortnoc dnim fo weiv yraropmetnoc A
scitcat ygolohcysp laicoS
".sroivaheb dna sfeileb roirp rieht morf meht
etalosi rehtruf ot sevres hcihw -- egaugnal eht kaeps ot nigeb -- egnahc yeht
,metsys desolc siht ni detpecca eb ot redro ni roivaheb rieht yfidom ot nrael
smitciv sA .metsys desolc a ni sneppah mitciv laudividni eht fo gnidlomeR o
.thgir syawla
era feileb sti dna sredael sti ,metsys eht -- gnorw syawla si laudividni ehT o
.sfeileb
eht ro noitazinagro eht ton -- evitcefed si mitciv eht taht egella sredael
eht ,od yeht fi -- nialpmoc ro ezicitirc ,noitseuq ot dewolla ton era smitciV o
.gnisol reven fo syaw
labrev evah tsum sredael ehT .erutcurts dimaryp ,nwod-pot a sah puorg ehT o
.redro
evitucexe ro lavorppa pihsredael yb tpecxe deifidom eb ot sesufer dna kcabdeef
on stimrep taht erutcurts nairatirohtua na dna cigol fo metsys desolc a htrof tuP •

012
 .ygoloedi wen eht tpecca dna dnatsrednu od yeht fi sa tca dna mriffa
,ecseiuqca ylpmis stiurcer wen -- stbuod fo yalpsid yna tibihni ot si metsys
wen eht gninrael fo seitluciffid eht yb detareneg ytirucesni eht ot noitulos
ysae eht ,emit revO .sroivaheb wen yalpsid ro nrael ot liaf yeht revenehw
denetaerht si sreep htiw pihsnoitaler 'smitciV .)smitciv( sledom eht ot
mrofnoc snrettap thguoht dna sroivaheb s'mitciv wen eht gnivah morf semoc
lavorppA .stiurcer wen ot tnatropmi yrev si sreep morf noitceffa dna meetsE o
.eb
lliw ssecorp noisrevnoc eht evitceffe erom eht ,nrael ot si ti tluciffid erom eht
dna si metsys wen eht snoitcidartnoc htiw dellif dna detacilpmoc erom ehT o
.puorg eht yb detcepxe sroivaheb eht dna puorg eht
fo sfeileb eht tuoba noitamrofni wen fo stnuoma gniyrav nrael tsum smitciV o
.tnemnorivne eht lortnoc ohw esoht yb nevig sdrawer eht nopu tnedneped
yllatot emoceb yeht ,puorg eht morf si teg smitciv kcabdeef ylno ehT o
.gninoitseuq eb ot meht htiw gnorw yltnerehni gnihtemos
si ereht taht leef ot edam si ehs ro eh ,noitseuq a sesserpxe eno fI
.noitcejer elbissop dna sserder ,lavorppasid htiw tem era gnizicitirc ro stbuod
gnisserpxe ,gninoitseuq elihw dedrawer era ecnailpmoc dna ,sfeileb s'puorg
eht fo ecnatpecca dna gnidnatsrednu na gnitartsnomed ,roivaheb dooG o
.sroivaheb devorppa-puorg dna metsys feileb ro ygoloedi s'puorg eht gninrael
etomorp ot redro ni secneirepxe dna ,stnemhsinup ,sdrawer fo metsys a etalupinaM •
.roivaheb dna sfeileb dlo rof kcabdeef evitagen dna sroivaheb
dna sfeileb s'puorg eht ot gnimrofnoc rof kcabdeef evitisop teg smitciV o
.meht sserppus
tsum smitciv eht os ,detanimile snrettap dlo eseht stnaw pihsredaeL
.live ro tnavelerri sa denifed era roivaheb fo snrettap dna sfeileb dlo ruoY o
.snoisses noitatidem yhtgnel dna ,serutcel
ro snoisses reyarp gnol ,gnitnahc ,yregami dediug ,snrettap gnikaeps
decap sa seuqinhcet hcus gnisu sredael gnidulcni ,noitcudni ecnart fo
sdohtem suoirav hguorht dehsilpmocca eb nac secneirepxe fo noitalupinaM o
.ytitnedi laicos remrof s'mitciv eht stcelfer taht roivaheb tibihni
ot sa yaw a hcus ni secneirepxe dna stnemhsinup ,sdrawer fo metsys a etalupinaM •
.derit tpek era uoy fi pu deps si ssecorp sihT o
.ecnatsiser sretnuoc dna snoitseuq sesserppus pihsredael -- ti
ot tcejbo ro noisufnoc siht tuoba kaeps ot dewolla ton era uoy tey ;noisufnoc
renni dna ssertsid uoy sesuac ti ,weivdlrow suoiverp ruoy skcatta puorg sA o
)dezilibatsed
si ytilaer fo weiv yranidro( .dehsinimid era dlrow eht fo gnidnatsrednu
dna tnemgduj doog ruoy ,sesaercni ssensselrewop fo esnes ruoy sA o
.sedore noitpecrep
nwo ruoy ni ecnedifnoc ruoy ,krowten troppus lausu ruoy fo deppirts ecnO o
.puorg eht
ot )fo ytirojam eht ro( emocni rieht revo nrut meht evah ro emocni fo ecruos
ro )loohcs fo tuo pord ,sboj tiuq( noitapucco niam rieht fo smitciv pirtS o
.egaugnal puorg-ni na kaeps
dna puorg eht fo sroivaheb dna sedutitta eht fo sledom sa evres smitciv ehT o
.srebmem puorg ydaerla era elpoep fo ytirojam eht erehw tnemnorivne na otni dna
emit fo doirep a rof puorg troppus laicos lamron rieht morf yawa smitciv gnitteg yb
dehsilpmocca si sihT .mitciv eht ni ssensselrewop fo esnes a etaerc yllacitametsyS •
.emit s'mitciv
eht lortnoc yllaicepse ;tnemnorivne lacisyhp ro/dna laicos s'mitciv eht lortnoC •

902
 .emit a
ta pets a degnahc gnieb si eh woh dna no gniog si tahw fo erawanu mitciv eht peeK •
.ecneloiv ro noicreoc lacisyhp rof deen on evlovni
snoitidnoc eseht taht setats regniS .elbissop si mrofer thguoht hcihw ni erehpsomta
na etaerc dluow hcihw snoitidnoc xis sebircsed regniS teragraM tsigolohcysP
)472 .p( ".esnes suoigiler
eht stnuts taht msilanoitar edurc fo mrof yna ro ,nosaer eht stnuts taht euqitsym
lacitilop ro suoigiler yna ti nopu decrof gnivah yb desuba eb ton dluohs niarb eht
eroferehT .niarb eht ot deliatne yllacigoloisyhp era seitlucaf eseht lla tub ;nosaer fo
rewop eht htiw detfig era yeht dna ,snoisneherppa laicos dna suoigiler htiw detfig era
yehT .sdogimed sa sevlesmeht tsaob ton dna ,snoitcnuf niarb rieht ni sgod elbmeser
yeht hcum woh rebmemer ot yrt ylbmuh dluohs yeht ,sgod ton era nem hguohT"
....gnihsaw-niarb fo smsinahcem eht ot sgnidnif s’volvaP detcennoc osla
tnagraS .ylsuoicanet dleh eb ot metsys feileb wen a esuac ylbissop dluoc siht ,ytilanosrep
laitini s’god eht no gnidnepeD .ssenlli hguorht sa ,noitidnoc lacisyhp s’god a gnignahc dna
slangis evitagen dna evitisop gnitator ,sdoirep gnitiaw lamron naht regnol ,slangis esnetni
yb desuac eb osla dluoc sihT .nwodkaerb a gnisuac ecnesse ni ,esnopser rof yticapac s’god
a dnoyeb sesserts detalumits yb degnahc eb dluoc snrettap roivaheb denoitidnoC .smetsys
feileb dezilanretni dna denrael elpoep syaw eht ot )sgod htiw msinahcem esnopser-sulumits
no detnemirepxe ohw rehcraeser naissuR eht( sgnidnif s’volvaP detcennoc tnagraS mailliW
.hcaorppa lacitcarp ni sreffid tub ,sisonpyh ot detaler ylesolc si tpecnoc
ehT .snoisiced ro ,snoitome ,roivaheb ,gnikniht nwo sih fo lortnoc s'laudividni na trevbus
ot elba scitcat lacigolohcysp fo egnar daorb a ot srefer )"gnihsawniarb" ro( lortnoc dniM"
"...lortnoc dnim ..." 97
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
" .peed teef 524
era yeht ;deifitnedi erew snrevac ”ezis llabtoof“ hcus neveS :noitamrofni lanoitidda dedivorp
won sah naciremA cifitneicS lanruoj suoigitserp eht ,eussi 7002 enuJ sti ni yrots decitonyldrah eht pu gnikciP .)teef 528 ot 033( sretem 052 ot 001 morf ezis ni gnignar serutcurts
- sevac eseht htiw detaicossa serutcurts ralucric krad gnilzzup ,derarfni dna lausiv htob
ni ,dehpargotohp yllautca tfarcecaps eht taht slaever troper eht fo lasurep deliated erom A
.mrof diuqil ni tsixe dluoc retaw erehw dna ,deretlehs
neeb evah dluoc – ”efil laiborcim tneserp ro tsap“ – smrof efil evitimirp erehw secnartne
evac eb ot raeppa tahw wohs yessydO sraM tfarcecaps gnitibro-sraM s’ASAN yb nekat
segami taht ,saxeT ,notsuoH ni ecnerefnoC ecneicS yratenalP dna ranuL launna tnecer
eht ta detroper yevruS lacigoloeG setatS detinU eht morf stsitneics fo maet a ,noitidda nI"
lmth.ainodyc/nadbieg~/ten.mtq.www//:ptth
mth.ainodyc/moc.smaerdtaerg.www//:ptth
) .degamad yltnacifingis neeb evah dluow esab ti ,ecroF
niamoD ehT morf kcatta resiurc a yb deyortsed saw hcihw ,noitacol siht ta esab "eripmE

802
 dlO" na neeb ereht daH !deyortsed yllaitrap neeb evah yeht hguoht sa kool serutcurts
ecaf dna sdimaryp" eht woh ecitoN .snoitazilivic dimaryp naitpygE dna naciremaoseM
ni dnuof erutcetihcra dna slobmys ot ralimis ylgnikirts era taht serutaef lacigoloeg
rehto dna ,sraM no ecaF ehT ,xelpmoC dimaryP" eht a ot derrefer evah elpoep emos
hcihw serutcurts gnikool laicifitra fo xelpmoc a fo spam swohs sknil tenretni gniwollof ehT (
!s0791 eht ni setilletas ASAN yb nekat
ton erew aera siht fo shpargotohp gniwollof ehT .7491 ni lriA yb edam saw tnemetats sihT
".noiger ainodyC eht ni sraM no rotauqe eht fo htron selim derdnuh wef a..." 87
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
"reirraC CAL :ssalc-yraivA •
reirraC CAL :ssalc-artsA •
thguandaerdrepus-dop :ssalc-eriaremeT •
thguandaerdrepus-dop :ssalc-ecapS fo ngierevoS •
thguondaerdrepus :ssalc-enseuQuD •
thguondaerd :ssalc-uaessuoR •
ssalc-notsoB weN eht eb ot thguoht yllamroF - thguondaerd :ssalc-siraP uaevuoN •
pihselttab :ssalc-tnahpmuirT •
resiurcelttab :ssalc-natluS •
resiurcelttab :ssalc-drolraW •
resiurcelttab :ssalc-regiT •
resiurc yvaeh :ssalc-drowS •
resiurc yvaeh :ssalc-ratimicS •
resiurc yvaeh :ssalc-B-sraM •
resiurc yvaeh :ssalc-A-sraM •
resiurc thgil :ssalc-ecnallirB •
resiurc thgil :ssalc-epoP edaW selrahC •
resiurc thgil :ssalc-roreuqnoC •
resiurc thgil :l ssalc-etagirF •
reyortsed :ssalc-egrofseD •
reyortsed :ssalc-ytiC •
reyortsed :ssalc-engotsaB •
CAL :ssalc-31 margorP •
CAL :ssalc-serretemiC •
:nevaH fo cilbupeR s'elpoeP eht ni era sessalc pihsrats esehT
:esrevronoH fo saera tnereffid nihtiw sessalc pihsrats ot srefer tsil gniwollof ehT
.tsil relleS
tseB semiT kroY weN ehT ekam ylraluger sesaeler wen dna setatS detinU eht ni ralupop
era skoob ehT .seires koob rewolbnroH oitaroH s'retseroF .S .C fo tnecsinimer seires
a ni enioreh euqsenosleN eht ,notgnirraH ronoH gnirutaef rebeW divaD yb seirots fo seires
noitcif ecneics yratilim a fo gnittes eht rof eman laiciffo-imes eht si esrevronoH ehT"
:swollof sa si ecnerefer gniniatretne dna gnitseretni rehtonA .spihs yvaN hsitirB
ro SU a si "resiurc elttab" mret eht ot ecnerefer gro.aidepikiW ylno ehT :etoN s'rotidE

702
 "...dehctapsid eb resiurc elttab a taht deredro reciffo gnidnammoc siH ..." 77
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".stnemitnes tnemnrevog-itna fo detcepsus
si rebmem ylimaf eno fi deliaj era seilimaf eritne ,aeroK htroN nI .noisserper tsicsaf fo
smitciv tsrif eht gnoma erew srenosirp "goF dna thgiN" ,ynamreG izaN nI .srenosirp lacitilop
enifnoc ot desu semitemos erew sesongaid cirtaihcysp suoibud ,noinU teivoS eht nI
:selpmaxE
.srenosirp lacitilop dloh yeht taht snoitressa tcejer yllacipyt stnemnrevoG
.ecnedive eht fo noitaterpretni ro evitcepsrep lacitilop evitcejbus nopu dneped yam
renosirp lacitilop a sa dedrager si laudividni na rehtehw ,noitautis rettal siht ni ylralucitraP
.yraiciduj eht yb dekovni eb yam srewop laiceps ro ,emirc elbarapmoc a
htiw degrahc renosirp a ot nevig neeb evah ylbanosaer dluow ti nehw elorap deined ,ylriafnu
liab deined neeb sah taht enoemos eb osla nac renosirp lacitilop A .tnedissid lacitilop
a fo noisserppus dna noitaloiv sthgir namuh a sa yllanoitanretni dna yllanoitan deirced
eb esiwrehto yam hcihw snoitautis ni nommoc si sihT .renosirp lacitilop a si laudividni
na taht tcaf eht esiugsid ot desu era slairt riafnu dna ,ecnedive derutcafunam ,segrahc
lanimirc eslaf erehw ,ytilagel fo reenev a htiw deirt dna detserra era srenosirp lacitilop
.ytivitca lacitilop ni tnemevlovni reh/sih rof ,tserra
esuoh rednu spahrep ,deniated esiwrehto ro nosirp ni dleh enoemos si renosirp lacitilop A"
"...srenosirp lacitilop..." 67
lmth.selbahcuotnu_206030_2060/60/3002/swen/moc.cihpargoeglanoitan.swen//:ptth
:ecnerefeR
".stilaD era snaidnI etaretilli eht lla fo tnecrep 59 dna snaidnI
roop eht lla fo tnecrep 09 ylraeN .esneffo gninetaerht-efil a si doohrobhgien etsac-reppu na
hguorht gniklaw ylereM .ecalp rieht ni meht peek ot gnikees sudniH etsac-reppu yb ytinupmi
htiw depar dna ,netaeb ,dekan dedarap ,detailimuh ylcilbup gnieb fo raef tnatsnoc ni evil
dna ,sboj tsewol eht ot detageler era selbahcuotnU s'aidnI .kroY weN ni desab noitazinagro
tsivitca ediwdlrow a si hctaW sthgiR namuH ".selbahcuotnU" s'aidnI tsniagA ecneloiV
etsaC :elpoeP nekorB fo rohtua dna ,hctaW sthgiR namuH htiw rehcraeser roines a ,aluraN
atimS dias ",sllats aet ni spuc emas eht morf knird ro ,etsac reppu na fo ecneserp eht
ni seohs raew ,selpmet emas eht dnetta ,sllew emas eht morf knird ot dewolla ton era stilaD"
."stilaD hcnyl
ot bom no degge eciloP" ;"dekan dedarap ,depar-gnag namow tilaD" ;"anayraH ni dehcnyl
stilaD 5" ;"hsalc etsac ni evila tnrub stilaD 7" ;"loonruK ta pu-kcol ni dellik tilaD" ;"rahiB
ni dekan dedarap 'hctiw' tilaD" ;"syad eerht rof spoc yb derutrot tilaD" ;"srewolf gnikculp
rof htaed ot netaeb yob tilaD" :yrots rieht sllet srepapswen naidnI maertsniam ni senildaeh fo
gnilpmas modnar A .noigel era ,stilaD sa nwonk ,elpoep eseht tsniaga sesuba sthgir namuH"
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR
".aidnI ni stilaD noillim 061 detamitse na era erehT
tnemnethgilne morf derrab si ,tahw rettam on ,nosrep on taht syas hcihw ,atiG adavagahB

602
 eht sa kcab raf sa edam saw ,srettam lautirips ni tsael ta ,noitanimircsid fo noitcejer tseilrae
ehT .sloohcs ot ssecca dna tnemevom fo sthgir ni ,erehps cilbup eht ni dna saera nabru
ni ,revewoh ,deraeppasid ylegral sah tI .secruos retaw dna secalp gnitae ot ssecca sa hcus
srettam lautir ni ,erehps etavirp eht ni saera larur ni stsixe llits stilaD tsniaga noitanimircsiD
.setsac reppu eht yb dediova erew swodahs rieht neve taht tniop eht ot ,seitinummoc
nwo rieht ni detalosi dna yteicos naisA htuoS ni shairap sa detaert erew yeht ,yllanoitidarT
.cte ,ibohd ,srenaelc teerts ,stsitra klof ,sretfarcidnah teerts ,)aruhc ro ignahb dellac(
sregnevacs lios thgin ,sreruobal sseldnal dna sremraf roop,)raham dellac( sreldnah ssacrac
,)ramahc dellac( srekrow-rehtael era dedulcnI ).shairaP dna elpoep etsac-rewol neewteb
edam eb tsum noitcnitsid a ,revewoH( .sboj lainem tsom eht tub yna gniod morf detneverp
neeb yllacirotsih evah dna metsys sanrav eht edistuo llaf stilaD .dloh yam yeht snoisseforp
hcihw dna yrram yam yeht mohw sa hcus seussi ot drager htiw sutats laicos s'nosrep
a senifed detaerc yldesoppus saw anrav a hcihw morf trap ehT .ahsuruP ytinivid eht fo
ydob eht fo strap tnereffid morf detaerc yldesoppus erew snamuh tsom taht feileb udniH eht
ot srefer anraV ."sanrav" yna evah ton seod feileb udniH lanoitidart ot gnidrocca ohw nosrep
a si ,etsactuo na ro ,elbahcuotnu na dellac netfo ,tilaD a ,metsys etsac naidnI eht nI"
"...selbahcuotnU ..." 57
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".evitanigami ro evitaerc erom hcum gnihtemos emoceb yllausu stneduts loohcS hgiH
ro elddiM elihw ytirbelec a emaceb netfo stluda taht deciton lhoM !esle enoemos emoceb
ot elpoep dezitonpyh netfo sah eh taht syas ,stsitonpyH fo dliuG lanoitaN ehT fo rebmem
dna tsitonpyh egats ,lhoM nhoJ .meht ekil yltcaxe evaheb dna ytirbelec emos era yeht
kniht ot stnapicitrap ezitonpyh yeht hcihw ni swohs mrofrep semitemos lliw stsitonpyh egatS
.ti gnihcuot si tneitap eht nehw neve ,tsixe ton yldetroper lliw elpmaxe
eht ni gum eht ,suhT .sesnes lla yb derongi yletelpmoc si tcejbo eht yllausU .elitcat
yats tey ,elbisivni eb tcejbo na tseggus ot tluciffid si tI .detcepsus eht ot gnorw ylgnimees
si gnihton ,esnes on ekam yam secnetnes eht hguoht nevE .gum eht yb derevoc ton strap
eht daer ylno lliw tneitap eht ,gnitirw htiw egap a fo pot no tup si gum eht fI .elbisivni eb ot
decudni ,gum eeffoc a htiw demrofrep eb yam stnemirepxE .noitseggus fo doirep eht gnirud
dedave dna derongi ylluf eb lliw ti dna elbisivni sa deviecrep eb ot tes eb yam tcejbo nA
.noitca demmargorp eht smrofrep ehs/eh litnu tneitap
eht seugalp noitartnecnoc fo kcal lluf dna noitanidrooc fo ssol ,gnitaewS .ti gniod
morf niartser ot ,elbissopmi ton fi ,tluciffid yrev si ti tub noitca denoitidnoc eht fo erawa ylluf
si tneitap ehT .drowyek laiceps eht duol tuo syas enoyna revenehw ecnetnes niatrec
a eticer ot tneitap eht gnicrof sa hcus decudni eb yam snrettap roivaheb fo epyt tnereffiD
11-01-9-8-7-6-4-3-2-1 stnuoc
tneitap eht suhT .derongi eb ot detseggus si -5 yas- rebmun a fi sregnif seno tnuoc ot deksa
fi deveihca eb yam nevele fo tnuoc A .eulb roloc eht erongi ot detseggus fi ,der deroloc
si aes eht taht etats yam ehs/eH .derongi eb ot meti eht esu ron wonk ton lliw tneitap
ehT .ti sdne drow tnereffid a dna noitseggus eht strats drowyek niatrec A .ssensuoicsnoc
lluf retfa tneitap eht yb derongi eb ot decudni eb yam .cte ,tcejbo ,roloc ,rebmun ynA
:selpmaxE

502
 .seuqinhcet noitaretla
roivaheb lacissalc tuohtiw deretsinimda hguoht ,sexelfer denoitidnoc elbmeser snrettap
roivaheb ehT .nrettap citonpyh-tsop eht tixe ro retne ot sreggirt sa tes eb yam stneve
fo secneuqes niatreC .sisonpyh rednu nosrep eht otni "demmargorp" eb yam nrettap
laroivaheb ro noitpecrep fo esnes deretla nA .epocs emit a edulcni yllanoitpo yam dna
tsitonpyh eht yb deretsinimda era snoitseggus citonpyh tsoP .etats citonpyh eht fo tuo
gnimoc retfa nrettap gnikniht ro roivaheb fo mrof a otni decudni eb ot namuh a fo ytiliba ehT"
"...snoitseggus citonpyh tsoP..." 47
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".detcatnoc fi lahtel eb nac V 04 woleb secruos egatlov neve neht ,niks
eht etartenep hcihw sedortcele ot deilppa si egatlov eht fi ro ,sdnuow era ereht fi ro ,tew si
niks fI .niks namuh yrd fo ytivitcudnoc wol eht yb denimreted yltsom si regnad noitucortcele
ehT .aera tsehc eht hguorht ssap ot neppah hcihw seussit ydob ni stnerruc cirtcele
ecudorp yeht fi noitallirbif traeh gnicudorp fo elbapac era V 05 naht retaerg fo segatloV
.tiucric a fo stniop owt gnihcuot gnieb namuh a hguorht wolf ot tnerruc
fo stnuoma suoregnad esuac yllausu nac stlov 05 yletamixorppa revo segatloV
.tnempiuqe eht fo stiucric rewop tlov 042 eht tcennoc ot dettimrep eb ton yam tub ,stiucric
lortnoc tloV 42 llatsni ot desnecil eb yam tnempiuqe gninoitidnoc ria dna noitalitnev ,gnitaeh
fo rellatsni na ,elpmaxe roF .egatlov hgih eb ot ,retnuocne yllamron yeht segatlov tsehgih
eht yrrac hcihw ,)CA V 052–001( stiucric sniam dlohesuoh redisnoc yam cilbup lareneg ehT"
"...egatlov cirtcele..." 37
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
"....tneitap
eht tsol ew tub eruc tnaillirb a saw tI ?ssenisub fo tuo em gnittup dna ,latipac
ym si hcihw ,yromem ym gnisare dna daeh ym gniniur fo esnes eht si tahw ,lleW"
,rehpargoib sih ot dias evah ot detroper si eH .1691 ni cinilC regninneM eht ta tnemtaert
kcohS cirtcelE retfa yltrohs edicius dettimmoc ,rohtua naciremA ,yawgnimeH tsenrE
".nerdlihc ym ,tcaf ni ,erew nerdlihc ym taht egdelwonk eht neve ,seitiliba
lacisum ym ,noitacude egelloc ym ,tsap ym koot 'ypareht' kcohS" .sticifed evitingoc
suoires dna tnemriapmi yromem mret-trohs htiw tfel osla saw I .denruter evah seceip dna
stib llams ylno ;desare ylpmis erew efil ym fo sraey 02 ot neetfiF .niarb ym ot did kcohs
egamad evisnetxe eht yfirev ]smargolahpecneortcele[ sGEE" .em delbasid yltnenamrep
dna yllatot 'ypareht' kcohS .3891 ni deviecer I sTCE tneitaptuo 31 yb degnahc reverof saw"
efil reh taht tsoP notgnihsaW eht ot rettel a ni stroper ydoC .C arabraB esrun deretsigeR
.aisenma edulcni TCE fo stceffe etuca ehT .esu sti gnidnuorrus nrecnoc
eht fo hcum ot esir evig taht yromem mret-gnol no TCE fo stceffe eht si tI .ssol yromem
tnetsisrep esuac ot nwohs neeb evah TCE .tnemtaert fo doirep emit eht dnuora stneve
rof ssol yromem dna noisufnoc edulcni hcihw "stceffe-edis" sah ypareht evisluvnocortcelE
.keew a semit 3 ro 2 deretsinimda stnemtaert 21-6 fo esruoc a ni yllausu ,raey yreve TCE
eviecer ediwdlrow elpoep noillim 1 detamitse na ,yadoT .s05 dna s0491 eht ni tnemtaert fo

402
 mrof a sa esu daerpsediw deniag tsrif tI .sredrosid rehto dna ainerhpozihcs ,ainotatac ,ainam
fo tnemtaert eht ni desu osla si dna ,tnemtaert rehto ot dednopser ton sah hcihw noisserped
rojam ereves rof tnemtaert a sa desu netfo tsom si )TCE( ypareht kcohsortcelE yadoT
)mth.3tce/tce/ten.ptns.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR( ".roivaheb retla ot redro ni niarb eht
hguorht yticirtcele fo tsalb gniraes a gnidnes :ssecorp emas eht rof smret citsimehpue era llA
.)TLE( ypareht citylortcele dna ,noitalumitsortcele ,)TSE( tnemtaert kcohs cirtcele ro ypareht
kcohsortcele ,)TCE( tnemtaert ro "ypareht" evisluvnoc-ortcele dellac osla si kcohs cirtcelE*
.yrtaihcysp fo seuqinhcet laturb
tsom eht fo eno gnitaerc ,snamuh ot slliks gnirethguals-goh fo noitacilppa eht tuoba thguorb
ittelreC ogU ,mitciv sih fo noisluvnoc decudni yllacirtcele "lufsseccus" eht htiW .niaga
derif dna noitarud dna egatlov eht desaercni ittelreC ,stnatsissa sih fo snoitcejbo eht gnirongI
)"!em llik lliw tI !eno rehtona toN"( "lereifitroM !adnoces anu noN"
,ittelreC deggeb eH .egatlov rehgih a htiw noitacilppa dnoces a gnissucsid ittelreC draehrevo
mitciv eht ,ssensuoicsnoc gnisol tuohtiw tsalb tsrif eht gnivivrus retfA ".detneiro-llew dna
dicul" sa ittelreC yb debircsed nam a - ecilop lacol eht yb dedivorp saw mitciv tsrif s'ittelreC
".tcejbus elbatius a fo noitceles eht rof trela eht no eb
ot stnatsissa ym detcurtsni I dna ,nam no tnemirepxe ot erutnev dluoc ew tlef I tniop siht tA"
....ytluciffid tuohtiw slamina eht delb dna
debbats rehctub eht ,)amoc citpelipe( ssensuoicsnocnu fo doirep siht gniruD ....snoisluvnoc
yb nekahs erew yeht sdnoces wef a retfa neht ,deneffits ,suoicsnocnu llef yeht ,sgnot
]cirtcele[ eht yb depmalc erew sgoh eht sa noos sA" ,sdrow nwo s'ittelreC nI .sgoh rehctub
ot deyolpme saw taht dohtem eht morf denrael eb dluoc tahw ees ot esuohrethguals emoR
a detisiv ittelreC ogU tsirtaihcysp nailatI nehw ,8391 ni nageb kcohs cirtcele fo yrots ehT"
"...kcohsortcelE" 27
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".
,si stinu IS ni hcihw ,alumrof ecrof ztneroL eht yb nevig si ecrof citengamortcele ehT •
.)noitubirtsid
egrahc a ro eloponom citengam a( egrahc citengam a sah dleif citengaM citats A •
.egrahc rehto eht dna egrahc ecruos eht neewteb
enil tsethgiarts eht stneserper taht rotcev noitisop eht si erehw , yb detneserper si
dleif ecrof eht ,segrahc tniop eht fo esac eht nI .tcejbo ecruos sti sa )segrahc cirtcele
fo gniddup mulp deraems a ro( egrahc cirtcele na sah dleif cirtcelE evitavresnoc A •
.)htraE eht fo retnec( erehps eht fo nigiro eht sdrawot gnitniop
rotcev tinu laidar eht htiw ,ytivarG fo waL s'notweN tsuj si hcihw , ,rotcev eht yb
detneserper si ,setanidrooc lacirehps ni ,dleif ecrof lacissalc stI .ytivarg fo retnec eht
sdrawot gnitniop srotcev fo yarra lacirehps a fo stsisnoc dleif lanoitativarG labolg A •
.ytivarg ot eud noitarelecca eht ot srefer g dna ,ssam eht ot srefer m dna ,dnuorg eht
morf yawa noitcerid a ni stniop erehw , rotcev naisetraC eht yb detneserper si dleif
ecrof sti ;dnuorg eht sdrawot ,sdrawnwod---noitcerid eno ni gnitniop srotcev fo yarra
mrofinu a fo stsisnoc yllacipyt dnuorg htraE raen dleif lanoitativarg nainotweN lacol A •
:sdleif ecrof fo selpmaxE

302
.enil siht gnola tcejbo ecruos eht ot detcennoc yltcerid tsom era stcejbo eht esuaceb ecrof
fo senil stcejbo neewteb snoitcennoc laciteroeht eseht dellac yadaraF .devruc eb yam tub
,esac yrtemoeg naedilcuE eht ni ,thgiarts eb ot evah ton od senil ehT .elpmaxe rof ,egrahc
citengam ro cirtcele na ro elcitrap ssam a eb thgim tcejbo nA .stcejbo rehto fo
noitcelloc a ro tcejbo rehtona no strexe )"tcejbo ecruos" eht( tcejbo eno ecrof fo senil
eht ot srefer dleif ecrof mret eht ,sdleif citengamortcele fo roivaheb eht rof ,tcurtsnoc
laciteroeht tub ,mgidarap evitiutni na edivorp ot yadaraF leahciM yb denioc mret a yllanigirO"
..."dleif ecrof"... 17
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".aibreS
tsniaga raw fo noitaralced s'yragnuH-airtsuA htiw ,htaed s'dnanidreF znarF retfa shtnom
owt naht ssel nageb hcihw ,I raW dlroW fo gninnigeb eht ot detubirtnoc lla metsys ecnailla
eht dna ,msiratilim ,msilairepmi ,msilanoitan ,ecar smra eht htiw gnola ,snoitanissassa ehT
.setunim nihtiw deid eh ;etal oot saw ti tub ,dia
sih ot devirra sessentiw nehw evila llits saw dna raluguj eht ni tohs saw znarF .nemodba eht
ni eihpoS tohs dna meht was picnirP ,siht fo tluser a sA .latipsoh eht ta derujni esoht lla ees
ot gniog no detsisni htob eihpoS dna znarF .derujni erew snailivic ynam tub ,meht dessim
tI .rac rieht ta nworht saw bmob a nehw dekcatta neeb ylsuoiverp dah eihpoS dna znarF
.I raW dlroW dereggirt ,ovejaraS
ni noitanissassA eht sa nwonk ,tneve ehT .)akuR anrsT/акур анрЦ( dnaH kcalB ehT yb
dezinagro snissassa )wef a( lareves fo eno dna ainsoB gnuoY fo rebmem a ,picnirP olirvaG
yb ,anivogezreH dna ainsoB fo ecnivorp nairagnuH-ortsuA eht fo latipac eht ,ovejaraS
ni dellik erew efiw sih dna dnanidreF znarF ,ma 51:11 yletamixorppa ta ,4191 ,82 enuJ nO
.deeccus ot demoorg saw
dnanidreF znarF ,htrofecneH .htaed s'ecnirP nworC eht retfa syad wef a sthgir noisseccus
sih decnuoner rehtaf sih revewoH .enorht eht ot enil ni tsrif sa ,giwduL lraK ekudhcrA
,rehtaf s'dnanidreF znarF gnivael ,gnilreyaM ni egdol gnitnuh sih ta edicius dettimmoc
floduR ecnirP nworC nisuoc siH .yllacitamard degnahc efil s'dnanidreF znarF ,9881 nI
.I raW dlroW gnitrats ,rehto hcae no raw eralced
ot )srewoP etnetnE eht( aibreS htiw deilla seirtnuoc dna )srewoP lartneC eht( yragnuHairtsuA htiw deilla seirtnuoc desuac sihT .raw fo noitaralced nairtsuA eht detatipicerp
ovejaraS ni noitanissassa siH .enorht nairagnuH-ortsuA eht ot evitpmuserp rieh ,htaed sih
litnu 6981 morf dna ,aimehoB dna yragnuH fo layoR ecnirP dna airtsuA fo lairepmI ecnirP
,etsE-airtsuA fo ekudhcrA na saw )4191 ,82 enuJ – 3681 ,81 rebmeceD( dnanidreF znarF"
"...airtsuA fo ekudhcrA eht fo ydob eht ..." 07
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".metsys rats elpurdauq a tsael ta eb ot nwonk si yltnerruc raziM
latot ni ,yranib a osla si flesti B raziM taht yrevocsid tneuqesbus eht htiw dna ,derevocsid
yranib cipocsortceps tsrif eht ,llew sa yranib a eb tcaf ni ot derevocsid saw A raziM ,9881
nI .B raziM dna A raziM sa nwonk era srats tnenopmoc ehT .dnuof yranib cipocselet tsrif eht

202
 — metsys rats yranib a eb ot derevocsid saw flesti raziM ,yrutnec ht71 eht nI .thgis fo tset
lanoitidart a sa devres sah ti dna ,evloser ot tluciffid erom ti sredner raziM ot ytimixorp sti tub
,eye dedianu eht htiw ees ot ysae ylevitaler eb yllamron dluow roclA ,1.4 edutingam tA .rediR
dna esroH eht sa nwonk yllamrofni era yeht rehtegot dna rroclA dellac rats a si raziM raeN
101

9.1

a
MU
η 
d
iak
lA 
87 

1.2

a
MU
ζ 
raz
iM 
18 

8.1

a
MU
ε 
hto
ilA 
18 
3.3

aMU
δ zergeM 
48 4.2 aMU γ adcehP 
97 

4.2

a
MU
β 
k
are
M 
421 
8.1

aMU
α ehbuD 
)srY L(
ecnatsiD
edutingaM
tnerappA
noitangiseD
reyaB
emaN
reporP
.eldnah eht ot lwob eht morf redro lacitebahpla
keerG evitucesnoc ni snoitangised reyaB evah reppiD giB eht fo srats eht rojaM asrU nihtiW"
"...noitalletsnoc reppiD giB eht ..." 96
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".tnedicni tuohtiw
ti desrevart evah tfarcecaps dennamnu elpitlum taht detubirtsid ylniht os si lairetam dioretsa
ehT .elcitrap tsud a fo ezis eht ot nwod egnar seidob gniniamer ehT .retemaid ni mk 059
tuoba si ,tenalp frawd ylno s'tleb niam eht ,sereC elihw ,mk 004 naht erom fo sretemaid
naem evah eseht fo llA .aeigyH 01 dna ,sallaP 2 ,atseV 4 ,sereC :stcejbo tsegral ruof
eht ni deniatnoc si tleb niam eht nihtiw ssam eht flah naht eroM .stenalp ronim ro sdioretsa
dellac seidob depahs ylralugerri suoremun yb deipucco si tI .retipuJ dna sraM stenalp eht
fo stibro eht neewteb ylhguor detacol metsyS raloS eht fo noiger eht si tleb dioretsa ehT"
"...tleb dioretsa..." 86
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".devalsne flesmih dnif thgim enoyna ,sevlesmeht gnoma thguof snoitan lufrewop
nehw ,eripmE namoR eht fo thgieh eht ta ,denraw aceneS nehw sa ,enutrof fo slasrever

102
 fo detsixe syawla ytilibissop ehT .etaf ekil eht gnireffus fo raef elttil htiw sevals otni meht
nrut dna sevitpac ekat thgim aera na ni puorg tnanimod ehT .srotpac eht sa emas eht erew
netfo tub ,srevalsne rieht morf ecar ro ,noigiler ,ytilanoitan ,yticinhte ni dereffid semitemos
derutpac esohT .elpoep fo spuorg ralucitrap fo tnemevalsne daerpsediw ot del tceffe eht tub
,deerf erew yeht fi thgif ot nruter dluow ohw esoht gnitucexe ylpmis naht enamuh erom neeb
evah yllanigiro yam yrevalS .raw fo ezirp a sa nopu dekool erew dna meht derutpac ohw
esoht fo ytreporp eht deredisnoc netfo erew sevitpaC .sevals sa dlos ro demosnar ,dellik
rehtie erew ohw ,seilimaf rieht dna srenosirp rof yrevals ni detluser netfo erafraW tneicnA
.devalsne erew ohw stnerap ot ,sutats taht otni nrob erew sevals tsoM .snoitidnoc emertxe
gnivivrus fo snaem a sa ,sevlesmeht yb ro ,stnerap rieht yb yrevals otni dlos erew snosrep
emos tub ,sdiar detalosi ni deppandik ro sraw ni derutpac erew sevals tsom ,yllacirotsiH
.secivres lauxes sedulcni ,esac siht ni ,yrevalS .yrevals sa
deifitnedi eb osla yam serutluc nredom dna tneicna emos ni nemow fo robal decrof ehT .CB
005 ni aisreP ni eripmE dinemeahcA eht fo ngier eht rednu derrucco noitpecxe tnatropmi
nI .noitutitsni dehsilbatse ydaerla na sa yrevals ot srefer hcihw ,)CB 0081~( aimatoposeM
ni ibarummaH fo edoC eht sa hcus ,sdrocer tseilrae eht ot decart eb nac yrevalS .stnenitnoc
dna serutluc lla tsomla ni dnuof eb nac tI .sdrocer nettirw setaderp yrevals rof ecnedive ehT
.)fres hsilgnE .fc( suvres saw "evals" rof drow nitaL
remrof ehT .srosseccus sih dna taerG eht ottO yb sevals sa dlos neht dna derutpac neeb
dah elpoep eseht fo ynam sa ,eporuE lartneC dna nretsaE fo svalS eht ot derrefer yllanigiro
suvalcs mret ehT .ebirt civalS tsaE na ,enevolS naissuR dlO ot nika ;nigiro civalS fo ,svalS
,ionebalks morf ,sobalks keerG ylrae eht ,suvalcs nitaL laveideM eht ,evalcse hcnerF dlO
eht morf ,evalcs hsilgnE elddiM eht morf setanigiro egaugnal hsilgnE eht ni evals drow ehT"
"...sevals sa sEB-SI rehto erutpac lliw yeht..." 76
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
" ".eson sih
gniwolb nam a fo taht :tcA lacigaM a fo elpmaxe elpmis yrev a ekat su teL .noitinifed
ruo morf gniknab ro gniworg-otatop edulcxe ton tsum eW .lliW yb ssap ot thguorb
si hcihw erutan ni tneve yna sa denifed eb yam tI ?noitarepO lacigaM a si tahW"
:syas yelworC ,VIX retpahC ,ecitcarP dna yroehT ni kcigaM nI .cigam lautir sa llew
sa lliw fo stca "enadnum" dedulcni eh ,siht yB ".lliw eht htiw ytimrofnoc ni rucco ot egnahc
gnisuac fo tra dna ecneics eht" sa ti gninifed ,kcigam gnilleps eht derreferp yelworC retsielA
.yhcrareih a otni dezinagro semitemos ,sdnik tnereffid ynam fo sgnieb fo somsoc
elohw a ebircsed netfo lliw stirips ni sreveileB .ecnegilletni dna ssensuoicsnoc nwo
rieht htiw tub ,secrof larutan lacitehtopyh eseht ot ralimis stirips fo noitnevretnI •
.ecrof kaew eht dna ecrof gnorts
eht ,msitengamortcele ,ytivarg :erutan fo secrof latnemadnuf ruof eht edisgnola
dna ot noitidda ni tsixe ot dias era secrof lacigam esehT .lla ta elbatceted eb
ton yam tcaf ni dna ,tneserp ta ecneics yb detceted eb tonnac taht secrof larutaN •
:selpicnirp cisab gniwollof eht fo erom ro eno yb krow yam ti taht eveileb cigam ot stnerehdA
.smetsys lautpecnoc suoigiler dna cifitneics ,htiw noititepmoc ni
dna ,morf erusserp rednu si cigam ,serutluc ynam nI .smret hcus ni anemonehp dna stneve

002
 suoirav nialpxe taht sfeileb ot dna ,ecneulfni siht gnitressa nosrep a yb deyolpme secitcarp
eht ot refer osla nac mret ehT .snaem larutanrepus ro lamronarap ,lacitsym hguorht
)anemonehp lacisyhp dna ,elpoep ,stcejbo ,stneve gnidulcni( dlrow larutan eht lortnoc
ot ytiliba namuh stressa taht metsys lautpecnoc a si ,yrecros sa nwonk semitemos ,cigaM
"...sgniht hcus
fo kaeps ygolohtym dna selat yriaf ,tnemtnahcne dna yrecros ,cigam fo selaT ..." 66
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".rehtona ot mrof eno morf degnahc
eb ylno nac ti ,deyortsed ro detaerc eb ton nac ygrene taht setats ygrene fo noitavresnoc
fo wal eht ,trohs nI .ygrene fo noitavresnoc eht fo noisrev gnissapmocne erom eht si dna
,smetsys cimanydomreht rof ygrene fo noitavresnoc eht fo tnemetats a si scimanydomreht
fo wal tsrif eht ,scimanydomreht nI .ygrene lamreht otni ygrene citenik snrut noitcirf .g.e
,smrof egnahc yam ti hguohtla ,detaercer eb tonnac tub tnatsnoc sniamer metsys detalosi
yna ni ygrene fo tnuoma latot eht taht setats ygrene fo noitavresnoc fo wal eht ,scisyhp nI"
"...deyortsed ton tub ,detaerc eb nac smrof dna ygrene ..." 56
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".)gnihton fo tuo :nitaL( olihin xe noitaerc ro ;naeco sselemit
dna etinifni na morf gnigreme dnal ;sdog rehtaf dna rehtom eht fo noitarapes eht ;soahc
laidromirp a morf dlrow eht fo sgniht eht fo noitanoitcarf eht edulcni sfitom nommoC .semeht
ralimis yldaorb erahs noitaerc fo stnuocca ynaM .gnieb emerpus a yb "noitaerc" fo tca
etarebiled a sa yllausu ,)ynogomsoc( esrevinu eht dna ,efil ,htrae ,ytinamuh fo sgninnigeb
eht sebircsed taht noitanalpxe ro yrots suoigiler-ohtym larutanrepus a si htym noitaerc A"
"...sesrevinu laudividni rehto ynam fo
noitamaglama dna ecnegrevnoc eht morf demrof si flesti esrevinu lacisyhp ehT ..." 46
lmth.ega/emitoeg/pig/vog.sgsu.sbup//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".stnemele evitcaoidar sti ezinegomoher ot yltneiciffus debrutsid ro detlem rehtie saw detad
gnieb kcor eht taht emit tsal eht erusaem ot desu era ,gnitad cirtemoidar sa ylevitcelloc
nwonk era dna scisyhp ni dednuorg ylmrif era hcihw ,seuqinhcet gnitad esehT .stnemele
rehto fo sepotosi elbats ot sraey noillib 001 naht erom ot noillim 007 fo sevil flah htiw yaced
taht dna slarenim dna skcor ni yllarutan rucco taht stnemele fo sepotosi evitcaoidar devilgnol fo yaced eht yb derusaem era setiroetem fo dna skcor nooM dna htraE fo sega ehT
.ega emas eht fo ,erofereht
,era dna emit emas eht ta demrof metsyS raloS eht ni seidob dilos eht fo tser eht dna
htraE eht taht gnimussa yb htraE eht rof ega na etaluclac ot dna metsyS raloS eht fo ega
elbaborp eht enimreted ot elba neeb evah stsitneics ,sselehtreveN .dnuof neeb tey ton evah
yeht ,etats lanigiro rieht ni tfel skcor laidromirp s'htraE fo yna era ereht fI .scinotcet etalp fo
ssecorp eht yb deyortsed dna delcycer neeb evah skcor tsedlo s'htraE esuaceb skcor htraE
morf yltcerid htraE eht fo ega tcaxe eht enimreted ot yaw a dnuof ton evah stsitneics raf oS"
".noitarud dna ega hsilbatse ot nigiro fo stniop..." 36

991
 gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".egasu egaugnal hsilgnE ni gninaem erar ylgnisaercni
- )attoy xiferp IS ;4201( 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,1
.egasu egaugnal hsilgnE ni gninaem nommoc
ylgnisaercni - )atep xiferp IS ;5101 ;noillim noillim dnasuoht eno( 000,000,000,000,000,1
:srebmun owt eht fo rehtie naem yam noillirdauQ"
"...noillirdauq ..." 26
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".snoitidnoc
yradnuob ro ,secrof raelcun ro ,ytivarg ekil secrof ot dnopser yam selcitrap gniraebegrahc eht taht si evitcepsrep repeed a spahrep ,"selcitrap tniop" fo selbmesne egral htiw
laed ot dednetni snoitamixorppa ylno era seiroeht eseht taht tseggus thgim eno hguohtlA
.)yroeht ydob-ynam(
noitcnuf s'neerG dna snoitaler obuK–neerG ,elpmaxe rof eeS .depoleved sah srettam
eseht htiw gnilaed rof sutarappa lacisyhp eritne nA .noitulove rallets ,ytivitcudnocrepus
,scimanydordyhortcele ,scimanyd diulf ,scimanydordyhotengam ees ,elpmaxe roF .snoitauqe
sekotS-reivaN eht ro noitauqe kcnalP–rekkoF eht ro noitauqe nnamztloB eht ,elpmaxe rof
,segrahc fo esnopser laitaps dna emit eht enimreted ot devlos eb tsum snoitauqe tropsnart
xelpmoC .sdleif eseht etareneg dna sdleif B dna E eht ot dnopser htob muidem lairetam
a ni selcitrap degrahc ehT .noitatupmoc fo rettam a sa dna elpicnirp ni htob ,selcitrap
degrahc fo roivaheb eht ebircsed ot etauqedani si ecrof ztneroL eht slairetam laer nI
.rehtona si segrahc dna stnerruc yb B dna E
fo noitareneg eht ;tcepsa eno si wal ztneroL eht ot egrahc tniop a fo esnopser ehT .seitisned
tnerruc dna egrahc eht aiv meht ot delpuoc era tub ,swal lacisyhp rehto morf etarapes
dnats ton od snoitauqe s'llewxaM ,suhT .secrof raelcun dna ytivarg ylbaton ,secrof rehto
ot delpuoc ylbissop era selcitrap degrahC .erutcip eritne eht ton era secrof citengamortcele
hcus tub ,egrahc tniop a nopu B dna E fo tceffe eht sebircsed wal ecrof ztneroL ehT .sdleif
citengamortcele fo ecneserp eht ni q egrahc tniop gnivom a no gnitca ecrof eht gnibircsed yb
erutcip taht setelpmoc wal ecrof ztneroL eht ,sdleif citengam dna cirtcele ot esir evig stcejbo
dna selcitrap degrahc yllacirtcele woh ebircsed snoitauqe s'llewxaM nredom eht elihW
ecrof ztneroL eht fo ecnacifingiS
.wal laitnesse dna
etarapes a sa snoitauqe s'llewxaM ot tnecajda stis won tI .)edisivaeH yb detalumrofer sa ,si
taht( desu yltnerruc si mret eht sa "snoitauqe s'llewxaM" fo eno eb ot deredisnoc regnol on si
ecrof ztneroL eht ,snoitauqe s'llewxaM thgie fo tes lanigiro eht ni snigiro lacirotsih sti etipseD
.noitauqe yadaraF-llewxaM eht ,snoitauqe s'llewxaM
nredom ruof eht fo eno ot tnelaviuqe si yaw siht desserpxe eb nac E taht tcaf ehT

891
 ot gnidrocca slaitnetop rotcev dna ralacs fo smret ni desserpxe eb nac yadot
hcihw ,E llac syadawon ew tahw taht noitamrofni eht sniatnoc ereh noitauqe ehT •
.devired eb nac ecrof evitomortcele hcihw morf
ytitnauq latnemadnuf a saw A taht deveileb llewxaM .A mutnemom eht ot esir sevig
taht dna secitrov ralucelom sih fo muidem laerehtea eht fo ytisned eht ot refer ot
sraeppa hcihw ,yticirtcele eerf fo ytisned eht si srepap s'llewxaM ni egrahc cirtcele ot
ecart nac ew taht mret tsesolc ehT .aes xetrov sih ni mutnemom a eb ot deredisnoc
eh hcihw ,A etats cinot-ortcele s'yadaraF morf detarepo eH .ecrof evitomortcele
mret eht sesu eH .raelcnu si llewxaM yb ereh desu E fo noitinifed ehT .egrahc
fo tpecnoc eht esu t'ndid llewxaM .egrahc eht ,q fo rotcaf a niatnoc ton seod tI •
:stcepser owt ni sreffid yllautca ti
,noitauqe ecrof ztneroL nredom eht fo rosrucerp tcerid a ylsuoivbo si noitauqe siht hguohtlA
.ytilibaemrep citengam si µ
,H dleif citengam eht si H
,laitnetop citatsortcele eht si φ
,laitnetop rotcev citengam eht si A
erehw
:swollof sa nettirw saw noitauqe eht repap siht nI .snoitauqe
s'llewxaM lanigiro thgie eht fo eno sa ,dleiF citengamortcelE eht fo yroehT lacimanyD
A ,repap 4681 sih fo "D" noitauqe sa ti detsil llewxaM ,retaL .ecroF fo seniL lacisyhP nO
repap 1681 s'llewxaM ni )77( noitauqe ta nees eb nac ti ,ralucitrap nI .emit s'ztneroL erofeb
saw ecrof ztneroL eht fo yrevocsid eht ,revewoH .2981 ni ecrof siht decudortni ztneroL
.sdleif citengamortcele ot eud egrahc tniop a no ecrof eht si ecrof ztneroL eht ,scisyhp nI"
"...ecrof citengamortcele ..." 16
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sraey 000,1 rof llawyrd htiw yrtsudni noitcurtsnoc eht ylppus ot
hguone ,dnas muspyg etihw fo esnapxe )elim qs 572( ²mk 017 a detaerc evah ocixeM weN
fo etats SU eht ni tnemunoM lanoitaN sdnaS etihW eht fo snoitidnoc euqinu eht ,revewoH
.dnas fo mrof eht ni dnuof ylerar si muspyg ,retaw ni emit revo sevlossid muspyg esuaceB
.stcudorp riah rehto
ynam dna soopmahs ,smaerc toof ni desu osla si tI .siraP fo retsalp dellac neeb sah lairetam
siht ,sesoprup suoirav rof desu muspyg tnrub dehsinruf gnol sah siraP fo tcirtsid ertramtnoM
eht fo seirrauq eht morf muspyg eht esuaceB .larenim deniclac ro tnrub eht ot gnirrefer
,"kooc ot" ,ωύεριεγαµ brev keerG eht fo mrof tsiroa eht morf devired si muspyg drow ehT
.ruflus dna etilah
slarenim eht htiw detaicossa netfo si tI .serusopxe ecafrus raen ni retawdnuorg yb muspyg

791
 ot detardyh ylnommoc si sniev ni etirdyhna lamrehtordyH .sniev ni snoitulos etaflus dna
,sropav cinaclov morf ,sgnirps toh ni sa llew sa ,retaw aes dna ekal ni detisoped si muspyG
.ega naimreP eht sa ylrae sa morf atarts ni rucco ot nwonk era stisopeD .skcor yratnemides
htiw noitaicossa ni sdeb etiropave evisnetxe dna kciht htiw ,larenim nommoc a si muspyG"
"...muspyg morf dezisehtnys ..." 06
lmth.noom/moc.koobesacofu.www//:ptth :ecruoS --
)lmth.17773/50/01/2002/niam/ur.advarp.hsilgne//:ptth
= ecruos lanigiro( avessuoG airaM yb detalsnarT
".won neve eurt era yeht eveileb yldrah elpoep
emos dna ,yllacigolohcysp ti rof ydaer ton erew eW .su ot esolc yldetcepxenu pu dewohs
noitazilivic neila na fo ytivitca elbanosaeR ”.sdimaryp dna semod eht yllaicepse ,laicifitra
era yeht timda dluohs eW“ .snoitamrof larutan eb t'nac stcejbo hcus ,yas yehT ?stcejbo
suolamona rehto dna seitic ranul fo serutcip eht gniyduts retfa yas stsitneics dna stsigoloeg
od tahW ”.dnalsi tresed eht fo dnas eht no teef erab namuh fo stnirp ssorca emac ylneddus
eh nehw eosurC nosniboR ekil tlef dna ,sefas ASAN eht edisni peed neddih yltnerruc
era hcihw ,esle tahw swonk doG dna semod ,sdimaryp tnerapsnart ,seitic ranuL eht fo sniur
devresbo syug ruO“ :serutcip eht no detnemmoc tsilaiceps lortnoc noissim A .sretemolik
8-5 fo thgieh eht morf nees seitic lairtserret ruo elbmeser yehT .snoitcurtsnoc ralugnatcer
dna erauqs fo yrtemoeg raluger ylgnihsinotsa na slaever gnitoohs latibro ehT .seitic
deyortsed yllaitrap gnilbmeser serutcurts tneicna ni detseretni yllaicepse era srotagitsevnI
.krowten smargorp eht ni dennab eb dluoc nooM eht ot sthgilf detolip taht dias neve
saw tI .nooM eht no stcejbo ,yldlim ti tup ot ,suolamona fo rebmun taerg eht htiw deyonna
yllufwa saw pihsredael ASAN eht ,dias dna dnalgaoH drahciR htiw stcafitra eht dessucsid
,margorp ollopA eht gnirud enod slairetam oediv dna sotohp deiduts dna retneC ecapS
notsuoH eht ta dekrow ohw ,notsnhoJ ”.yarp tub eciohc on dah eW .ereht enola ton erew ew
tlef ew esuaceb dnuora daeh ym nrut yltnatsnoc ot dah I sa sehca llits kcen yM“ :gniwollof
eht nruter lufsseccus a retfa sgnileef sih tuoba noitseuq eht derewsna llehctiM tuanortsA
.gnirb dluoc lortnoc fo dnik hcus secneuqesnoc tahw dootsrednu yllanif ASAN ,)”sessalg
depirts“ dellac retal erew hcihw ,niaga ecno stcejbo egnarts eht was stuanortsa eht(
detartsnomed saw smrotS fo aeS eht ot gnilevart stuanortsa tuoba mlif eht nehw ,9691 nI
.yks kcalb eht tsniaga sroloc wobniar lla htiw deremmihs dna ecafrus
ranul eht evoba sretem lareves tsuj gnignah saw tI .tcejbo ladimaryp tnerapsnart-flah a yb
devresbo saw gnidnal eht taht was yeht ,ecafrus ranul eht no dednal werc 21-ollopA nehW
.tcejbo eht fo erutcurts lanretni eht tciped t'nod yletanutrofnu
hcihw ,sevihcra eht ni dnuof erew tcejbo eht fo serutcip etaidemretni ylnO .werc 01
ollopA eht yb edam serutcip fo tsil eht morf neve deraeppasid yehT .lla ta ereht dnuof erew
serutcip on ,emit dnoces eht rof serutcip eltsaC eht fo slanigiro detseuqer dah dnalgaoH
drahciR nehw ,tneserp erew stsitneics ASAN ynam erehw gnifeirb eht ta tuo denrut ti sA
.tnerapsnart era tcejbo eht fo strap emos taht noisserpmi na sekam hcihw
,serutcip eht fo eno ni nees ylraelc si eltsaC eht fo erutcurts suorop lanretnI .tinu evitcnujnoc
egral a dna stinu lacirdnilyc lareves fo gnitsisnoc eb ot smees tcejbo ehT .ecafrus ranul
eht no wodahs tcnitsid a stsac dna sretemolik 41 fo thgieh eht ta gnignah si hcihw ,eltsaC
dellac tcejbo gnol elim-eno a fo )2284-23-01SA( erutcip euqinu a edam stuanortsa 01 ollopA

691
 .gnol sretem 004 ediw sretem
003 si hcihw sucinrepoC retarc eht dna yrotcaF neewteb aera ralugnatcer raluger a si erehT
.reinopac dnuorgrednu na ni yrtne na selbmeser hcihw ,dnuorg eht ni erusarbme dnuor
krad a ees osla nac ew ,ibmohr eht ot esolc ,erutcip eht nI .sllaw ibmohr htiw dednuorrus
tnemesab erauqs a no sdnats retemaid ni sretem 05 tuoba fo ksid A .aera yrotcaF eht fo
trap reppu eht ni derevocsid saw ,nooM eht rof neve deedni lausunu si hcihw ,tcejbo lausunu
rehtar A .edisni morf eulb dna etihw gniwolg si ti sa lausunu si emod ehT .sucinrepoC
retarc eht raen derevocsid saw egde retarc eht evoba desiar emod tnerapsnart A
.senim tsac nepo ekil hcum yrev kool yeht ,daetsni ;sessecorp lacigoloeg
larutan fo stluser eb tnac edis ecarret eht ta yrtne lennut eht dna snoitavacxe lardehaxeh
cirtnecnoc ehT .retarc ohiT eht raen derevocsid neeb evah kcor eht fo snoitavacxe
depahs-ecarret suoiretsyM .snoiger eht gnitagitsevni era noitamrofni ecaps fo knab eht morf
stsilaiceps dna etutitsnI yratenalP notsuoH eht ,retneC thgilF ecapS draddoG ASAN ehT
.snoiger 44 ni derevocsid neeb evah stcafitra
tnereffid ,won fo sA .derevocsid saw llaw depahs-D llat a htiw dednuorrus noitcurtsnoc
a ,dednal dah 51-ollopA eht erehw ecalp eht morf raf ton ,yeldah amiR fo trap reppu
eht nI .erutcurts lacirtemoeg dna noitazinagro xelpmoc fo era yeht sa ,snoitamrof lacigoloeg
larutan gnoma decalp eb t’nac ecafrus ranul eht no stcejbo deyortsed yllaitrap emoS
.stsitneics rof melborp taerg a esop llits htraE eht dnuora gnivlover
sti fo selpicnirp dna deraeppa nooM eht woH .smelborp ranul eht gninrecnoc snoinipo
rieht redisnocer stsitneics ekam snoitcurtsnoc rehto dna slennut suoremun ,stnemesab
evissam no semod tnerapsnart eguh ,sretemolik ynam gnola dehcterts seitic ranul fo sniuR
.tenalp ruo fo snoitan
tnereffid yb detnevni shtym dna sdnegel eht yb demrifnoc era snoitseggus ehT .htraE eht
no ytivitca rieht gnirud noitats lanimret a sa nooM eht desu dah ecar lairtserretartxe na taht
esoppus ,meht gnoma si dnalgaoH ,srotagitsevni emoS .gniypoc elihw meht sucofer yllaitrap
ro gnihcuoter od yeht ,selif dna seugolatac cilbup ni dehsilbup era yeht erofeb slairetam
otohp liev ot gniyrt llits si ASAN taht syas dnalgaoH drahciR stcafitra ranul rof tsilaicepS
”.ASAN dnoyeb erew hcihw ,ti ot snosaer rehto emos erew ereht
,sediseB .nooM eht no erew llits ro neeb dah serutaerc emos taht noitamrofni eht ot elpoep
fo noitcaer eht tsacerof ot tluciffid saw tI“ :derewsna stsilaiceps ASAN dnA .reilrae cilbup eht
ot detneserp neeb t'ndah slairetam eht yhw desirprus ylemertxe erew elpoep dnA .gnifeirb
eht ta detartsnomed erew margorp ollopA eht gnirud stuanortsa .S.U yb edam sotohp dna
smlif oediv ehT .tnedive yltcefrep erew secart sti dna ytivitca eht erehw ecafrus ranul eht no
strap ynam detartsnomed noitats ecaps enitnemelC eht dna ollopA eht morf dehpargotohp
slairetam oediv dna-otohp fo sdnasuoht ,saw ti ytivitca elbanosaer fo dnik tahw deifitnedi
t'nsaw ti hguohtla dnA .nooM eht no ytivitca elbanosaer fo ecneserp gnivorp slairetam
otohp emos nwo ot desu noinU teivoS eht taht llew sa gnifeirb eht ta denoitnem saw tI
.retal dehsilbup eb dluow
stluser laiciffo dna ,yduts rednu llits saw noitamrofni eht tuo detniop dna ,elbissop sa stcejbo
desuac-nam eht denoitnem syawla yehT .OFU fo noitpecxe eht htiw ,stcejbo gninoitcnuf
eht tuoba ylevisave dna ylsuoituac rehtar ekops stsitneics ehT ”.nooM eht no derevocsid
neeb dah stcejbo dna serutcurts desuac-nam taht emit tsrif eht rof decnuonna saw tI .6991
,12 hcraM no bulc sserp lanoitan notgnihsaW eht ta gnifeirb a ta seirevocsid rieht fo stluser
detroper nooM dna sraM fo noitarolpxe ni gnitapicitrap sreenigne dna stsitneics ASAN“

591
 :esaeler-sserp laiciffo eht morf tcartxe na si ereH
".dargogloV ynrehceV" repapswen s'aissuR stroper ,selpicnirp
laicos gnitsixe ydaerla eht ekahs dluoc neve taht elbidercni hcum os saw ti sa ,terces
sa deifissalc yletaidemmi saw yrevocsid eht ,revewoH .nooM eht ni ,emoh ruo ot esolc
tsuj detceted neeb sah serutaerc elbanosaer fo ecneserp ,emit emas eht tA ?esrevinu eht ni
enola ew erA :noitseuq eht ot rewsna na dnif ot gniyrt snoitacilbup ssorca emoc nac llits eW
yllacigolohcysp ti rof ydaer
ton erew eW .su ot esolc yldetcepxenu pu dewohs noitazilivic neila na fo ytivitca elbanosaeR
.pu-revoc eht dniheb saw AIC eht taht gnittimda
dnoyeb ,liated rehtruf otni og ot desufer tub eurt saw yrots eht taht demrifnoc gnortsmrA
.niaga kcab dna poocs kciuq a saw yllaer ti
tuB .htraE no cinap ksir t'ndluoc dna ,emit taht ta dettimmoc saw ASAN-yllarutaN :gnortsmrA
?11 ollopA retfa snoissim rehto dah ASAN tuB :rosseforP
.noitats ecaps
a fo noitseuq on si ereht ,oN !gnicanem dna ...!gib yeht erew ,yoB - ygolonhcet dna ezis ni
htob sruo ot roirepus raf erew spihs rieht taht yas ot tpecxe ,sliated otni og t'nac I :gnortsmrA
?"ffo denraw" naem uoy od woH :rosseforP
.ytic noom a ro noitats
ecaps a fo neht noitseuq yna reven saw erehT .)sneilA eht yb( !ffo denraw erew ew ,si
tcaf eht ,ytilibissop a saw ereht nwonk syawla dah ew esruoc fo ,elbidercni saw tI :gnortsmrA
?11 ollopA htiw ereht tuo deneppah YLLAER tahW :rosseforP
.muisopmys ASAN a gnirud gnortsmrA lieN
htiw noissucsid a ni degagne saw ,suomynona niamer ot dehsiw ohw ,rosseforp niatrec A
?cilbup edam neeb
ton gnithgis siht sah yhw ,ycerces on si ereht fI .dnuorg eht no OFU a dessentiw yllautca
stuanortsa eht fo eno taht eettimmoc snoitaN detinU a ot deifitset sah repooC nodroG dnA
.sgnithgis rieht ssucsid ot ton sredro tcirts rednu erew stuanortsa eht taht nialetahC eciruaM
dna nosredneH yrraG .rD ,redniB ottO yb stnemetats eht evah eW .llew sa snoitacinummoc
oidar ylbaborp dna smlif lla sneercs ycnegA ytiruceS lanoitaN eht taht tcaf eht morf trapA
.snoitaluger ytiruces yratilim ot tcejbus era stuanortsa eht fo tsom dna tegdub esnefed eht yb
dednuf era smargorp sti fo ynam tub ,ycnega nailivic a eb llew yam ASAN .tsisrep sromuR
".sdrow esoht ni
gninaem neddih a desnes elpoep ynam ,8691 yaD samtsirhC no deneppah siht hguoht nevE
'.SUALC ATNAS A SI EREHT TAHT DEMROFNI EB ESAELP'
:raeh ot ydobyreve rof dias dna noom eht dniheb morf
tuo emac eludom dnammoc 8 ollopA eht draob no llevoL semaJ nehw tnereffid elttil a saw tI

491
 .cilbup lareneg eht yb deciton ylerab erew stnemecnuonna sih ,revewoH
.seluspac ecaps ot txen srecuas gniylf fo ecneserp eht etacidni ot 'sualC atnaS' eman
edoc eht esu ot stuanortsa eht fo tsrif eht saw 8 yrucreM draoba arrihcS retlaW taht kniht I"
:yas ot no seog eH ".ecnelis etulosba deredro neht ohw ,lortnoC noissiM
demrofni stuanortsa eht ,derrucco ti emit yrevE .eman taht yb meht llac ot tnaw uoy fi ,sOFU
ro ,srecuas gniylf-nigiro lairtserretartxe fo selcihev ecaps yb ,ylesolc etiuq osla semitemos
dna ecnatsid a ta htob ,dewollof erew sthgilf inimeG dna ollopA lla" taht smialc nialetahC
.smetsys gnissecorp-atad dna snoitacinummoc ollopA eht gnidliub
dna gningised fo boj eht dereffo saw nialetahC ,noitaivA naciremA htroN ta ,retaL .nooM eht
ot sthgilf citamotua na saw stnetap nevele sih fo enO .nayR rof smetsys snoitacinummocelet
dna radar wen gnipoleved ,puorg hcraeser citengamortcele na fo egrahc
ni saw eh 9591 nI .radar dna ,yrtemelet ,snoitacinummocelet ni gnizilaiceps ,riavnoC htiw
reenigne scinortcele na sa saw ecnarF morf gnivom retfa boj tsrif siH .margorp ecaps dna
yrtsudni ecapsorea eht ni dnuorgkcab evisserpmi sih gniton htrow si ti ,smialc lanoitasnes
s'nialetahC gnissimsid erofeB .cilbup eht morf swen eht edih ot redro ni snoisacco lareves
no detpurretni erew snoissimsnart oidar s'11 ollopA taht demrifnoc osla nialetahC eciruaM
.ecafrus ranul eht ot no tuo
emac stuanortsa eht retfa setunim detraped sOFU eht taht smialc ahzahzA .rD .edistuo tnew
gnortsmrA dna eh retfa meht gnimlif deunitnoc dna ,eludom eht edisni morf sOFU eht fo mlif
eivom roloc koot nirdlA zzuB ,vestnazaK rdnaskelA .rD ,tsitneics teivoS rehtona ot gnidroccA
" .ti derosnec ASAN esuaceb-cilbup eht yb draeh
reven saw egassem sih tuB .eludom noom eht raen dednal gnivah retfa meht gnihctaw
erew stcejbo suoiretsym ,egral owt taht lortnoC noissiM ot egassem eht deyaler gnortsmrA
lieN" .ytisrevinU wocsoM ta scitamehtaM fo rosseforP dna tsicisyhp a ,ahzahzA rimidalV .rD
dias ",eludom eht fo gnidnal eht retfa yletaidemmi detroper saw retnuocne eht ,noitamrofni
ruo ot gnidroccA" .tnedicni eht mrifnoc ot tsrif eht yldegella erew stsitneics teivoS
".won litnu ti tuoba deklat sah ydobon tub" ,delaever eh ",ASAN ni egdelwonk nommoc
saw retnuocne ehT" .retarc a fo mir eht no sOFU owt gniees detroper deedni dah gnortsmrA
taht demrifnoc smetsyS snoitacinummoC ASAN fo feihc remrof ,nialetahC eciruaM ,9791 nI
!su gnihctaw nooM eht no er'yehT
!egde retarc eht fo edis raf eht no pu denil ,ereht tuo tfarcecaps rehto era ereht uoy gnillet
m'I !ti eveileb t'ndluow uoY !DOG YM HO !suomronE !riS ,eguh era "seibaB" esehT :ollopA
...11 ollopA gnillac lortnoC noissiM ?ereht s'tahW :ASAN
:egnahcxe
gniwollof eht pu dekcip steltuo gnitsacdaorb s'ASAN dessapyb taht seitilicaf gniviecer FHV
nwo rieht htiw smah oidar demannu ,redniB ottO eeyolpme ASAN remrof a ot gnidroccA
.draeh saw erom gnihtoN
.noitamrofni rehtruf rof lortnoc noissim morf tseuqer a yb dewollof ,noissimsnart noisivelet
eht gnirud retrac a no ro ni "thgil" a ot refer stuanortsa eht fo eno gniraeh rebmemer
I .9691 yluJ 12 no 11 ollopA ni nooM eht no gnidnal cirotsih rieht retfa yltrohs sOFU
was nirdlA "zzuB" niwdE dna gnortsmrA lieN htob ,stroper demrifnocnu otrehtih ot gnidroccA

391
 .dooG
yhtomiT yb "terceS poT evobA" kooB eht morf ?nooM eht no sOFU retnuocnE 11 ollopA diD
repooC notliM- .ereht tsixe spihs rehtom sa stroper gnithgis ni debircsed tfarc
neila egral yrev eht dna ,senihcam egral yrev gnisu noitarepo gninim a ,esab A .stuanortsa
ollopA eht yb demlif dna nees saw tI .nooM eht fo edis raf eht no esab neilA ehT :ANUL
."srecuas
gniylf" rellams ni edam era htraE ot spirt eht elihw spihs rehtom eguh rieht peek sneila
eht erehw si taht dna ,ereht no gniog noitarepo gninim eguh a si ereht taht ",anuL" sa esaB
nooM neilA eht ot srefer ytinummoC ecnegilletnI lavaN .S.U eht tub tsixe esaB nooM neilA
eht seod ylno ton taht su sllet reciffO ecnegilletnI lavaN a ,repooC notliM ?dehctef raf dnuoS
!nooM eht ffo yats dna ffo teg ot smret niatrecnu on ni su dlot )sneila eht(
dna nooM eht no esab a evah sneila eht gnortsmrA lieN tuanortsA ASAN eht ot gnidroccA"
."...noom eht fo edis krad eht fo ylniam stsisnoc hcihw
noitats ecaps siht ni setilletas "ytivarg wol" eht ni yliramirp detseretni era yehT ..." 95
rotidE ehT -- .secnegludni-fles sseldnim
no ti derednauqs ohw eporuE ni seveiht ,suoredrum ,suoititsrepus ,neddir-esaesid ,yhtlif
,detacudenu ,citoidi ,ydeerg fo lufdnah a eht ffo deppihs dna nelots erew elpoep suonegidni
yb sraey fo sdnasuoht fo doirep a revo denim smeg dna dlog eht fo tsom )5 deyortsed erew
erehpsimeh nretseW eht fo stcafitra citsitra dna larutluc ,yrotsih ,erutaretil sselecirp eht fo lla
ylraen )4 erehpsimeH nretseW eht fo noitalupop suonegidni derethguals fo "ecrof robal" eht
ecalper ot troffe na ni snaeporuE yb deredrum ro /dna ,devalsne erew acirfA fo tsaoC dloG
eht morf elpoep noillim 001 )3 "sneila" yb meht nopu thguorb raw dna esaesid yb dellik erew
elpoep noillim 001 yletamixorppa )2 detacidare erew serutluc suonegidni fo sderdnuh )1
:swollof
sa saw ,eporuE naht noitalupop regral a dah dna ,tnenitnoc rehto yna sa gnol sa dnuora
neeb dah ti sa "wen" yllaer t'nsaw hcihw "dlroW weN" eht fo "yrevocsid" eht fo tluser ten ehT
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".denoitseuq yllareneg ton saw tnemeriuqeR eht
,niapS fo sreffoc eht hcirne ot laitnetop sti fo esuaceb dna ,noitalupop evitan eht gnivalsne
dna gnikcatta rof noitacifitsuj suoigiler a dedivorp ti ,srodatsiuqnoc eht rof ,sselehtreveN
.tsaoc eht dettops tsuj dah yeht ecno spihs fo skced eht morf neve ro ,derutpac
erew yeht retfa srenosirp ot ,delf dah sevitan eht retfa gnol ,segalliv ytpme dna sehcaeb
nerrab ot daer saw ti ,secnatsni emos nI .ecalupop gnidneherpmocnu na ot tuo daer saw
ti ,sesac ynam ni dna ,yrassecen yletulosba ton saw siht ,tnemeriuqeR eht daer ot reterpretni
na esu ot degaruocne erew srodatsiuqnoc eht elihW .yrc ot ro hgual ot rehtehw wonk
ton did eh taht ti ot esnopser ni dias ,sasaC saL ed oemolotraB ,tseirp eht dna ,tnemeriuqeR
eht fo erutan tnappilf eht yb dellappa erew seicilop 'srodatsiuqnoc eht fo scitirc ynaM
"…tluaf ruoy era ]ytinaitsirhC fo noitcejer[ siht morf tluser taht shtaed
yna taht tsetorp eW" :detats tI .ytinaitsirhC detcejer gnivah fo noitisop eht ni noitalupop
evitan eht ecalp ot elohpool lagel a sa dednetni saw tnemeriuqeR ehT .elbatpeccanu
erew ytinaitsirhC htiw tcatnoc otni emoc reven dah ohw ,snaciremA evitaN eht tsniaga

291
 sraw ,tsartnoc nI .etamitigel saw meht tsniaga edasurC a gnigaw taht os ,miH detcejer
dna tsirhC fo egdelwonk dah smilsuM taht demialc scirelc eht ,srooM eht tsniaga sraw
s'niapS ot meht gnirapmoC .tsujnu erew selpoep naciremA evitaN eht tsniaga sraw eht taht
scirelc hsinapS yb stnialpmoc ot esnopser a sa dednetni yllanigiro saw tnemeriuqeR ehT
."ytreporp 'srehto htiw suoreneg
neeb deedni sah rehtaF yloH ehT" ,saw tnemeriuqeR ehT gniraeh nopu tnemmoc riehT
.raey a sdnoces wef a nihtiw ot yletarucca raey ralos eht dekcart hcihw ,tpek yeht sradnelac
lacimonortsa eht yb sraey fo snoillim ni noitaerc lanigiro derusaem nayaM eht rehtar ,epoP
eht yb detseggus sa ,reilrae sraey 000,5 erem a nigeb ton did htraE no efil fo noitaerc eht rof
emit fo elacs esohw ,ayaM eht fo sfeihc eht erew tnemeriuqeR ehT raeh ot tsrif eht fo enO

".tluaf ruoy eb lliw siht morf tluser taht noitcurtsed dna shtaed eht taht tsisni I dnA .elba ma
I taht uoy ot egamad dna live eht lla od llahs I dna ,sdnammoc ytsejaM siH sa fo esopsid dna
lles ot ,sevals meht ekam llahs I dna ,nerdlihc dna nemow ruoy ezies llahs I dna ,ytsejaM
siH dna hcruhC eht fo ecneidebo dna ekoy eht ot uoy tcejbus llahs I dna ,nac I taht yaw
yreve ni dna erehwyreve uoy no raw ekam llahs I dna ,uoy tsniaga ylithgim emoc llahs I doG
fo pleh eht htiw ... siht od ton od uoy fi dnA ... gniK droL dna reluR sa ,ecalp reH ni )niapS
fo gniK eht( ytsejaM siH dna ,eman reH ni ,epoP eht dellac ,tseirP hgiH eht dna ,esrevinU
dna dlroW eht fo ssenrevoG sa dna ssertsiM ruoy sa hcruhC eht ezingocer ot ... uoy eriuqer
dna tseuqer I os dnA ... edam saw dlrow eht ecnis sraey emos dna dnasuoht evif tsap
eht revo eseht morf nettogeb edutitlum eht lla dna I dna uoy mohw morf namow a dna nam a
dna htraE dna nevaeH detaerc ,lanretE dna enO ,droL ruO doG taht ... uoy mrofni dna yfiton
ybereh ,niatpaC dna regnessem rieht gnieb dna ,selpoep nairabrab fo sroreuqnoc ,noeL
dna elitsaC fo sgniK ythgim dna hgih eht fo tnavres ,)rodatsiuqnoC eht fo eman( ,I" 
:trap ni ,daer tnemeriuqeR ehT
.niapS ot
"detanod" gnieb erew sdnal rieht taht dehsiuqnav eb ot noos eht mrofni ot saw noitamalcorp
eht fo tsig ehT .tseuqnoc rieht ot roirp tsuj noitan ngierof yreve fo snezitic eht ot ,ton
ro stnatibahni eht fo egaugnal evitan eht otni detalsnart rehtehw ,daer eb ot desoppus saw
,"tnemeriuqeR ehT" dellac ,tnemucod sihT .luos latrommi nwo s'gniK eht morf ytilibapluc
ydoolb fo niats eht evlossid ot dednetni noitamalcorp laiciffo na noitcnas ot IV rednaxelA
epoP dedausrep eh ,oS .dlroW weN eht ni desrodne eh mehyam dna tfeht ,redrum eht
lla rof mih ta yrgna emoceb thgim doG taht tcepsorp eht ta raef fo egniwt llams a dah ,niapS
fo gniK eht ,3941 ni saciremA eht ni gnivil elpoep fo snoillim fo ecnetsixe-erp eht fo esuaceB
.ecnassianeR eht fo sepoP eht fo
elbaromem tsom eht si ,htaed sih litnu 2941 morf epoP cilohtaC namoR ,)aigroB ogirdoR( ,IV
rednaxelA epoP suomafni eht yb deussi ,"llub" lapap a sa dehsilbup saw tnemeriuqeR ehT"
..."tnemeriuqeR ehT" -- DA 3941..." 85
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".snaf emos morf snoitcejbo ot del seirots eseht fo
emos fo ecnagavartxe dna ssensuoititeper eht ,s0491 ylrae eht yB .sretirw rehto yb detatimi
hcum dna sredaer htiw ralupop erew s0491 dna s0391 eht ni nosmailliW kcaJ dna ,llebpmaC
.W nhoJ ,notlimaH dnomdE fo skrow eht dna seireS namsneL retal s'htimS "coD" .E .E
.ecilop ecaps elbitpurrocni tub hguot dna ,syaw ecaps eht fo setarip ,sdlrow nwonknu
fo srerolpxe dipertni ,srenil ecaps esnemmi dedulcni arepo ecaps fo erutuf denigami ehT

191
 .tneirO eht ro ,acirfA ,tseW naciremA eht .g.e ,sreitnorf dezilivicnu ro citoxe no serutnevda
debircsed taht seirots dedulcni secneulfni elbatoN .serneg rellirht dna ,emirc ,erutnevda
dehsilbatse morf elyts sti fo hcum deworrob arepo ecaps ,lareneg ni noitcif ecneics
ylrae ekiL .senizagam plup s04-s0391 fo tcudorp a saw mrof railimaf tsom sti ni arepo ecapS
.edom arepo ecaps a ot resolc devom dah htimS ,enorhcaneF eht fo ecar
gniraf ecaps eht secudortni hcihw )seirotS gnizamA ,0391 rebotcO-tsuguA( eerhT kralykS
,leuqes eht fo emit eht yb tub ;shguorruB eciR ragdE fo elyts eht ni ecnamor yratenalp
htiw evird-ecaps a gnitnevni tsitneics a fo elat lanoitidart eht segrem ,)seirotS gnizamA ,8291
rebotcO-tsuguA( ecapS fo kralykS ehT ,krow dehsilbup tsrif siH .htimS "coD" .E .E fo skrow
eht ni nees eb nac arepo ecaps eht ot yrots egayov-ecaps redlo eht morf noitisnart ehT
.noitcif ecneics fo erneg-bus tnanimod
a sa dehsilbatse-llew saw arepo ecaps eht 1391 yb ;0391 dna 9291 hguorht dewollof
sretirw rehto yb seirots ralimiS . selaT drieW ni )9291 yraurbeF( srelaetS ratS ehT dna )8291
rebmetpeS-tsuguA( snuS gnihsarC s'notlimaH dnomdE dna ylretrauQ seirotS gnizamA
ni )8291 gnirpS( mrawS dnoceS ehT s'lessolhcS .J erew epyt siht fo seirots tsrif ehT
.srats eht gnoma od-gnirred fo selat
otni thgiarts dehcnual dna ,seiranimilerp eht deppiks ,)erutuf raf eht ni yrots eht gnittes yb
yllausu( detnarg rof levart ecaps koot ylpmis arepo ecaps erup ,rotnevni suineg a yb elcihev
ecaps a fo noitnevni eht no detartnecnoc ro ,slairtserretartxe yb htraE fo noisavni eht detaler
rehtie hcihw ,erutnevda ecaps fo seirots reilrae ekilnU .seirotS gnizamA dna selaT drieW
senizagam plup eht ni deraeppa reporp arepo ecaps eht taht s0291 eht litnu ton saw tI"
..."noitazilivic "arepo ecaps"... 75
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".murtceps citengamortcele ees ,selpmaxe rehto roF .)zHT 057–034(
mn 004 ylhguor ,teloiv ot mn 007 ylhguor ,der peed morf segnar thgil elbisiV .ylevitcepser
,mm 71 dna m 71 yletamixorppa neewteb era )zHk 02–zH 02( rae namuh eht ot elbidua
seicneuqerf fo shtgnelevaw ehT .thgil rof dleif citengam eht ro cirtcele eht fo edutingam
eht ro ,evaw dnuos a rof erusserp ria eht eb nac ytreporp siht ,elpmaxe roF .noitisop eht htiw
seirav ytreporp a ,evaw a nI .sevaw dnuos dna ,sevaw retaw ,thgil era anemonehp ekil-evaw
fo selpmaxE .)λ( adbmal rettel keerG eht yb detangised ylnommoc si tI .ycneuqerf nevig
a fo evaw gnitagaporp a fo stinu gnitaeper neewteb ecnatsid eht si htgnelevaw ,scisyhp nI"
..."htgnelevaw cinortcele"... 65
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".raey yreve smrots gninthgil noillim 61
revo era erehT .slennahc ssalg otni dnas ro lios esuf ot hguone toh ,)F° 000,45( C° 000,03
gnihcaorppa serutarepmet hcaer nac dna ,s/m 000,06 fo sdeeps ta levart nac gninthgil fo
tlob a fo redael ehT .smrots tsud ro snoitpure cinaclov gnirud semitemos dna ,smrotsrednuht
gnirud srucco yllacipyt hcihw ,yticirtcele fo egrahcsid cirehpsomta na si gninthgiL"
..."gnithgil fo tlob a yb kcurts saw tfarc ecaps eht"... 55
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

091
".aera gnidnuorrus
eht gniees dna ydob s'eno evoba gnitaolf fo noitasnes eht htiw gnitrats ,noissergorp
tcnitsid a swollof ecneirepxe eht yllacipyT ,)ecneirepxe ydob-fo-tuo na( ydob lacisyhp
eht edistuo gnieb fo snoisserpmi sa hcus )1002 ,kciwneF & setaeY ,rellaW ,ainraP( srotcaf
latnednecsnart dna lacigolohcysp ,lacigoloisyhp sedulcni yllausu EDN na fo ygolonemonehp
ehT .)EDN( ecneirepxe htaed raen a gnirud srucco EBO suoenatnops a fo mrof rehtonA
.lla ta ydob lanretxe on htiw ,’ssensuoicsnoc deidobmesid‘ a
erew yeht gnileef detroper %08 emos .eriannoitseuq yb pu dewollof dna ,aidem maertsniam
eht ni slaeppa fo snaem yb detiurcer ,stcejbus 004 fo latot a morf stnuocca dnah-tsrif ,nettirw
detcelloc ehS .)8691( neerG aileC yb edam saw sEBO fo yduts cifitneics evisnetxe tsrif ehT
.dnaherofeb meht ot nwonknu erew hcihw sliated evresbo semitemos
EBO na gnicneirepxe esoht taht demialc si tI .sevil rieht ni emit emos ta ecneirepxe ydob-fotuo na gnivah detroper sah elpoep net ni eno tuobA .)ypocsotua( ydob s'eno edistuo ecalp
a morf ydob lacisyhp s'eno gniviecrep ,sesac emos ni ,dna ydob s'eno fo edistuo gnitaolf
fo noitasnes a sevlovni yllacipyt taht ecneirepxe na si ,)EBO( ecneirepxe ydob-fo-tuo nA"
"...gniliec eht morf nwod gnikool ,ydob ym fo "edistuo" saw I ..." 45
.seton ro stpircsnart eht ni erehwyna
deifiralc ton si sihT ?yllacihtapelet ti seod ehs ebyam ,rO ?reh ot dedaolnwod dna
dessecorp ti evah ,"noitats ecaps" eht no retupmoc a ot atad eht daolpu ,seye "ydob llod" reh
fo sesnel eht hguorht sees ehs gnihtemos "nacs" ot elba si lriA yltnerappA -- etoN srotidE
" .em ot kcab deyaler dna egaugnal nwo ym
otni detalsnart ,noiger siht ni noitats ecaps eht fo sretupmoc eht hguorht dessecorp
neeb sah sihT .em dedivorp uoy lairetam dna skoob eht fo lla dennacs won evah I " 35
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sakahdnA
dna sinhsirV eht fo ecar eritne eht sehsa ot decuder hcihw htaed fo regnessem
citnagig a ,tlobrednuhT norI eht ,nopaew nwonknu eht saw tI .ruodnelps sti lla ni
esor ,snus sdnasuoht net sa tnaillirb sa ,erif dna ekoms fo nmuloc tnecsednacni nA
.esrevinU eht fo rewop eht lla htiw degrahc elitcejorp elgnis a sakahdnA dna sinhsirV
eht fo seitic eerht eht tsniaga delruh anamiV lufrewop dna tfiws sih ni gniylf ahkruG"
:sdrocer evitarran ehT .sihsirV eht tsniaga desu eno eht si
lla fo emosraef tsom eht tub ,atarahbahaM eht ni debircsed era snopaew elbirret rehto ynaM
."dnuos tuo gnikees yb dellik hcihw ,worra na no dial ylkciuq I" :nopaew laiceps a ffo
serif yletaidemmi anhsirK ,derretednU .yaw emos ni elbisivni edam si ,ahbuaS eht ,anamiV
s'avlaS nehw ,yks eht ni ,avlaS ,ymene sih gniusrup si ,anhsirK ,oreh eht ,egnahcxe eno nI
.'rewop sti htiw ti demusnoc' yletaidemmi
,tegrat yna no desucof nehw ,hcihw 'thgil fo tfahs' a decudorp ti ,no dehctiws nehW
.'rotcelfer' ralucric a aiv detarepo )ārjavardnI( 'traD s'ardnI' .snopaew yldaed rehto fo esu
eht sdrocer meop eht ,'selissim gnizalb' morf trapA .sleehw gnorts ruof htiw ,ecnerefmucric
ni stibuc evlewt gnirusaem anamiV a dah ayaM arusA eht taht si elpmaxe enO
.anavaR gnik nomed eht ,rehtorb-flah sih yb ,aknaL htiw gnola
,nelots retal saw tub ,htlaew fo doG eht ,arebuK rof ayaM yb edam yllanigiro saw akaphsuP

981
 .)stoirahc nward-esroh
gniylf 'sdog eht morf tcnitsid sa( ygolohtym udniH ni denoitnem anamiv gniylf tsrif eht si tI
'.erehpsomta
rehgih eht otni pu esor ,arihgaR eht fo dnammoc eht ta rac tnellecxe eht dna
,ni tog ]amaR[ gniK eht dna ... yks eht ni duolc thgirb a gnilbmeser rac taht .... lliw
ta erehwyreve gniog rac tnellecxe dna lairea taht ;anavaR lufrewop eht yb thguorb
saw rehtorb ym ot sgnoleb dna nuS eht selbmeser taht toirahc akaphsuP ehT"
:swollof sa debircsed si anavaR fo anamiv )"yrewolf"( akaphsup eht ,anayamaR eht nI
.syad era sekops 063 eht dna ,)snoitanul( shtnom era "seillef" 21 eht ,raey
a si leehw eht ,desopmoc saw nmyh taht nehw msilobmys naidnI lanigiro eht ni reilekil tuB
".stnemurtsni 06 dna ,stovip 003 ,senihcam eerht ,leehw eno ,)srallip( sahgmats
evlewt gniniatnoc ... retaw dna erif gnisu tfarc a htiw ylideeps ecaps otni gnipmuj"
:emoceb sesrev eseht ,"noitalsnart" s'itawsaraS adnanayaD nI
)htiffirG .snart( ".denesool
eb nac esiwon ni hcihw ,ytxis dna derdnuh eerht sekops rehtegot tes era nierehT
?ti dootsrednu
htah nam tahW .sevan eht era eerht ;elgnis si leehw eht dna ,seillef eht era evlewT"
".ssentaf
rieht htiw denetsiom si htrae eht lla dna ,redrO fo taes eht morf yeht dnecsed niagA
.sretaw eht
ni debor ylf yeht nevaeh eht ot pu ;deruoloc-nedlog era sdrib eht :tnecsed eht kraD"
:"sdrib lacinahcem" fo aedi eht rof ecnedive
sa nekat neeb evah 84-74.461.1 VR sesrev tub ,sanamiV noitnem ton seod adevgiR ehT
'.erehpsomta
rehgih eht otni pu esor ,arihgaR eht fo dnammoc eht ta rac tnellecxe eht dna
,ni tog ]amaR[ gniK eht dna ... yks eht ni duolc thgirb a gnilbmeser rac taht .... lliw
ta erehwyreve gniog rac tnellecxe dna lairea taht ;anavaR lufrewop eht yb thguorb
saw rehtorb ym ot sgnoleb dna nuS eht selbmeser taht toirahc akaphsuP ehT"
:ygolohtym udniH ni denoitnem anamiv gniylf tsrif ehT
.sadeV eht ni sdog suoirav yb deyolpme
stoirahc gniylf eht era scipe tirksnaS eht fo sanamiv gniylf eht fo srossecederp ehT
.scipe tirksnaS eht ni debircsed ,enihcam gniylf lacihtym a si )नामवǒ :tirksnaS( anāmiv A"
"..aera eht ni tfarc ecaps ro "sanamiv" gnithgis detroper yeht ..." 25
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".oga sraey
000,9 ot 005,7 morf setad taht natsikaP ni drayevarg cihtiloeN a ni derevocsid stluda enin

881
 morf snworc ralom dellird nevele ebircsed ew ereH" .noiger taht fo serutluc gnimraf ylrae eht
ni yrtsitned-otorp fo noitidart a ot tniop seirevocsid rieht ,srohtua eht ot gnidroccA .hragrheM
ni dnuof saw )nosrep gnivil a ni .e.i( oviv ni hteet namuh fo gnillird eht rof ecnedive )cihtiloeN
ylrae tsrif dna( tsedlo eht taht erutaN lanruoj cifitneics eht ni decnuonna saw ti ,6002 lirpA ni
.aisA lartnec nrehtuos dna narI nretsaehtron ,natsinahgfA nrehtron
ni serutluc suoenaropmetnoc htiw stcatnoc dah osla hragrheM fo elpoep cihtiloclahc
ehT .CB 005 ot CB 0007 morf dehsilbatse neeb sah setis-gnillewd fo ecneuqes suounitnoc a
,tnenitnocbus naidnI eht ni emit tsrif eht roF .eripme naitpygE tneicna eht dna aimatoproseM
fo esoht sa emit emas eht ta degreme noitazilivic nabru egral a ,CB 0052 dnuora ,erehw
,yellav sudnI eht fo egde nretsew eht no detacol suht si sllih gnillor fo aera sihT .yellav sudnI
eht dna sllih natsihcolaB eht ,narI nretsae ,natsinahgfA nrehtuos gnitcennoc setuor niam
eht fo eno ,ssap kaep naloB eht ta detautis )era( nisab naloB eht ni dna nialp ihcaK ehT
.efil egalliv delttes fo gninnigeb eht morf thgir ,ecneuqes elohw eht evah
ew erehT" ,dabamalsI ,ytisrevinU mazA-e-diauQ ta ygoloeahcra fo sutireme rosseforp ,inaD
nasaH damhA ot gnidrocca ",noitazilivic sudnI eht fo tpecnoc eritne eht degnahc hragrheM
ta seirevocsiD" .noitaziliviC yellaV sudnI eht ot rosrucerp a sa nees won si hragrheM"
.noitacol yratilim cigetarts
a dna aisA htuoS dna aisA lartneC neewteb etuor edart tnatropmi na neeb sah ti yrotsih
tuohguorhT .natsinahgfA dna natsikaP sknil taht ssap niatnuom eht si )tf 015,3 , m 070,1
:edutitla( )  :udrU( )rabyahK ro rebiahK delleps osla( ,ssaP rebyhK ehT
).aisA htuoS eht
morf dna ot yawetag a sa ti desu osla evah sebirt cidamon dna ,sredavni ,sredart ,detacol
yllacigetartS .redrob natsinahgfA eht morf sertemolik 021 ,natsikaP nretsew ni sniatnuom
fo egnaR rakaK aboT eht hguorht ssap niatnuom a si )  :udrU( ssaP naloB("
).detavacxe yltnecer neeb sah hcihw noitazilivic yellaV sudnI
eht fo gninnigeb ylrae na ,"hragrheM" fo aera eht ni eht saw sihT .sayalamiH eht fo sllihtoof
eht ni neeb evah dluow "esaB niamoD ehT" fo noitacol eht tseraen dna etad eht ta tirksnaS
gnisu noitazilivic tsesolc ehT .aisA lartneC neewteb setuor noisavni lanoitidart ,ssaP
naloB dna ssaP rebyhK eht edulcni natsikaP fo sredrob nretsew ehT( :etoN s'rotidE --
".emit taht ta gniniojda eht
detibahni taht noitalupop namuh eht htiw noitcaretni deriuqer hcraes eht fo traP" 15
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ECB yrutnec ht4 eht dnuora ,ininaP
fo rammarg eht ni tuo dial sa egaugnal tirksnaS lacissalC eht si elcitra siht fo epocs ehT
.laviver ta stpmetta emos
era ereht dna ,aidnI ni snoitutitsni lanoitidart wef a ni esu ni llits si tirksnaS nekopS .sartnam
dna snmyh fo smrof eht ni slautir suoigiler udniH ni egaugnal lainomerec a sa desu ylediw
eb ot seunitnoc tirksnaS ,yadoT .stxet suoigiler dna lacihposolihp ,lacinhcet ,cifitneics sa
llew sa amard dna yrteop fo noitidart hcir a sessapmocne erutaretil tirksnaS fo suproc ehT
.ylimaf egaugnal naeporuE-odnI eht fo srebmem
detsetta tseilrae eht fo eno dna ,egaugnal nayrA-odnI detsetta tseilrae eht si tirksnaS cideV

781
 ,ECB 0051 sa ylrae sa ot kcab gnitaD .devreserp egats ciahcra tsom dna tsedlo eht gnieb
adevgiR eht fo egaugnal eht htiw ,tirksnaS cideV sa mrof lacissalC-erp ni sraeppa tI .dlrow
eht fo segaugnal yad-nredom ynam ,decneulfni sa llew sa ,otni devlove sah ti dna eporuE
ni keerG dna nitaL fo taht ot nika si aisA tsaehtuoS dna htuoS fo serutluc eht ni noitisop stI
.aidnI fo segaugnal laiciffo 32 eht fo eno
dna ,msiniaJ ,msihkiS ,msihdduB ,msiudniH fo egaugnal lacigrutil a ,aisA htuoS fo egaugnal
lacissalc a si )matks ्as मतृकःंस trohs rof ,kāv ātksas ्काव ातृकःंस( tirksnaS"
"...snmyH cideV eht fo tirksnaS..." 05
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".detaler saw
dobahcI fo yrots eht revenehw gniwonk ylgnideecxe kool ot" saw ohw ,senoB morB yrram ot
anirtaK gnivael ,nwot morf sraeppasid enarC ".daeh sih fo tseuq ylthgin ni elttab fo enecs eht
ot htrof sedir" ohw dna raW yranoituloveR naciremA eht fo "elttab sseleman emos" gnirud
llabnonnac a ot daeh sih tsol ohw repoort naisseH a fo tsohg eht yldesoppus ,namesroH
sseldaeH eht yb deusrup si eh ,thgin nmutua na no emoh lessaT naV eht ta ytrap a
sevael enarC sA .remraf yhtlaew a fo rethguad ylno ,lessaT naV anirtaK dlo-raey-81 fo dnah
eht rof ,ydwor nwot eht ,tnurB naV "senoB morB" maharbA htiw setepmoc ohw ,tucitcennoC
morf retsamloohcs yknal a ,enarC dobahcI fo yrots eht sllet tI .wolloH ypeelS dellac nelg
dedulces a ni ,kroY weN ,nwoT yrraT fo tnemelttes hctuD eht ni 0971 acric tes si yrots ehT
.yadot daer llits noitcif naciremA tseilrae eht gnoma
si "wolloH ypeelS fo dnegeL ehT" ,"elkniW naV piR" eceip noinapmoc s'gnivrI htiW .0281
ni dehsilbup tsrif dna ,dnalgnE ,mahgnimriB ni gnivil saw eh elihw nettirw ,.tneG ,noyarC
yerffoeG fo kooB hctekS ehT noitcelloc sih ni deniatnoc gnivrI notgnihsaW yb yrots trohs A"
" ...wolloH ypeelS fo dnegeL ehT..." 94
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".mih fo evitcetorp ylsuolaej
netfo si ohw yriaf nommoc a ,lleB rekniT htiw sdneirf si eH .dnalreveN ni evil ot emac
dna ,stnerap rieht yb tsol erew ohw syob fo dnab a ,syoB tsoL eht fo redael eht si reteP
.nodnoL ot pirt sih morf snruter eh nehw pu sekaw dnalsi eht taht setats eirraB .ereht si
eh nehw stnatibahni sti dna dnalreveN fo elohw eht no tceffe na sah reteP .gnihtyna tsomla
od ot elba eb ot dias si naP reteP .gniraeh dna noisiv neek ylbakramer sah eH .leud a ni
ffo tuc eh dnah esohw ,kooH niatpaC neve lavir ot lliks eht htiw ,namsdrows delliks a si reteP
.lliw fo tca na yb saw ti taht noitacilpmi eht gnivael ,siht od
ot elba saw eh woh nialpxe ton did eirraB .pu worg ot lasufer sih si ytiliba lapytehcra s'reteP
."erutnevda gib yllufwa na eb lliw eid oT" ,syas eh ,htaed fo ydegart eht fo ssenerawanu
lufssilb sih htiW .htaed litnu pu deracs tlef ev'dluow nosrep rehto yna nehw mih hguorht
nur redduhs eno ylno tlef eh tey ,deracs tlef eh ,kcoR s'renooraM no eid ot gniog saw
eh thguoht reteP nehw taht setirw eirraB .regnad ni flesmih gnittup ot semoc ti nehw ykcoc
ylsselraef si dna ,edutitta erac-yam-lived ,tnalahcnon a sah reteP .si eh taerg woh tuo tniop
ot kciuq si eH .yob sselerac dna luftsaob a fo epytoerets detareggaxe na ylniam si reteP

681
 ."seert
morf wolf taht seciuj eht dna sevael noteleks ni dalc" ,elims lufituaeb a htiw yob lufituaeb
a sa mih sebircsed eH .retcarahc eht gnitpada enoyna fo noitaterpretni eht dna redaer eht
fo noitanigami eht ot ti fo hcum gnivael ,liated ni ecnaraeppa s'reteP debircsed reven eirraB
.edistuo dlrow eht morf nerdlihc yranidro
gniteem emit ot emit morf dna ,setarip dna seiriaf htiw gnitcaretni ,syoB tsoL eht gnag
sih fo redael eht sa dnalreveN fo dnalsi llams eht no gnirutnevda doohdlihc gnidne-reven
sih sdneps naP reteP ,pu worg ot sesufer yllacigam dna seilf ohw yob suoveihcsim A .)7391
–0681( eirraB .M .J thgirwyalp dna tsilevon hsittocS yb detaerc retcarahc a si naP reteP
"...naP reteP..." 84
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
"."spihs lareves fo niatpac a neht ,noegrus a
tsrif ,revilluG leumeL" ot ylno dengissa pihsrohtua sti ,dlroW eht fo snoitaN etomeR lareveS
otni slevarT eltit suounegnisid eht htiw evitarran s'rellevart elpmis a sa flesti stneserp
koob ehT .neht ecnis tnirp fo tuo neeb reven sah ti taht ylekil si ti dna ,)"yresrun eht
ot licnuoc tenibac eht morf ,daer yllasrevinu si ti" taht tfiwS ot rettel 6271 a ni dias yaG nhoJ(
dehsilbup saw ti sa noos sa ralupop ylsuodnemert emaceb koob ehT .erutaretil hsilgnE
fo cissalc a dna ,krow htgnel-lluf nwonk tseb s'tfiwS si tI .erneg-bus yraretil "selat 'srellevart"
eht fo ydorap a dna erutan namuh no eritas a htob si taht tfiwS nahtanoJ yb levon a si ,spihS
lareves fo niatpaC a neht dna ,noegruS a tsriF ,revilluG leumeL yB .straP ruoF ni ,dlroW eht
fo snoitaN etomeR lareveS otni slevarT yllaiciffo ,)5371 dednema ,6271( slevarT s'revilluG"
"... slevarT s'revilluG ..." 74
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".erutaretil naciremA fo lla ni modeerf dna epacse
fo segami gnirudne tsom eht fo eno eb yam tfar rieht no reviR ippississiM eht nwod ,miJ
evals yawanur ,dneirf sih dna nniF yrrebelkcuH fo yenruoj gnitfird ehT .msicar ylralucitrap
,sedutitta dehcnertne ta kool gnihtacs netfo dna rebos sti dna ,reviR ippississiM eht gnola
secalp dna elpoep fo noitpircsed lufroloc sti ,tsinogatorp gnuoy tneconni sti rof deton si koob
ehT .niawT kraM yb )nniF kcuH ot denetrohs netfo( )4881( nniF yrrebelkcuH fo serutnevdA"
”...nniF yrrebelkcuH fo serutnevdA ..." 64
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sthgiN
naibarA eht dna akataJ eht htob fo seirots emarf eht ni dnuof era efiW sih dna tnahcreM eht
fo elaT deknil eht dna ssA eht dna lluB eht fo elaT ehT .esoprup lacihte na htiw seirots larom
trap tsom eht rof era hcihw ,seirots 745 fo noitcelloc a si akataJ ehT .selbaf tirksnaS tneicna
morf ecneulfni tcelfer hcihw ,seirots lamina niatrec yb detneserper si erolklof naidnI ehT
.efil fo yad rehtona reh yub dluow leuqes eht tuoba ytisoiruc s'gnik
eht taht feileb reh ni deifitsuj eb ot tuo snrut sesac eseht lla ni dna—nelaG ot gnidrocca
ymotana namuh fo noitpircsed deliated a gnirud esac eno ni dna ,yhposolihp cimalsI
fo stniop xelpmoc ro selpicnirp lacihposolihp tcartsba fo noitisopxe na fo elddim eht ni

581
 noitarran reh spots edazarehehcS txet lluf eht fo strap emos ni ,elbuort peed fo dnik rehtona
ro efil sih gnisol fo regnad ni oreh eht htiw ffo tuc si yrots a sesac ynam ni elihW .erutaretil
nredom ni naht redaorb mees regnahffilc a setutitsnoc tahw rof sdradnats s'rotarran ehT
.efil reh gniraps dna nodrap a efiw sih gnivig
gnik eht htiw dne lla yeht tub )detcartsid gnik eht ekam taht neppah sgniht rehto emos ni
,efiw sih etucexe ot ton sediced dna nerdlihc rieht sees gnik eht emos ni ,nodrap a rof sksa
edazarehehcS emos ni( sgnidne deliated yllaudividni tnereffid evah snoisrev tnereffid ehT
.erutxet evitarran dereyal-ylhcir a ni gnitluser ,ti nihtiw dlot eno rehtona evah
yam yrots taht dna ,nwo sih fo yrots a sretcarahc rehto gnillet nigeb lliw elat s'edazarehehcS
ni retcarahc a semitemoS .ikamraB-la raf'aJ ,reiziv sih dna sawuN ubA teop truoc
degella sih era sa ,tsinogatorp nommoc a si dihsaR-la nuraH hpilac lacirotsih eht ;yhpargoeg
dna elpoep laer htiw delgnimretni netfo era hcihw ,secalp yradnegel dna ,snaicigam ,nnijd
tciped seirots suoremuN .sdnegel suoigiler milsuM dna ,acitore fo smrof suoirav ,seuqselrub
,smeop ,seidemoc ,seidegart ,seirots evol ,selat lacirotsih edulcni yeht :ylediw yrav selat ehT
.sthgin 100,1 rof seog ti oS .rehtona )snigeb ylno dna( snigeb ehs ,elat eht sehsinif
ehs sa noos sa ,thgin txen ehT .noisulcnoc eht raeh ot redro ni evila reh peek ot decrof
suht si gnik ehT .ti dne ton seod tub ,elat a gnik eht sllet edazarehehcS ,egairram rieht
fo thgin eht nO .seerga yltnatculer rehtaf reh dna edirb txen eht sa flesreh sreffo ,rethguad
s'reiziv eht ,edazarehehcS .snigriv erom yna dnif tonnac reiziv eht yllautnevE .gninrom
txen eht eno hcae etucexe ot ylno snigriv fo noisseccus a yrram ot snigeb eH .lufhtiafnu
eb ot nemow lla seralced neht dna detucexe reh sah ytiledifni s'efiw remrof sih gnirevocsid
nopu ,rayrhahS ,gnik ehT .edirb wen sih dna gnik naisreP a snrecnoc yrots emarf niam ehT
.009-008 DA neewteb erehwemos ot siseneg s'noitcelloc eht etad snoisrev
lareves dnuof neeb reven sah tpircsunam lanigiro na hguohT .are etahpilaC eht morf
seirots klof cibarA laveidem dna ,airyS tneicna ,ygolohtyM naimatoposeM tneicna ,tpygE
tneicna ,)selaT dnasuohT .til, افسان هزار :naisreP nāsfA rāzaH dinassaS eht yllaicepse(
aisreP tneicna ,aidnI tneicna ,nemeY dna aibarA tneicna ot kcab stoor rieht ecart selat fo
snoitcelloc esehT .seirtnuoc suoirav ni sralohcs dna srotalsnart ,srohtua suoirav yb sraey fo
sdnasuoht revo detcelloc seirots fo noitcelloc a si )baš kay o-rāze - شب یک و هزار :naisreP
;halyal-aw halyal fla' bātik - وليلة ليلة ألف كتاب :cibarA( sthgiN enO dna dnasuohT enO"
"...sthgiN enO dna dnasuohT enO..." 54
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".emit lla fo noitcif fo krow lacitilop-non
,suoigiler-non gnilles-tseb eht si dna dehsilbup reve noitcif fo skrow tsetaerg eht fo stsil fo pot
eht raen ro ta sraeppa ylraluger ti ,erutaretil nretseW nredom fo krow gnidnuof a sA .nonac
yraretil hsinapS eritne eht spahrep dna egA nedloG hsinapS eht morf egreme ot erutaretil
fo krow laitneulfni tsom eht si etoxiuQ noD ,trapa edaced a semulov owt ni dehsilbuP
.levon eht ni raeppa yllautca ehs seod ron ,reh rof sgnileef s'etoxiuQ fo erawanu yllatot
si "aenicluD" .evol yltruoc sih fo tcejbo eht eb ot "thgink" kcurts-noisulli eht yb )ozneroL
aznodlA si eman laer reh( lrig mraf gnirobhgien a morf detfarc tcejbo yranigami na ,osoboT
led aenicluD si liot ot skees etoxiuQ mohw rof "ydal" ehT .erutnevda fo hcraes ni tuo stes
"ahcnaM al ed etoxiuQ noD" delyts-fles eht ,aznaP ohcnaS eriuqs yhtrae sih htiw rehtegoT
.tnarre thgink a si eh decnivnoc semoceb dna ysatnaf otni sdnecsed eh taht yrlavihc
fo seirots ynam os daer sah ohw nameltneg yrtnuoc a si ,onaxiuQ osnolA ,tsinogatorp ehT

481
 .4161 ni dnoces
eht dna ,5061 ni tsrif eht :semulov owt ni dehsilbup saw krow ehT .ilegneneB etemaH ediC
,nairotsih hsirooM detnevni eht yb tpircsunam a nopu desab yrots eht rof nigiro lanoitcif a
detaerc setnavreC .ardevaaS setnavreC ed leugiM rohtua hsinapS yb nettirw levon ylrae nA"
"...ahcnaM al ed etoxiuQ noD..." 44
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".erneg ysatnaf eht ni ylniam
,laitneulfni ylsuomrone neeb sah erutcurts dna esruoc evitarran sti dna ,esnesnon yraretil
fo erneg eht fo selpmaxe citsiretcarahc tsom eht fo eno eb ot deredisnoc si tI .nerdlihc sa
llew sa stluda htiw ytiralupop gnitsal fo yrots eht edam evah taht syaw ni cigol htiw syalp elat
ehT .eziromem ot detcepxe erew nerdlihcloohcs hsitirB taht snossel eht ot dna ,)seimene
dna( sdneirf s'nosgdoD ot snoisulla htiw dellif si elat ehT .serutaerc cihpromoporhtna
dna railucep yb detalupop mlaer citsatnaf a otni eloh-tibbar a nwod sllaf ohw ecilA deman
lrig a fo yrots eht sllet tI .lareneg ni erutaretil hsilgnE fo dna erneg eht fo elpmaxe cissalc
a deredisnoc ,llorraC siweL mynoduesp eht rednu nosgdoD egdiwtuL selrahC rohtua hsilgnE
yb nettirw esnesnon yraretil fo krow a si )5681( dnalrednoW ni serutnevdA s'ecilA"
"... dnalrednoW ni serutnevdA s'ecilA erew skoob etirovaf reh..." 34
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
"."eugaeL dedaeH-deR ehT"
,seirots semloH kcolrehS etirovaf s'elyoD nanoC ruhtrA fo eno ni ylbaton tsom ,erutaretil
hsilgnE tuohguorht dnuof eb nac acinnatirB eht ot secnerefeR ".rotitepmoc on si ereht
esuaceb nosirapmoc dnoyeb" saw acinnatirB eht taht gniyas sa detouq saw ebeeB mailliW
tsilarutan ,tnemesitrevda detaler a nI ."yrarbiL eht fo hcrairtaP" eht acinnatirB eht debbud
enizagam emiT ,noitide ht41 eht fo esaeler eht nO .ecnellecxe lareneg rof noitatuper lacitirc
dna ralupop a deyojne sah acinnatirB eht ,noitide dr3 eht ecniS .saideapolcycne fo ylralohcs
tsom eht sa deviecrep ylediw si tI .srotubirtnoc trepxe 000,4 revo dna srotide emit-lluf 91
fo ffats a yb nettirw dna ,sredaer tluda detacude ta demia era acinnatirB eht ni selcitra ehT
.4391 ni eloP htuoS eht ta yats htnom-evif
sih rof lairetam gnidaer sa acinnatirB eht koot dryB nylevE drahciR dna—selcitra ecneics
eht rof tpecxe—noitide ht9 etelpmoc eht daer evah ot demialc wahS dranreB egroeG
retirW ".acinnatirB aidæpolcycnE eht fo retsaM dna droL elbadimroF tsoM" edulcni ot eltit
layor sih dednetxe eh ,taef siht retfa ;yletelpmoc daer eh hcihw ,noitide dr3 s'acinnatirB eht
fo tes etelpmoc a nevig saw eh ,7971 ni aisreP fo hahS eht emaceb ilA h'taF nehW .os od ot
sraey 22 ot eerht morf erehwyna gnikat ,acinnatirB eritne eht gnidaer ot sevlesmeht detoved
evah ynam ,noitacude rieht rehtruf oT .egdelwonk namuh fo lla gnizirammus rof noitatuper
ralupop a sah acinnatirB ehT .ynapmoc dleh yletavirp a ,.cnI ,acinnatirB aidæpolcycnE
yb dehsilbup aideapolcycne egaugnal-hsilgnE lareneg a si acinnatirB aidæpolcycnE ehT"
"...acinnatirB aidepolcycnE eht fo tes a ni thguorb ..." 24
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sdrow nwonknu fo snoitaicnunorp etamixorppa ecudorp ot rehtegot srettel fo
sdnuos eht dnelb ot meht gnihcaet dna )sgnilleps kc ro ,k ,c yb detneserper eb nac /k/ dnuos

381
 eht taht ,.g.e( srettel fo spuorg ro srettel htiw sdnuos tcennoc ot nerdlihc gnihcaet sevlovni
scinohP .hsilgnE daer ot nerdlihc gnihcaet rof dohtem lanoitcurtsni na ot srefer scinohP"
"... dohtem scinohp eht ..." 14
04641/txete/gro.grebnetug.www//:ptth
:etisbew gniwollof eht morf redaeR s'yffuGcM eht fo snoisrev txet daolnwod yam uoY
"."lufhtiafnu" gnieb rof doG yb detcejer neeb evah sweJ taht hcaet
dna ",suoititsrepus" sa tnematseT dlO eht fo ecnerever rieht slebal dna "srellik tsirhC" sa
sweJ eziretcarahc rehtruf sredaer ehT ".lepsog eht ni deniatnoc ytilarom eht ot sregnarts dna
noitcid eht fo elbapacni erew srohtua hsiweJ" taht tceffe eht ot redaeR htruoF eht setouq
osla eH .luaP dna suseJ gnikcatta sweJ ot dna kcolyhS ot secnerefer citimes-itna suoremun
setic niwdlaB .yobloohcs a sa s'yeffuGcM fo yduts sih htiw detanigiro msitimeS-itna dewovafles s'droF yrneH taht esac eht sekam rohtua eht ,sweJ eht dna droF yrneH s'niwdlaB
lieN ni ,ecnatsni roF .citimeS-itna sa msiaduJ dna sweJ eht ot koob eht ni secnerefer eht
drager ohw esoht era erehT ."segavas" sa ot derrefer era snaciremA evitaN ,elpmaxe roF
.seitironim suoigiler dna cinhte ot secnerefer yrotagored ynam niatnoc sredaeR s'yeffuGcM
.setatS detinU eht ssorca sloohcs ot
,esnepxe nwo sih ta ,meht fo stes etelpmoc detubirtsid dna ,noitide 7581 eht morf sredaeR
xis lla dehsilbuper droF .htgnel taerg ta yromem yb s'yeffuGcM morf etouq ot elba eb ot tluda
na sa demialc dna ,snoitide tsrif sredaeR s'yeffuGcM fo naf diva na saw eH .secneulfni
doohdlihc tnatropmi tsom sih fo eno sa sredaeR s'yeffuGcM detic droF yrneH
.yadot naht tnemeriuqer nommoc erom a saw ,aciremA
yrutnec ht91 ni ,hcihw ,gnikaeps cilbup lamrof dna ,yralubacov ,gnilleps dezisahpme
sredaeR ehT .snoitseuq ksa tsum eno ,noitcurtsni evig ot rehcaet a rof redro ni deveileb
eh rof yrots hcae retfa snoitseuq detsil osla eH .sessalc rieht ot duola daer yeht detseggus
dna stneduts rieht sa llew sa snossel eht yduts dluohs srehcaet taht deveileb yeffuGcM
.dlo eht gnitaeper ylluferac
dna sdrow wen gnicudortni yllaudarg ,erutaretil laer fo txetnoc eht ni sdrow yralubacov
wen desu yeffuGcM ,tsartnoc nI .noitaziromem rof egap rep sdrow wen 001 ot 02 fo stsil
llud dereffo dah stxet are-lainoloC .dezisahpme erew stnecca dna noitaicnune ,tuo-gnidnuoS
.gnidaer gnignellahc hguorht slliks gnidaer gnorts tliub hcihw ,loot gninrael a sa txet
eht ni noititeper drow desu yehT .emulov hcae htiw gnignellahc erom ylevissergorp emoceb
ot dengised erew taht aciremA ni skoobtxet tsrif eht gnoma erew sredaeR s'yeffuGcM
.koob siht htiw detelpmoc stneduts hcihw
,level loohcs rammarg eht no ytiliba fo slevel tsehgih eht rof nettirw saw redaeR htruof ehT
.edarg ht6 ro ht5 nredom eht ot tnelaviuqe level a ta nettirw saw dna ,sdrow fo snoitinifed
eht thguat redaeR driht ehT .rebmemer dluoc nerdlihc hcihw seirots diviv gnidivorp
elihw secnetnes fo gninaem eht dnatsrednu ot meht depleh dna ,daer dluoc tneduts eht ecno
yalp otni emac redaeR dnoces ehT .krow etals htiw dedia dna ,sdrow otni tnemegnarra rieht
dna srettel fo noitacifitnedi eht ,dohtem scinohp eht gnisu yb gnidaer thguat redaeR tsrif ehT
.elbiB eht fo skoob
eritne dnim ot timmoc dluoc dna ,eziromem ot ytiliba elbakramer a dah eH .sloohcs reitnorf
fo noisseccus a ni keew a syad 6 ,yad a sruoh 11 dekrow netfo yeffuGcM .eno-ytnewt
ot xis morf deirav sega s'nerdlihc ,sloohcs rehcaet-eno ynam nI .yeffuGcM gnuoy eht yb

281
 decaf segnellahc lareves fo eno tsuj saw ssalc eht fo ezis ehT .oihO ,attuclaC ni loohcs moor
eno a ni stneduts 84 htiw gninnigeb ,41 fo ega eht ta rehcaet "gnivor" a emaceb yeffuGcM
.seipoc 000,000,521
revo dlos sredaeR yeffuGcM ehT .9381 ni itannicniC ni eciffo wal a denepo dna eerged
wal sih no gnikrow elihw loohcs thguat rednaxelA .redaeR htfiF eht rof ytilibisnopser elos dah
dna relleps a delipmoc osla ohw ,yeffuGcM notlimaH rednaxelA ,rehtorb sih yb detsissa saw
eh ,yeffuGcM semloH mailliW yb eseht no enod krow eht ot noitidda nI .nerdlihc loohcs rof
sredaer fo seires a etirw ot dehcaorppa saw yeffuGcM nehw imaiM ta sraey sih gnirud saw tI
.9281 ni retsinim nairetybserP a sa deniadro saw eH .ainigriV fo ytisrevinU eht ta yhposolihp
larom fo rosseforp a emaceb eh nehw ,5481 litnu 3481 morf egelloC drawdooW ta thguat
yeffuGcM ,itannicniC ot gninruteR .)3481-9381( ytisrevinU oihO dna )9381-6381( egelloC
itannicniC fo tnediserp sa devres neht eH .6381 ni noitangiser sih litnu 6281 morf ytisrevinU
imaiM ta segaugnal tneicna fo rosseforp a saw eH .41 fo ega eht ta loohcs gnihcaet
nageb ohw yeffuGcM semloH mailliW yb nettirw erew sredaeR citcelcE s'yeffuGcM"
"...sredaeR citcelcE s'yeffuGcM..." 04
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".rehtegotla noitaicnunorp gnidragersid
,sdrow evitan tneserper ot segaugnal naeroK dna esenapaJ eht yb gninaem
rieht ot gnidrocca detpoda erew sretcarahc esenihC ynam ,noitidda nI .retcarahc
emas eht htiw nettirw eb nac snoitaicnunorp tnereffid tub gninaem ralimis ro emas eht
evah hcihw stcelaid/segaugnal esenihC suoirav eht ni setangoC .etirw ot sretcarahc erom
ro owt eriuqer suht dna ciballys-ylop era esenihC fo seiteirav nredom lla ni sdrow fo ytirojam
A .elballys nekops elgnis a ot sdnopserroc retcarahc hcae ,metsys gnitirw esenihC eht nI
.sretcarahc dnasuoht ruof dna eerht neewteb fo egdelwonk a seriuqer ycaretil
lluf taht nwohs evah anihC ni tuo deirrac seidutS .yrotsih tuohguorht detalumucca stnairav
desu ylerar era eseht fo rebmun egral a hguohtla ,530,74 yletamixorppa si yranoitcid
ixgnaK eht ni deniatnoc sretcarahc esenihC fo rebmun ehT .esemanteiV ylremrof
dna ,naeroK semitemos ,esenapaJ ,esenihC gnitirw ni desu margogol a si )ìznàH :niynip
;
 :esenihC lanoitidart ;
 :esenihC deifilpmis( retcarahc naH ro retcarahc esenihC A"
"...sretcarahc esenihC dradnats..." 93
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
"."eman emas" eht gnirahs sdrow tcnitsid erom ro
owt ot srefer ti ,suhT .)eman gninaem( myno- xiffus dna )emas gninaem( -omoh xiferp keerG
eht fo noitcnujnoc eht morf semoc "mynomoh" drow ehT .)ylevitcepser ,"2" dna ,ylevissecxe
,osla ,"morf" fo etisoppo eht ,"reisae ti ekam ot" ni sa "fo esoprup eht rof" gnieb ,owt
dna oot ,oot ,ot ,ot ,yllautca( owt dna oot ,ot :senohpomoh "ylno" sa meht etangised srehto
tub ,smynomoh eb ot sdrow fo oirt gniwollof eht redisnoc osla secruos emoS .)evael fo
esnet tsap( tfel dna )thgir fo etisoppo( tfel ,)yrrac( raeb dna )lamina( raeb ,)dnuora enoemos
wollof ot ro tnalp a fo trap rehtie naem nac hcihw( klats era smynomoh fo selpmaxE
.)sgninaem tnereffid gnivah ot noitidda ni( noitaicnunorp ro gnilleps emas eht erahs
smynomoh taht eriuqer ylno secruos emoS .sgninaem tnereffid evah tub noitaicnunorp emas
eht dna gnilleps emas eht erahs taht sdrow fo puorg a fo eno si mynomoh a ,scitsiugnil nI"
"...smynomoh fo rebmun taerg a evah elpoep esenapaJ eht ..." 83

181
.su=lg&3=dc&knlc=tc&ne=lh&7491+,trepxe+egaugnal+cod.131reterpretni/pslj/snoitcello
c/sevihcra/ude.odaroloc.seirarbilbcu:JEQRdPb_mAIz:ehcac=q?hcraes/401.371.58.902//:ptth
dna gro.aidepikiW :secnerefeR --
".eripmE namoR eht retfa deledom tenalp
a no semag lairotaidalg ni thgif ot decrof era snoinapmoc sih dna kriK niatpaC :weivrevO
.edosipe dehsinif eht ni tiderc neercs eviecer ton did eh hguohtla ,"sesucriC
dna daerB" edosipe seireS lanigirO ehT :kerT ratS eht rof yrots eht etorw nhoJ .swohs
rehto dna ,yrotS tnioP tseW ,mahkraM ,tnorfretaW ,tseW dliW ,dliW eht rof stpircs gnitirw
,doowylloH ni retirw VT a sa sraey 02 tneps eh ,raW eht retfA .reciffO egaugnaL esenapaJ
yvaN a sa devres eH .3491 tsuguA ni detaudarg dna 2491 yluJ ni odaroloC fo ytisrevinU
eht ta loohcS egaugnaL esenapaJ yvaN SU eht gniretne ,2491 ni yvaN SU eht denioj eH
.retaehT ytinummoC ululonoH eht rof syalp etorw dna elaY dna uohanuP ta detacude saw
eH .dlo sraey 31 saw eh litnu tuh dehctaht s'rehtomdnarg naomaS sih ni pu werg lhubuenK
,yrtsecna namreG dna hsilgnE ,naomaS fo nroB .2991 ni deid ohw thgirwyalp dnalsI cificaP
demialcca na saw nhoJ ,yrtsecna naciremA/naomaS dexim fo saw ,lhubuenK .A nhoJ"
"... yvaN eht morf tsilaiceps egaugnal esenapaJ a ..." 73
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".esrevinu eht ni seixalag noillib 521
)tsael ta( era ereht taht ecnedive dedivorp ,yks eht fo trap ytpme ylevitaler a fo erusopxe
gnol ylemertxe na ,dleiF peeD elbbuH ehT .srats llams dna tniaf yltnerehni fo tsisnoc
ylelos tonnac yxalag ruo ni rettam krad gnissim eht taht dehsilbatse ti ,sgniht rehto gnomA
.snoitavresbo devorpmi dedleiy epocseleT ecapS elbbuH eht ,s0991 eht ni gninnigeB
.retem
cibuc rep mota eno naht ssel ytisned egareva na fo sag suounet a htiw dellif si )seixalag
neewteb ecaps eht( ecaps citcalagretnI .)scesrapagem ro( scesrap fo snoillim fo redro
eht no secnatsid yb detarapes yllausu era dna retemaid ni )selim 739.423,769,570,671,91
ro sraey-thgil 262.3 ,m 6101×680.3 yletamixorppa( scesrap 000,001 ot 000,1 era seixalag
tsoM .esrevinu elbavresbo eht ni seixalag )1101( noillib 001 naht erom ylbaborp era erehT"
"...tenalp emoh ruoy fo rats eht si hcihw srats eht fo pam a no su wohs..." 63
rotidE ehT --
.snamuh eb ton tub -- deedni derolpxe ylhguoroht yrev ,yrev neeb sah esrevinu
eht taht sraeppa ti ,lautcaf si stpircsnart "weivretnI neilA" eht ni noitamrofni eht fo yna fI
.detsixe eporuE erofeb gnol stnatibahni suonegidni fo snoillim eht yb derolpxe
neeb ylsuoivbo dah ti ,snaeporuE yb derolpxe neeb tey ton dah hcihw ,erehpsimeH nretseW
eht "derevocsid" ohw ,submuloC ekil hcuM .sneipas omoh yb "derolpxenu" ,si tahT
"...esrevinu derolpxenu..." 53
tcatnoc_cinaeco-snart_naibmuloC-erP/ikiw/gro.aidepikiw.ne//:ptth
:)submuloC erofeb "dlrow wen" eht
htiw stcatnoc rehto ynam fo sliated rof sserdda etisbew gniwollof eht ot refer esaelP(
".snosirapmoc
larutluc dna ,sdnif lacigoloeahcra ,stroper lacirotsih no desab ,semit suoirav ta desoporp

081
 neeb evah stneve hcus ynaM .2941 ni submuloC rehpotsirhC fo lavirra eht erofeb –
ainaecO ro ,aisA ,acirfA ,eporuE – stnenitnoc rehto fo selpoep dna saciremA eht fo selpoep
suonegidni eht neewteb snoitcaretni eht evlovni stcatnoc cinaeco-snart naibmuloC-erP"
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".nóloC labótsirC sa hsinapS
ni dna ,)moloC mavotsirhC ylremrof( obmoloC oãvótsirC sa eseugutroP ni ,obmoloC
orofotsirC sa nailatI nredom ni gniredner s'eman sih era nwonk llew oslA .submuloC
surohpotsirhC nitaL eht fo noitazicilgnA eht si submuloC rehpotsirhC eman ehT"
"...submuloC..." 43
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".doG
fo deniadro era eb taht srewop ehT :doG fo tub rewop on si ereht roF .srewop rehgih eht
otnu tcejbus eb luos yreve teL" :)noisreV semaJ gniK( 1:31 snamoR ,elbiB eht morF -- nigirO
.ytirohtua fo tnemnrevog dehsilbatse ehT -- gninaeM"
"...eb taht srewop ehT..." 33
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ladeM ecaeP NU 4891 eht dedrawa saw dna ,ssenerawa
dna ecaep fo tcejbus eht no snoitaN detinU eht desserdda eh 09 ega tA .setatS detinU
eht dna eporuE ,aisA htuoS ni yltsom ,sklat cilbup gnidloh dna ylraluger gnihsilbup efil sih
fo tser eht tneps dna ,yteicoS lacihposoehT eht yb ahdduB ayertiaM eht fo noitanracni wen
eht demialcorp gnieb morf deniag dah eh sutats haissem dna emaf eht decnuoner ylcilbup
eh ,43 fo ega eht tA .yteicos labolg ni egnahc evitisop tcane ot woh dna ,spihsnoitaler
namuh ,noitatidem fo esoprup eht :)ot detimil ton saw tub( dedulcni rettam tcejbus siH
.stcejbus lautirips dna lacihposolihp latnemadnuf no rekaeps dna retirw nwonk-llew a saw eH
.slaudividni detseretni htiw sa llew sa ,spuorg llams dna egral ot gnikaeps ,rekaeps laudividni
na sa dlrow eht gnilevart efil sih fo tser eht tneps eH .ti troppus ot dehsilbatse )ratS eht
fo redrO eht( noitazinagro ediw-dlrow a devlossid dna aedi siht dewovasid eh ,nam gnuoy a
sA ."rehcaeT dlroW" detcepxe na rof "elcihev" a eb ot mih deveileb ohw ,emit eht ta yteicoS
eht fo sredael ,retaebdaeL .W.C dna tnaseB einnA fo egaletut eht rednu desiar yltneuqesbus
saw eH .aidnI ,)iannehC won( sardaM ni raydA ta sretrauqdaeh yteicoS lacihposoehT
eht ta hcaeb etavirp eht no retaebdaeL .W.C tem 9091 ni dna ,aidnI ,ellapanadaM ni ylimaf
nimharB uguleT a otni nrob saw )6891 ,71 yraurbeF – 5981 ,21 yaM( itrumanhsirK uddiJ"
"...itrumanhsirK..." 23
/ude.ekud.yrarbil//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
.)sseccus
fo ytilibissop eht detcejer ohw esoht( "staog" naht rehgih derocs )sksat PSE ni elbissop saw
sseccus taht deveileb ohw snosrep( "peehs" taht stnemirepxe gnisseug-drac PSE fo selcyc
lareves hguorht denimreted ehS .staog dna peehs eht fo rohpatem eht fo tnempoleved
eht ,elbaton tsom si reldiemhcS hcihw rof krow eht si hcraeser reh fo hcum ni detcelfeR

971
 .cnI ,noitadnuoF ygolohcysparaP eht dna ,yrotarobaL ygolohcysparaP
ytisrevinU ekuD eht ,hcraeseR lacihcysP rof yteicoS naciremA eht sa hcus ,PSE fo yduts eht
ni detseretni setutitsni dna spuorg demrof dna ,ygolohcysparap ni nemow fo elor eht deidutS
.seitiliba )PSE( noitpecrep yrosnesartxe s'nosrep a tceffa stiart dna srotcaf suoirav
woh tuoba skoob dna selcitra lanruoj dehsilbup ehS .emit eht ta tsigolohcysparap dna
tsigolohcysp latnemirepxe elbaton a saw ohw ,reldiemhcS .R edurtreG ylbaborp saw sihT
"...rehto ro gnihtemos edurtreG saw eman reh..." 13
.lliH lepahC ta aniloraC htroN fo ytisrevinU eht dna ttelwoR ssuR :ecnerefeR --
".dednetni si sdrow esoht fo gninaem hcihw raelc ekam dluohs yllanoitanretni "noillirt" dna
"noillib" sdrow eht sesu ohw enoynA .scitsitats dna stroper hsitirB laiciffo ni 2101 ton dna 
901
naem dluow "noillib" htrofecneh taht decnuonna nosliW dloraH retsiniM emirP fo tnemnrevog
eht ,4791 nI .srallod noillib a dellac eb 000,000,000,1$ taht tsisni snaciremA esuaceb
,ecnanif naciremA ot eud yliramirp si sihT .seirtnuoc rehto ni tnetxe ressel a ot dna niatirB
ni ylralucitrap ,snoitinifed rebmun naeporuE eht dedore sah egasu naciremA ,sraey tnecer nI
.ylevitcepser ,)3 = n( -irt dna )2 = n( -ib sexiferp nitaL eht morf denioc
era noillirt dna noillib suhT ".noillim" eman eht yb detseggus noilli- gnidne eht gnidda yb
n srebmun llams rof seman nitaL eht morf denioc era srebmun egral rof seman hsilgnE ehT"
) 000,000,000,000,1 ( .noillirt eno = noillib dnasuoht enO
) 000,000,000,1 ( .noillib eno = noillim dnasuoht enO
) 000,000,1 ( .noillim eno = dnasuoht dnasuoht enO
"...snoillirt..." 03
rotidE ehT --.aera eht ni
gnitset raelcun noitagitsevni elihw MN ,llewsoR ta sehsarc tfarc ecaps neilA -- 7491 ,8 yluJ
) php.xedni/egral/bmob/snoitcelloc_yduts/potseltsihw/gro.yrarbilnamurt.www//:ptth (
.srepaP namurT ,eliF s'yraterceS s'tnediserP :ECNEREFER(
".yreviled rieht fo snaem eht
ni tnemevorpmi rieht rof tnempoleved dna hcraeser suounitnoc no yrrac ot dna noissif
raelcun fo snopaew fo gnilipkcots dna erutcafunam eht eunitnoc ot tub evitanretla ton
sah setatS detinU eht ,ecaep gnidiba fo seetnaraug etulosba fo ecnesba eht nI )3( 
.dlrow eht fo selpoep eht morf taerht siht tfil nac
noitcurtsed ssam fo snopaew fo lortnoc lanoitanretni etauqeda na no pu gnittes eht dna
raw lla fo gniwaltuo eht ylnO .noitazilivic ot dna dniknam ot taerht a si noitcurtsed ssam
fo snopaew rehto fo dna bmob cimota eht fo esu dellortnocnu eht fo taerht ehT )2( 
.skrow lairetam s'nam fo
stnanmer laigitsev ylno gnivael ,ecafrus s'htrae eht fo saera tsav etalupoped ot elbissop
etiuq si ti ,airetcab cinegohtap ,elpmaxe rof ,sa noitcurtsed ssam fo snopaew rehto
htiw noitcnujnoc ni deyolpme fi yllaicepse ,snopaew hcus htiW .emit fo sdoirep gnol rof
tnemhsilbatseer rieht tneverp dna serutcurts cimonoce dna laicos sti hsilomed nac tub
,troffe yratilim s'noitan yna yfillun nac ylno ton sbmob cimota ,srebmun ni desu fI )1( 
:snoisulcnoc rojam gniwollof eht dehcaer sah draoB ehT .1
SNOISULCNOC - enO noitceS

871
 snoitadnemmoceR dna snoisulcnoC -- III TRAP"
)!sklof ,pu tihs siht ekam t'nac uoy ,ylsuoireS( :swollof
sa saw ,sdnalsI llahsraM eht no dna ,seitic esenapaJ owt ni snailivic tneconni no ,ocixeM
weN ,odrogomalA ni sbmob fo snoisolpxe no desab ,noissimmoC eht fo noitadnemmocer
eht ,gnimohtaf fo elbapac era scitanul rehto snaicitilop ,yratilim eht ylno taht ,cigol ladicius
fo hsiruolf tnaillirb a htiW .namurT tnediserP yb deviecer saw noissimmoC ygrenE cimotA
eht yb edam ,"nopaeW yratiliM a sa bmoB cimotA eht fo noitaulavE ehT" -- 7491 ,03 enuJ
.dlrow eht revo lla slissof ruasonid niatnoc hcihw kcor fo atarts ni derevocsid neeb
sah "ssalg neerg-wolley" sihT .ssalg neerg - wolley emas eht laever stneve "cimsylcatac"
elbanialpxenu htiw detaicossa era taht dlrow eht dnuora setis ralimis ynaM .5491
ni etis ocixeM weN ,ytinirT eht ta ssalg neerg - wolley detareneg noisolpxe cimota
tsrif eht ekil hcum ,ssalg otni slairetam ecafrus esuf ot hguone toh era snoisolpxe
raelcuN .8991 ni hctam eht demrifnoc tnemerusaem lacitpo elpmis A .ssalg eht fo eceip a
ekil ylsuoicipsus dekool taht baracs devrac a deniatnoc setalptsaerb delewej s’numahknatuT
gniK fo eno taht deciton dna ,oriaC ni muesuM naitpygE eht detisiv elehciM ed oznecniV
.stcapmi dioretsa htiw detaicossa serusserp hgih eht yb detareneg setitket eht selbmeser
ti syaw emos nI .cinaclov eb ot hcir acilis oot s’tI .demrof evah dluoc ti woh tuoba saedi
fo stros lla pu demaerd evah ohw ,stsitneics detanicsaf sah ssalG treseD naybiL ,ecnis revE
.ecafrus eht ssorca derettacs ssalg neerg-wolley suoiretsym a derevocsid yeht erehw ,tpygE
nretsew fo aera siht detisiv tsrif sdroF A-ledoM ni srerolpxe hsitirB taht 2391 nI :ETON
.odrogomalA morf selim 711 ylno si ocixeM weN ,llewsoR .ocixeM weN ,odrogomalA
fo htron tresed eht ni edam saw ecived raelcun a fo tset tsrif ehT -- "...5491 ,61 yluJ"
"...SNOISOLPXE / NOITAIDAR / "SDUOLC GNINRUB" FO NOITAGITSEVNI ..." 92
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".senihcam noitatcid dna gnidrocer fo noitnevni eht erofeb
,tsap eht ni ylediw erom desu saw dnahtrohS .kaeps elpoep sa ylkciuq sa etirw ot metsys
eht ni deniart llew enoemos wolla hcihw ,sesarhp nommoc dna sdrow rof snoitaiverbba
ro slobmys sedivorp metsys dnahtrohs lacipyt A .tsixe dnahtrohs fo smrof ynaM
.laog eht si gnitirw fo deeps ro noisserpmoc rehtehw no gnidneped ,)ydeeps ,tfiws( syhcat
keerG morf ,yhpargyhcat dna )trohs( syhcarb keerG morf ,yhpargyhcarb dellac neeb osla
sah tI .)gnitirw( ēhparg dna )worran( sonets keerG eht morf ,yhpargonets dellac si dnahtrohs
ni gnitirw fo ssecorp ehT .egaugnal a gnitirw fo dohtem lamron a ot derapmoc sa gnitirw fo
ytiverb ro deeps sesaercni taht dohtem gnitirw cilobmys ro/dna detaiverbba na si dnahtrohS"
"...rehpargonets..." 82
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".sessam tniop owt eht neewteb ecnatsid eht si r •
,ssam tniop dnoces eht fo ssam eht si 2m •
,ssam tniop tsrif eht fo ssam eht si 1m •
,tnatsnoc lanoitativarg eht si G •
,sessam tniop owt eht neewteb ecrof lanoitativarg eht fo edutingam eht si F •
:erehw

771
 :sessam tniop eht neewteb ecnatsid eht fo erauqs eht ot lanoitroporp ylesrevni
dna sessam owt eht fo tcudorp eht ot lanoitroporp si ecrof ehT .stniop htob gnitcesretni
enil eht gnola gnitniop ecrof a yb ssam tniop rehto yreve stcartta ssam tniop yrevE
:gniwollof eht setats ti egaugnal nredom nI .7861
ni dehsilbup ,acitamehtaM aipicnirP silarutaN eaihposolihP krow s'notweN ni detalumrof tsrif
saw dna scinahcem lacissalc fo trap a si tI .ssam htiw seidob neewteb noitcartta lanoitativarg
eht gnibircsed wal lacisyhp a si noitativarg lasrevinu fo yroeht s'notweN caasI
.rehto hcae sdrawot etarelecca ot stcejbo gnivom yllaitreni esuac
taht serutavruc emit-ecaps ot eud si noitativarg ytivitaler lareneg ni ,tsartnoc yB .noitcartta
siht fo esuac eht eb ot )s'notweN sa hcus( seiroeht emos ni desoppus si taht ecrof a ot srefer
yllacificeps "ytivarg" elihw ,rehto hcae no trexe ssam htiw stcejbo lla taht ecneulfni evitcartta
eht gnibircsed mret lareneg a si "noitativarG" .edam eb yam noitcnitsid a egasu cifitneics
ni tub ,esu yadyreve ni elbaegnahcretni yltsom era ytivarg dna noitativarg smret ehT"
"...ytivarg ton si ereht ecaps ni..." 72
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR ecruoS --
".sesuriv edulcni osla dluow taht noitinifed a esu yam emoS .noitcudorper rof
llec tsoh a fo yrenihcam lacimehcoib eht no tnedneped era hcihw ,sesuriv edulcxe dluow tub
,noitcudorper tnednepedni fo elbapac efil citehtnys fo ytilibissop eht sa llew sa ,efil ralullec lla
ssapmocne dluow "esiwrehto ro cinagro ,noitcudorper tnednepedni fo elbapac mrof efil yna"
noitinifed ehT ."noitcudorper dna htworg fo elbapac ,muiretcab ro sugnuf ,lamina ,tnalp a sa
hcus ,erutcurts gnivil yna" :noitinifed redaorb hcum a sedivorp ecnerefeR enilnO srebmahC
.smrof efil cinagro-non edam-nam elbissop-yllaciteroeht dna sesuriv
sedulcxe ti ,spahrep ,yllaisrevortnoc sseL .atsitorp dna ignuf emos sa hcus smrof efil ralullecitlum tnalp dna lamina-non sedulcxe yllacitamelborp noitinifed sihT 
."mrof efil dellec-elgnis
ro ,tnalp ,lamina laudividni ]na[" sa msinagro na senifed yranoitciD hsilgnE drofxO ehT
.drow eht gninifed ot citamelborp era taht snoitidnoc dda ,cifitneics dna
lacixel ,secruos ynam ,revewoH .efil fo seitreporp eht sah dna elohw elbats ssel ro erom a
sa noitcnuf taht selucelom fo ylbmessa na sa denifed eb yldaorb yam "msinagro" drow ehT"
" ."evila" dellac eb neve
ton dluoc ydob s'lriA taht yas dluow I ,tniopdnats lacidem a morf ,yllacinhceT"... 62
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR ecruoS --
".thgil elbisiv woleb tsuj ycneuqerf a ta gnihtolc hguorht
ees ot deifidom eb nac taht saremac oediv deppiuqe noisiv thgin era ereht ,revewoH .yklub
etiuq era tsom ,)sevaw ztreharet gnisu( gnihtolc hguorht "ees" nac hcihw tnatxe yltnerruc
secived era ereht elihW .enicidem dna ecneics fo sdleif eht ni sesu lacitcarp ynam evah
syar-X ,mlaer lanoitcif-non eht nI .strap etavirp s'nosrep a gniees fo esoprup rof semitemos
tub ,nopaew delaecnoc a gniyrrac si enoemos fi enimreted ot yllausu ,gnihtolc hguorht ees ot
yllausu si laog ehT .nwonknu gnieb "seitreporp yar-x" sti fo terces eht htiw syot gag-knarp ro
"dnuora-ekoj" fo epyt laiceps a era hcihw ,sessalg yar-X fo esu eht hguorht ytiliba siht evah

671
 ot dneterp netfo elpoeP .rewoprepus siht fo redloh eht fo noitercsid eht ta stcejbo fo sreyal
hguorht ees ot ytiliba eht sa deyartrop neeb yllareneg sah noisiv yar-X ,seirots lanoitcif nI"
."noisiv
yar-x" dah ehs hguoht sa ,em hguorht thgir etartenep ot demees ezag reh ..." 52
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".suounitnoc
dna etinifni si murtceps eht elpicnirp ni hguohtla ,flesti esrevinu eht fo ezis eht si timil
htgnelevaw gnol eht dna ,htgnel kcnalP eht fo ytiniciv eht si timil htgnelevaw trohs eht taht
thguoht s'tI .mota na fo ezis eht noitcarf a ot nwod sertemolik fo sdnasuoht morf shtgnelevaw
gnirevoc ,)dne htgnelevaw-trohs eht ta( noitaidar ammag hguorht )dne htgnelevaw-gnol eht
ta( oidar nredom rof desu seicneuqerf eht woleb morf sdnetxe murtceps citengamortcele ehT
.tcejbo taht morf noitaidar citengamortcele fo noitubirtsid
citsiretcarahc eht si tcejbo na fo )murtceps tsuj yllausu( "murtceps citengamortcele"
ehT .noitaidar citengamortcele elbissop lla fo egnar eht si murtceps citengamortcele ehT"
"...murtceps citengamortcele eht fo egnar lluf eht dedulcni evah yam siht ..." 42
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".seye ruo ot raeppa yeht lufroloc woh naht rehtar ,thgil teloivartlu
ni ecnaraeppa rieht ot sseccus evitcudorper rieht ewo yam noitanillop tcesni ot deknil
era selcyc efil esohw seiceps tnalp ,nosaer siht roF .srewolf ni ratcen gnidnif rof lufesu si
hcihw ,teloivartlu eht ni thgil ees nac ,seeb sa hcus ,stcesni ynam ,elpmaxe roF .eye namuh
eht ot elbisiv murtceps eht morf tnereffid shtgnelevaw eviecrep seiceps ynam fo seye ehT
.noiger esnopser namuh eht dnoyeb raf era derarfnI raF ro
htgnelevaW gnoL dna htgnelevaW muideM eht dna ,wodniw esnopser namuh fo tuo tsuj eil
swodniw derarfni raen eht ;murtceps esnopser elbisiv namuh eht spalrevo ti esuaceb dellac
os si "wodniw elbisiv" ehT .tnemerusaem lacisyhp yb denifed era swodniw cirehpsomta
eht tub ,gnitset evitcejbus yb denifed si eye namuh eht fo esnopser ehT .)eulb si
yks eht nosaer eht si hcihw ,thgil der naht erom derettacs si thgil eulb hguohtla( erehpsomta
s'htraE eht hguorht detaunettanu ylegral sessap hcihw murtceps citengamortcele
eht fo noiger eht ,"wodniw lacitpo" eht hguorht ssap osla eye eht ot elbisiv shtgnelevaW
.der
fo sedahs ylbareferp ,shtgnelevaw elpitlum fo xim a deen yeht esuaceb ,elpmaxe rof ,tnesba
era atnegam dna ,knip ,nworB .hsiugnitsid nac niarb dna seye namuh eht taht srolroc eht lla
niatnoc ,revewoh ,ton seod murtceps ehT .murtceps lacitpo eht fo noiger neerg eht ni ,)zHT
045( mn 555 dnuora ta ytivitisnes mumixam sti sah yllareneg eye detpada-thgil A .ztreharet
097-004 fo ytiniciv eht ni dnab a ot sdnopserroc siht ,ycneuqerf fo smret nI .xedni evitcarfer
eht ot lauqe rotcaf a yb decuder era aidem rehto dna retaw ni shtgnelevaw gnidnopserroc
ehT .mn 057 ot 083 tuoba morf ria ni shtgnelevaw ot dnopser lliw eye namuh lacipyt A
.thgil ylpmis ro thgil elbisiv dellac si shtgnelevaw fo egnar siht ni noitaidar citengamortcelE
.eye namuh eht )yb detceted eb nac( ot elbisiv si taht murtceps citengamortcele
eht fo noitrop eht si )murtceps lacitpo eht dellac semitemos ro( murtceps elbisiv ehT
".thgil fo murtceps lausiv eht dnoyeb selcitrap ro sevaw tceted ot elba ..." 32
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

571
".sroivaheb gninaelc-fles dna
gnideef ni desu daetsni si ,ecnatsni rof ,eugnot effarig eht -esu loot ot deilppa era snagro
elisneherp lla ton ,revewoH .sburg dna setimret rof hsif ot skcits esu ot ytiliba eht evah
seeznapmihc ,elpmaxe roF .ymotana dezilaiceps ylhgih tuohtiw elbissopmi eb esiwrehto
dluow taht sksat etelpmoc ot redro ni sloot esu ot ,setamirp sa hcus ,slamina ynam
selbane tI .esnefed dna ,gniggid ,gnideef rof tnemnorivne rieht gnitalupinam ni egatnavda
larutan taerg a seiceps dedroffa sah taht noitatpada yranoitulove na si ytilisneherP
. doirep cissairT eht ot sraey noillim ynam kcab gniog )airuasoimiS( sdrazil
ni sliat elisneherp swohs drocer lissof ehT .)kniks fo seiceps a dna ,snoelemahc ,sokceg(
sliat elisneherp evah sdrazil tnatxe ynaM .elisneherp osla era stac fo swalc ehT .llew sa
teef elisneherp evah )snamuh wef a neve( seiceps ynam dna ,seerged gniyrav ot elisneherp
lla era setamirp fo sdnah ehT .ripat fo sedicsoborp eht dna sesroh fo spil eht ,seffarig fo
seugnot eht ,stnahpele fo sknurt eht ,smussopo dna syeknom dlroW weN fo sliat eht edulcni
strap ydob elisneherp fo selpmaxE .gnidloh ro gnipsarg rof detpada sah taht nagro na
fo ytilauq eht si tI ".psarg ot" gninaem ,eredneherp mret nitaL eht morf devired si drow ehT"
"...elisneherp..." 22
)edisreviR ,ogeiD naS-- 7002/03/9
,yrots semiT ytnuoC htroN ;7002/62/01 ,yrots enubirT-noinU ogeiD naS( :ecnerefeR --
".epahs lanigiro sti ot denruter delpmurc nehw taht liof gnidulcni ",dlrow siht fo tuo" saw
lairetam eht mih dlot yehT .dleif sirbed eht pu naelc pleh ot hcnar eht ot tnes osla erew werc
dnuorg sih fo srebmem eviF .rehtie meht fo emaceb tahw tuo dnuof ydobon dna derrefsnart
osla erew yspotua eht htiw devlovni sesrun dna srotcod eht taht draeh osla esuorpS
.mih fo emaceb tahw tuo dnuof reve ydobon dna yad gniwollof
eht derrefsnart saw tnaegres eht ,esrun 'sinneD ot ralimiS .seidob eht nees dah eh dias
dneirf siH .sesrun owt dna srotcod owt yb tuo deirrac neeb dah "seidob dionamuh" eht fo
owt ro eno no yspotua na taht detaler eh kcab emac eh nehW .ereht tuo dellac saw ,latipsoh
esab eht ta cidem moor ycnegreme na sa dekrow ohw ,skcarrab sih ni tnaegres ffats wollef
A .sinneD yb debircsed yllaitini yspotua eht tuoba gnihtemos wenk eh dias osla eH .snug
enihcam htiw sPM yb dedraug ylivaeh ragnah a ot nekat erew seidob eht dias esuorpS
.flesti tneve lanigiro eht ot kcab setad tub nigiro tnecer fo
ton si llac teksac dlihc eht fo yrots 'sinneD taht smees ti suhT .erofeb syad 3 ro 2 deneppah
dah taht hsarc a rof steksac s'nerdlihc evif rof esab eht morf llac a deviecer dah eh mih
dlot sinneD .dneirf a rof larenuf a deldnah sinneD elihw retal sraey lareves sinneD ot ekops
eh dias esuorpS .nordauqS bmoB ht038 eht htiw feihc werc 92-B a neht ,esuorpS notliM
.tgS/S saw yrots 'sinneD fo strap etaroborroc ot htrof emac yltnecer taht ssentiw rehtonA
".sneila esoht yrub ro pihs ot" steksac ezis-dlihc
rof esab eht morf sllac egnarts tuoba ,recuas gniylf dehsarc eht fo seirots repapswen eht
retfa syad wef a ylno mih gnillet sinneD derebmemer llaH .M.L feihc ecilop llewsoR remroF
)7991 ,eliF llewsoR ehT
,ssorcwahS miT :ecruoS( .niaga reh was reven eh dias eh ,taht retfA .gnihtyna ees ot tnaw
t'ndid eh mih dlot ehs dna ,no gniog saw tahw ees ot ragnah eht edisni og ot detnaw eH
.riah lufituaeb htiw nemow lufituaeb a saw dna ,yraM efiw sih delbmeser ehs dias ,ytrap a ta
neewollaH suoiverp eht ecno reh htiw decnad dah ,)kooc a sa ereht dekrow nebuR rehtorb
sih( bulC s'reciffO eht morf ot ekops eh esrun eht wenk eh dias ayanA eteP ,tsartnoc nI

471
 .hguoht ,tesyvaeh
ro hsidnolb raeppa meht fo enon ,7491 yluJ/enuJ dnuora morf koobraey esab eht ni derutcip
era taht sesrun evif eht fO :etoN[ .tesyvaeh dna hsidnolb sa ot ekops eh esrun eht debircsed
eH .gnivom meht fo eno dna ragnah eht edisni steehs rednu ecnatsid a morf seidob
llams owt despmilg osla dna kool a ekat ot tnew neht eh dias nebuR .gnivom meht fo eno
deciton neht dna "dlrow siht morf ton" erew seidob eht taht mih dlot ehs dias nebuR .meht
htiw ylfeirb ekops dna ragnah eht edistuo emac ohw )sesrun tnereffid owt ebyam ro( esrun
esab a saw ereht dias yeht ,sPM yb dedraug ylivaeh gnieb ragnah eht sediseB .ragnah
esab egral eht edistuo ayotnoM hpesoJ ronrevoG .tL .M.N pu dekcip yeht dias ohw ,ayanA
nebuR dna eteP morf emac esrun gnihsinav a dna seidob neila eht tuoba yrots rehtonA"
"...etis eht ta nemow ylno eht saw I..." 12
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".smetsys
suovren namuh gnitcennoc yltcerid rof secived efas ,lacitcarp poleved ot kees dna ,ytinamuh
fo erutuf elbativeni eht eb lliw ,"yhtapelhcet" dellac ,yhtapelet delbane yllacigolonhcet
taht eveileb stsinamuhsnarT .elpoep rehto fo sdnim eht gnillortnoc dna ,srehto
fo sthguoht eht gnisnes htob edulcni seitiliba hcuS .seitiliba cihtapelet gnivah sniallivrepus
dna seorehrepus ynam htiw ,noitcif ecneics dna noitcif ni emeht nommoc a si yhtapeleT
.dleif eht nihtiw enod neeb evah yhtapelet dnatsrednu dna tceted ot gnikees
seiduts ynam dna ,hcraeser lacigolohcysparap fo sehcnarb niam eht smrof sisenikohcysp
htiw gnola ,yhtapeleT .srehto fo sdnim eht daer ot elba eb ot dias si yhtapelet fo esu ekam
ot elba si ohw nosrep A .ecnerefsnart-thguoht noisserpxe reilrae eht ecalper ot yllacificeps
,hcraeseR lacihcysP rof yteicoS eht fo rednuof a ,sreyM .H .W cirderF ralohcs lacissalc eht
yb 2881 ni denioc saw mret ehT .sesnes lacissalc evif eht naht rehto snaem yb slaudividni
neewteb sgnileef ro sthguoht no noitamrofni fo refsnart detroprup eht sebircsed ,"yb detceffa
eb ot" gninaem aiehtap ,αιεθάπ dna "etomer" gninaem elet ,ελετ keerG eht morf ,yhtapeleT"
"...thguoht cihtapelet..." 02
______________________________________________________________________
) ten.iml@kaidurd :liaM-E .kaiduR divaD yb 1002© thgirypoC(
lmth.sinneD/moc.daetsemoh.foorpllewsor//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
"19-7-8 :etaD
sinneD nnelG :dengiS
.noitcellocer ym fo tseb eht ot hturt
eht si hcihw ,tnemetats siht ekam ot eulav fo gnihtyna nevig ro diap neeb ton evah I )71(
.deyortsed
neeb lla dah yeht tub ,emoh larenuf eht ta selif lanosrep ym etacol ot deirt I ,rehcraeser
a fo tseuqer eht ta ,yltneceR .yad taht em evag esrun eht sehcteks eht yawa delif dah I )61(
.yltnecer litnu yrots siht dlot evah I mohw
ot nosrep ylno eht si eH .yad suoiverp eht fo stneve eht tuoba mih dlot I os dna ,xocliW
ffirehS htiw noitasrevnoc eht detaler eH .ni saw I elbuort fo dnik tahw em deksa dna emoh
larenuf eht ot evord yletaidemmi rehtaf yM ".sesserdda s'nerdlihc ruoy dna ruoy tnaw yeht
dna ,eman s'efiw ruoy dna uoy tnaw yehT" ,dedda eH ".esab eht ta gnihtyna nees t'nsah

371
 dna gnihtyna wonk t'nseod eh taht nos ruoy llet uoy tub ,ni s'nnelG elbuort fo dnik tahw
wonk t'nod I" ,rehtaf ym ot dias dna esab eht ta stneve eht retfa gninrom eht esuoh 'sklof
ym ot tnew ffirehS ehT .sdneirf esolc yrev erew rehtaf ym dna xocliW egroeG ffirehS )51(
.hsarc enalp a ni dellik neeb dah dna noissim gniniart a
no neeb dah sesrun rehto evif dna ehs taht saw romur eht dias esab eht ta sesrun eht fo eno
,retaL ".DESAECED--redneS ot nruteR" dekram kcab emac rettel eht retal skeew owt tuoba
dna reh ot kcab etorw I .erutuf eht ni rettel yb tnedicni eht ssucsid dluoc ew detacidni ehS
.rebmun OPA na htiw reh morf rettel a tog I ,retal skeew owt ot syad 01 tuobA .lennosrep
rehto emos htiw tuo derrefsnart neeb dah tnanetueiL eht dias ohw sesrun eht fo eno tog
yllanif dna ,syad lareves rof reh teg ot deirt I .elbaliava t'nsaw ehs dias yeht dna ,saw ehs
woh ees ot latipsoh eht dellac I yad txen ehT .skcarrab 'sreciffo eht ot kcab reh evord I )41(
.ragnah enalpria na ot noitarepo
eht evom ot dah yehT .latipsoh eht hguorht og dluow llems eht diarfa erew dna gninoitidnoc
ria eht ffo nrut ot dah yehT .lli emaceb srotcod eht dna ehs dias ehS ".siht ekil skoobtxet
lacidem eht ni gnihton s'ereht ;erofeb ees reve ev'ew gnihtyna t'nsi sihT" :dias srotcod
eht em dlot ehS .llat teef ruof ot flah-a-dna-eerht erew yehT .tcatni ylriaf saw eno ;srotaderp
yb deyortsed fi sa ,derebmemsid dna delgnam yrev erew owt ;seidob eerht erew erehT )31(
.sgniward eht em evag ehS .nus eht ni
erusopxe ot eud spahrep--kcalb saw niks eht dna ,riah on dah yehT .spalf htiw secifiro llams
ylno erew srae ehT .hteet fo daetsni egalitrac yvaeh saw ereht dias srotcod eht dna ,tils enif
a saw htuom eht ;secifiro owt ylno htiw evacnoc saw eson eht ;elbixelf erew slluks eht ;tes
ylpeed erew seye eht ;ydob eht rof egral yletanoitroporpsid saw daeh eht dias ehS .spuc
noitcus gnilbmeser sdap elttil erew sregnif eht fo dne eht no taht deton srotcod eht ;sregnif
ruof ylno dah taht dnah a htiw mra na gnidulcni ,seidob eht fo margaid a em werd ehS )21(
.kcohs otni og thgim ehs taht denrecnoc saw I ,ekops ehs
sA ".nees reve sah eno on gnihtemos saw sihT" ,dias ehS .nees reve dah ehs emoseurg
tsom eht saw thgis eht dna ,efil reh ni elbirroh os gnihtyna dellems reven dah ehs dias ehS
.erudecorp eht gnirud seton ekat ot reh dedeen yeht dias srotcod ehT .yspotua yramilerp
a gnimrofrep erew srotcod owt erehw moor a ni seilppus teg ot enog dah ehs dias ehS )11(
.deerga
I ".elbuort fo tol a otni teg dluoc I esuaceb ,eman ym noitnem reven lliw uoy taht htao
dercas a em evig ot evah uoy ,uoy ot klat I erofeB" ,dias ehS .tespu yrev saw ehS .bulc
sreciffo eht ta teem ot deerga eW ".uoy ot klat ot deen I" ,dias dna emoh larenuf eht dellac
ehs ,MA 00:11 tuobA .no gniog saw tahw ees ot esrun eht llac ot deirt I ,yad txen ehT )01(
.emoh larenuf eht ot kcab em
dewollof sPM ehT ".tuo BOS eht teG" ,dias niatpaC ehT ".sgod ruo rof doof god doog ekam
dluow eH" ,dias ohw dnah sih ni dap a htiw tnaegreS kcalb a saw erehT ".dnas eht fo tuo
senob ruoy gnikcip eb lliw ydobemos ;nac ew seY" ,dias eH ".em ot gniht nmad a od t'nac
uoy dna nailivic a m'I ,retsim kool yeH" ,dias I ".elbuort fo tol a otni teg dluoc uoy gnihtyna
yas uoy fi dna ,ereh hsarc on saw ereht ,gnihtyna ees ton did uoY" ,dias ohw ,nees reve dah
I seye gnikool-tsenaem eht htiw daehder a ,niatpaC rehtona saw erehT ".kcab mih gnirB
.BOS taht htiw hguorht ton er'eW" ,yas eciov a draeh I nehw teef 51 ro 01 tuoba tog eW )9(
.emoh larenuf eht ot tuo em wollof ot sredro dah yeht dias yehT
.yramrifni eht fo tuo em trocse ot nageb dna pu emac sPM owt nehT .ereht thgir yats ot
em dlot eH "?ydaer teg ot em ekil uoy dluow ;hsarc a tog ev'uoy ekil skool tI" ,dias I .ereht
yats ot em detcurtsni eh dna ,mih dlot I .ereh gniod saw I tahw dna saw I ohw em deksa eH

271
 .doots niatpaC a erehw rood rehtona otni tnew ehS ".elbuort fo tol a ni eb ot gniog er'uoy
ro ereh fo tuo teg ,hsog yM" ,dias ehS .htuom reh revo htolc a htiw smoor gninimaxe eht fo
eno fo tuo gnimoc reh was I .)22 saw I( emit eht ta ega fo sraey 32 saw ehS .egelloc fo tuo
thgir reilrae shtnom eerht tuoba denoissimmoc neeb dah ohw ,tnanetueiL dn2 a ,esrun a rof
kool ot dednetni I .ekoC a evah ot egnuol ffats eht ot tnew dna ni namria eht dekcehc I )8(
.tneserp sPM owt erew
ereht oslA .scihpylgoreih naitpygE gnilbmeser lairetam eht no gnitirw gnikool-egnarts emos
saw erehT .erutarepmet hgih ot desopxe neeb dah ti fi sa ,euh elprup a htiw leets sselniats
delbmeser tI .htgnel ni teef eerht tuoba ,eonac a fo mottob eht ekil dekool hcihw seceip
lareves erew erehT .egakcerw emos was I edisni dna nepo saw rood ehT .ecnalubma
rehtona ot txen ti dekrap dna yramrifni esab eht fo kcab eht ot dnuora ecnalubma eht evord I
.em wenk yeht esuaceb esab eht no ssecca eerf dah yllausu I ,nailivic a saw I hguohtlA )7(
.MP 00:5 dnuora ereht tog I .esab eht ot tuo mih evord dna dia
tsrif mih evag I .eson derutcarf a spahrep dna daeh sih no noitarecal a dah ohw namecivres
a tropsnart ot llac a tog I ,retal setunim 51 dna ruoh na ro ruoh a yletamixorppA )6(
.noitatropsnart dna egarots rof
eci yrd ni ydob eht ezeerf ot yrt dluow I taht noitautis a hcus dah eh fi taht detseggus I .esu
erutuf rof saw noitamrofni eht taht detaretier eh tub ,evah thgim eh melborp yna htiw tsissa
ot esab eht ot tuo emoc ot dereffo I .noitisopmoc lacimehc s'ydob eht retla ylbaborp dluow
erudecorp eht taht dna ,retaw dna edyhedlamrof fo snoitulos gnorts ylniam erew slacimehc
ruo taht denialpxe I .seussit dna doolb ,sdnuopmoc lacimehc s'ydob eht no evah dluow
serudecorp noitaraperp eht tceffe tahw wonk ot detnaw yllacificeps eh dias eh ,rewsna dluoc
I erofeB .emit fo doirep a rof tresed eht no tuo gniyl neeb dah taht seidob rof noitaraperp
eht ebircsed ot em deksa dna kcab dellac eh ,retal ruoh na ot setunim 54 tuobA )5(
.eno dedeen yeht
fi kcab llac dluow eh dias eH .yad gniwollof eht mih rof eno teg dluoc I mih derussa I dna
,eno teg ot ekat dluow ti gnol woh deksa eH ".erutuf eht ni pu semoc gnihtemos esac ni siht
wonk ot deen eW" ,dias eH .kcots ni dah ew taht teksac delaes yllacitemreh ezis tsellams
eht saw tahw deksa ohw reciffo yrautrom esab eht morf llac a deviecer I ,03:1 ro 51:1 dnuora
,noonretfa enO .dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR eht rof secivres yrautrom edivorp ot tcartnoc a dah
hcihw ,llewsoR ni emoH larenuF drallaB eht rof gnikrow ,naicitrom a saw I ,7491 yluJ nI )4(
,deriter ) ( __________________________________ :sa deyolpme ) ( ma I )3(
XXXXXXXXXX :si sserdda yM )2(
sinneD nnelG si eman yM )1(
SINNED NNELG FO TIVADIFFA"
).notnaF "neeliE" eniledA .tL ts1 sa "X esruN" deifitnedi evah sessentiw lareves
,edam neeb sah noitacifitnedi laiciffo on hguohtlA .tivadiffA sih ni snoitnem sinneD .rM
taht esrun emas eht TON si yorlEcaM .srM :ETON ESAELP( :yorlEcaM .srM morf rettel
eht ni debircsed tnedicni eht fo emit eht ta .M.N ,llewsoR ni ,naicitrom a ,sinneD nnelG
yb 1991-7-8 no dettimbus tivadiffA dengis eht fo ypoc mitabrev a si gniwollof ehT
" ...hsarc
eht devivrus dah tfarc eht draob no lennosrep eht fo eno taht derevocsid I..." 91

171
 /llewsor/stcejbo-gniylf-deifitnedinu/ks.kcaj.ofu//:ptth :ecnerefeR --- 
".yrots laitini sih detaiduper lezarB ,noitneted
fo doirep siht gniwolloF .noitingocer fo ngis yna tuohtiw meht dessap eh nehw sdneirf
fo ytisoiruc eht desuora roivaheb siH .trocse yratilim a htiw llewsoR fo steerts eht no
nees saw eh emit hcihw gnirud ,keew a tuoba rof ydotsuc otni lezarB caM koot yratilim ehT
.dnuof erew sdionamuh llams fo seidob lareves
taht morf owt ro elim a dna ,dnuof saw recuas gniylf eht fo ydob niam eht ,dleif sirbed eht
morf selim wef a ,owt ro yad a nihtiW .dleif sirbed eht fo stimil eht dnoyeb llew dehcnual saw
hcraes ediw A .dleif eht ot ssecca timil ot saw boj esohw sPM fo tol a gnidulcni
,hcnaR retsoF eht no dleif sirbed eht ot tnes erew sreidlos fo puorg egral a ,tniop emos tA
.gninrom txen eht yrots pu-revoc eht ylno
deirrac os dna srepap gninrom erew enubirT ogacihC eht dna ,tsoP notgnihsaW eht ,semiT
kroY weN ehT .droceR yliaD llewsoR eht dna ,renimaxE ocsicnarF naS eht ,sserpxE dlareH
selegnA soL eht ,sweN yliaD ogacihC eht gnidulcni ,tseW eht ot tsewdiM eht morf srepap
gnineve erew yrots eht fo noisrev recuas gniylf laitini eht deirrac taht srepapswen ylno ehT
).ocixeM weN fo aera etomer a ni etis hsarc eht morf ,ecnerefnoc
sserp eht fo etis ,saxeT ,htroW troF ot egakcerw noollab rehtaew detropsnart yldeirruh
ymrA eht yhw ksa ton did sserp gnigilbo eht ,yltnerappA( .etis hsarc eht morf egakcerw
lautca eht saw demialc eh taht noollab rehtaew degamad a fo sniamer eht sserp eht dewohs
eh ,gnicnivnoc yrots siht ekam oT .recuas gniylf a ton ,noollab rehtaew a saw anoroC
ta dehsarc dah tahw taht decnuonna eh hcihw ni htroW troF ni sretrauqdaeh ecroF riA
hthgiE ta ecnerefnoc sserp a dleh yemaR regoR lareneG ,noonretfa eht ni ,7491 ,8 yluJ nO
.notgnihsaW ot yletaidemmi lairetam hsarc eht
fo emos dnes ot dna ,yrots revoc a gnitaerc yb yrots recuas gniylf eht hsauq ot yemaR llet
ot esoBuD deredro nelluMcM .yemaR regoR lareneG rednammoC ecroF riA hthgiE ot ffats
fo feihc ,htroW troF ni esoBuD samohT )lareneG reidagirB retal( lenoloC htiw enohpelet
yb ekops notgnihsaW ni nelluMcM ecnemelC lareneG ,noonretfa eht ni ,7491 ,8 yluJ nO
.uaerub sserP detinU
eht ot eriw noinU nretseW eht no yrots eht tnes neht ecyoJ .yrots eht mrifnoc ot ereht
tuaH dellac neht ,esab eht ot nruter ot tuaH rof hguone gnol detiaw ecyoJ .LFGK noitats
oidar ta ecyoJ knarF ot esaeler sserp eht dereviled tuaH .FAA llewsoR ta puorG bmoB ht905
eht rof reciffo noitamrofni cilbup eht saw tuaH .recuas gniylf a dehsarc a fo sniamer eht
dnuof dah ymrA eht taht yrtnuoc eht gnillet esaeler sserp a eussi ot tuaH retlaW tnanetueiL
dnoceS deredro FAA llewsoR ta drahcnalB lenoloC ,noon dnuora ,7491 ,8 yluJ nO
.FAA htroW
troF ot thgilf a no ,ti tsom ro ,egakcerw siht deinapmocca lecraM .egakcerw fo sdaolrac
owt htiw FAA llewsoR ta kcab devirra ttivaC dna lecraM ,gninrom eht ni ,7491 ,8 yluJ nO
.IBF eht yb ylgnimees ,detpurretni saw noissimsnarT .hcnaR retsoF eht
no tuo recuas gniylf dehsarc a gnidrager enihcam epytelet eht no yrots a gnittimsnart
nageb SWSK noitats oidar llewsoR ta yppelS aidyL ,mp 00:4 dnuora ,7491 ,7 yluJ nO
.dnuof dah eh lairetam egnarts eht nos dna
efiw sih wohs ot emoh ta deppots lecraM ,dleif ria eht ot kcab yaw eht nO .egakcerw htiw

071
 elcihev sih dellif lecraM .FAA llewsoR ta kcab retal teem dluow yeht dna ,egakcerw erom
tcelloc dluow lecraM taht ,daeha no og ot ttivaC dlot lecraM ,egakcerw htiw elcihev s’ttivaC
gnillif retfA .etis hsarc eht morf egakcerw detcelloc ttivaC dna lecraM ,7491 ,7 yluJ nO
.etis hsarc eht ot dedeecorp gninrom eht ni dna ,hcnar eht no gnidliub-tuo llams
a ni sgab gnipeels ni thgin eht tneps yehT .gnineve eht ni etal devirra yehT .lezarB caM htiw
hcnar eht ot evord sproC ecnegilletnI retnuoC eht fo ttivaC nadirehS dna lecraM ,elihwnaeM
.notgnihsaW ot ereht morf dna ,htroW troF ni sretrauqdaeh ecroF riA hthgiE ot nwolf
neht saw egakcerw ehT .eciffo s’drahcnalB ot egakcerw eht dereviled dna ,ereht tfel dah
lezarB egakcerw eht detcelloc ,eciffo s’ffirehs eht ta devirra ecilop yratilim ,siht retfa nooS
.selcihev
owt rieht otni daol dluoc yeht sa egakcerw eht fo hcum sa tcelloc ot dna ,lezarB htiw
hcnar eht ot deecorp ot dna ,sproC ecnegilletnI retnuoC eht morf enoemos teg ot lecraM
deredro drahcnalB .drahcnalB ”hctuB“ mailliW lenoloC ,reciffo gnidnammoc sih ot detroper
lecraM .egakcerw eht detcepsni dna eciffo s’ffirehs eht ot evord lecraM .reciffo ecnegilletni
eht ,lecraM esseJ rojaM ot deklat dna )FAA( dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR dellac xocliW .xocliW
egroeG ffirehS ytnuoC sevahC ot egakcerw eht fo seceip dewohs lezarB ,7491 ,6 yluJ nO
.nees reve
dah yeht gnihtyna ekilnu saw eceip eht deerga lla yehT .rotcorP atteroL dna dyolF ,stnerap
s’eeD ot egakcerw eht fo eceip a dewohs eh ,emoh kcab eeD evord lezarB nehW .gnol elim
a flah naht erom spahrep ,aera egral a revo tuo daerps erew seceip ehT .hcnaR retsoF eht
fo namerof saw lezarB .recuas gniylf dehsarc eht fo sniamer eht dnuof rotcorP eeD
robhgien dlo-raey-7 sih dna )”elzzarf“ htiw semyhr( lezarB ”caM“ mailliW ,7491 ,3 yluJ nO
).etis hsarc eht ot resolc si anoroC hguoht neve ,anoroC naht tneve siht htiw
detaicossa ylesolc erom si llewsoR ,ecneh ;ocixeM weN ,llewsoR ni si etis hsarc eht tseraen
esab yratilim ehT( .mrotsrednuht ereves a gnirud derrucco hsarc ehT .ocixeM weN ,anoroC
raen hcnaR retsoF eht no dehsarc recuas gniylf a ,gnineve eht gnirud ,7491 ,2 yluJ nO
:stnevE fo ecneuqeS
.ocixeM weN ni etis hsarc rehtona
gnidrager lairetam gnidulcni ,lairetam gnitseretni rehto fo stol sniatnoc koob tahT .esuoH
nogaraP yb setatS detinU eht ni dehsilbup ,renilreB noD dna namdeirF notnatS yb ”anoroC
ta hsarC“ koob 2991 eht morf si tnemucod )gniwollof eht( siht ni ynomitset eht fo tsoM"
... elcihev sih fo revird eht sa etis hsarc
eht ot ,reciffo ecnegilletnI retnuoC eht ,ttivaC .rM ynapmocca ot deksa saw I ..." 81
)etontooF gniwollof eht ees esaelP(
..."reciffO ecnegilletnI retnuoC eht fo ttivaC nadirehS"... 71
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".noitavresbo dna noitcurtsni thgilf-ni fo doirep yranoitaborp
a retfa detneserp neht si egdaB esruN thgilF ehT .egdaB wercriA eht fo drawa eht gnittifeb
yllamron gniniart etelpmoc osla tsum dna esruN deretsigeR a dna reciffo denoissimmoc
a eb tsum rebmem ecivres a ,egdaB esruN thgilF eht dedrawa eb oT .ecroF riA eht rof
rehto eht dna yvaN eht rof eno ,snoisrev tnereffid owt ni deussi si egdaB esruN thgilF ehT"

961
 ..."esruN thgilF..." 61
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ymrA eht htiw evres ot sesrun naht rehto nemow tsrif eht erew yehT .II raW dlroW gnirud
CAW dna CAAW eht ni devres nemow naciremA 000,051 tuobA .3491 ni CAW eht sa
sutats lluf ot detrevnoc dna ,2491 ni sproC yrailixuA ymrA s'nemoW eht ,tinu yrailixua na sa
detaerc saw tI .ymrA SU eht fo hcnarb s'nemow eht saw )CAW( sproC ymrA s'nemoW ehT"
"...ecroF riA ymrA s'nemoW .S.U ..." 51
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
.sserp eht fo dir teg ot yrots revoc a tub gnihton gnieb
,llewsoR morf thguorb lecraM tahw ton saw noollab rehtaew eht dias lecraM esseJ feihc
ecnegilletni llewsoR dna esobuD htoB .notgnihsaW morf esobuD ot llac enohp rehtona ni
pu-revoc eht deredro nelluMcM ,esobuD ot gnidroccA .noollab rehtaew a sa ti fo gniknubed
tneuqesbus s'yemaR dna esaeler sserp ksid gniylf esab llewsoR suomafni ehT :7491 ,8 yluJ
.yemaR neve ton ,enoyna llet ot ton mih deredro nelluMcM .esobuD
dias ,ycerces tsetcirts eht rednu tuo deirrac saw noitarepo elohw ehT .htroW troF ni gnippots
tsrif ",reiruoc lenoloc" yb notgnihsaW ot yletaidemmi nwolf selpmas sirbed deredro nelluMcM
,esobuD ot gnidroccA .nelluMcM .neG ffats fo feihc gnitca CAS morf enohp yb llewsoR
ta dnif eht fo denrael tsrif eh dias ,esobuD samohT .neG .girB ,ffats fo feihc sih ,esab
eht morf yawa yemaR htiw htroW troF ni kcab ,elihwnaeM .)sevitaler gnitisiv ylbaborp dna(
XT ,notneD fo nwot emoh sih ni wohs ria na gnidnetta yad lla tneps yemaR :7491 ,6 yluJ
.nonemonehp recuas gniylf wen eht gniknubed
dna sweivretni sserp gnivig erew feihc ecnegilletni sih dna yemaR :7491 ,03 enuJ
.yemaR .neG yb noitanimaxe rof htroW troF ot sirbed eht ylf dna llewsoR raen lezarB
caM rehcnar yb dnuof sirbed hsarc egnarts eht otni noitagitsevni laitini eht eldnah ot saw
lecraM ,retal raey A .sgnifeirb ffats sih fo noitcefrep eht dna ,srettam ecnegilletni xelpmoc
fo gnildnah sih ,ytiruces ot snoitubirtnoc tnatropmi sih gnitic ,sdaorssorC gnirud krow sih rof
noitadnemmoc a lecraM esseJ rojaM feihc ecnegilletni llewsoR etorw yemaR :6491,62 yluJ
.4291 ni tnioP tseW deretne eH .tnemtnioppa tnioP tseW eht gninniw ,ymedacA
yratiliM .S.U eht ot ecnartne rof noitanimaxe evititepmoc eht ekat yemaR "yobwoC"
gnuoy detsisni niatpac eht dna ,tinu drauG lanoitaN lacol a ni tnaegres ssem eht saw eH 
".skoob ot hcnar a no gnikrow
derreferp" dna noititepmoc oedor a now eh tuB .enicidem yduts ot detnaw dna notneD
ni egelloC srehcaeT etatS saxeT htroN morf detaudarg eH .htroW troF fo htron selim
04 tuoba ,saxeT ,notneD ni pu werg tub ,saxeT ,sgnirpS ruhpluS ni 3091 ni nrob saw yemaR
.mih tsil
t'nseod slareneg rieht no egap beW lacihpargoib ecroF riA eht nosaer emos rof ,s0591 ylrae
eht ni lareneg ecroF riA tnatropmi ylriaf a emaceb eh hguoht nevE .yb emoc ot drah si mih
no noitamrofni tub ,tnedicnI llewsoR eht ni reyalp rojam a saw yemaR .M regoR lareneG"

861
 "...ecroF riA hthgiE eht fo lareneG gnidnammoC eht ..." 41
____________________________________________________________________
".scihpylgoreih" hsilprup htiw "maeb-I" cillatem llams a srebmemer
yltcnitsid eh ,lairetam rehto gnomA ".recuas gniylf" a fo seceip eht meht gniwohs ,dleif
sirbed eht morf denruter eh nehw thgin eht fo elddim eht ni flesmih dna rehtom sih pu ekow
rehtaf sih woh stnuocer ,7491 ni lecraM rojaM fo nos dlo raey-11 :.rJ lecraM esseJ .rD
.yratilim fo sdnah ta tnemtaert dab s'lezarB kcaM tuoba gniklat stluda eht
derebmemer oslA .)lairetam noollab ton erofereht( hguorht wolb dluoc eh hcihw seitreporp
yromem htiw lairetam cirbaf cillatem a fo s'lecraM osla dna lairetam gnidnif fo yrots s'lezarB
lliB detaroborroc yltnednepednI .pu delpmurc gnieb retfa epahs lanigiro sti ot flesti dedlofnu
,esruoc fo ,dna ,nitas ro klis ekil "cirbaf" htooms a delbmeser ,hguot sa ti debircseD .)rehtom
reh yb detaroborroc tnedicni( ylimaf reh ot wohs ot seitreporp yromem htiw sirbed gnikoolcillatem fo eceip a revo gnignirb lezarB lliB nos nworg s'lezarB kcaM derebmemer ,emit
eht ta dlo sraey 9 ylno hguohtlA .s'lezarB fo robhgien rehtonA :inilodaT dnalkcirtS yllaS
.denruter eh nehw tnemtaert sih fo ylrettib denialpmoc dna esab eht ta deniated
saw lezarB .ti troper dna llewsoR ot og ot mih desivda yehT .denrub ro tuc eb t'ndluoc
taht eceip ekil-doow a meht gniwohs dna ,llewsoR ot gniog erofeb lairetam egnarts gnidnif
fo dnabsuh reh dna reh dlot lezarB .lezarB kcaM rehcnar fo robhgieN :rotcorP atteroL
.IBF
eht yb eriw epytelet eht no ffo-tuc dna detpecretni saw seidob fo gniraeh dna recuas dehsarc
eht gniees tuoba elyoBcM ynnhoJ retroper oidar llewsoR yb dleif morf ni denohp yrots
eht taht detatS .sessentiw tseilrae fo eno dna rotarepo epytelet euqreuqublA :yppelS aidyL
.tsew eht ot ssecca gnikcolb ,yawhgih niam
eht gnola nwot fo htron pu pu nworht nodroc yratilim a ot ssentiw rehtonA :ydooW mailliW
.etis hsarc lezarB dnuora nodroc
yratilim a gniees ot deifitseT .esnecil rieht gnisol tuoba notgnihsaW morf sgninraw gniviecer
tuoba ti werdhtiw neht ,gniria retal rof lezarB kcaM rehcnar htiw weivretni na dedrocereriw yeht woh fo ekopS .renwo LFGK noitats oidar llewsoR fo renwo-oC :streboR dduJ
.nem sih
yb dnuof gnieb lairetam egnarts fo dna esaeler sserp esab gnizirohtua ot dettimda drahcnalB
.loC rednammoc esab diaS .hctapsiD gninroM llewsoR eht fo rotide remroF :yddiuQcM trA
.enalp rehtona otno dedaol saw sirbed diaS .noollab rehtaew a saw ti mih dlot
yeht ,retaL .recuas gniylf a morf saw lairetam hsarc eht taht draob no dlot saw eH .sgninneJ
rednammoc esab ytupeD yb detolip saw thgilf taht diaS .selpmas sirbed fo segakcap
depparw dednah saw dna htroW troF ot thgilf s'lecraM no saW :retroP treboR .tgS
.tnemngissa txen
sih ot mih welf yllanosrep sgninneJ .tsixe t'ndid taht tsop a ot senippilihP eht ot derrefsnart
yltpurba saw yekrihS ,retal syad eniN .evael no yllaiciffo drahcnalB .loC htiw O/C gnitcA
eht won saw ohw ,sgninneJ enyaP .loC .tL reciffO gnidnammoC ytupeD saw tolip s'enalp
eht taht detats osla eh ,retroP treboR ssentiw htiw gnolA .recuas gniylf a morf saw ti dlot
saw eH .tegrat radar liofnit a fo trap ton ylsuoivbo ,roloc ni leets sselniats dehsurb ,latem
fo eceip egral a dna sgnikram desiar htiw maeb-I na gnidulcni ,draob no deirrac gnieb sirbed
fo sexob was eh dias eH .yemaR .neG ees ot htroW troF ot lecraM rojaM koot taht 92-B

761
 eht
fo gnidaol eht dessentiw yekrihS ,reciffo snoitarepo tnatsissa eht nehT :yekrihS treboR .tL
.yrots revoc eht saw hsarc enalpria na niagA .yrotcejart
stcejbo enimreted ot yrt ot CIC eht fo pleh eht htiw sdrawretfa llewsoR detagitsevni
zaPaL taht ttekciR siweL nam CIC llewsoR fo yrots detaroborroc dna zaPaL nlocniL .rD
remonortsa htiw dekrow retaL .KO saw ti mih dlot drahcnalB .loC .esab ta gnieb nam CIC
nwonknu na gniees fo ekops ,htimS treboR ekiL .siht htiw noitcennoc ni decnuonnanu esab
ta gnieb hgrebdniL selrahC dna yemaR .neG devresbo semit lareveS .hsarc enalpria na
fo esiug eht rednu detagitsevni gnieb ti fo dna hsarc recuas gniylf tuoba sromur ynam draeh
bulc 'sreciffo ni elihW .)ecnegilletniretnuoc FA( ISOFA htiw ylremroF :namremmiZ lraE
.45-C gnildi na otni etarc nedoow egral a daol ot edam saw thgin eht fo elddim
eht ni dna ,48 ragnaH ot dewot gnieb kcurt debtalf a no tcejbo hsarc deprat eht neeb evah
yam tahw was ",liof yromem" suoiretsym eht deldnah ,sPM yb dedraug punaelc dleif sirbed
egral eht ni detapicitrap eh dias drofluF ,nordauqs gnireenigne eht nI :drofluF .V lraE .tgS/S
).nnamfuaK yb dedivorp osla saw eman emas ehT( .namurT tnediserP
gnitneserper esab eht ta ereht saw dna ecivreS terceS eht htiw saw sih fo nisuoc tnatsid
taht demialc eh yllaniF .nnamfuaK knarF yb dna omem yemaR eht ni denoitnem maet-CIC
laiceps eht fo trap spahrep ,tcejorp nwonknu emos rof sdrac DI gnihsalf dna sehtolcnialp
ni desserd esab eht ot sregnarts debircsed rehtruf eH .setarc eht ni saw dias eh hcihw
"liof yromem" suoiretsym eht ebircsed ot sessentiw eht gnoma osla saw htimS .werc sih
dna nosredneH yb nwolf eno gnidulcni ,s'45-C yb tropsnart rof sirbed htiw dellif setarc daol
depleh eh dias htimS ,llewsoR ta tinu tropsnart ria na fo rebmem A :htimS .E treboR .tgS
.sneila eht fo noitpircsed a dedivorp dna ,seidob
dna tfarc eht nees evah ot demialc osla eH .dleiF thgirW ot egakcerw hsarc dna sneila
eht fo seidob welf ohw tolip eht gnieb fo sdneirf dna ylimaf ot dedifnoc nosredneH ,1891
ni gnitalucric nageb hsarc recuas llewsoR a fo seirots cilbup tsrif eht nehW .llewsoR ta
stolip roines eht fo eno saw nosredneH :nosredneH "yppaP" revilO fo sdneirf dna ylimaF
.nosredneH "yppaP" fo sevitaler dna ,nimajneB
ilE ,lahtneB kcirederF ,tuaH retlaW gnidulcni ,sinneD yb dedivorp esoht ot ralimis yrev
sliated htiw dnuof gnieb seidob llams tuoba ynomitset dnah-dnoces dna tsrif dedivorp evah
sessentiw tnednepedni rehto ,noitidda nI .nwonknu deniamer etaf rieht dna derrefsnart
erew yletaidemmi lla yspotua eht ni devlovni sesrun dna srotcod dna cidem ehT
.latipsoh eht ta yspotua dna seidob neila eht fo mih dlot dneirf cidem a dna sinneD
morf llac niffoc eht fo draeh eh dias osla esuorpS notliM .tgS/S ,ylralimiS .srepap llewsoR
eht ni ekorb yrots recuas dehsarc eht retfa syad wef a ylno sneila eht rof sniffoc llams
tuoba esab eht morf sllac fo mih gnillet saw sinneD taht detats llaH .M .L feihc ecilop llewsoR
.deraeppasid yltneuqesbus ereht seidob eht fo mih
gnillet ragnah esab eht ta deretnuocne dna wenk eh esrun ytterp eht dias ohw ,ayanA eteP
did sa ,noitpircsed 'sinneD gnittif esrun eht derebmemer ohw ,naicinhcet lacidem a ,nongaW
divaD sa hcus ,tivadiffa 'sinneD gniwollof yletaidemmi ecnedive evitaroborroc emos
ees osla ,revewoH .eman eslaf a dedivorp sinneD retfa eruliaf etelpmoc a eb ot nevorp
evah esrun yretsym eht yfitnedi ot stpmetta ,revewoH .deraeppasid yltneuqesbus esrun ehT
.mih ot sneila eht debircsed ohw dna latipsoh esab eht ta yspotua yranimilerp
a ni detsissa ohw esrun llewsoR a wonk ot demialc osla eH .denetaerht gnieb dna

661
 ,egassem yemaR eht ni ot dedulla spahrep tcejbo ekil-dop a gnidulcni ecnalubma na fo kcab
eht ni sirbed lausunu gniees ,latipsoh esab llewsoR eht ta eb ot demialc osla sinneD .sniffoc
dezis-dlihc dna seuqinhcet noitavreserp tuoba esab eht morf sllac egnarts gniviecer fo
ekops sinneD ,ssentiw laisrevortnoc ylhgih rehtona dna naicitrom llewsoR A :sinneD nnelG
.nospmohT dna rehsulS yb debircsed yltnednepedni etarc emas eht spahrep
,tnempihs gnitiawa edisni dekcap seidob eht htiw ragnah a ni dedraug etarc nedoow a
fo gniwonk ot deifitset osla nnamfuaK .esaeler sserp esab llewsoR laitini eht rof elbisnopser
gnieb maet laiceps eht dna ,esab llewsoR fo htron selim 53 tuoba edisni seidob htiw
"ksid" tcatni na fo yrevocer eht ,maet a hcus fo ecnetsixe eht gnidulcni ,egassem yemaR eht
yb detaroborroc eb ot mees smialc s'nnamfuaK fo emos ,sselehtenoN .noitarepo yrevocer
llewsoR eht fo egrahc ni )proC ecnegilletnI-retnuoC ymrA( maet-CIC laiceps a fo srebmem
evisulcxe eht fo eno eb ot gnimialc ssentiw laisrevortnoc ylhgih A :nnamfuaK knarF
.etarc eht edisni
erew seidob neila taht gniyas ,draug ytiruces daeh eht fo rethguad gnidulcni ,thgilf eht ot
sessentiw weN .enalp tropsnarT laicepS 92-B a yb htroW troF ot "'csid' eht ni" saw revetahw
pihs dluow taht omem yemaR eht ni ot derrefer thgilf eht ylbaborp si sihT .naicitrom a dna
ssarb hgih yb tem saw enalp eht ,lavirra nopU .draug demra na yb dednuorrus yab bmob
eht ni etarc nedoow egral a gnitropsnart ,7491 ,9 yluJ no htroW troF ot llewsoR morf thgilf
92-B suoiretsym a no srebmem werC :nospmohT dyolL CFP dna rehsulS treboR .tgS
).diova ot regae os saw ecroF riA eht hcihw ynomitset sih
fo noissucsid deliated erom a dna ,tivadiffa nrows sih ,yhpargoib ecroF riA s'esobuD weiv ot
etisbew eht tisiV( .noollab rehtaew sih htiw yemaR .neG fo nekat sotohp eht ni mih yfitnedi
ot rehtob neve t'ndid hcihw ,troper llewsoR 5991 s'ecroF riA eht ni ytitnenon etelpmoc a mih
edam ynomitset gninmad s'esobuD .dleiF thgirW dna ,notgnihsaW ,htroW troF ot llewsoR
morf sirbed fo tnempihs terces ylhgih a dna ,yrots revoc noollab rehtaew s'yemaR .neG
,pu-revoc a etagitsni ot notgnihsaW morf sredro tcerid gniviecer ,)esuoH etihW eht ot yltcerid
gniog rettam eht gnidulcni( devlovni ycerces hgih eht tuoba semit ynam drocer no tnew
esobuD .notgnihsaW dna ,htroW troF ,llewsoR neewteb snoitacinummoc enohp level-hgih
eht deldnah esobuD ,7491 ni ffatS fo feihC s'yemaR .neG :esobuD samohT .neG .girB
.slairetam eht ot ssecca nevig
snoitaroproc etavirp fo sdnah eht otni gnillaf rewop htiw noitautis eht fo lortnoc gnisol revo
nrecnoc s'rewohnesiE fo dlot eh ,yllaniF .ti laever ylcilbup ot erew yeht fi noitamrofni siht
nevig lennosrep yratilim tsniaga staerht eht fo deifitset osla eH .sOFU fo ecnedive radar dna
cihpargotohp gnillepmoc yrev nwohs saw eh dias osla eH .evila yllaitini eno ,derevocer
gnieb sneila 5 ro 3 rehtie fo dlot gnieb sulp )llewsoR ylbamuserp( hsarc .M.N 7491 a morf
slobmys htiw maeb cillatem a nwohs gnieb dna sgnifeirb nogatneP 9591 deviecer eh dias
nikevoL ,tnapicitrap tcerid a ton noxE ekil hguohtlA )1691-9591 ,snoitartsinimda ydenneK
dna rewohnesiE gnirud proC langiS ymrA esuoH etihW eht ni devres( nikevoL nevetS
.nosrettaP-thgirW ta O/C saw eh elihw derrucco taht seirevocer-hsarc rehto fo erawa saw
eh taht dedda noxE .nosrettaP-thgirW ta sbal yb enod gnitset no desab suolamona ylhgih
saw sirbed eht demrifnoc dna derevocer erew seidob taht draeh eh dias osla noxE .setis
hsarc niam owt fo ecnetsixe eht demrifnoc eh ,sgniht rehto gnomA ".ecaps morf tfarc a fo
yrevocer eht saw llewsoR" ,detats yltalf deweivretni tsrif nehw noxE .BFA nosrettaP-thgirW
fo reciffo gnidnammoc retal saw dna ,sdrawretfa noos aera eht welf revo ,emit eht ta dleiF
thgirW ta denoitats saw noxE ,tnapicitrap tcerid a ton hguohT :noxE ruhtrA .neG .girB
.llewsoR fo htron evird etunim 54 a etis tcapmi niam eht
decalp eh ,notraB retsehC ekiL .tfarc niam eht fo epahs eht tuoba srehto yb dlot osla saw

561
 eH .tfarc eht fo yrotcejart eht enimreted ot noitagitsevni tneuqesbus a ni devlovni gnieb dna
,ycerces hgih ,hcnar s'lezarB ta noitarepo punaelc rojam a ,sirbed eht fo ytilauq suolamona
eht demrifnoc ttekciR ,eciffo s'lecraM ni stnega CIC ymrA raluger eht fo enO :ttekciR siuoL
.mrots lacirtcele tneloiv a fo elddim eht ni noisolpxe na fo yrots s'rehtaf sih dna
,dleif sirbed detagnole ,egral eht ,sirbed egnarts eht gnidulcni ,ynomitset s'lecraM fo sliated
ynam detaroborroc yltnednepedni lezarB lliB ,nos s'lezarB kcaM rehcnaR :.rJ lezarB lliB
.tnedicca raelcun dna hsarc
92-B a ebyam saw ti taht gnikniht daetsni ,citpeks hsarc recuas gniylf a gnieb ni lausunu saw
notraB ,revewoH .pu-revoc a neeb dah ereht dna suolucidir saw noitanalpxe noollab eht
taht wenk eh ,was eh tahw fo esuaceB .htroW troF ot neht dna latipsoh esab ot nekat erew
seidob draeh osla dna ,ti derevocsid tsrif dah stsigoloehcra draeh ,etis eht ta saw noitaidar
dlot saw ,sirbed latem derettacs ,sPM yb dedraug ylivaeh aera tcapmi nrub ezis-dleif-llabtoof
a was ,punaelc eht no kcehc ot nwot fo htron setunim 54 etis hsarc eht ot deredro saw
eh dias notraB ,tinu PM na ot dengissa dna tsilaiceps otpyrc A :notraB .P retsehC .tL ts1
.teiuq peek t'ndid eh fi sdrawretfa denetaerht saw ;srotcod
yb no dekrow gnieb eno evil a was dna ,latipsoh esab eht ot 3-P ragnaH esab dedraug
ylivaeh eht morf seidob neila eht detrocse eh dias ,PM llewsoR :nimajneB sailE CFP
.skcurt ni yawa deluah gnieb
sirbed hsarc fo seititnauq egral was dna etis hsarc ta tnet a ni seidob neila dehpargotohp
eh dias ,.C.D notgnihsaW morf ni nwolf rehpargotohp ymrA :lahtneB kcirederF tgS
.etis ydob/tfarc tnatropmi erom dna
resolc eht morf yawa noitnetta cilbup dna sserp trevid ot aedi s'yemaR lareneG saw esaeler
sserp suoiretsym eht su sllet dna 3-P/48 ragnaH esab ni seidob dna tfarcecaps eht gniees
ot sessefnoc eh ti nI .dehsilbup neeb tsuj sah tivadiffa delaes "debhtaed" s'tuaH .esaeler
sserp esab eht deussi ohw reciffo noitamrofni cilbup esab llewsoR remroF :tuaH retlaW .tL
.nayR nhoJ .loC ffatS fo feihC FASU erutuf dna ,yemaR
.neG ,drahcnalB mailliW .loC rednammoc esab yb snoitaulave llewsoR-tsop yrotadual
ylhgih ylralucitrap etoN .htroW troF ta pu-revoc noollab rehtaew s'yemaR fo ekops osla
lecraM ".htraE siht fo ton" saw dna seitreporp suolamona ylhgih dah sirbed hsarc eht taht
retal sraey 03 sweivretni fo rebmun a ni demrifnoc lecraM ,dnif s'lezarB kcaM rehcnar peehs
etagitsevni ot tsrif eht dna llewsoR ta feihc ecnegilletni eht nehT :lecraM esseJ rojaM
:sessentiw yek wef a era ereH .seidob neila fo tnetxe ressel
a ot dna sirbed suolamona ylhgih fo snoitpircsed tnetsisnoc dna suoremun fo yliramirp
stsisnoc tI .etisbeW siht ni erehwesle liated retaerg hcum ni otni enog si ynomitset sihT
.ynam ot mees yam
noisulcnoc siht sa gnihsinotsa sa ,hsarc recuas gniylf lautca na ot stniop ylraelc ecnedive
eht ,ynomitset ssentiw htiw noitcnujnoc ni egassem eht fo stnetnoc eht ta kool ew nehW"
______________________________________________________________________
) ten.iml@kaidurd :liaM-E .kaiduR divaD yb 1002© thgirypoC(
lmth.xedni/moc.daetsemoh.foorpllewsor//:ptth -- 
:etisbeW gniwolloF ehT tA deweiV eB naC tnedicnI
ehT tuobA slairetaM ecruoseR rehtO dnA sotohP ,stivadiffA dengiS ,lainomitseT :ETON

461
 :RETTEL
REH NI SEBIRCSED YORLECAM .SRM TAHT TNEDICNI "CSID GNIYLF DEHSARC"
EHT GNIDRAGER YNOMITSET DNA SESSENTIW FO TSIL GNIWOLLOF EHT
"...ocixeM weN ,llewsoR raen hcnar a morf "csid
gniylf" dehsarc a derevocer dah puorG bmoB ht905 s'dleif eht morf lennosrep taht
gnitats esaeler sserp a deussi )FAAR( dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR eht ,7491 ,8 yluJ..." 31
mth.BFA_reklaW/sesab/moc.dnammoc-ria-cigetarts.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".napaJ
no bmob cimota tsrif eht deppord ,tfarcria 92-B eht no gniniart ,gniW ht905 ehT .noissim
bmob cimota eht rof ydaer dna deniart saw ,ocixeM weN ni )dleiF llewsoR neht( esaB
ecroF riA reklaW ta ht905 eht ,stinu tnemdrabmob s’dnammoc eht fo eno ylnO .bmob cimota
eht gnireviled fo ytilibisnopser eht CAS evag )FAA( secroF riA ymrA eht ,6491 yaM nI"
"...)FAAR( dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR ..." 21
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".rehtegot repsorp yam ytrebil dna ytiruces taht os slaog dna sdohtem lufecaep ruo
htiw esnefed fo yrenihcam yratilim dna lairtsudni eguh eht fo gnihsem reporp eht lepmoc nac
yrnezitic elbaegdelwonk dna trela na ylnO .detnarg rof gnihton ekat dluohs eW .sessecorp
citarcomed ro seitrebil ruo regnadne noitanibmoc siht fo thgiew eht tel reven tsum eW
.tsisrep lliw dna stsixe rewop decalpsim fo esir suortsasid eht
rof laitnetop ehT .xelpmoc lairtsudni-yratilim eht yb ,thguosnu ro thguos rehtehw ,ecneulfni
detnarrawnu fo noitisiuqca eht tsniaga draug tsum ew ,tnemnrevog fo slicnuoc eht nI
.yteicos
ruo fo erutcurts yrev eht si os ;devlovni lla era doohilevil dna secruoser ,liot ruO .snoitacilpmi
evarg sti dneherpmoc ot liaf ton tsum ew teY .tnempoleved siht rof deen evitarepmi
eht ezingocer eW .tnemnrevog laredef eht fo eciffo yreve ,esuohetats yreve ,ytic yreve
ni tlef si — lautirips neve ,lacitilop ,cimonoce — ecneulfni latot ehT .ecneirepxe naciremA eht
ni wen si yrtsudni smra egral a dna tnemhsilbatse yratilim esnemmi na fo noitcnujnoc sihT
...noitcurtsed nwo
sih ksir ot detpmet eb yam rossergga laitnetop on taht os ,noitca tnatsni rof ydaer ,ythgim
eb tsum smra ruO .tnemhsilbatse yratilim ruo si ecaep eht gnipeek ni tnemele lativ A"
:1691 ,71 yraunaJ no noitaN eht ot sserddA lleweraF sih ni mret eht desu retal
rewohnesiE .D thgiwD )ymrA eht fo lareneG remrof dna( setatS detinU eht fo tnediserP
.ytiraluger htiw decafrus osla
evah noitpurroc lacitilop fo sesaC .gnikees tner dna ,drazah larom ,melborp tnega-lapicnirP
ot enorp yllacisnirtni si rotces sihT .hcnarb evitucexE dna ssergnoC eht dna ,nogatneP ehT
,srotcartnoc esnefed eht fo snoitutitsni sa llew sa slaudividni gnoma secruoser dna yenom
fo swolf dna stcartnoc fo krowten eritne eht edulcni ot yldaorb erom desu semitemos si tI
.tnemnrevog laredef eht fo
hcnarb evitalsigel eht fo srebmem etacalp ot redro ni lanoissergnoc drow eht ekirts ot esohc

361
 tnediserp eht taht ,dias si ti ,tuB .yrtsudni yratilim eht fo noitagaporp eht ni syalp ssergnoC
setatS detinU eht taht elor laitnesse eht detacidni suht dna ,xelpmoc lanoissergnoclairtsudni-yratilim mret eht desu yllaitini rewohnesiE ,sserdda eht fo tfard etamitlunep
eht nI .rewohnesiE .D thgiwD tnediserP fo sserdda lleweraf eht ni esu sti retfa ytiralupop
deniag ti erehw ,setatS detinU eht ot ecnerefer ni desu netfo tsom si "CIM" mret ehT
.tnemnrevog livic sti dna ,secivres dna seilppus ,smetsys snopaew fo
sreilppus sti ,secrof demra s'noitan a fo desopmoc si )CIM( xelpmoc lairtsudni-yratilim A"
"...sserdda lleweraf sih
ni tuoba su denraw rewohnesiE tnediserP taht xelpmoC lairtsudnI - yratiliM eht..." 11
/arat/setistneicna/moc.dnalerilacihtym.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".CB0052 dnuora ro ni detcurtsnoc saw segatsoH eht fo dnuoM eht dna ,cihtiloeN eht ni
saw etis eht ta tnemelttes tseilrae ehT .araT fo lliH eht no serutcurts nehtrae dna stnemunom
fo rebmun egral a era erehT .koob wen a ot gnidrocca ,dnalerI saw sitnaltA fo dnal lacihtym
ehT .sitnaltA fo modgnik tsol eht fo latipac tneicna eht saw araT stseggus yroeht wen A
.araT fo gnik lufthgir eht yb dehcuot nehw raor ot dias saw tI .stcejbo dercas rieht fo eno
sa ,nnanaD éD ahtauT eht ,elpoep ekildog eht yb ygolohtym ot gnidrocca ereh thguorb saw
hcihw ,"ynitseD fo enotS" ro liaF aiL eht - enots noitanoroc tneicna s'dnalerI - stnemunom
s'araT fo suomaf tsom eht si riameT fo )hdarroF( taeS s'gniK eht fo pot no gnittiS "
"..."sdog" eht rof gnillewd
fo ecalp dercas eht saw )araT( siht ygolohtym dna noigiler hsirI tneicna nI..." 01
lmth.thgileldnac/htwod/setistneicna/moc.dnalerilacihtym.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".caidoZ
eht fo snoitalletsnoc evlewt eht fo hcae ni sraey 051,2 egareva no sdneps dna ,sraey
27 yreve )noom lluf eht fo shtdiw owt tuoba( eerged eno tsuj sevom tniop lanreV sihT .doirep
raey-008,52 eguh a revo caidoZ eht hguorht ,sdrawtsew ro ,sdrawkcab gnivom ,rotauqe
laitselec eht sessorc nuS eht erehw ecalp taht ,tniop xoniuqE lanreV eht ni gnitluser ,emit
revo tfihs ot elop laitselec eht sesuac hcihw sixa s'htraE eht fo elbbow wols eht ,noissecerp
fo elcyc taerg eht fo erawa erew yeht – elpoep cihtiloeN eht tuoba tnacifingis yrev gnihtemos
su sllet ti ,sedaielP eht fo gnisir lacaileh eht tneserper od slobmys 'leehw-nus' eseht fI
.gnisir lacaileh a yfingis ot slobmys 'leehw-nus' ekil-htwoD emas
eht desu ,srehto gnoma )srotcaF zO ehT :eeS( ,acirfA ni ebirt nogoD eht dna ,snaitpygE eht
taht eton ot gnitseretni si tI .nus gnisir eht fo eralg eht ni tsol ylkciuq era tub noziroh nretsae
eht ta esir noitseuq ni srats eht nehw sneppah sihT .sedaielP eht fo 'gnisir lacaileh' a sa
sremonortsa ot nwonk si tahw si emit siht ta srucco hcihw nonemonehp gnitseretni rehtonA
."suruaT fo egA" eht
.e.i – 'ega' tnerruc eht senimreted hcihw emit siht ta srats caidoz eht gnoma noitisop s'nuS
eht si tI .sdrawhtron gnidaeh rotauqe laitselec eht dessorc citpilce eht gnola htap s'nuS eht
nehw raey eht fo tnemom tnatropmi yrev taht ,xoniuqE gnirpS eht no nuS eht deniatnoc ti sa
,detcurtsnoc gnieb erew sdnuom yellaV enyoB eht nehw ,CB0003 raey eht dnuora tnatropmi
yrev saw noitalletsnoc sihT ."sretsiS neveS ehT" sa nwonk esiwrehto ,sedaielP eht retsulc

261
 nepo eht sniatnoc hcihw ,lluB eht ,suruaT fo noitalletsnoc eht htiw noitcennoc emos sah
etis eht taht ylekil smees ti ,swoc neves dna llub a fo skaeps htwoD tuoba ygolohtym ehT
aidepikiW :ecnerefeR -- .derrucco gnidoolf fo tnuoma llams a ylno erehw
sretarc egral yrev ni yltsom gnidiser ,rellams hcum era edis-raf eht no airam wef ehT .htraE
morf elbisiv edis-raen eht no yltsom ,ecafrus ranul eht fo %61 tuoba revoc airam ehT .eye
dekan eht ot krad raeppa ecneh dna ,snoitisopmoc hcir-nori rieht fo tluser a sa "sdnalhgih"
eht naht evitcelfer ssel era yehT .saes lautca rof meht kootsim ohw sremonortsa ylrae
yb ,"saes" rof nitaL ,airam debbud erew yehT .snoitpure cinaclov tneicna yb demrof ,nooM
s'htraE no snialp citlasab ,krad ,egral era )selballys owt ,eram :ralugnis( airam ranuL *
.DA 5051 tuoba ni icniV ad odranoeL yb taht si ecneics
ot nwonk airam eht fo noitciped tsedlo txen ehT .dlo sraey 0084 tuoba era sgnivrac ehT
.*airam ranul eht fo noitciped nwonk tsedlo s'dlrow eht ,flesti noom eht fo pam a etanimulli
dluow ti ,htwonK ta egassap nretsae eht fo enots kcab eht no enihs ot erew thgilnoom fI
:htwoD ta ,"snuS neveS eht fo enotS" eht ,15 enotsbreK fo ecnacifingis lacimonortsa ehT"
"...shpylgoreih elbarehpicedni htiw devargne dna
ECB 007,3 tuoba detcere erew taht serutcurts enots evissam ro "snriac" dercas era
esehT ."ssenkraD fo dnuoM yriaF" eht ,htwoD dna ,htwonK ta "dnuoM taerG ehT..." 9
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".ytnuoc eht fo tsaehtron eht ni ,htwoD dna htwonK
,egnargweN fo setis lairub eht sedulcni dna dlo sraey 000,5 si ennióB an úrB fo xelpmoc
lacigoloeahcra ehT .htaeM ni araT ta tas dnalerI fo gniK hgiH ehT .eradliK dna nilbuD
,ylaffO ,htuoL ,drofgnoL ,navaC fo strap dna htaemtseW fo lla sa llew sa ytnuoc tnerruc
eht fo lla dedulcni htaeM fo ecnivorp siht yllacirotsiH .retsnieL fo trap smrof won tub - ediM fo
sgniK ees - ehdiM fo ecnivorp eht fo trap nretsae eht morf demrof saw )"elddim" eht( htaeM"
"...dnalerI ,htaeM ytnuoC..." 
8
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".efil sih rof derac regnol on nosrep a erehw ,snaerucipE dna sciotS eht fo esac eht
ni ,ro gniyd eht ot dereffo eb dluoc feiler on erehw sesac ni edicius fo tnarelot ,ecneuqesnoc
ni ,erew dna tsoc yna ta devreserp eb ot dedeen efil taht eveileb ton did yllareneg
snamoR dna skeerG tneicna ehT .C.B 003 dna 004 neewteb nettirw saw hcihw ,htaO
citarcoppiH eht ni aisanahtue snoitnem setarcoppiH ."llew gniyd" ro ”htaed-llew“ snaem
denibmoc hcihw "sotanaht" dna "ue" sdrow keerg eht morf semoc aisanahtue mret ehT"
"....aisanahtue deretsinimda-fles ..." 
7
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".detcirtser ylhgih si egdelwonk yna hcihw fo .cte ,stcejorp ,snoitazinagro
,snoitca ,noitamrofni ot deilppa eb nac terces pot mret ehT .desolcsid fi ytiruces
lanoitan ot "egamad evarg yllanoitpecxe" esuac dluow taht lairetam sa denifed si ti erehw
,seirtnuoc ynam ni noitamrofni deifissalc fo level degdelwonkca tsehgih eht si terceS poT"
..."terceS poT..." 
6
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --

161
 ."gnihtemos sedih ro pu srevoc ohw eno" gninaem ,ajlah cinamreG-otorP morf yletamitlu
dna )DA 527 tuoba( elleh ,leh hsilgnE dlO morf devired si lleH drow hsilgnE nredom ehT"
"...lleH lanosrep..." 
5
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".snoituloveR hcnerF dna naciremA eht htob fo
srekniht tnatropmi ecneulfni dluow saedi dna skrow s'eriatloV fo ynaM .yad sih fo snoitutitsni
hcnerF eht dna amgod hcruhC naitsirhC ezicitirc ot skrow sih fo esu edam yltneuqerf
eh ,tsicimelop laciritas A .meht ekorb ohw esoht rof seitlanep hsrah dna swal pihsrosnec
tcirts etipsed mrofer laicos fo retroppus nekopstuo na saw eH .lairt riaf a ot thgir eht
dna noigiler fo modeerf gnidulcni ,seitrebil livic fo esnefed dna ,trops lacihposolihp ,tiw sih rof
nwonk rehposolihp dna tsied ,tsiyasse ,retirw tnemnethgilnE hcnerF a saw ,eriatloV eman
nep eht yb nwonk retteb ,)8771 yaM 03 – 4961 rebmevoN 12( teuorA eiraM-sioçnarF"
"...eriatloV..." 
4
gro.aidepikiW :ecnerefeR --
".nep cifilorp
s'yelpiR yb detciped ylgnigagne neht dna shpargotohp yb detnemucod lla ,slamina citsemod
dekram ylddo ot selbategev depahs yllausunu morf gnignar ,aivirt naciremA nwot llams fo
yteirav ediw a fo shpargotohp deilppus ohw ,sredaer yb dettimbus smeti dedulcni osla yelpiR
taht neeb evah yam ytiralupop s'tpecnoc eht derusne tahw tub ,setis citoxe dna lausunu
tuoba stcaf nwonk elttil ot staef strops morf degnar txet dna snootrac s'yelpiR ni derevoc
stcejbuS .dlrow eht dnuora morf stcaf eurt tub ddo gnirutaef ,seires lenap repapswen
!toN ro tI eveileB s'yelpiR suomaf dlrow eht detaerc ohw tsigoloporhtna ruetama dna
,ruenerpertne ,tsinootrac a saw )9491 ,72 yaM - 3981 ,52 rebmeceD( yelpiR yoReL treboR
"...dias yelpiR ekiL" 
3
/moc.stnemucodcitsejam.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".tneserp ot 1491 morf smrof efil neila dna erawdrah lairtserretartxe fo sisylana dna laveirter
no krow s'tnemnrevog .S.U eht fo yrots gniticxe eht gnillet elihw etis eht tuohguorht nevow
si yticitnehtua gnitadilav fo emeht lartnec a ,setisbew rehto ekilnU .hsarc llewsoR eht erofeb
sraey etad hcihw fo ynam ,stnemucod decafrus ylwen fo )gniworg dna( segap 005 revo
sniatnoc ti — yrots llewsoR suomaf eht fo hsaher rehtona ton si moc.stnemucoD citsejaM
.ydotsuc dna
,noitalosi ,tropsnart neila evil dna ,gnigakcap ydob ,stuokcalb sserp ot nevig noitnetta laiceps
htiw soiranecs laveirter hsarc OFU tuo deppam ”smaet der“ 21–CITSEJAM ”,lasopsiD dna
yrevoceR ygolonhceT seititnE lairtserretartxE )10-1MOS( launaM snoitarepO laicepS“ eht
ni ,elpmaxe roF .stnapucco eht htiw laed ot woh dna ,strap eht pihs ot erehw ,sOFU dehsarc
revocer ot woh tub ,sgnithgis fo noissucsid a tsuj ton — stcejbO gniylF deifitnedinU saw
tcejbus ehT .yrotsih ni sgnifeirb lanoitasnes dna terces tsom eht fo eno rof derehtag secroF
demrA eht dna ytinummoc ecnegilletni .S.U eht fo sreciffo roines fo puorg a ,4591 lirpA nI
.snoitarepo raw-non gnidnuf fo erudecorp lagel
a saw ereht erofeb dna )tsixe did GIC ro puorG ecnegilletnI lartneC eht hguohtla( detsixe

061
 AIC eht erofeb noitazinagro terces a gnidnuf dna gnitaerc fo segnellahc eht gnirednop
,yduts rehtruf rof 7491 ,42 rebmetpeS fo stnemucod gnifeirb lacinhcet eht tpek namurT yrraH
.yadot fo seiduts
”noisuf dloc“ eht elbmeser taht snoitpircsed — sedortcele dna ,stengam ,slioc fo seires
degnarra ylddo na htiw muiretued dna retaw yvaeh desu enigne )emit taht ta cinortuen
dellac( raelcun noisuf ehT .shtgnerts raehs dna elisnet fo-draehnu sti htiw stsigrullatem
deticxe ti dna ,)ygolonhceT enydoreA ralucitneL deifitnedinU( 1-TALU dellac saw ocixeM
weN ,orrocoS fo tsaehtuos selim 02 hsarc 7491 eht fo dleif yramirp eht morf sirbed ehT
.sesu
tcejorP nattahnaM eht morf trapa sniag lacigolonhcet elbissop tiolpxe ot troffe ecnegilletni
deifinu a etaerc ton did ti tub ,krow gnireenigne-esrever ylrae ffo dekcik hsarc sihT .iruossiM
,uaedrariG epaC ni 1491 ni derrucco esac laveirter hsarc OFU nwonk-reve-tsrif ehT
.”92-82-601 edutignol dna 13-04-33 edutital ta ,orrocoS fo nwot
eht fo tsaehtuos selim 02 .xorppa detacol saw 2-ZL etiS .llewsoR fo nwot eht fo tsewhtron
selim 57 .xorppA ,anoroC raen hcnar a ta detacol saw 1-ZL etiS .GPSW eht ot esolc
detacol neeb evah setis hsarc owT .radar ffo deppord htob yeht litnu tfarcria deifitnedinu
owt dekcart .M.N ,dnuorG gnivorP sdnaS etihW dna saxeT tsae ni snoitats radar ,74 yluJ 3
,TSM 2332 tA“ snigeb troper yrammus tfard ehT .2491 yraurbeF etal ni aera selegnA soL eht
ni sehsarc owt ot esnopser ni 2491 ni demrof saw tinu laiceps ehT .noitagitsevni hguoroht a
etaitini ot etarotceriD ecnegilletniretnuoC ,hcnarB lacinhceT dna cifitneicS ,tinU anemonehP
yratenalpretnI s’ecroF riA ymrA eht fo ffatS fo feihC eht desuac ,7491 ,6 yluJ – 4 yluJ
neewteb ,ocixeM weN fo etats eht ni stcejbo enrobria nellaf fo yrevocer yranidroartxe ehT
.ygolonhcet
neila eht yduts ot deecorp dluoc stsitneics taht os tnediserP eht htiw dehcaer eb tnemeerga
na taht ycnegru detatiga desserpxe dna ,setilletas dna seigetarts raelcun nredom ruo otni
thgisni citehporp dedivorp yehT ”.seidoB laitseleC fO stnatibahnI htiW spihsnoitaleR“ deltit
repap egap-xis a gnitfard ,noinipo rieht evig ot ni dellac erew remiehneppO dna nietsniE
.snoitacilpmi rieht dna ,ygolonhcet ,adnega neila eht dnatsrednu ot derobal yleviterces
dna ylhsirevef ,strepxe rehto fo tsac tceles a htiw gnola ,llahsraM egroeG dna ,sevorG eilseL
,retteoknelliH eocsoR ,grebnednaV tyoH sa hcus elpoep yratilim reerac dna ,remiehneppO
treboR dna ,nietsniE treblA ,hsuB ravennaV sa hcus stsitneics etile ,suoitibmA
.C.D ,notgnihsaW
ni efas sih ni ygolonhcet neila dehsarc fo sliated eht fo ypoc eno tsuj tpek )bmob
cimota eht reviled ot tcejorP nattahnaM eht dednammoc ohw( sevorG .R eilseL lareneG
rojaM — yadot fo smargorp ssecca laiceps drowedoc terces pot nredom eht erofeb gnol —
TERCES POT evoba saw taht noitacifissalc "YLNO SEYE CIJAM" terces-repus a ni deiruB
.ygolonhcet neila derevocer morf dluoc yeht gnihtyreve tiolpxe ot saw puorg eht
fo laog ehT .draoB tnempoleveD dna hcraeseR tnioJ eht fo namriahC ,hsuB ravennaV .rD
dna latserroF semaJ esnefeD fo yraterceS fo noitadnemmocer eht ta 7491 ,42 rebmetpeS
no redro laitnediserp deifissalc laiceps yb dehsilbatse saw 21-citsejaM noitarepO"
)moc.stnemucodcitsejam.www//:ptth
:etisbew gniwollof eht fo srohtua eht fo esoht era stnemucod 21-JM eht gninrecnoc
snoitressa ro/dna noitamrofni gniwollof eht fo llA :ETON( ."21-JM" ro "21 citsejaM"

951
 ".stnemucod 21-citsejaM..." 
2
mth.sellew/moc.wonycnerapsnart.www//:ptth :ecnerefeR --
".cilbup eht etalupinam ot ,snoisulli lacirtaeht etaerc ot
snoitacinummoc ssam fo rewop eht esu dluoc snaicitilop yaw eht delaever tsacdaorb
eht taht waserof nospmohT yhtoroD ,enubirT kroY weN eht ni ,nmuloc tneicserp a nI
.niaga neppah t'ndluow tnedicni ralimis a taht erusne ot gnitsacdaorb fo snoitaluger
tnemnrevog rof ,erehwyna tnew reven hcihw ,sllac erew erehT .ladnacs lanoitan a
detareneg ylkciuq )stroper swen eniuneg aiv deyevnoc saw hcihw( cinap eht fo sweN
.yalp oidar a ni degnoleb
yllautca taht cilbup nekcirts-cinap eht fo elor eht tuo gnitca erew yeht taht tcaf eht
ot suoivilbo ,sneila tsniaga sevlesmeht dnefed ot tpmetta na ni ,sag nosiop naitraM
morf noitcetorp sa slewot tew ni sdaeh rieht depparw neve ,snug dedaol ,srallec ni dih
,sdaor eht dekcap elpoeP .sraM morf noisavni na fo tnuocca swen lautca na gniraeh
saw ti taht dedulcnoc ecneidua eht tsacdaorb swen a fo noitalumis siht ot denetsil ti sA
".etunim a ni kcab eb ll'I ,esaelp uoy lliw ,no dloH
.noitisop wen a nekat ev'I litnu noitpircsed eht pots ot evah ll'I .klat I sa em htiw enohporcim
siht gnillup m'I .sdrow dnif t'nac I .ecneirepxe yranidroartxe tsom eht si sihT .hguone
nees ev'yehT .kcab sllaf dworc ehT .pu gnisiar si gniht ehT....etaslup dna reviuq ot mees taht
spil sselmir sti morf gnippird avilas htiw depahs-V si htuom ehT .tnepres a ekil maelg dna
kcalb era seye ehT .ti ta gnikool peek ot flesym ecrof yldrah nac I .elbabircsedni s'ti...tI .ecaf
taht tuB .rehtael tew ekil snetsilg ti dna raeb a sa egral s'tI .ydob s'gniht eht ees nac I ,erehT
.em ot selcatnet ekil kool yehT .rehtona dna ,eno rehtona s'ti woN" .eciov fo enot citamard
yletairporppa na ni ,dias eh ",ekans yarg a ekil wodahs eht fo tuo gnilggirw s'gnihtemos
,snevaeh dooG" .tfarcecaps sti morf sneila eht fo eno fo ecnegreme eht debircsed
,dleif eht ni retsacswen a gniyalp ,oiduts a ni rotca na ,tsacdaorb eht ni tniop eno tA
.margorp eht otni setunim 04 litnu evirra
t'ndid eno txen eht ,gninnigeb eht ta noitanalpxe feirb a dessim ecneidua eht fo srebmem
fi tub ,yalp oidar a lla saw ti taht snoitanalpxe fo rebmun a deniatnoc osla tsacdaorb
ehT .setatS detinU eht fo noitcurtsed eht dna sraM morf ecrof noisavni na fo gnidnal eht
debircsed ,troper swen a ni raeh ot tcepxe dluow eno selor rehto dna slaiciffo ,srecnuonna
swen gniyalp srotca ,taes evitcelloc rieht fo egde eht no tas ecneidua eht fo srebmem sA
.yesreJ weN ,lliM srevorG raen mraf a no deppord dah "tcejbo gnimalf eguh" a taht gnitroper
snitellub swen ekaf yb semit fo rebmun a detpurretni saw cisum ecnad ,dedlofnu yalp eht sA
.tceffe citamard eht nethgieh ot dednetni saw ,ylbamuserp
,taht euqinhcet a ,sraM morf noisavni na tuoba tsacdaorb swen a ekil dnuos dluow ti os
demrofrep dna nettirw saw yalp eht noitcerid sih rednu :egnahc tnatropmi na edam selleW
,yalp oidar a rof koob eht gnitpada ni tuB .htraE eht fo noisavni naitraM a tuoba ,sdlroW
eht fo raW ehT levon noitcif ecneics eht fo noitatpada na saw gnineve taht ecnamrofrep
ehT .selleW nosrO ,gnirrats netfo dna ,yb detcerid syalp derutaef taht margorp oidar ralupop
a ot ni denut snaciremA fo snoillim nehw ,8391 ,03 .tcO no ,neewollaH erofeb yad eht ..."
"..."sraM morf noisavnI ehT dna ,sdlroW eht fo raW"..." 
1

851
) gro.weivretnineila.www (
weivretnI neilA
) moc.peelbgibeht.www (
esrevinU tnereffiD a fo yretsyM ehT
peelB giB ehT
) moc.sdoowehtfodog.www (
sdooW ehT fo doG - naP
) moc.srotcafzo.www (
efiL fo seiretsyM eht ot ygolanA na sa "zO fo draziW" ehT
srotcaF zO ehT
recnepS . R ecnerwaL
yb nettirW
sgnieB lautiripS latrommI rof erutaretiL
751
 setontooF s'rotidE :xidneppA
651
-- STNEMUCOD YORLECAM .SRM FO DNE --
yorlEcaM llennoD'O adlitaM
,sU fO llA oT kcuL dooG
551
 .erutuF lanretE ruo ni erehwemos ,ydob a tuohtiw
ro htiw ,nosrep ni uoy teem lliw I spahreP .niaga
sevlesruo eb nac eW .niaga eerf eb nac eW .sdrow
htiw eucser dna esaeler nwo ruo nigeb nac ew ,won roF
.morf emac yeht erehw dna ,era yeht ohw rebmemer
ot nigeb lliw yeht spahrep ,ereh no gniog yllaer
si tahw dlot era htraE fo elpoep eht fI .nac uoy
sa elpoep ynam sa htiw stpircsnart eseht erahs esaelP
.yrots siht llet ot uoy gniksa ma I yhw si sihT
.noisserppo dna ycerces tsniaga nopaew
evitceffe ylno eht si noitacinummoC .rehto hcae htiw
ylnepo ti ssucsid ot evah yeht dna elpoep rehto llet
ot evah eW .kcab thgif dna etanidrooc ,etacinummoc
ot si neppah reve lliw siht yaw ylno ehT .sevil
tsap nwo rieht rebmemer tsum yehT .noitarepo sisonpyh
dna aisenma "eripmE dlO" eht tuoba tuo dnif tsum yehT
.meht denosirpmi evah
ohw slanimirc eht tpecxe enoyna ot taerht on era yehT
.yllaer ,eno on demrah evah ohw seiranoitulover dna
srekniht eerf ,sesuineg ,sreganam ,stsitra :sgnieb
elba ,tsenoh ,doog era htraE no sEB-SI eht fo tsoM
.sevals eb ot ssengnilliw rieht yb devalsne erom eht
lla dna -- sretsam evals neesnu fo sevals gniwonknu
eht era yehT .srotarepo nosirp "eripmE dlO"
eht yb nevig sdnammoc citonpyh hguorht tuoba deredro
yltrevoc snotamotua sseldnim naht erom gnihton
era ohw sEB-SI yb nur era "TERCES POT" sa stpircsnart
desolcne eht deifissalc taht seicnega tnemnrevog ehT
!evah yeht snopaew evitceffe
tsom eht era ycerces dna feilebsiD .htraE no sEBSI eht lla ot gniod era yeht tahw fo ecnarongi ruo
si won tfel sah "eripmE dlO" eht nopaew tseggib ehT
!reverof "eripmE dlO" eht fo bmuht eht rednu yats ot
gniog er'ew ,noitautis ruo fo stcaf eht ecaf t'nod ew
fI .era yeht tahw era sgnihT .snosaer on era erehT
.ytilaer htiw od ot gnihton evah "snosaer" ,ylknarF
.ti fo ytilaer
eht gnitnorfnoc morf su tneverp ot noitautis ruo fo
ytilibidercni tnerappa eht wolla ton tsum eW .tenalp
nosirp a fo noisulli dellortnoc yllacinortcele
eht edisni noitamrofni eslaf htiw decalper dna
451
 desare neeb sah yromem esohw EB-SI na ot "elbidercni"
smees ylno ti ,revewoH .ti fo drow a eveileb reve
dluow nosrep "elbanosaer" oN .elbidercni oot smees
tI .erus m'I ,ti fo yna eveileb ton lliw elpoep tsoM
.htraE no gnineppah
yllaer si tahw tuo dnif ot ecnahc a evah ot htraE
no sEB-SI tnaw I .dehsilbup stnemucod eseht teg
ot uoy tnaw I .uoy ot stpircsnart dna srettel eseht
tnes I yhw si sihT .epolevne siht ni noitamrofni
eht hguorht htraE no noitautis lautca eht fo erawa
erom emoceb ot depleh eb dluoc sEB-SI lla ,revewoH
.htraE no sEB-SI rehto
ynam rof tub ,noilattaB tsoL eht rof tsuj ton ,epacse
fo epoh si erehT !reverof htraE no yats ot evah
ton yam ew taht wonk ot yppah yrev ,yrev em sekam tI
.gnipeels si ydob lacigoloib
ym elihw enod eb ylno nac dna ,revewoh ksat ysae
na ton si sihT .htraE no evil ot gniunitnoc elihw
ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT rof seitud nwo ym
fo emos emuser ot elba neeb evah flesym ,I ,yltneceR
.sretrauqdaeH dnammoC niamoD ehT
dna ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT neewteb segassem
yaler srotarepo esehT .draobhctiws noitacinummoc
a fo srotarepo sa noitats ecaps dioretsa
eht no ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo srebmem
evitca sa gnikrow ,emit emas eht ta ,won era htraE no
seidob lacigoloib ypucco ohw slrig gnuoy owt ,elpmaxe
roF .sisab emit-trap ,detimil a no ytud evitca
ot noilattaB tsoL eht fo sEB-SI fo emos nruter ot
elba neeb sah niamoD ehT ,snoitalever eseht ot sknahT
!krow hcraeser xelpmoc gnitcudnoc elihw
snoitacol tnereffid lareves ni seidob lareves etarepo
ot elba saw eh taht ytiliba dna ygrene suodnemert
hcus fo EB-SI elgnis a saw sihT .ecno ta lla
dlrow eht dnuora snoitacol lareves ni yltnerrucnoc
deviecnoc saw enohpelet ehT )etontooF( 942 .yarG
ahsilE gnidulcni ,emit emas eht ta srehto lareves
yb detnevni saw hcihw ,enohpelet eht fo rotnevni
eht )etontooF( 842 lleB maharG rednaxelA si elpmaxe rehtonA
.emit emas eht ta ssecorp emas eht deviecnoc
htob yehT .dnalgnE ni devil ohw )etontooF( 742 remesseB
351
 deman nam a saw rehto eht dna ,ykcutneK ni devil ohw
)etontooF( 642 ylleK deman saw enO .ylsuoenatlumis seidob
owt detibahni ohw EB-SI emas eht yb detnevni saw
leets gninifer fo ssecorp eht ,elpmaxe roF .devresbo
erew anemonehp siht fo selpmaxe elbaton rehto lareveS

.sevil rieht fo lla yllufsseccus rehtegot
dekrow ,niaga dna ,ylimaf a dah ,deirram erew ,niaga
tem yeht noitanracni txen rieht ni ,revewoH .efil sih
fo dne eht drawot yllufsseccusnu sedohR deusrup ehs
,hcus sA )etontooF( 542 .dnaloP morf emit siht ,ssecnirp a
,niaga ,saw ehs sedohR sa efil sih gniruD .)etontooF( 442
.sedohR liceC sa detanracni saw eh efil retal a nI
!eripmE namottO eht fo natluS eht
ot deirram ydaerla saw ehs esuaceb ,deirram reven ehs
,dnalgnE fo neeuQ eht sA )etontooF( 342 .htebazilE neeuQ sa
eripme nwo reh delur dna ydob rehtona detibahni ehs
,ylsuoenatlumiS )etontooF( 242 .mih htiw eripme namottO eht
elur dna efiw sih emoceb ot yrevals morf pu esor ohw
lrig merah a saw tnatsissa siH .)etontooF( 142 tnecifingaM
ehT namieluS saw ,htraE no emitefil suoiverp
a ni ,reenigne eht taht si tcaf siht fo elpmaxe enO
.niamoD ehT fo sreciffo ot detimil
yleuqinu eb ot thguoht saw ylsuoiverp taht tcaf a
-- emit emas eht ta ydob eno naht erom etarepo dna
ypucco nac sEB-SI taht delaever osla hcraeser riehT
.srotarepo lortnoc thguoht "eripmE
dlO" eht yb noitceted tuohtiw ,srehto dna sevlesmeht
ot meht ylppa ot deniart eb ylefas nac srehto taht
os sdohtem rieht deifidoc yllautneve yehT .seiromem
nwo rieht etatilibaher ot desu yeht taht sdohtem
evitceffe depoleved dna derevocsid yeht rehtegoT
.seitiliba tsol niager osla dna aisenma morf revocer
nac sEB-SI taht noitazilaer eht ot del ,mih detsissa
ohw ,efiw sih dna eh yb sEB-SI ni yromem fo scinahcem
eht fo sisylana latnemirepxe dna noitavresbo luferaC
.htraE no sEB-SI eht sa llew sa ,noilattaB
tsoL eht fo srebmem eht gniucser fo melborp
elbavlosnu yltnerappa eht evlos niamoD ehT gnipleh
ot esitrepxe sih deilppa sah nam sihT .oga sraey fo
sdnasuoht yroehT noitasivorpmI cifitneicS decnavdA ni
deniart saw reenigne ehT ."eripmE dlO" eht fo emiger
251
 evisserppo eht tsniaga ynitum a gnidael rof htraE
ot decnetnes saw dna oga sraey 000,01 tuoba flesmih
"elbahcuotnu" na emoceb eH .teelF ecapS "eripmE dlO"
eht ni reciffo dna reenigne tnatropmi na neeb ecno
dah ohw EB-SI na si noitatS ecapS ecroF yranoitidepxE
niamoD ehT fo reciffO gnidnammoC ehT fo ecnatniauqca
nA .yltnecer derrucco ecnavda rojam rehtona ,revewoH
.yrevals ro lortnoc
fo tnemurtsni gnivres-fles a sa stseirp yb slautir
suoigiler citobor otni detrevrep erew yhposolihp sih
fo seuqinhcet lacitcarp ehT .neht ecnis ainnellim
eht revo tsol ro deretla neeb evah ahdduB ehT yb
thguat seuqinhcet dna sgnihcaet lanigiro eht ,revewoH
.oga sraey 005,2 tuoba ahtrahddiS amatuaG yb edam saw
hguorhtkaerb tnacifingis tsom eht taht denoitnem lriA
.raf os evitceffe yltnetsisnoc eb ot nevorp
evah enon tub ,htraE no sraey 000,01 tsap eht revo
depoleved neeb evah sEB-SI fo ytiliba dna yromem eht
gnirevocer fo sdohtem suoiraV .tuo sevlesmeht teg
ot woh tuo erugif ot evah lliw setamni ehT .kaeps
ot os ,"boj edisni" na eb ot evah lliw ti ,nosirp
siht morf epacse ot gniog era htraE no sEB-SI fi ,oS
.yxalag siht ni ecroF yranoitidepxE
niamoD ehT fo noissim yramirp eht ton ni
siht sa "noissim eucser" a tcudnoc ot ,emit siht ta
,secruoser ro lennosrep yna ezirohtua tonnac dnammoC
lartneC niamoD ehT .htraE no ydaerla era ohw sEB-SI
eht no sdneped meht gnieerf fo sseccus eht ,werc dna
sreciffo noilattaB tsoL eht fo lla detacol sah niamoD
ehT hguoht neve taht syas lriA .sraey fo sdnasuoht
rof melborp siht evlos ot gnikrow neeb evah ecroF
yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo srebmem ,wonk uoy sA
.erofeb tnew
tahw fo yromem yna tuohtiw -- niaga revo lla trats
ot ydob ybab rehtona otni kcab kcuts dna ,"eripmE
dlO" eht fo ssecorp aisenma eht hguorht delcycer
eb lliw I noos yrev taht erawa ylesnetni ma I ,won
regnol hcum ydob lacigoloib ym peek t'now I esuaceB
.sneercs ecrof "eripmE dlO" eht elbasid nac ew litnu
,htraE dellac lleH gnivil eht ni sEB-SI rehto lla
ekil ,tnemnosirpmi lanrete ot decnetnes ma I .niamoD
ehT ot nruter ylluf ot elba ton llits ma I tniop siht
151
 tA .erutuf eht ni si ytinretE .tsap eht ni tsuj
ton si ytinretE .erutuf eht ni si efil ym fo tser
eht taht ezilaer I ,tsap ym tuoba erom rebmemer I sA
.oot ,elihwa ni ecno riaper emos deen
seidob llod nevE .sdnah rieht yllaicepse ,slammam
naht stcesni ekil erom kool seidob esohw niamoD
ehT ni sgnieb lacigoloib fo ecar eht fo srebmem
sa llew sa ,elpoep gnipleh fo krow eht yojne I
,dnA .em ot railimaf si ti esuaceb esrun a gnieb htiw
kcits I .sega eht hguorht nwod niaga revo dna revo
dna revo esrun a neeb ev'I trap tsom eht roF .oot
ereht esrun a saw I .ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT
ni efil ym fo sehctap mid emos rebmemer osla nac I
.EB-SI na sa ytiliba dna ssenerawa ym gniniager ot
enots gnippets yrassecen a neeb sah ti tub ,stneve fo
kcartkcab gnol eht ot derapmoc tnatropmi yllaicepse
ton era seiromem eseht fo tsoM .sraey 000,8 tsap eht
revo htraE no tneps ev'I sevil fo yromem ym fo emos
derevocer evah I ,lriA htiw noitacinummoc ym hguorhT
.ecived noitceted "efiL fo eerT" eht fo esu rieht dna
noissiM ikanunnA niamoD ehT fo tluser a sa htraE no
detacol neeb evah noilattaB tsoL eht fo srebmem eht
fo lla ,emit siht tA .noilattaB tsoL eht fo srebmem
000,3 eht fo eno ma I :nosaer eno rof lriA htiw
yllacihtapelet etacinummoc ot elba neeb evah I taht
em ot suoivbo emoceb sah ti neht ecniS .llewsoR ta
hsarc eht ecnis sraey 04 yltcaxe tsomla neeb sah tI
.sisab
raluger a no lriA htiw noitacinummoc ym deunitnoc
I ,noitanitsed noitacoler lanif ym ta delttes
em tog tnemnrevog eht retfa shtnom lareves ,revewoH
.7491 ni kcab deneppah tahw sa raf sa ,yrots eht
fo dne eht era epolevne siht ni stnemucod rehto ehT"
:dias egassem eht tahw si sihT .yorlEcaM .srM morf
epolevne eht ni deviecer I noitanalpxe fo seton rehto eht dna stpircsnart
eht ,rettel lanigiro eht htiw rehtegot ,"TSAL EM DAER" dekram epolevne
etarapes a ni desolcne saw egassem gniwollof ehT :ETON 'ROTIDE
yorlEcaM .srM morf tpircS tsoP
051
 ".tnemom eht rof dedne reh htiw noitacinummoc
ym dna llew em dehsiw lriA .noitacinummoc ni yats syawla dluow ew emit dna
ecaps ni em detacol dah ehs taht woN .seidob lacisyhp a ton era eW .sEB-SI
htob era ew taht em derussaer lriA .niaga reh ees yreve dluow I fi lriA deksa I
!tsael eht yas ot ,deveiler yrev saw I .reh tuoba
yrrow ot ton dna efas saw ehs taht wonk em tel ot detnaw ehS .ydob eht hguorht
gninnur tnerruc cirtcele eht dediova dna deretsinimda saw kcohs eht erofeb
ydob eht evael ot elba saw ehs taht dias lriA .enihcam kcohs eht yb lriA derujni
evah thgim yeht taht deirrow saw I .meht morf depacse ehs woh derednow I
.demrahnu desaeler eb ot gniog saw I taht dna ,llew saw I taht eviecrep
ot desaelp saw ehS .moor weivretni eht ni su dekcatta sPM dna rotcod eht
nehw esab niamoD ehT ta tsop reh ot denruter dah ehS .htraE no ydob a ni ton
tub ,"ereh" saw ehs taht derewsna ehS "?ereh llits uoy erA ?lriA" ,thguoht I
!taht tuoba tbuod tsael eht evah ton did I .lriA ylbakatsimnu
saw tI .yldneirf dna nialp saw thguoht reh fo enot ehT ."!olleH" dias ehS
.eb ot deen t'ndid ti dna ,esruoc fo ,em
htiw moor eht ni ton saw ydob reH .EB-SI eht ,lriA saw ti taht dezilaer I nehT
.sdnoces wef a rof yllacitnarf moor eht dnuora dekool I !dnats thgin eht no thgil
eht no denrut dna deb ym ni thgirpu tlob tas I ."eciov" s'lriA draeh ylneddus I
,em ot dna ,lriA ot deneppah tahw gnirednow dna riaffa elohw eht gnitalpmetnoc
deb ni yal I sa ,enalp tropsnart eht draob ot deludehcs saw I erofeb thgin ehT
.kceP troF raen anatnoM ,wogsalG ni pu dedne I yllautneve I ,sdoirep trohs
rof snoitacol lareves ot delttuhs gnieb retfA .noitanitsed noitacoler a ot nwolf
dna enalp tropsnart yratilim llams a draoba decalp saw I gninrom gniwollof ehT
!evila yats dluoc I teiuq deyats I sa gnol sa ,sdrow rehto nI .tnemnrevog eht
yb tnemnrevog eht morf detcetorp eb dluow I taht tpecxe ,)etontooF( 042 margorp
noitcetorp ssentiw tnemnrevog laredeF a otni decalp saw I ,tuo denrut ti sA
!aciremA fo setatS detinU eht tsniaga nosaerT fo tcA na sa htaed
fo niap rednu -- yratilim eht ni ecivres ym gnirud decneirepxe ro draeh ,nees sah
I taht reveostahw gnihtyna tuoba reveostahw enoyna htiw reveostahw gnihtyna
ssucsid reve ,reven ot saw I taht edam ylraelc yrev saw tniop eht tub ,"eselagel"
fo lluf saw tnemucod eht fo egaugnal ehT .ycerces fo htao na saw tI .ngis
dna daer ot detcurtsni saw I taht tnemucod a deviecer I sredro eht htiw gnolA
.stnemucod etairporppa eht htiw ytitnedi wen a nevig dna ,yratilim
eht yb detacoler eb osla eb dluow I .noisnep yratilim suoreneg a dna egrahcsid
elbaronoh na eviecer dluow I taht dna ytud rehtruf morf degrahcsid yllaiciffo
saw dna yratilim .S.U eht ot ecivres ym detelpmoc dah I taht dias sredro
ehT .gniniwT lareneG yb dengis ,sredro nettirw deviecer I yad gniwollof ehT
941
 .ydob llod s'lriA was I emit tsal eht saw tahT
.detacol saw ytilicaf eht erehw tuoba gnihtyna yas t'ndid eH .noitautis eht htiw
laed ot deppiuqe retteb saw taht ytilicaf lacidem yratilim eruces erom ,regral
a ot lriA evom ot yratilim eht yb dediced neeb dah ti esuaceb dedeen eb regnol
on dluow secivres ym taht xocliW .rD yb dlot saw I keew driht eht fo dne eht tA
.niaga gniyrt
rof em deknaht dna ,mra ym dettap ,elims fo tros gnizinortap a em evag tsuj eh
emit hcaE .semit lareves mih ot siht denialpxe I .xocliW .rD ot siht denialpxe I
.evom ton dluow ydob eht ,EB-SI na sa ydob eht gnitamina ylsuoicsnoc
ton saw lriA fi taht wenk I esruoc fO .devom ti sselnu daed ro evila saw ydob
eht rehtehw tceted ton dluoc srotcod eht ,lacigoloib ton saw ydob s'lriA ecniS
.stpircsnart eseht
ees ot nosrep tsrif eht eb lliw uoY .neht ecnis reve em htiw meht tpek evah dna
,esab eht ta deniamer I emit eht lla deb ym fo sserttam eht rednu delaecnoc meht
tpek I .meht nruter ot reffo ton did I .tnemeticxe eht lla ni stpircsnart eht fo
ypoc eht tuoba togrof yeht esoppus I .meht nruter ot em deksa reve eno on yhw
dnatsrednu t'nod I ,yad siht oT .ngis ot deksa saw lriA taht stpircsnart eht fo
seipoc htiw noissessop ym ni epolevne eht dah llits I .lriA htiw noitacinummoc
hsilbatse-er ot yaw emos ni em pleh ro gnihtemos fo em dnimer thgim taht eulc
a rof gnihcraes ,lriA htiw sweivretni ym fo stpircsnart eht daer-er I ,yad yrevE
.ti rof drow thgir eht si taht fi ,"daed" saw lriA taht dessertsid
dna niatrec erom gnisaercni emaceb I deunitnoc syad eht sA .laed taerg a em
deneddas sihT .esnopser on saw ereht emit hcaE .niaga lriA htiw etacinummoc
ot yrt ot deksa saw I ,moor eht ot tnew I emit hcaE .emussa I ,srehto dna
,xocliW .rD yb ecnallievrus deunitnoc rednu deb eht no yal lriA erehw moor eht
ot detrocse saw I yad a ecnO .xocliW .rD yb "detaticapacni" neeb dah lriA retfa
skeew 3 rehtona rof ,sretrauq ym ot denifnoc yltsom ,esab eht ta deniamer I"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
strapeD lriA
neetxiS retpahC
841
 ".esab eht ta emit ym
fo tser eht gnirud enola tfel saw I ,yllufknahT .taht retfa snoitseuq erom yna deksa
ton saw I sa stluser suoicipsus yna dedleiy snoitagorretni eseht fo rehtien yltnerappA
.thgin taht peels lufecaep yrev a dah I ,revewoH .flesym yb etagivan
ot gurd eht morf yzoow dna ylbbow oot saw I sa ,emit siht ecnatsissa rieht htiw ,sPM
741
 eht yb moor ym ot kcab detrocse saw I snoitseuq eht gnirewsna dehsinif I nehw taht
demussa I .weivretni siht tuoba gnihtyna llacer tonnac I .edih ot gnihton dah I taht
mih dlot I .tset a hcus ot gnittimbus ot noitcejbo yna dah I fi em deksa xocliW .rD
.citehtsena na sa desu semitemos saw ti sa gurd etarutibrab siht htiw railimaf
saw I ,esrun lacigrus deniart a sA .lahtotnep muidos sa nwonk )etontooF( 932 ,"mures
hturt" a fo ecneulfni eht rednu snoitseuq eht ot dnopser dluow I ,revewoh ,emit sihT
.tset rotceted eil eht rof derewsna I taht snoitseuq fo seires emas eht em ksa
ot detseuqer neeb dah eh taht dias eH .yenrug eht no nwod eil ot em deksa eH .emit
siht esrun ffats a yb deinapmocca saw xocliW .rD .yenrug latipsoh a yb decalper
saw ksed eht emit sihT .moor weivretni eht ot denruter I noonretfa eht ni retaL
.sPM eht yb draug rednu
llits ,sretrauq ym ot nruter ot dewolla dna enihcam hpargylop eht morf dekoohnu
saw I ,yllaniF .ruoh na naht erom rof rennam siht ni deunitnoc snoitseuq ehT
".oN"
"?nosrep elbillug a eb ot flesruoy redisnoc uoy oD"
".seY"
"?uoy ot detacinummoc neila eht gnihtyreve eveileb uoy oD"
".gnihtoN .oN"
"?su morf gnihtyna edih ot gniyrt uoy erA"
".seY"
"?esab eht ta ereh rehpargonets eht ot dlot uoy taht lanoissefnoc
hcruhc cilohtaC a ni tseirp hsirap ruoy ot seirots emas eht llet uoy dluoW"
".seY"
"?cilohtaC a uoy erA"
."eulB"
"?seye ruoy era roloc tahW"
".oN"
"?tset siht tcurtsbo ot gnitpmetta uoy erA"
641
 ".oN"
"?enoyna evieced ot gnitpmetta yllanoitnetni uoy erA"
.dias I ,"ton esruoc fo ,oN"
"?neila eht htiw dah evah ot demialc uoy noitacinummoc
eht fo yna detacirbaf ro denigami yllanoitnetninu ro yllanoitnetni uoy evaH"
.derewsna I ,"oN"
?deifislaf rehpargonets eht ot edam uoy stnemetats eht fo yna ereW"
.dias I ".lriA tpecxe enoyna htiw siht od ot elba neeb reven evah I .oN"
"?yhtapelet yb etacinummoc ot elba uoy erA"
).htrof os dna ,no os dnA(
.dias I ,"ainrofilaC ,selegnA soL"
"?nrob uoy erew erehW"
."eerht-ytnewT"
"?ega ruoy si tahW"
.dias I ,"4291 ,ht21 enuJ"
"?htrib fo etad ruoy si tahW"
.deilper I ,"llennoD'O adlitaM"
"?eman ruoy si tahW"
:snoitseuq eht tuoba rebmemer I tahw si ereH
.lriA htiw sweivretni ym tuoba noitagorretni detniop erom a otni decnavda hcihw
,nigeb ot snoitseuq suouconni fo seires a em deksa xocliW .rD dna dieR .rM htoB
.gniyl saw I ton ro rehtehw enimreted ot ,xocliW
.rD fo ecnatsissa "trepxe" eht htiw ,dieR .rM yb deterpretni dna detalerroc eb neht
dluow repap eht no shparg lellarap ehT .ksed eht no enihcam eht ediseb decalp eh
hcihw ,repap hparg gnivom no dekcart eb neht dluow sgnidaer ehT .tinu lenap llams
a hguorht dettimsnart eb dluow segnahc lacigoloisyhp lautca taht ,em ksa ot gniog
erew xocliW .rD dna eh snoitseuq eht ot esnopser ni ,taht em ot denialpxe dieR .rM
541
 .rorre namuh morf eerf noitagorretni sih ekam ot desoppus saw gniniart
sihT .noitagorretni cifitneics ni deniart ylhguoroht neeb dah eh esuaceb weivretni
eht gnirud evitcejbo yrev eb dluow eh taht denialpxe eH .sdnah ym fo secafrus dna
sregnif eht no sedortcele decalp neht eH .mra reppu ym dnuora ffuc erusserp-doolb
yranidro na sa llew sa ,tsehc ym dnuora ebut rebbur a parts ot dedeecorp dieR .rM
"!namow erem
a fo gnitnar lanoisuled eht sa dessimsid ro" ,ylraelc yrev dias eciov sih fo enot ehT
.ton ro ,ylsuoires nekat eb dluohs stpircsnart eht rehtehw ,flesmih gninaem
,"strepxe" fo noinipo eht ni ,enimreted ot snoitanimaxe lacigolohcysp dna stset fo
yrettab a ot em gnittimbus tuohtiw stpircsnart eht fo ycarucca eht tset ot yaw elbailer
rehto on saw erehT .enola drow lanosrep ym no yleritne dedneped stpircsnart eht
ni deniatnoc stnemetats eht fo ycarucca dna hturt eht taht ,etarucca erew stpircsnart
depyt eht taht tsetta dna daer ot denilced dah lriA dna ,yllacihtapelet detcudnoc neeb
dah neila eht htiw sweivretni eht fo lla ecniS .noitcetorp nwo ym rof deretsinimda
gnieb saw tset eht taht ,eciov mlac a ni ,nialpxe ot deunitnoc xocliW .rD elihw ,riahc
ym ot txen ksed eht no ecived hpargylop sih pu tes ot nageb dieR .rM ,sselehtenoN
!gnihtyna
tuoba deil reve dah I taht noitaunisni eht ta ,detlusni dna ,kcaba nekat ylsuoivbo
saw I taht deciton xocliW .rD taht ,suoivbo os saw tnemetats siht ta esirprus yM
!em no tset )etontooF( 832 rotceted eil a tcudnoc ot sreciffo roirepus ym fo tseuqer
eht ta ogacihC morf ni nwolf neeb dah dieR .rM taht em ot denialpxe xocliW .rD
)etontooF( 732 .dieR
nhoJ sa flesmih decudortni nam ehT .tius ssenisub nialp a gniraew nam rehtona
htiw rehtegot eciffo eht otni emac xocliW .rD setunim wef a retfA .deweivretni eb ot
tiaw dna nwod tis ot deksa saw I .sriahc eciffo lareves dna ksed llams a yb decalper
dna moor eht morf devomer neeb dah riahc deffutsrevo s'lriA .moor weivretni eht
ot ,sPM ruof fo draug eht rednu ,sretrauq ym morf detrocse saw I gninrom txen ehT"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 

noitagorretnI yM
neetfiF retpahC
441
 ".niaga lriA htiw noitacinummoc hsilbatse ot yrt ot retal nruter ot deksa
eb dluow I taht dna noitavresbo rednu lriA peek dluow yeht taht em dlot xocliW .rD
341
 .rotcod eht ot dias I ,"reh dellik evah tsum uoy kniht I"
!regnol yna ydob eht ni tneserp saw lriA rehtehw esnes neve t'ndluoc
I .lriA morf noitacinummoc yna esnes t'ndluoc tub setunim lareves rof deirt I
.yllacihtapelet ,lriA htiw etacinummoc ot tpmetta ot em deksa eH
.lriA htiw od ot tahw enimreted dna noitautis eht etaulave ot
emit seitirohtua yratilim eht wolla ot hguone gnol reh eudbus ot tpmetta na ni lriA ot
skcohsortcele "dlim" fo seires a deretsinimda dah eh taht em ot denialpxe xocliW .rD
.ydob lacigoloib
a evah ton did lriA ecnis sselesu eb dluow wenk I hcihw ,rotinom sngis lativ
moor latipsoh lamron a saw ecived rehto ehT .niarb eht ni ytivitca lacirtcele tceted
ot desu si hcihw )etontooF( 632 enihcam GEE na sa esrun lacigrus a sa gniniart ym
morf dezingocer I secived eseht fo enO .tsehc dna smra ,daeh s'lriA ot tnempiuqe
gnirotinom fo seceip owt detcennoc dah yehT .deb eht fo edis etisoppo eht no
doots ,srotcod osla erew demussa I ohw ,staoc bal etihw ni nem rehto lareveS .daed
ro evila saw ehs rehtehw llet ton dluoc I .deb eht no gnivomnu dna llits yltcefrep
yal lriA .lriA ot txen dnats dna yenrug eht hcaorppa ot em deksa xocliW .rD
.detsetorp I fi lriA dna em ot neppah thgim tahw fo
diarfa yrev saw I esuaceb lareneG eht ot siht tuoba gnihton dias I ,revewoH !moor
weivretni eht ni em dna lriA no "kcatta esirprus" eht htiw eerga ton did ylniatrec
I dna yrassecen tib tsael eht saw ti taht eerga ton did ylniatrec tsom I hguohtla
,did I taht dias I .yrassecen saw siht yhw dootsrednu I fi em deksa lareneG ehT
.siht tneverp ot dedeen
saw noitca evisiced taht denimreted neeb dah ti ,oS .esab eht ta emit reh gnirud
devresbo ehs tahw troper ot lriA wolla ot ytiruces lanoitan ot ksir evarg yrev a eb
dluow tI .weivretni eht ni od dluow ehs dias ehs sa ,esab reh ot nruter dna traped ton
dluoc ehs taht os "dezilibommi" neeb dah lriA .setatS detinU eht ot taerht yratilim
taerg yrev a eb ot deredisnoc erew niamoD ehT dna lriA taht em dlot lareneG ehT
.yenrug eht no deleehw neeb dah lriA
erehw moor llams a deretne ew xelpmoc eht hguorht snrut dna stsiwt lareves retfA
.sPM eht yb dewollof ,moor eht tfel eW .rotcod eht dna mih ynapmocca ot em deksa
eH .)etontooF( 532 .xocliW .rD sa em ot nam eht decudortni lareneG ehT .taoc bal
etihw eht ni rotarepo enihcam eht htiw rehtegot ,deretne gniniwT lareneG ti denepo
I nehW .sretrauq ym ot rood eht ta kconk a saw ereht ruoh na flah tuoba retfA
.rood eht edistuo
draug ta gniniamer sPM eht htiw moor ym ni dekcol saw I erehw ,sretrauq ym ot
yltcerid nekat dna sPM eht yb moor weivretni eht fo tuo detrocse yletaidemmi saw I
241
 .moor eht fo tuo ti dellor
dna ,smra dna tsehc reh ssorca nwod reh depparts ,yenrug eht otno ydob pmil s'lriA
detfil nem esehT .stnadnetta owt yb moor eht otni dellor yletaidemmi saw yenrug A
.wodniw yrellag eht ot devaw nem eht fo enO .rehto hcae ot sdrow wef a delbmum
yehT .riahc eht ni ylsseltsil depmuls won saw ohw lriA denimaxe ylfeirb yehT
.moor eht deretne staoc bal etihw gniraew nem rehto lareves setunim wef a retfA
!ti eveileb
t'ndluoc I !gnineppah saw tahw yb dexifsnart dna deifirret saw I .no gniog saw tahw
dnatsrednu t'ndid I dnA .sPM eht yb elihw eht lla nwod dleh gnieb ,riahc ym ni tas I
.semit erom lareves ssecorp emas eht detaeper
eH .erofeb sa deneffits ydob s'lriA dna niaga bonk eht denrut eh sdnoces wef
a retfA .riahc eht otni kcab depmuls ydob s'lriA dna enihcam eht no bonk a denrut
rotarepo enihcam ehT .sdnoces 02 ro 51 tuoba rof detsal sihT .redduhs dna neffits
ydob s'lriA was I tnatsni taht tA .reh desaeler lriA gnidloh erew ohw sreidlos ehT
"!raelc" drow eht detuohs eh ,ylnedduS .trac
eht no enihcam eht ot kcab denrut dna daeh s'lriA revo dnab daeh ralucric a decalp
yltfed eH .riahc s'lriA dniheb trac eht deleehw ylkciuq taoc bal eht ni nam ehT
.daeh reh morf sehcni xis naht erom ton ,reh ta yltcerid elfir
a gnitniop ,lriA fo tnorf ni yltcerid doots PM rehto ehT .ereht em dleh dna riahc ym
no nwod kcab em dehsup dna sredluohs ym debbarg sPM rehto owt ehT .rehtegot
sweivretni ruo fo yad tsrif eht ecnis no gnittis neeb dah ehs riahc deffutsrevo
eht ni nwod ylmrif reh dleh dna lriA debbarg sPM eht fo owt ,tcaer dluoc I erofeB
.ti fo ecaf eht no slaid fo tol a
htiw enihcam depahs-xob a deirrac taht trac llams a dehsup eH .meht dniheb ylesolc
dewollof taoc yrotarobal etihw a ni nam A !moor eht otni dehsur ecilop yratilim
demra ylivaeh eviF !nepo demmals moor yrellag eht morf rood eht tnemom taht tA
.riahc ym morf esir ot nageb dna tekcaj mrofinu ym fo tekcop tsaerb edisni
eht ni stpircsnart eht fo epolevne eht decalp I .snoitcurtsni rehtruf rof sroirepus
ym ksa og ot dedeen I reh dlot dna lriA deknaht I .txen od ot tahw gnirednow
etunim a rof riahc ym ni tas I .rehtie tnemucod eht ngis ot reh ecrof t'ndluoc
I dna ,cigol s'lriA htiw eugra t'ndluoc I .taht ot yas ot tahw wonk etiuq t'ndid I
"?ffats layol ,nwo sih
tsurt ton seod eh fi ,niamoD ehT fo reciffo na yb edam egap a no kram kni na tsurt
eh lliw yhW ?mih evig egap eht no erutangis ym lliw ecnedifnoc tahw ,mih ot troper
etarucca dna tsenoh na ekam ot ffats nwo sih tsurt ton seod rednammoc ruoy fI"
.gniht elpmis a hcus od
ot gnilliw t'nsaw ehs yhw ot sa desufnoc elttil a saw I .dias I ,"?ton yhw ksa I yaM"
141
 .lriA dias ,".ton lliw I ,oN"
.deksa I ,"?neht egap revoc eht ngis uoy lliW"
.tsipyt noitpircsnart eht dlot
I gnihtyreve fo sgnidrocer tcaxe erew yeht dna ,meht daer dah I taht lriA derussa I
".noitacinummoc ruo fo drocer a deyevnoc yllufhtiaf evah uoy taht rednammoc ruoy
llet nac uoY .tcerroc era snoitalsnart ehT .osla meht weiver ot em rof deen on si
ereht ,noitamitse nwo uoy ni etarucca era yeht dna meht daer evah uoy fI" :dias lriA
.ti gnitpecca
tuohtiw ,epolevne eht ta dekool dna ,em ta dekool lriA .yllacihtapelet ,yraterceS
eht morf deviecer dah I snoitcurtsni eht no dessap dna ,lriA ot stpircsnart fo
epolevne eht detneserp I .lriA morf ssorca teef 5 ro 4 gnittis ,taes lausu ym ot tnew I
.moor yrellag eht fo ssalg eht hguorht
dehctaw srehto dna )emuserp I ,osla grebdniL .rM dna( ,slareneG eht gnidulcni
,yrellag eht fo srebmem eht sa lriA ot reviled ot egap erutangis dna stpircsnart
eht fo seipoc htiw ,detcurtsni sa ,moor weivretni eht deretne I retal ruoh na tuobA
.reh yb dednema
sa ,tcerroc erew stpircsnart eht ni snoitalsnart eht fo lla taht gnitsetta ,egap-revoc eht
ngis lriA taht tseuqer ot detcerid osla saw I ,weiver reh detelpmoc lriA retfA .lriA
ot wohs ot saw I hcihw ,egap erutangis a htiw ,stpircsnart eht fo ypoc a nevig saw I
.detseuqer yraterceS eht tahw yltcaxe
did I dna sredro yebo ot tub eciohc on dah I ,esruoc fO .stpircsnart eht no etarucca
ton saw taht gnihtyna fo eton a ekam dna ,ton ro ,tcerroc erew "snoitalsnart" eht
rehtehw tpircsnart eht fo ypoc a no etirw ot reh detnaw yehT .gnitirw ni tcerroc erew
yeht taht yfirev dna ,stpircsnart eht daer lriA elihw sevlesmeht rof evresbo ot dewolla
eb dluoc yeht fi deksa yraterceS eht ,yltneulf yrev hsilgnE daer dluoc lriA ecniS
.tcerroc saw sweivretni ruo
fo noitalsnart dna gnidnatsrednu ym taht yfirev dluow lriA fi wonk ot detnaw yehT
."snoitalsnart" weivretni ym fo stpircsnart eht fo seipoc nettirw eht daer ot gnilliw
eb dluow ehs fi reh ksa ot saw I ,"ON" llits saw rewsna eht fi ,dnA .snoitseuq
rewsna dluow ehs fi niaga lriA ksa dluow I taht detsisni yeht ,siht fo etips nI
.ydaerla ssucsid ot ytrebil ta dna gnilliw
saw ehs taht gnihtyreve detacinummoc dah lriA taht detaeper I .yrellag eht ni nem
eht fo snoitnetni eht tsurt ot reh esuac dluow taht degnahc dah gnihton sa ,snoitseuq
gnirewsna tuoba dnim reh degnahc ton dah lriA taht erus yrev saw I taht meht dlot I
041
 .csid gniylf eht fo noitcurtsnoc eht dna ytiruces yratilim eht ot gnitaler snoitseuq
ni detseretni ylniam erew yeht ,esruoc fO .stpircsnart weivretni eht ni desolcsid
dah lriA taht stcejbus rehto ynam dna ,niamoD ehT ,csid gniylf eht ,lriA tuoba
sliated erom ynam revocsid ot regae yrev erew yeht taht denialpxe eH .deraperp dah
yeht snoitseuq fo tsil a rewsna ot gnilliw eb dluow neila eht thguoht I fi em deksa eH
.elbuort yna ni ton saw I taht dias eH .suovren eb ot ton em detcurtsni yraterceS ehT
!tcaf siht htiw em sserpmi ot ,trap ni ,dednetni saw gniteem taht ni nem eseht
fo ecneserp eht taht kniht I .elor ym fo edutingam eht psarg ot nageb I ,ylnedduS
.noitautis yranidroartxe eht fo sliated ni debrosba os saw I esuaceb saw siht esoppus I
.esnes larehpirep na ni tpecxe siht fo erawa yllaer ton saw I emit siht litnU .srehto fo
seye eht hguorht nees sa ,saw lriA rof "reterpretni" na sa elor ym tnatropmi yllacitirc
woh ezilaer em edam ,elttilooD lareneG dna ,hgrebdniL .rM sa elpoep suomaf dlrow
hcus morf tub ,slareneg dna yraterceS eht morf ylno ton ,noitnetta neddus siht fo llA
.ecivres ecnegilletni emos fo stnega ro sreciffo
eht ot sedia lanosrep erew nem eseht emussa I .decudortni ton erew ohw moor
eht ni tneserp nem rehto lareves erew erehT .ecroF riA .S.U eht fo ffats fo feihc eht
ot tnatlusnoc a sa ereht saw grebdniL .rM taht em ot denialpxe notgnimyS yraterceS
.eciffo eht ni osla saw )etontooF( 432 hgrebdniL selrahC esirprus ym ot hcuM
)etontooF( 332 .datsroN lareneG dna )etontooF( 232 ,grebnednaV lareneG )etontooF( 132 , elttilooD ymmiJ lareneG )etontooF( 032
,gniniwT nahtaN lareneG )etontooF( 922 ,notgnimyS yraterceS ecroF riA ymrA
:dedulcni hcihw ,nem eseht ot decudortni saw I
.nem suomaf
erew yeht esuaceb meht fo wef a dezingocer I ."yrellag eht" ni semit suoirav ta
nees dah I seiratingid lareves erew eciffo eht nI .sriahc dna elbat ecnerefnoc a htiw
degnarra neeb dah taht eciffo tfihs-ekam ,egral yrev a ni detaes eb ot deksa saw I
,devirra I nehW .nemecilop yratilim demra ylivaeh ruof yb detrocse saw I .esab eht
fo reciffO gnidnammoC eht fo eciffo eht ot yltnegru denommus saw I ,rehpargonets
eht ot lriA htiw weivretni suoiverp eht gnitnuocer dehsinif I retfa yltrohS"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
stpircsnarT weivretnI ehT sweiveR lriA
neetruoF retpahC
931
 ".elbissop sa tnasaelp
sa eb lliw ytinrete ruo fo tser eht taht ,rehtona
ot EB-SI eno sa ,erised erecnis s'lriA si ti kniht I
).adlitaM yb tnemmoc a si tnemetats gniwollof ehT :ETON S'ROTIDE(
'.os od ot ecnegilid eht dna ygolonhcet detnedecerpnu
na poleved ot emit eriuqer lliw ti tub ,elbissop si ti
nehw dna erehw ,htraE morf sEB-SI esoht eerf ot stroffe
rieht eunitnoc lliw yehT .wonk yeht sa raf sa ,esrevinu
eht ni erofeb devlos ylevitceffe ro deretnuocne
neeb reven sah melborp sihT .melborp siht gnivlos
ni tseretni na evah yeht ,osla htraE no ytivitpac ni sEBSI nwo rieht fo dnasuoht eerht sah niamoD ehT esuaceB
.sevlesmeht eerf dna srotpac rieht yb pu tes spart
cinortcele eht reuqnoc ,elcyc aisenma eht kaerb nac yeht
litnu ,reverof ereh era htraE fo sEB-SI eht ,esac yna nI
.airumeL fo syad tsrif eht ecnis ereh neeb evah srehtO
.semit rehto ni dna stenalp rehto no erehwesle devil
yeht sevil rebmemer ,revewoh ,thgim yehT .derotser saw
yromem rieht fi neve ,ereh ecnetsixe suoiverp a rebmemer
ton dluoc os ,htraE no devil gnivah fo secneirepxe
on evah yehT .htraE fo snoitazilivic reilrae eht
htiw secneirepxe lanosrep on evah yeht os ,sraey derdnuh
wef a ylno htraE no neeb evah sEB-SI emoS .srehto naht
yltnecer erom htraE ot detropsnart neeb evah sEB-SI emoS
.yretsym dna ,yresim
ni ,niap ni wena nigeb yehT .devil reve dah yeht
efil ylno eht saw efil wen eht hguoht sa ,revo lla nigeb
ot ,niaga kcab tnes si EB-SI na emitefil hcae neewteb nI
831
 .dlrow eht dnuora dna ,acirfA ,aissuR ,ecnarF ,aciremA
ni emit tneserp eht ni seidob gnitibahni era emoR
dna ,eceerG ,aimatopeseM ,anihC ,aidnI ni snoitazilivic
fo llaf dna esir eht gnirud devil ohw sEB-SI emas ehT
.revo dna revo dna revo ,sevil evitucesnoc fo seires
a evil ot eunitnoc lliw htraE no sEB-SI eht ,neht litnU
.ecar namuh eht sniamer ti sa gnol sa -- emit gnol a
rof siht htiw xob wodahs ot eunitnoc lliw ecar namuh ehT
."eripmE dlO" eht fo srellortnoc-thguoht trevoc yb meht
nevig sdnammoc eht rorrim htraE fo stnemnrevog lanimirc
eht nur ohw nem ehT ?htraE fo stnemnrevog eht nur
ot nemdam rewopme ton yhW ?sevlesmeht neewteb gnithgif
setamni eht peek ton yhW .htraE no sEB-SI fo seitivitca
nairatilatot ro evisserppo troppus dna etomorp
syawla lliw sdraug nosirp ehT .metsys nosirp lortnocdnim eht fo srotarepo eht yb ecar namuh eht nopu decrof
gnieb era stnedicni detaerc yllaicifitra fo sepyt esehT
.enola
tfel fi ,llew yltcefrep sevlesmeht eganam esiwrehto
dluoc ohw sEB-SI yortsed dna lortnoc ot naht rehto laog
on dna esoprup on htiw semag suoidisni gniyalp era yehT
.sdnim llams yrev htiw "snoobab" dlo fo puorg llams
a yb nur si noitarepo lortnoc thguoht "eripmE dlO" ehT
.'tsixe t'nac' tsuj taht snoitautis elbanialpxenu ,dliw
eseht sretne ecruos elbatcetednu dna nwonknu yletelpmoc
emos morf ,neddus a fo lla ,revewoH .snoitan
dna elpoep rof od nac yeht tseb yrev eht od yeht
,yliranidrO .sboj rieht ni erecnis etiuq erew yeht taht
tuo dnif dluow uoy snoitnetni dna snoitca rieht yfitsuj
ot yltnulb deksa dna pu doots erew srorre suortsasid
ylsuoivbo eseht rof elbisnopser erew ohw nem eht fI
?neppah siht ekil sgniht od woH
.teelf .S.U eht deyortsed kcatta esenapaJ eht
retfa sruoh owt -- yadnuS ,emit robraH lraeP MA 00:01
litnu evirra ton did robraH lraeP ot gninraw fo drow ehT
.edoced ot sruoh owt rehtona koot ti neht dna ,edocne
ot sruoh owt tuoba koot hcihw ,edoc terces pot otni tup
saw egassem gninraw a ,tnedicni eht troper ot enohpelet
yb robraH lraeP gnitcatnoc fo daetsnI .robrah eht
edistuo thgir enirambus esenapaJ llams a knas pihs yvan
.S.U a ,nageb kcatta esenapaJ eht erofeb sruoh xis tuobA
731
 .aes nepo otni trop fo tuo teg ot spihs eht redro
dna kcab noitinumma eht tup ot dna gnitrats thgif a
fo regnad eht fo meht nraw ot enohpelet yb robraH lraeP
tcatnoc ot neeb evah dluow ekat ot noitca suoivbo ehT
.robraH lraeP ffo thgir gnidnats
derevocsid erew sreirrac tfarcria esenapaJ owt hguoht
neve ,seitrap gnidnetta erew slareneg dna slarimda eht
fo lla kcatta erofeb noonretfa eht nO .woleb ti erots
dna ,senizagam rieht fo tuo noitinumma eht lla ekat
ot deredro erew spihs ehT .noitcepsni rof eruces dna
trop otni og ot robraH lraeP ni spihs eht lla deredro
ytirohtua ni enoemos ,kcatta eht erofeb syad eerht tsuJ
)etontooF( 822 .robraH
lraeP no kcatta esenapaJ eht erofeb tsuj yratilim
setatS detinU eht ni derrucco siht fo ecnatsni tnecer
yrev A .roivaheb elbacilpxeni ,neddus fo stnedicni
sa nees eb nac ecar namuh eht tsniaga snoitca eseht
fo selpmaxe suoivbo tsom ehT .ylraelc devresbo eb nac
stceffe eht ,tsixe seitivitca eseht taht swonk eno nehW
.noitarepo lortnoc thguoht rieht hguorht htraE tsniaga
nekat "eripmE dlO" eht fo snoitca trevoc eht stsixe
llits ereht ,"eripmE dlO" eht dna niamoD ehT neewteb
degaw gnieb raw ro selttab evitca on era ereht hguohtlA
.htraE
no sEB-SI eht rof erutuf on eb lliw ereht ,esiwrehtO
.tnemnosirpmi tnerruc ruoy epacse ot elbissop eb
yam ti ,edam neeb evah snoitazilaer eseht ecnO .seidob
lacigoloib ylerem era yeht taht noiton eht dnecsnart
ot redro ni sEB-SI sa era yllaer yeht ohw dna ,sEBSI era yeht taht dna ,era yeht erehw revocsid dna mrof
namuh sti evoba esir tsum ytinamuH .htraE no ecnetsixe
ruoy fo snoitidnoc tluciffid eht ot snoitulos evitceffe
dnif ot etarepooc tsum ti ,evivrus ot si ytinamuh fI
.esrevinu eht hguorht noitazilivic ruo daerps ot dnoyeb
dna yxalag siht fo retnec eht drawot ssergorp ew sa
secroF niamoD ehT fo ytivitca dna ciffart gnisaercni eb
lliw ereht sraey 000,5 txen eht revO .sraey fo snoillib
rof eludehcs no deniamer sah hcihw nalP noisnapxE niamoD
ehT fo spets txen eht htiw eunitnoc lliw ew esruoc fO
.ecaps nepo ni etarepo tonnac sneipas
omoh ecnis ,reilrae denoitnem I sa ,nrecnoc suoires
631
 a ton si sihT .yltfiws detanimret eb lliw -- ton si
yletinifed ti hcihw ,elbissop erew ti fi neve -- metsys
ralos siht ni niamoD ehT fo seitivitca eht ni erefretni
ot srehto ro snamuh yb tpmetta yna ,yas ot sseldeeN
.secroF niamoD
ehT rof snoitarepo fo esab tnenamrep a emoceb evah
tleb dioretsa eht dna htraE fo noom ehT .tseb smeed
ti sa fo esopsid ro htiw od ot ,niamoD ehT fo noissessop
eht si dna niamoD ehT yb dexenna saw yxalag eht fo
rotces sihT .deliops yltnenamrep ton era flesti tenalp
eht fo secruoser eht taht erusne ot tpecxe ,stnatibahni
sti dna htraE serongi niamoD ehT trap tsom eht roF
!su egnellahc
ot naht retteb wonk yehT .secroF niamoD ehT ot
noitisoppo tneloiv ni ro elitsoh era tfarc eseht fo enoN
.htraE no sEB-SI detnawnu gnipmud si hcihw fo tsael eht
ton ,aera siht ni snoitarepo suoirafen suoirav niatniam
ohw snoitazilivic ecaps evitca rehto ynam era erehT
.desare yltnenamrep
eb tonnac EB-SI na fo yromem eht ,yletanutroF
.emitefil hcae retfa desare ti gnivah ton fo eutriv
yb ylpmis ,derotser eb ot yromem ruoy rof elbissop
ti ekam yam secived eseht fo noitcurtsed lautneve ehT
.rovaedne
siht ot secruoser timmoc ot ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD
ehT fo noissim tnerruc eht ton si ti ,oslA .yortsed
dna etacol ,tceted ot tluciffid yrev si ecived gnippart
dna rotareneg ecrof hcae taht ecneirepxe morf wonk osla
eW .tsael ta ,yxalag eht fo dne siht revoc ot hguone
tsav si neercs ecrof "eripmE dlO" eht taht wonk od eW
.emit siht ta noitarepo siht fo
tnetxe eht dnatsrednu ton od ew sa ,ekat ekam siht gnol
woh etamitse ot elbissop ton si ti ,revewoH .yllautneve
deyortsed dna detavitcaed eb nac smsinahcem lortnocdnim "eripmE dlO" eht taht erus ma I .yxalag siht ni
noissim yramirp ruo ton si siht derevocsid era yeht reve
erehw snoitarepo "eripmE dlO" eht fo segitsev evitca
yna yortsed ot etatiseh ton lliw niamoD ehT hguohtlA
).lriA yb edam stnemetats
htiw emuser ot sraeppa tpircsnart eht ,tniop siht tA :ETON S'ROTIDE(
531
 .sreh naht tneiliser
dna elbarud ssel raf erofereht dna lacigoloib yllaitrap
erew hcihw seidob desu yehT .knar rewol fo sreciffo erew
yeht taht tcaf eht ot yliramirp eud saw seidob rieht
yb dereffus egamad ehT .noitats ecaps eht no seitud
rieht ot denruter dna seidob rieht tfel evah hsarc
eht ni degamad erew seidob esohw sreciffo roinuj ehT
.seitud
rieht fo stnemeriuqer eht ot detimil dna ,dezilaiceps
erew seidob esoht fo ytilanoitcnuf dna noitisopmoc
,serutaef ,ecnaraeppa eht ,eroferehT .knar roinuj
a fo tub ,ssalc ro knar emas eht fo ton erew ,hsarc
eht ni deyortsed erew hcihw ,snoinapmoc reh fo seidob
ehT .ssalc dna knar reh fo reenigne dna tolip ,reciffo
na rof dengised yllacificeps si lriA yb desu ydob ehT
.aingisni yratilim rehto yna htiw sa
,EB-SI laudividni hcae yb denrae snoitatic suoirotirem
dna ,drocer ecivres ,level dnammoc ,level gniniart
,ytivegnol ,ssalc ,knar eht ot gnidrocca yllacificeps
seirav reciffo EB-SI na ot dengissa noitcnuf dna epyt
ydob ehT .ainnellim ynam rof etaloivni dna deiravnu
deniamer sah hcihw niamoD ehT tuohguorht stsixe sessalc
larutluc dna cimonoce ,laicos fo yhcrareih evitcnitsid
dna digir yrev a ,ylsuoiverp denoitnem lriA sA
.tenalp epyt-htraE yna no dnuof
ton seigolonhcet tneicna dna slairetam a noitacirbaf
euqinu a tub ,lacinahcem ro lacigoloib rehtien si
ydob ehT .ti fo tecaf yna reenigne esrever ro ezylana
ot ytiliba tnerruc ruo fo gninokcer eht dnoyeb yltsav
tey ,elpmis si ydob eht fo ygolonhcet ehT .revewoh
,lufesu dnif lliw stsitneics htraE taht ydob eht
ni ygolonhcet yna si ereht taht dnemmocer ton seod lriA
.esu reh rof elbaliava ylidaer
era srehto sa ti ot stnemhcatta ro sgnileef lanosrep yna
evah ehs seod ron ,ti rof esu rehtruf yna evah ton seod
ehS .erusiel ruo ta ydob eht yduts dna tcessid ,enimaxe
nac eW .riaper dnoyeb degamad si tfarc reh sa ,su
htiw "llod" reh evael lliw lriA taht si snaem siht tahW
).lriA
htiw weivretni reh gnidrager rehpargonets eht ot adlitaM yb edam stnemmoc
lanosrep eb ot raeppa shpargarap lareves gniwollof ehT :ETON S'ROTIDE(
431
 '.sruoh
42 txen eht nihtiw htraE morf ,EB-SI na sa ,traped
lliw I ,eroferehT .secroF niamoD ehT fo reenigne
dna tolip ,reciffo na sa seitud ym fo stniartsnoc
dna stnemeriuqer eht nevig ,reffo ot elba yllacihte
leef I sa pleh hcum sa dedivorp evah I .won "noitats
ecaps" eht no seitud dengissa ym ot nruter tsum I
.lufesu dnif yam uoy taht noitamrofni emos uoy evig
nac I ,revewoH .niamoD ehT fo seitivitca dna snalp eht
tuoba stnemetats lareneg ,tsedaorb eht tub yna gnilaever
morf em tneverp locotorp dna ytiruceS .emit siht
ta uoy htiw stcejbus ynam gnissucsid morf em stneverp
noitazilivic fo tser eht morf htraE fo noitalosi ehT
.erawa ton era
ew hcihw fo secrof tsniaga sevlesruo dnefed tonnac ew
,revewoH .snoissessop sti dna niamoD ehT fo doog retaerg
eht tcetorp ot ytud ym si ti niamoD ehT fo reenigne
dna tolip ,reciffo na sA )etontooF( 722 .ycneidepxe cimonoce
ro suoigiler ,lacitilop fo ratla eht no decifircas
eb ton dluohs hturt eht taht feileb lanosrep ym si tI' "
noisseS ts1 ,7491 .7 .13 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
".weivretni siht ni dias lriA tahw fo snoitacilpmi yratilim
elbissop eht tuoba demrala yrev emaceb sreciffo roirepus yM .elbissop sa yllufhtiaf
sa noitacinummoc tcaxe s'lriA deyaler I .osla flesti rof skaeps tpircsnart siht kniht I"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
erutuF ehT nI nosseL A
neetrihT retpahC
331
.EB-SI yreve rof tnempartne fo
ecruos eht si enola tcaf sihT .sdog era -- ylevitcelloc
dna yllaudividni -- sevlesmeht ,yeht taht tcaf eht
rof ytilibisnopser lanosrep semussa reve gnieb namuh oN
.fleseno
reveN .dog ro EB-SI rehtona ot dengissa si noitca
yreve rof ytilibisnopser eht ,oS .sesrevinu etaerc
nac dog a ylno taht thguat era uoY .elbisnopser
ton era sgnieb namuh taht dna ,elbisnopser era sdog eht
taht si nopu deerga dna thguat adnagaporp eht ,htraE nO
.detaerc eb nac ro stsixe esrevinu rehto on taht dna
,laer si esrevinu eritne eht :noisulli on si ereht taht
231
 noisulli eht etaerC ?fles a si ereht tegrof neve dna
,"edistuo" ro "edisni" na si ereht tegrof dna ,egac a ro
yek a si ereht tegrof dna ,yek eht yawa worht ,egac eht
edisni fles nwo s'eno kcol ,egac a etaerc eno seod woH
.gnisived nwo rieht fo ezam a edisni devalsne
dna deppartne emoceb sEB-SI ,gniod os nI ."gnidneterp"
tsuj era uoy taht nettogrof evah uoY .detaerc era semag
woh si sihT .meht "kees" ot ffo og nac uoy os ,gnidih
era sreyalp rehto eht erehw wonk ot TON dneterp uoY
?gnidih
si nosrep rehto eht erehw wonk syawla uoy fi "kees dna
edih" fo emag a yalp uoy nac woH .wonk ot TON dneterp
yehT ?dog a gnieb pots dog a seod woh ,oS .etinifni
,lufrewop-lla ,gniwonk-lla :dog a sa si EB-SI na
ebircsed ot evah sgnieb namuh taht tpecnoc tsesolc ehT
.EB-SI laudividni hcae fo noinipo eht no desab
lla era saedi esehT .lufituaeb ro ylgu ,gnorw ro thgir
,dab ro doog si tahw rof dradnats tnerehni on si ereht
EB-SI na roF .ecneirepxe ot tnaw ton od sevlesmeht
yeht hcihw sEB-SI rehto ot sgniht gniod yojne ton
seod EB-SI na ,eroferehT .doog yllacisab si EB-SI yrevE
.deyortsed reve era srac eht fo enon
dna gninnur spots reven taht enil ylbmessa elibomotua na
ekil si tI .etinifni ylraen si tI .ti otni ygrene wen
erom gnidda peek sEB-SI sa gnol sa gnidnapxe peek lliw
esrevinu eht ,oS .deyortsed ton tub ,detaerc eb nac
ygrene taht si esrevinu lacisyhp eht fo selur eht fo enO
.esrevinu lacisyhp eht ni sa llew sa ,esrevinu a hcus ni
stsixe niamoD ehT .sesrevinu rehto ni tsixe ton yam ro
yam ,esrevinu lacisyhp eht fo smret ni denifed sa ,ecaps
dna stcejbo ,ygrene ,emiT .ti detaerc ohw sEB-SI erom
ro eno yb deyortsed ro devreserp ,deretla ,denigami sa
,selur fo tes euqinu ,nwo sti gnisu detaerc si esrevinu
hcaE )etontooF( 622 .muunitnoc nwo sti nihtiw yltnerrucnoc
gnitsixe hcae ,meht eviecrep dna dliub ,enigami
ot sEB-SI era ereht sa sesrevinu ynam sa era erehT
.tsixe sgniht eseht
taht tnemeerga lautum yb deniatsus dna sEB-SI yb detaerc
neeb evah taht stneve dna ,secalp ,smrof efil gnidulcni
,esrevinu siht fo anemonehp lacisyhp dna ,stenalp
,snus ,seixalag ,ecaps eht fo lla ,noihsaf siht nI
131
 .moderob
fo melborp eht sevlos emag a gniyalp ,yletamitlU
.slaog dna stnenoppo ro/dna sreirrab ,smodeerf ,snwonknu
:emag a gniyalp rof yrassecen snoitidnoc eht etaerc
ot yaw a si ,lla esuac dna lla ees ,lla wonk ton seod
eno taht gnidneterP .emag a yalp ot tsuj ,snoitidnoc
elbarisednu dna yrassecennu fo rennam lla dna ,noitavirp
,ytidiputs ,gnireffus ,niap erudne lliw yehT .emag
on naht retteb si emag yna taht kniht sEB-SI .yalp
ot emag a evah ot redro ni ytiliba rieht hsinimid sEB-SI
.esrevinu
a fo noitaerc-oc eht ni derahs sEB-SI ynam taht tnetxe
na ot egrem ro delgnimmoc emoceb ro edilloc semitemos
,etaerc yeht sesrevinu eht dna ,sEB-SI fo noitarefilorp
A .sEB-SI erom ro owt yb snoisulli fo noitaerc
evitaroballoc a si esrevinu a semitemoS .EB-SI eht fo
"emoh" eht erew esehT .secaps yranoisulli ,laudividni
fo noitaerc eht htiw nageb esrevinu siht fo snigiro ehT
.snoisulli derimdanu fo edam si esrevinu
lacisyhp eritne eht taht yas dluoc enO .noitarimda
teg ot tpmetta na ni noisulli eht gnitaerc peek lliw
EB-SI eht ,gnimochtrof ton si noitarimda derised eht
fI .elbarised yrev si srehto yb snoisulli nwo s'eno fo
noitarimda taht si sEB-SI fo rotanimoned nommoc rehtonA
.won gnitsalreve na ni tsixe ylpmis yehT .EBSI na rof "dne" ro "gninnigeb" elbarusaem on si erehT
.emit esrevinu lacisyhp fo smret ni etinifni ylraen
,elbarusaemmi si sEB-SI fo kcart emit kcab eritne ehT
?derob teg uoy dluoW
?noitseuq yreve ot rewsna eht dna emag yreve fo emoctuo
eht wenk syawla uoy fi tahW ?esle gnihtyna od t'ndluoc
uoy fi tahW ?lliw ta ,neppah ot gnihtyna esuac dna
,gnihtyreve eviecrep ,gnihtyna enigami dluoc uoy fi tahW
.derob ylisae si ,sEB-SI rehto
yb detaerc gnieb snoisulli dna snoitnetni detapicitnanu
dna ,amard ,noitom elbatciderpnu eht dna ,sEB-SI rehto
htiw noitcaretni tuohtiw ,ylno tirips A .moderob diova
ot erised eht eb ot smees sEB-SI fo rotanimoned nommoc A
.ti niatsus ot redro ni noisulli eht fo liated
yreve ot noitnetta tnassecni seriuqer noisulli na fo
031
 noitaerc launitnoC .sraeppasid ti ,detaerc yllaunitnoc
ton fI .detaerc yllaunitnoc eb tsum noisulli
na taht si noisulli na gnitaerc fo egatnavdasid ehT
.sEB-SI rehto ro rehtona
ro sevlesmeht yb detaerc noisulli fo rennam rehto yna ro
,tcejbo na era ,sevlesmeht ,yeht taht dna ,emit ro ecaps
ni detacol era yeht taht eerga ot ediced nac EB-SI nA
.efil
dellac si EB-SI na yb detamina si taht mrof ynA .smrof
etamina dna ,smrof fo noitom eht esuac ,smrof suoirav
otni selcitrap epahs dna ,ygrene etaerc ,ecaps ni
selcitrap ecalp ,ecaps etaerc nac tub ,emit ro ecaps ni
detacol ton era sEB-SI .noisulli dna ygrene fo ecruos
a era yehT .seititne esrevinu lacisyhp ton era sEB-SI
.sEB-SI rehto yb detaerc stcejbo dna ecaps eht
eviecrep nac EB-SI nA .ecaps llac ew tahw si noitacol
denigami eht dna sevlesmeht neewteb ecnatsid gninevretni
ehT .noitacol a gninigami yb ecaps etaerc sEB-SI
.ytitne gniwonk-lla ,lufrewop-lla ,lanrete
na era ,gnieb fo etats derettefnu ,lanigiro rieht ni
,ylevitcelloc dna yllaudividni ,eno hcaE .snoisulli fo
srotaerc dna ecruos eht era ,ecneinevnoc fo ekas eht rof
,"sEB-SI" sa ot refer I hcihw ,sgnieB lautiripS latrommI
noisseS ts1 ,7491 .7 .03 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
".yrotanalpxe-fles hcum ytterp si tpircsnart gniwollof eht kniht I"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
ytilatrommI nI nosseL A
evlewT retpahC
921
".devres eb lliw niamoD ehT fo doog retaerg
eht taht epoh eht ni uoy ot sliated eseht gnidivorp ma I
.secruoser
eseht htiw ygolonhcet lufesu poleved lliw ohw htraE
no sreenigne tnetepmoc ynam era ereht taht tnedifnoc
ma I ,revewoH .desolcsid tsuj evah I tahw naht
rehto ,yaw yna ni tfarc eht fo noitcurtsnoc ro noitarepo
deliated eht yevnoc ro ssucsid ot ytrebil ta ton ma I
,secroF niamoD ehT fo reenigne dna tolip ,reciffo na sA
821
 )etontooF( 522 .ygrene fo mrof
a sa sevaw ro selcitrap thgil gnilennahc dna gniyfilpma
,gnitaerc rof smsinahcem dnif osla lliw uoY )4
.snoitacilppa fo sdnasuoht ro sderdnuh
evah dna emit siht ta htraE no yna ot roirepus raf
era )etontooF( 422 tfarc eht fo roiretni eht fo scirbaf ehT )3
)etontooF( 322 .noisiv dna noitceted murtceps thgil-artlu
dna thgil-bus ,thgil rof desu si gniriw emas ehT )2
.noitagivan citamotua dna ,noitcnuf retupmoc ,egarots
noitamrofni ,snoitacinummoc sa sgniht hcus lortnoc
taht tfarc eht fo sllaw eht nihtiw )etontooF( 222 srebif
ro gniriw cipocsorcim fo tnemtrossa na si erehT )1
:stnenopmoc lufesu niatnoc taht tfarc
ym ni deidobme smetsys cificeps eht era gniwollof ehT
.tfarc ym ni ygolonhcet
lativ rehto revocsider osla lliw yeht ,noitazilivic
ruoy fo sloot rehto dna ,scitoibitna ,tfarcria
,noitaregirfer ,noitomocol maets dna noitsubmoc lanretni
,srotareneg cirtcele etaercer ot woh "rebmemer" ot elba
neeb evah htraE no stsicisyhp dna stsitneics eht fo emos
sa tsuJ .stnenopmoc tfarc eht enimaxe yeht nehw deggoj
ygolonhcet siht fo yromem rieht evah lliw ,esrevinu
eht fo yrotsih eht ni sdnim tnaillirb tsom eht gnoma
era mohw fo emos ,stsitneics htraE laudividni niatreC
.esoprup siht rof detaerc
yllacificeps ydob laicifitra na fo esu eht seriuqer
ti esuaceb esitrepxe siht fo elbapacni era htraE
no sEB-SI .tfarc a hcus etalupinam ot ecnegilletni dna
gniniart ,enilpicsid ,noitilov ygrene fo redro hgih yrev
a ssessop tsum tfarc eht fo tolip ehT )etontooF( 122 .tfarc
eht fo "krowten laruen" eht ot denutta yllacificeps
neeb sah htgnelevaw lanosrep nwo esohw EB-SI na
seriuqer hcihw metsys noitagivan eht fo eurt osla si tI
.poleved ot sraey fo snoillib
koot slatem eseht ecudorp ot deriuqer ssecorp gninifer
eht ,htraE no tsixe ton slatem eseht od ylno toN .tfarc
eht tcurtsnoc ot desu slatem eht fo eurt yllaicepse
si sihT .meht etacilper ot deriuqer secruoser
larutan eht evah ton seod htraE sa detacilpud eb tonnac
serutaef rehtO .elbarehpicedni eb lliw serutaef emoS
721
 .stnenopmoc eseht etacilper
ot deriuqer slairetam war eht sah htraE taht tnetxe
eht ot ygolonhcet eht fo emos )etontooF( 022 reenigne esrever
ot elba eb lliw yeht ,yduts rof stsitneics suoirav
ot tfarc siht fo seceip etubirtsid uoy fI .htraE
no tsixe tey ton seod taht ygolonhcet fo tnemtrossa ediw
a sniatnoc tfarc ecaps ym taht ,noitanimaxe hguoroht
dna luferac yrev no ,revocsid lliw uoy ,dne siht oT
.erehpsomta
dna erehpsordyh ,erehpsoib labolg eht fo serutcurtsarfni
eht niatsus lliw taht seigolonhcet fo tnempoleved
eht gnitarelecca sa llew sa ,noitcurtsed gnitneverp
ni detseretni era eW .ereh lennosrep nwo sti naht rehto
,htraE fo noitalupop namuh eht ni tseretni ralucitrap
on sah ti ,tenalp lufesu a sa htraE gniniatniam
ni tseretni mret gnol a sah niamoD ehT hguohtlA
.aisenma morf EB-SI eht fo dnim eht eerf ot dna ,ydob
eht morf EB-SI eht eerf ot seuqinhcet fo tnempoleved
dna hcraeser rof emit hguone wolla ot ytilibats
laicos sa llew sa ,ygolonhcet decnavda erom hcum deen
lliw uoy htraE no melborp aisenma eht evlos ot redro
nI .sevlesmeht pleh ot sEB-SI rehto pleh ot si noitnetni
yM .htraE no ssergorp nairatinamuh dna cifitneics
ecnavda ot stroffe ruoy ni uoy tsissa ot ,sredro
noissim ym fo trap a ton si hguohtla ,noitnetni ym si tI
)etontooF( 912 .alseT alociN ,rotnevni
scinortcele eht sa htraE no nwonk saw ,seitud laiciffo
sih ot dnetta ot gniunitnoc elihw ,yltnecer siht did ohw
reciffo enO .yllufsseccus esab ot nruter dna ,noissim
a hcus hsilpmocca ot EB-SI elba yrev a seriuqer tI
.gnikatrednu suorutnevda dna suoregnad yrev a si sihT
.emit emas eht ta seidob rehto lortnoc
dna tibahni yeht elihw ytud no niamer nac reciffo
na sesac emos nI .htraE no ydob lacigoloib a revo ekat
ro emussa ,EB-SI na sa ,dna noitats ecaps eht ta "llod"
rieht evael sreciffo esehT .emit ytud ffo rieht gnirud
htraE ot ygolonhcet edivorp ot sevlesmeht nopu ti nekat
evah ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo sreciffo wef A
.reffo ot noitulos on sah niamoD ehT ,yletanutrofnu
,raf oS .melborp siht gnivlos no dekrow reve sah eno on
621
 ,eroferehT .dedeen neeb ton sah aisenma htiw EB-SI na
gnitatilibaher fo ytissecen eht ,yltnecer litnU .niamoD
ehT yb depoleved neeb reve ygolonhcet hcus sah rehtieN
.htraE no noitidnoc tnerruc ruoy ot uoy thguorb
taht "noitulos" eht ot detroser evah ton dluow yeht
,esiwrehtO ."eripmE dlO" eht ni deviecnoc neeb reven
sah ygolonhcet ro ,ecneics ,tra na hcuS .flesruoy fo
ecnesse eht revocer ot ;ainellirt eht hguorht deurcca
evah uoy slliks fo yromem eht revocer ot ytiliba eht
no sdneped ti no gnieb yreve dna htraE fo lavivrus ehT
!sdnammoc citonpyh dna kcohs cirtcele
fo esu eht hguorht ton ylniatrec dnA .yteicos evals
a fo amgod rehto yna ro snug ,sgurd ,htiaf ,yretsym
hguorht sgnieb fo lortnoc eht hguorht ro ,roivaheb no
noitaluger larom gnicrofne hguorht devlos ton si eussi
sihT .noitanimreted-fles dna noitazilaer-fles niager
dna yromem rieht revocer ot sEB-SI rehto elbane lliw
ohw sEB-SI esoht era noitazilivic fo sesuineg eurt ehT
.raef dna ,ssol dna
,niap dna ,seil fo edam era swodahs ehT .dnim ruoy ni
swodahs fo edam si nosirp ehT .denosirpmi uoy peek ohw
sretsam evals eht yromem nwo ruoy ni ees lliw uoy taht
raef yehT .luos nwo ruoy ta gnikool morf uoy tneverp ot
si metsys nosirp "eripmE dlO" eht fo tseretni detsev ehT
.noititsrepus
fo retawkaerb eht dnoyeb erutnev ot erad uoy
fi evila uoy tae lliw taht sretsnom hsiluohg ,emoseurg
htiw dellif era tirips dna dnim eht fo snaeco eht taht
decnivnoc neeb evah uoy ,htraE nO .ecrof gnitnelernu
,sselefil dna ecaps etanoissapsid ,krad fo ssyba na
otni dne eht ffo llaf uoy ,ecneics yb deviecnoc esrevinu
a fo egde eht ot lias uoy nehW .elituf si ,noitaerc fo
ecruos eht ,EB-SI eht gniwonk tuohtiw noitaerc fo ydutS

.elohw evitcaretni na sa nonemonehp
lla fo noitavresbo tneverp yehT .llec nosirp a fo srab
eht era semertxe owt esehT .gnihton si noitaerc eht dna
,lla si rotaerc eht syas noigileR .gnihton si rotaerc
eht dna ,lla si noitaerc taht si ecneics fo mgidarap ehT
.rettam spihsrow tI .rettam fo noigiler eht si ecneicS
.esrevinu lacisyhp eht ni elbarusaem ton si taht
gnihtyna setanimile hcihw ecneics yb detibihorp neeb
521
 evah dnim eht dna tirips eht fo yduts eht ,ylesrevnoC
.nem fo sdnim eht ni llitsni yeht snoititsrepus
suoigiler hguorht noitarepo lortnoc thguoht
eht yb deppart-yboob neeb sah tirips eht fo ydutS
.thgin gninepo fo tnemeticxe cirtcele
eht ro ,recnad a fo ecarg eht ro ,noisiv s'rehpargoerohc
eht si eohs tellab a no ecal eht taht ,rO .savnac
nwo sih no tniap fo kceps a si tsitra na taht gniviecnoc
sa drusba sa si EB-SI na fo erutan eht gnidnatsrednu
tuohtiw esrevinu eht dnatsrednu nac eno taht noiton ehT
?thgil fo murtceps eht esirpmoc taht stneidarg etinifni
ylraen eht ees ot srehto hcaet nam dnilb a nac woH
.gnieB lautiripS latrommI
na -- uoy nihtiw dnuof eb nac dog a fo ytiliba dna
ecrof evitaerc eht tuoba wonk reve lliw uoy gnihtyrevE
.srepilac dna sretem htiw revol denodnaba na
yb tlef niap eht ro rewolf a fo emufrep eht dneherpmoc
tonnac enO .esrevinu lacisyhp eht fo tnemerusaem rehto
yna yb ro epocselet ro epocsorcim a fo snel eht hguorht
dnuof eb tonnac ecnetsixe dna noitaerc fo ecnesse ehT
.ecnetsixe fo ecneirepxe tsap etinifni ylraen
eht fo yromem yna edulcni ton ot ecneics fo "stcaf" ehT
.noitaerc fo stcudorpyb ro ,tluser eht ylno edulcni yehT
.noitaerc fo ecruos eht edulcni ton od ecneics htraE
fo "stcaf" ehT .dnilb si eh taht sezilaer eh litnu
ees ot nrael ton nac tsitneics a ,nam dnilb eht ekiL
.tcaf ti llac dna ,ees yeht taht esoppus ylno yeht tub
,evresbo ot dneterp stsitneicS .noivilbo dna tnempartne
si eseht fo htob fo tluser ten ehT .namahs gninrubesnecni na fo snoitatnacni detnahc eht tsurt dluow
uoy naht erom yna noitaerc fo secrof latnemadnuf eht
retsam ot secneics lacisyhp fo amgod eht no yler ton oD
.noivilbo dna noitcurtsedfles ,nwo sti fo yad eht litnu denosirpmi niamer
lliw ytinamuh ,derongi si "fles" lautirips ,lufrewop
,latrommi eht fo ssenerawa sa gnol sA .sesrevinu
fo trap tnenopmoc rehto yna ro ,emit dna rettam
,ygrene ,ecaps etaerc ot ytiliba etanni rieht revocer
ot elba eb ton lliw tenalp siht no sEB-SI taht erusne ot
"eripmE dlO" eht yb sgnieb namuh ni dellitsni yllufecrof
dna ylluferac yrev neeb sah ecnarongi siht yletanutrofnU
421
 .efil dna noitaerc
fo lla setingi taht kraps lautirips eht fo ecnatropmi
evitaler eht setaulaved ro stimo ti taht eerged
eht ot evitcurtsed ro evitceffeni ylevitaler niamer
lliw ecneics yrevE .sesrevinu lla dna esrevinu lacisyhp
eht etaerc yllaunitnoc ohw sEB-SI eht fo krow evitcelloc
dna EB-SI laudividni na yb detanigiro kraps evitaerc
eht erongi ylrettu sgnieb hcuS .ecneics a ton si
ecaps hguorht gnivom stcejbo dna ygrene fo ylno desopmoc
si ecnetsixe taht )etontooF( 812 mgidarap eht no desab ylelos
si taht "ecneics" dellac-os ynA .ytinamuh fo erutuf eht
ro htraE evas ot stsitneics ot kool ton od ,eroferehT
.smelborp eseht desserdda
reven evah ,suineg lacinahcem ro lacitamehtam fo etips
ni ,htraE fo sdnim cifitneics tsetaerg ehT .smelborp
nairatinamuh dna laicos era ,ygolonhcet yb deyortsed
eb ton lliw htraE taht erusne ot redro ni devlos
eb tsum taht smelborp latnemadnuf tsom eht ,eroferehT
)etontooF( 712 !noisolpxe
elgnis a ni erehpsomta labolg eht ni negyxo eht fo
lla emusnoc dluoc snopaew regraL .seititnauq tneiciffus
ni deyolped fi ,efil fo lla yortsed ot laitnetop
eht evah htraE no sraey owt tsap eht ni desu dna
detset erew taht snoisolpxe llams ylevitaler eht nevE
.reverof ,htraE no smrof efil lla hsiugnitxe
ot laitnetop eht evah esehT .soahc laicos dna sesaesid
,slacimehc ,sbmob raelcun sa hcus snopaew detimilnu
etaerc ohw stsicisyhp elbisnopserri dna sregnomraw ,snaicitilop ,yllacificepS .noitalupop htraE
eht fo stnemele lanimirc eht yb desimorpmoc ylereves
si tenalp siht ot delixe neeb evah ohw sEB-SI eht fo
laitnetop evitnevni eht ,eton yranoituac a no ,revewoH
.melborp aisenma eht evlos
ot htraE no sEB-SI eht fo suineg detartnecnoc eht ylppa
nac dniknamuh taht eerged eht ot ylno tub ,ecnednepedni
dna ymonotua niager ot laitnetop eht evah yam htraE
,sraey 005 txen eht gniruD .metsys ralos eht ni teelf
ecaps "eripmE dlO" eht fo noitcurtsed eht htiw DA 052,1
ni nageb htraE no noitnevni fo )etontooF( 612 ecnassianer A
.niamoD ehT yb dehsinimid
neeb sah dniknaM fo sriaffa eht revo dna dnim eht revo
"eripmE dlO" eht fo ecneulfni eht :elpmis si rewsna
321
 ehT ?yhW .sraey 000,2 suoiverp eht ni naht sraey
001 tsap eht ni ygolonhcet erom depoleved sah dniknamuH
.wonk tsuj yehT .wonk yeht
woh wonk ton yam yehT .yawa raf stenalp no ro ,dlotnu
semit ni draobyek a fo tnorf ni tneps sevil fo sdnasuoht
morf denrael ydaerla evah yeht tahw rebmemer ylpmis
ton did yeht fi ,elbissopmI ?gniniart lamrof tuohtiw
,ega fo sraey eerht ta onaip a no sotrecnoc syalp ohw
EB-SI nA ?ygidorp dlihc eht dnatsrednu eno nac esle woH
.uoy fo ecnesse eht llits era uoY .wonk uoy tahw
dna era ruoy taht wonk llits uoy ,nwod peed ,dnA .eb
syawla lliw dna era uoy ohw era uoy ,secnatsmucric eseht
lla fo etips ni ;emitefil hcae niaga revo lla gnihtyreve
nrael tsum uoy ;yromem ruoy tuo epiw ot stnemtaert
kcohs cirtcele gnimlehwrevo nevig neeb evah uoy
;rats a dnuora tenalp ruoy fo snoitator trohs 56 ylno
rof evil uoy ;hself fo edam ydob eligarf a ot denifnoc
won era uoy hguoht nevE .esrevinu siht fo noitaerc
eht ni detapicitrap evah ,htraE no EB-SI yreve dna ,uoY
.EB-SI na yb pu thguoht aedi
na morf emac osla esehT .secaps llams yllamisetinifni
hguorht etagivan dna ,esnes ot ytitne laiborcim a elbane
ot detanidrooc dna devirtnoc erew sllec laudividni
,tseinit eht nevE .thguoht a fo ssengnihton eht morf
detaerc saw ,seixalag ynam fo ezis eht duolc citnalegam
a ro nus a fo ezis eht ot ,elcitrap cimotabus tseinit
eht fo ezis eht morf ,ecaps ni tsud fo kceps yrevE
.ecaps ni noitacol
ro ezis ro thgiew on htiw thguoht a -- aedi na morf
detaerc gnihtyrevE .EB-SI na yb ecnetsixe otni thguorb
dna denigami neeb sah esrevinu eht fo elcitrap elgnis
yrevE .msocorcam eht dna msocorcim eht -- esrevinu
lacisyhp eht fo cirbaf yrev eht detaerc snoitnevni
ro snoisulli EB-SI fo noitcaretni eht ,yllanigirO
.gninigami dnoyeb dna -- elbanigami yduts
fo dleif yreve ylraen ni nopu devorpmi dna ,denifer
,detalumucca neeb sah egdelwonK .ssergorp detpurretninu
ylevitaler htiw sraey fo snoillirt rof detsixe
sah taht noitazilivic eno si niamoD ehT ,yllaitnessE
?sraey fo snoillirt ro snoillib rof -- emit emas eht ta
dna ecalp emas eht ni -- etaerc ot eunitnoc ot dewolla
221
 erew eseht ekil sgnieB lautiripS latrommI fi deniatta
eb dluoc noitazilivic dna ygolonhcet fo level tahW
?reverof
krow dna nrael ot deunitnoc yeht fi tahW ?wenk yeht
gnihtyreve tegrof ot edam dna aisenma nevig reven erew
yeht fi tahW ?deid reven eseht ekil nem fi depoleved
neeb evah thgim stnemhsilpmocca lacinhcet tahw egamI
?yadot gnivil erew srotnevni dna sesuineg ralimis
fo sdnasuoht ynam dna )etontooF( 512,kcihtiverT drahciR
dna )etontooF( 412 ,klaS sanoJ ,alseT alociN )etontooF( 312 ,revraC
notgnihsaW egroeG ,nilknarF nimajneB ,notweN caasI
riS ,)etontooF( 212 grebnetuG sennahoJ ekil elpoep fi htraE no
edam neeb evah dluoc ssergorp hcum woh enigami uoy naC
:egdelwonk cifitneics tuoba ygolana
na htiw nageb ehS .elbissop sa ylesolc sa dias ehs
tahw taeper nac I os ,flesym dnimer ot seton wef a koot
I .sgniht lacinhcet yrev emos tuoba em dlot lriA yadoT"
noisseS ts1 ,7491 .7 .92 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
."gnihtyreve syas tI .ti
ot dda nac I erom gnihton si erehT .mitabrev si weivretni siht fo tpircsnart ehT"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM(
ecneicS nI nosseL A
nevelE retpahC
121
".siseneG ni feileb suoigiler ym noitnem ot ton ,neht
ecnis yaw emas eht rewolf ro gub a ta dekool reven evah I :erus yrev si gniht enO
.htrof os dna ,semosomorhc ,seneg ,yregrus citsalp ,stnalpsnart
nagro ,seibab ebut tset ,gninolc ,sessapyb traeH .htraE no ereh thgir tuoba em
dlot lriA taht ygolonhcet gnireenigne lacigoloib eht fo emos poleved ot nugeb evah
srotcod htraE ,noitamrofni siht em evag lriA ecnis sraey 06 eht revo ,tcepsorter nI
!ti fo drow elgnis a deveileb
evah ton dluow I ,em morf ssorca yltcerid gnittis toof dna dnah hcae no sregnif
eerht dna ,"niks" yarg htiw ,neila llat hcni 04 a neeb ton dah ereht fI ?dehctef-raf
ylbidercni os gnihtemos em llet ehs dluow yhW ?thgin eht gnirud seirots ysatnaf dna
skoob noitcif ecneics gnidaer neeb lriA daH .dnim ym ni siht lla hguorht delddum
I elihw esuap tnelis ,gnol a saw ereht ,"yrots" siht em gnillet dehsinif lriA nehW"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
"!sraey noillirt ruof-ytneves fo esruoc eht gnirud
smetsys yratenalp dairym eht fo lla rof "smossolB &
021
 sguB" sa hcus seinapmoc fo snoillim eht yb derutcafunam
neeb evah seidob fo sepyt dna serutaerc tnereffid
ynam woh enigami nac uoY .hcaeb eht no sdnas fo sniarg
era ereht sa smrof efil fo seiteirav ynam sa era erehT
.egaugnal hsilgnE eht ni
erutalcnemon lacimonortsa fo snoitatimil emertxe eht ot
eud yletarucca etalsnart ot tluciffid era snoitangised
reporp ehT ."rats 21 epyT" ro nus noitaidarwol ,ezis-muidem ,wolley ,elgnis a ot ytimixorp
ni ,smrof-efil lacigoloib htiw )etontooF( 112 ,tenalp
erehpsomta negyxo/negortin ,ytivarg yvaeh a si tahT
."tenalp 7 ssalC ,21 epyT nuS" a sa ,ylhguor ,deifitnedi
si htraE ,elpmaxe roF .esrevinu eht tuohguorht
dradnats ylriaf era hcihw noitacifissalc fo stneidarg
otni llaf stenalp dna srats eseht ,egareva eht nO
.tenalp eht fo stnenopmoc cirehpsomta
eht sa llew sa ,lacigoloeg eht ,rats eht morf
ecnatsid eht ,sevlover tenalp eht hcihw dnuora rats eht
fo ezis dna epyt eht yb ylegral denimretederp era sepyt
ydoB .tibahni yeht tenalp eht fo snoitidnoc citamilc
dna ,erehpsomta ,ytivarg eht ot gnidrocca yrav seidob
eseht fo tatibah dna noitarepo ,ecnaraeppa ,erutcurts
ehT .ydob hself fo mrof emos tibahni esrevinu siht
fo seixalag eht tuohguorht sEB-SI fo ytirojam tsav ehT
.niamoD ehT sa
llew sa ,"eripmE dlO" eht tuohguorht desu si ssalc hcae
fo lobmys a sa seidob gnisU .metsys ssalc ro yhcrareih
dedraug ylluferac dna tsav eht ni detluser ygrene etaerc
ot ytiliba dna modeerf lanoitarepo fo etats lanosrep
a niatniam ot sEB-SI fo ytiliba gnildniwd eht yletamitlU
.yadot seunitnoc dna ,sraey fo snoillirt revo
dessergorp tnemevalsne gnitluser ehT .srehto fo sevals
ekam ot noitautis siht fo egatnavda koot ohw sEB-SI
emos rof esirpretne elbatiforp a emaceb siht esruoc fO
.seidob ni deppart yltnenamrep
gnimoceb sEB-SI fo rebmun egral a ni detluser yllautneve
serutnevdasim ralimis htiw denibmoc ,yrekcirt fo dnik
siht fo yrotsih suorehcaert dna gnol yrev A .ydob eht
erujni ot ton sa os rewop nwo rieht eziminim ro wardhtiw
dluow EB-SI eht ,gniod os nI .meht htiw "luferac"
eb ot nageb yeht ydob a deretnuocne yeht emit txen
ehT .ydob eligarf siht derujni gnivah tuoba lufesromer
911
 saw EB-SI ehT .ti gnitcatnoc nehw ydob a derujni
yllatnedicca ,ygrene etaerc ot rewop larutan rieht
gnisu ,EB-SI nA .eligarf yrev yllautca erew tub ,ydruts
deraeppa taht seidob gnikam yb yliramirp enod saw sihT
.niaga
evael ot elbanu erew yeht os ydob a edisni deppart
teg ot sEB-SI esuac ot decudortni erew skcirt niatrec
,seidob eseht htiw dnuora yalp ot deunitnoc sEB-SI
sA .seidob ot sEB-SI fo pihsnoitaler eht ni "noituloveed" gniunitnoc a neeb sah ereht emit taht ecniS
.ydob eht hguorht
ylsuoiraciv snoitasnes lacisyhp suoirav ecneirepxe
ot si siht ,tnemesuma rof yllaicepse :snosaer
suoirafen fo tnemtrossa na rof seidob fo sepyt suoirav
tibahni dna etaerc ot sEB-SI rof daf a emaceb yldipar
tI .oga sraey noillirt ruof-ytneves tuoba esrevinu
siht ni nageb seidob lacigoloib fo tnempoleved tsrif ehT
.yletinifedni tsomla deriaper
dna desu-er eb nac seidob llod saerehw -- tsom ta
,sraey 051 ot 06 ylno -- emit trohs yrev a ylno rof evil
seidob hself lacigoloiB .sraey fo sdnasuoht eriuqer
yam hcihw ,sredro noissim fo tes eno tsuj etelpmoc
ot emit fo htgnel eht noitnem ot ton ,tnacifingis
si seixalag neewteb ecaps eht esrevart ot deriuqer
emit eht )etontooF( 012 ,yad elgnis a ni "sraey thgil" fo
snoillirt levart niamoD ehT fo tfarc ecaps hguoht nevE
.niamoD
ehT yb dezirohtua ro derevocsid neeb sah snaem lacitcarp
on ,seitiliba eseht etatilibaher ro niager ot elbissop
yllaciteroeht si ti hguohtlA .rewop dna ytiliba evitan
rieht fo hcum tsol evah seidob hself tibahni ohw sEB-SI
.duolc ropav suoixon
a otni ydob hself a snrut yltnatsni nug tsalb cinortcele
,dleh-dnah a morf tohs elgnis A .ytud yratilim
rof sselesu ylrettu era seidob hself esruoc fO .sdnoces
nihtiw seerged fo sderdnuh yrav yam serutarepmet
fo tsartnoc eht ecaps ni saerehw ,serutarepmet
fo murtceps detimil yrev a ylno etarelot nac hselF
.lessev ecaps a ni elbatpecca ton era dnik yna fo srodO
.dettime eb ot srodo ereves esuac ydob eht no yllanretxe
dna yllanretni evil hcihw airetcab eht syad 3 ro 2 retfA
811
 .slacimehc cirehpsomta fo noitanibmoc cificeps a tuohtiw
setunim wef a ylno ni etacoffus lliw seidob hself tsoM
.eriuqer ton od seidob llod taht ,seidob hself yb
deriuqer erusserp ria dna ,stnemele cirehpsomta ,peels
,noitacefed ,doof fo secneinevnocni lacitsigol suoivbo
eht osla era erehT .ecaps fo muucav eht dna slacimehc
cirehpsomta ,erusopxe noitaidar ,semertxe erutarepmet
,ytivarg fo sesserts eht erudne ot eligarf oot raf era
seidob hself ,yllatnemadnuF .snosaer suoivbo rof ecaps
hguorht levart ot eseht rof elbissop ton si ti ,esruoc
fO ."seidob hself" ot detimil era sessalc rewol ehT
.noitangised ssalc on htiw stobor
dellortnoc etomer ylerem era sreidlos tsoM .seidob
lacinahcem deussi era sreidlos emoS .eof elbanigami
yna mlehwrevo dna tabmoc ,tceted ot dengised stnemamra
dezilaiceps dna ,snopaew fo dairym a htiw deppiuqe
era sreidlos ehT .ssalc reidlos eht era eseht woleB
.knar fo "aingisni"
na sa evres osla hcihw epyt ydob siht fo snoitadarg
ynam era erehT .htrof os dna ,noitagivan ,tnemeganam
lacimehc ,gninim ,ecnanetniam sa hcus seitivitca
rof sutarappa ro sloot elbaegnahcretni sa hcus
,seirossecca evah seidob emoS .snoitcnuf dezilaiceps
etatilicaf ot dengised neeb evah sepyt ydob suoiraV
.slairetam elbarud ,thgiew thgil morf derutcafunam
ydob a htiw deppiuqe hcae era yeht ,eroferehT .ecaps
citcalagretni hguorht levart ot deriuqer era tfarc ecaps
fo srebmem werc dna sreciffo ecaps lla ylraeN .gnoleb
I hcihw ot ,sessalc "ydob llod" eht era eseht woleB
.esicrexe nac yeht ytilibom dna ytiliba ,rewop
fo egnar gnidrager EB-SI hcae no desopmi era snoitatimiL
.emit ot emit morf ydob a esu ton yam ro yam
ohw sEB-SI "detimil" fo atarts ynam era ssalc siht woleB
.erutcurts
lacitilop ro cimonoce ,laicos eht htiw erefretni ro
yortsed ton od yeht taht dedivorp ,lliw ta og dna emoc
yam dna ydob fo epyt yna fo esu eht ot detcirtser ton
era yeht ,si tahT .sEB-SI "eerf" era ssalc tsehgih ehT
:swollof sa ,niamoD ehT dna ,"eripmE dlO" eht tuohguorht
sEB-SI lla rof "metsys ssalc" ro yhcrareih dexif
dna detnemiger ylhgih yrev a si ereht ,denoitnem I sA
711
 .stenalp no krow
elbarisednu ,launam ,hsivals eht fo lla od ohw sgnieb
"ssalc gnikrow" eht era sEB-SI esehT .snoitallatsni dna
stenalp no seidob hself tibahni ohw sEB-SI fo ecrof krow
a niatniam dna "tiurcer" ot ecived siht no dneped htob
"eripmE dlO" eht dna niamoD ehT fo snoitazilivic ehT

.wonk I sa raf sa ,esrevinu eht fo yrotsih
eht ni detaerc reve ecived gnippart evitceffe tsom
eht eb ot nevorp sah evaw sihT .seidob llod esu ylno
secroF niamoD ehT fo sreciffo yhw osla si sihT .seidob
hself tibahni ton od niamoD ehT fo ssalc gnilur eht taht
nosaer eht si )etontooF( 902 evaw cinortcele "niap-citehtsea
lauxes" eht ot noitcidda dna tcapmi gnitatilibed ehT
.efil fo seiceps lla tuohguorht
deilppa neeb evah selpicnirp latnemadnuf esehT .evivrus
ot sliaf msinagro tnerruc eht nehw ,snoitareneger
erutuf hguorht lavivrus gnitauteprep fo snaem a sa
ytivitca evitcudorper detomorp noitavratS .secruos doof
fo devirped nehw erom ecudorper ot mrof efil eht esuac
hcihw slevel noitirtun htiw evitcaretni osla era esehT
)etontooF( 802 .negortse ro ,enoretsotset
yb detalumits seslupmi lacirtcele-lacimehc evitcudorper
htiw denibmoc ,sdnalg tnecs eht morf dettime slacimehc
yb dereggirt si ,slammam rehto dna elttac sa hcus
,smrof efil ressel rof desu "reggirt evitcudorper" ehT
.ydob eht ni "kcuts" teg ot EB-SI
eht sesuac siht ,rehtegot denibmoc era ytuaeb dna niap
fo sevaw cinortcele eht nehW .noitasnes rehto yna naht
EB-SI na ot evitcartta erom era htgnelevaw citehtsea
eht yb desuac snoitasnes ehT .evaw cinortcele citehtsea
na htiw "detiab" si ,eerf niamer ohw sEB-SI erutpac
ot desu esoht gnidulcni ,esrevinu eht ni part yrevE
.EB-SI eht
tcartta ot "niap citehtsea" sesu hcihw evaw cinortcele
detnirpmi yllaicifitra na fo esu eht si ,"ydob hself"
fo dnik yna ro ,ydob namuh a tibahni ot sEB-SI stcartta
hcihw "reggirt" ehT .ydob eht ni )etontooF( 702 msinahcem
"reggirt lacirtcele-lacimehc" a fo noitatnalpmi eht
si ,seidob epyt sneipaS omoH htiw yllaicepse ,ssecorp
evitcudorper eht ni desu msinahcem tnatropmi rehtonA
611
 .sneipaS omoH gnidulcni ,seidob hself lacigoloib
ot deilppa dna detpada retal saw euqinhcet emas ehT
.ecudorper ot eslupmi gnirrucer ,suoenatnops ylgnimees
a sesuac hcihw msinahcem citeneg demmargorp na si sihT
)etontooF( 602 ."srotareneg esnopser-sulumits lacilcyc" dellac
noitcaretni cinortcele/lacimehc a fo noitnevni eht saw
ygolonhcet 'noitcudorper lauxes' dniheb tpecnoc eroc ehT
.htraE no tfel serutaerc fo rebmun gnildniwd
eht tcetorp ot niamoD ehT rof tnatropmi os si ti yhw
dnatsrednu nac uoy ,eroferehT .meht htiw gnihtyna gniod
dnuora eno on si ereht ,revewoH .erehwemos tsixe llits
sretupmoc dna seirotarobal eht ylbissoP .gnireenigne
lacigoloib rof serudecorp eht drocer hcihw ereh
morf raf stenalp emos no selif retupmoc llits era erehT
.eb lliw
reven ylbaborp dna ,htraE no nwonk reve saw ygolonhcet
siht fo enon ,ylsuoivbO .tsol neeb sah smrof efil wen
gnitaerc fo ygolonhcet eht esuaceb meht ecalper ot yaw
on si ereht ,tcnitxe emaceb seiceps a nehw ,yltneuqesnoC
.deraeppasid smrof efil derutcafunam rof tekram eht
sa yawa dedaf yrtsudni eritne ehT ."smossolB & sguB"
gnidulcni ,yrtsudni ygolonhcet-oib eht deniur yletelpmoc
aedi 'xes dna doof' eht ,yletamitlU .yrtsudni
eritne eht fo llafnwod dna noitpurroc eht ot del sihT
.krow aedi lacitcarpmi dna
,drawkwa na hcus ekam ot seinapmoc ygolonhcetoib rehto
rof gnikatrednu evisnepxe yrev a emaceb tI .smrof-efil
gnitsixe lla fo ngised ralullec eht otni detnirpmi eb
ot deriuqer erew esehT .seinapmoc ygolonhcet lacigoloib
rehto eht yb desahcrup eb smargorp eseht taht deriuqer
taht dessap erew swal sraey noillim wef txen eht hguorhT
.oot "smossolB & sguB" yb denwo erew
slamina gnitareneger-fles rof snrettap htworg demmargorperp dna noisivid ralullec ,gnitam esnopser-sulumits
tnalpmi ot deriuqer )etontooF( 502 ssecorp gnireenigne
lacigoloib eht rof sesnecil tnetap eht ,detcepxe sA
.esruoc fo ,noitcudorper
lauxes rof stnirpeulb poleved ot ynapmoc tsrif eht saw
"smossolB & sguB" .smrof-efil gnihsinelper rof sisab
eht sa 'noitcudorper lauxes' gnisu nigeb seinapmoc rehto
taht ,secalp hgih ni sebirb decalp yllacigetarts emos
fo pleh eht htiw ,desoporp "smossolB & sguB" ,'noitulos'
511
 a sA .tluciffid yrev emaceb meht gnihsinelper fo
melborp eht taht doof sa netae gnieb erew slamina ynam
os ,gnol erofeB .serovinrac gnirutcafunam dna gningised
fo ssenisub eht otni tnew "smossolB & sguB" ,esruoc fO
.ylno rettam elbategev ro slarenim
,thgilnus demusnoc tub ,doof rof slamina rehto tae ton
did slaminA .ygrene lanretxe yna deriuqer derutcafunam
gnieb smrof efil eht fo enon ,taht erofeB .ygrene
fo ecruos a sa "doof" evah ot dedeen serutaerc lla taht
saw yroeht ehT .kcimmig noitomorp a sa esu ot "yroeht
cifitneics" a detnevni yehT .smrof efil rehto morf deef
dluohs smrof efil taht aedi eht yfirolg ot stsiybbol
lacitilop fo puorg lufrewop a dna mrif snoitaler cilbup
gib a derih yeht ssenisub rieht dnapxe ot redro nI
.emit taht ta serutaerc hcus rof
tekram detimil yrev a saw erehT .lairetam cinagro fo
noitisopmoced eht dia ot saw derutcafunam yeht serutaerc
citisarap eht fo esoprup dilav ylno eht taht tcaf
eht yfitsuj ot detnaw yehT . "smossolB & sguB" eb dluow
hsilgnE otni detalsnart ylhguor ynapmoc eht fo eman ehT
.airetcab dna setisarap detaerc hcihw noisivid
a dah osla ynapmoc emas siht ,yletanutrofnU .ynapmoc
emas eht yb detaerc erew srewolf eht dna sgub eht htob
:suoivbo si nosaer ehT .etagaporp ot redro ni tcesni na
htiw pihsnoitaler citoibmys a seriuqer tnalp gnirewolf
yreve ylraeN .suoivbo si owt eht neewteb noitcennoc ehT
.stnalp gnirewolf dna stcesni gnitaerc
ni dezilaiceps yehT .ssenisub gnireenigne lacigoloib
eht ni seinapmoc tseggib eht fo eno yb noitulos a
sa dereffo saw ecruos ygrene na sa mrof efil rehtona fo
ydob eht emusnoc ot deen dluow erutaerc a taht aedi ehT
."niahc doof" eht llac won ew hcihw
nonemonehp lacigoloib eht ni detluser hcihw tnemeerga na
rohtua ot ,deredrum ro debirb yllacigetarts erew licnuoC
eht fo srebmem niatrec retfa ,dehcaer saw esimorpmoc A
)etontooF( 402
.noitcudorp erutaerc gnitanidrooc rof elbisnopser
saw "murK-imhuY fo licnuoC" suomafni ehT .yrtsudni
ygolonhcetoib eht nihtiw stseretni detsev gnitupsid eht
neewteb stnemugra evloser ot dleh ecnerefnoc a fo tluser
a sa oga sraey fo snoillirt devirtnoc saw aedi ehT
411
 .slamina tnemecalper gniyub peek
ot tnaw ton did stnemnrevog yratenalP .serutaerc rehto
yb netae dna deyortsed neeb dah taht esoht rof serutaerc
tnemecalper erutcafunam yllaunitnoc ot gnivah fo melborp
eht ot noitulos eht sa detnevni saw tI .noitcudorper
lauxes ro ,noitareneger-fles fo noitnevni eht saw
smsinagro lacigoloib fo egnellahc lacinhcet tsetaerg ehT
.seilamona suoivbo gnivresbo morf stsitneics
htraE tneverp "eripmE dlO" eht fo snoitatnalpmi yromem
eslaf eht ,yletanutrofnU .desare yromem rieht dah
evah ohw stsigoloib htraE ot gnilffab yrev era seilamona
citeneG .dleif siht ni ezilaiceps ohw sEB-SI rof krow
lacinhcet ylhgih ,xelpmoc yrev si smrof efil gnitaerC
.yxalag siht ni tleB s'noirO fo noitalletsnoc
eht ni esoht sa hcus )etontooF( 302 ,rats eulb toh ylesnetni
,egral a tseraen erehpsomta ciboreana na htiw tenalp
a rof noitangised niamoD ehT ,sdrow rehto nI .stenalp
"C ssalC ,3 epyT ratS" rof yliramirp dengised )etontooF(
202 mulyhP a fo snoitacifidom era )etontooF( 102 ,airetcaboetorP
sa hcus ,htraE no smsinagro emos ,yllautcaF !ytidrusba
dnoyeb si ezoo laidromirp emos morf pu gniredlom
noitcaretni lacimehc latnedicnioc a morf detluser
evah dluoc mrof efil yna fo noitaerc eht taht noiton ehT
!mrof efil gnitacilper-fles
a ti ekam ot sraey rof ti no dekrow ynapmoc lacinhcetoib
emos fo yrotarobal eht erus ma I .tnemesuma suoiruc
ro tfig a sa ti rof "redro laiceps" a decalp tneilc
yhtlaew emos ,yldetbuodnU .sgge syal taht lammam a ekam
dna kcud a fo llib eht htiw revaeb a fo ydob eht enibmoc
ot gnireenigne revelc yrev fo tol a deriuqer 'supytalp
dellib-kcud' eht ekil lamina na fo tnempoleved ehT
.egnahc ylerar smsinagro lacigoloib ,sEB-SI
yb noitnevretni evitca tuohtiW .deerb lanigiro eno ylno
htiw gninnigeb ,sraey wef a tsuj ni "devlove" neeb evah
hsif ioK fo snezod dna snoegip fo seiteirav fo sderdnuh
dna sdeerb god derdnuh lareves sraey derdnuh wef
tsap eht nihtiW .htraE no )etontooF( 002 seiceps a fo gnideerb
evitceles eht si noitnevretni EB-SI fo elpmaxe elpmis A
)etontooF(
991 .EB-SI na yb lairetam citeneg fo noitalupinam tuohtiw
311
 ,etacidni skoobtxet htraE eht sa ,seiceps rehtona emoceb
ot evlove ylmodnar ro ,yllatnedicca ton seod seiceps
enO .noitcif ecneics si noitceles larutan yb noitulovE
.ytisrevid lacigoloib fo anemonehp eht redisnoc ton seod
htraE no smrof efil fo "noitulove fo yroeht" tnerruc ehT
.htraE fo
sdrocer lacigoloeg ro lissof eht ni derevocsider eb lliw
eseht fo emoS .smrof efil gnivil era ereht naht htraE
no efil fo seiceps tcnitxe erom semit ynam era ereht
,noitidda nI .emit nevig yna ta htraE no smrof efil
fo seiceps noillim 001 sa ynam sa eb yam erehT )etontooF( 891
.selteeb fo seiceps era eseht fo 000,053 tuobA .stcesni
fo )etontooF( 791 seiceps fo snoillim era ereht ,elpmaxe roF
.efiL fo ecruos eht era yeht tcejbo lacisyhp a tibahni
yeht nehW .dog a si EB-SI yrevE .secalp dna semit
ynam ni secaf dna seman ynam sah EB-SI yrevE .daorb oot
raf si ,"dog" fo krow eht si ti yas oT ?erutaerc gnivil
yreve senifed hcihw noitamina lautirips fo ecruos eht
nialpxe uoy nac esle woH ?tenalp siht fo snaeco eht ni
dna dnal eht no efil fo seiceps detalernu dna tnegrevid
yletelpmoc fo snoillim eht nialpxe uoy nac esle woH
.sruo ekil seinapmoc yb detaerc erew esrevinu
siht ni tenalp rehto yna dna siht no smrof efil lla taht
si hturt ehT .ereh smrof efil eht lla fo ecnetsixe eht
rof noitanalpxe na si "noitulove fo yroeht" suoicallaf
eht taht eveileb stsitneics ruoY .dniheb tfel smrof
efil fo yteirav eguh eht si htraE no won ees uoy tahW
.tcejorp
eht htiw pleh ot ni thguorb erew yxalag eht ni ynapmoc
ygolonhcetoib yreve ylraen morf stnatlusnoc dezilaicepS
.gnikatrednu esnemmi na saw seiceps esrevid fo snoillib
troppus lliw taht tnemnorivne evitcaretni yllacigoloce
na otni tenalp eht yfidom ot deriuqer lliks ehT
.oga sraey noillim ytneves tuoba neeb evah dluow sihT
.ecaps fo noiger siht ni stenalp eht no efil eht fo tsom
detatsaved yxalag eht fo noiger siht ni raw a retfa meht
hsinelper ot htraE ot smrof efil reviled ot saw ,semit
tnecer erom ni ,od ot detcartnoc yeht stcejorp eht fo
eno taht em dlot -- ynapmoc eht tfel I retfa emit gnol
a -- ynapmoC noitarenegeR aidacrA eht ta htiw krow ot
desu I mohw htiw reenigne dna dneirf a ,yllatnedicnioC
211
 .mrof
efil laudividni na ot segnahc gnikam naht xelpmoc erom
hcum si gnidliub tenalp sa ,netfo ton tub ,tnemnorivne
yratenalp eht ni edam erew segnahc sesac emos nI
)etontooF( 691 ."scineguE"
llac uoy tra ro ecneics a fo trap si sihT .htob
ro srieht ot ro serutaerc ruo ot noitacifidom rehtruf
gniriuqer sesimorpmoc ni detluser yllausu snoitaitogen
ehT .seinapmoc rehto dna sevlesruo neewteb noitaitogen
hguorht devloser erew smsinagro elbitapmocni neewteb
noitcaretni eht morf gnitluser stcilfnoC .smrof-efil
suonegidni rehto htiw dna tnemnorivne yratenalp
eht htiw smsinagro lacigoloib eseht fo noitcaretni
eht derotinom ew ,decudortni saw mrof efil wen a retfA
.gnitset lanif
rof tnemnorivne yratenalp lautca eht otni decudortni
gnieb erofeb ygrene lautirips ro ecrof efil a htiw
"detamina" ro "dewodne" saw mrof efil wen eht yllautneve
dna edam snoitacifidom ,tuo dekrow erew snoitcefrepmI
.stnemnorivne detaerc yllaicifitra ni detset
dna decudorp neht erew serutaerc eseht fo sepytotorP
.tcudorp dehsinif citehtsea
dna lanoitcnuf ,elbakrow a otni srotcaf tnenopmoc
eht fo lla etargetni ot boj rieht saw tI .smelborp
suoirav eht evlos ot sreenigne lacinahcem dna ,lacimehc
,ralullec fo seires a hguorht enil ylbmessa na gnola
dessap erew snoitacificeps lacinhcet dna ngised ehT
.stneilc ruo fo stseuqer dezimotsuc eht teem ot detaerc
erew smrof efil rehtO .reddib tsehgih eht ot dlos erew
sngised emoS .serutaerc wen rof edam erew sgniredner
citsitra dna sngised ,derehtag atad yevrus eht no desaB
.metsys yratenalp ro tenalp eritne na fo seitivitca
ecnanetniam dna secivres lacinahcem ,noitartsinimda
enituor eht nur ot desu ylnommoc era sretupmoc egral
yrev ,esrevinu eht fo smetsys citcalag eht fo tsom nI
.snoitcnuf lacinahcem gnimrofrep dna smelborp gnivlos
,snoitatupmoc gnikam ,noitamrofni gnirots fo elbapac si
tI .enihcam gnitaluclac xelpmoc ro "niarb" laicifitra
na sa sevres taht ecived cinortcele na si retupmoc A
111
 )etontooF( 591 .sreenigne lacigoloib yb detaulave
dna sesabatad retupmoc eguh ni detalumucca saw derehtag
atad ehT .tolip a sa slliks ym denrael I nehw si sihT
.syevrus yratenalp tcudnoc ot levart ralletsretni fo
laed taerg a deriuqer hcraeser ruo ,enigami nac uoy sA

.stcejorp detaler detanidrooc
taht noitaicossa na hguorht deilppus noitamrofni rehto
fo yteirav a dna snoitacilbup ,swohs edart yrtsudni
erew erehT .smrof efil detaerc ohw seinapmoc rehto
htiw noitacinummoc ni saw ffats ruo siht od ot redro nI
.tenalp a no gnivil ydaerla seinapmoc rehto
yb dereenigne smsinagro lacigoloib htiw snemiceps ruo
etargetni ot diap erew ew noitidda nI .tnetnoc lacimehc
dna ytisned lairtserret dna cirehpsomta ,etamilc
ni snoitairav eht htiw elbitapmoc erew taht slamina
detaerc snaicinhcet ehT .esrevinu eht revo lla morf
sreyub tnednepedni dna stnemnrevog yratenalp suoirav
htiw stcartnoc detaitogen ffats gnitekram ruO .snoiger
laciport rof sdrib dna saera detserof rof slammam
ni dezilaiceps "ynapmoC noitarenegeR aidacrA" ehT
.sessalc yratenalp suoirav rof stnatibahni
elbatius eb dluow taht smrof efil fo snoitairav ecudorp
ot nrettap citeneg cisab eht fo snoitaretla gnitalupinam
htiw denrecnoc saw krow rieht fo tsom ,eroferehT
)etontooF( 491 .efil fo seiceps lla ot nommoc si lairetam
citeneg cisab fo ytirojam ehT .seixalag eht tuohguorht
seiceps fo eugolatac tsav a depoleved seirotarobal eseht
emit fo naps gnol a revO .detalupop gnieb tenalp eht fo
"ssalc" eht no gnidneped ,smrof efil fo sdnik tnereffid
gnicudorp ni dezilaiceps meht fo hcaE .osla emit taht
ta seinapmoc yrotarobal lacigoloib rehto ynam erew erehT
.emit
taht ta noiger eht ni stenalp elbatibahni fo snoillim
htiw smetsys rats fo snoillim erew erehT .stenalp
detibahninu ot smrof efil wen ylppus dna erutcafunam
ot ssenisub ruo saw tI .snaicinhcet fo ffats egral
a htiw gnikrow reenigne lacigoloib a saw I )etontooF( 391
."ynapmoC noitarenegeR aidacrA" eht dellac saw tI .eno
siht morf raf yxalag a ni yrotarobal lacigoloib egral
yrev a fo rebmem a saw I oga sraey fo snoillib ynaM
:ecneirepxe lanosrep
morf yrotsih siht fo trap etaler nac I .rewop otni
011
 emac ”eripmE dlO" eht erofeb gnol dna ,htraE no devirra
sEB-SI yna erofeb gnol derrucco taht stneve lautca no
desab si yrotsih fo noissucsid ruo ,eroferehT .launam
snoitarepo ym sa cirotehr ro amgod lacihposolihp esu
ot erew I fi snoissim ym hsilpmocca ro evitceffe eb ton
dluoc I .weiv fo tniop citamgarp yrev a emussa syawla
tsum I ,niamoD ehT fo reenigne dna tolip ,reciffo na sA
)etontooF( 291 .msiudniH
yllaicepse ,tenalp eht no ecitcarp noigiler yreve ylraen
fo siseneg eht emaceb sesrev eht dna derongi erew sesrev
eht fo yhposolihp ehT .tcaf citamgod sa decitcarp
dna detpecca erew adeV eht fo tnetnoc lacirohpatem
dna citsimehpue ehT ."hturt" sa mitabrev detpoda
erew sesrev eht fo tnetnoc eht ,yllautnevE ."sdog eht"
morf emac yeht taht gniyas srehto ot gnola meht dessap
sesrev cideV eht denrael ohw snamuh eht ,yletanutrofnU
.ylsuoires nekat eb dluoc seisatnaf dna selat eseht woh
dnatsrednu nac eno ,desare yromem rieht dah evah sEB-SI
eht fo lla erehw tenalp a no ,revewoH .nerdlihc gniraer
rof ediug a sa )etontooF( 191 "selaT yriaF s'mmirG" esu
dluow uoy naht erom yna ,lairetam lautcaf sa snmyH cideV
eht ni lairetam eht fo yna stiderc niamoD ehT ni eno
oN .aidnI tuohguorht daerps yllautneve dna sllihtoof
eht ni sraey fo sdnasuoht rof txen eht ot noitareneg
eno morf yllabrev gnola dessap erew sesrev ehT
.emit eht ta meht rof noisrevid tneconni na ekil demees
ti erus ma I hguohtla ,noitallatsni niamoD ehT fo werc
eht rof ytivitca dezirohtua na ton saw siht taht eton
dluohs I ,revewoH .meht deziromem ohw snamuh lacol eht
fo emos ot thguat erew sesrev eht ,sniatnuoM ayalamiH
eht ni desab erew yeht elihW .ecroF yranoitidepxE
niamoD ehT yb oga sraey 002,8 htraE ot thguorb erew
snmyH cideV ehT taht tcaf eht yb dednuopmoc saw sihT
.sraey
fo snoillirt rof esrevinu eht tuohguorht smrof suoirav
ni detsixe evah seidob dionamuh ,yllautcaF .dniknaM
fo snigiro eurt eht fo noitcellocer ruoy tneverp ot
noitarepo aisenma eht yb dellitsni eil citonpyh a naht
erom gnihton si emit fo stsim mid eht ni ytivitcaretni
lacimehc fo ezoo laidromirp eht morf ylsuoenatnops
devlove seidob namuh taht aedi eht :elpmis si nosaer ehT
901
 .tenalp
siht no devlove seidob dionamuh nredom taht noiton
eht etaitnatsbus ot derevocnu eb reve lliw ecnedive
lacisyhp oN .tcerrocni si smrof ekil-epa reilrae morf
yllarutan devlove smsinagro lacigoloib namuh taht noiton
eht ,revewoH .sgod fo gnideerb eht ni ro slamina mraf
fo noitacifidom eht ni nees era selpmaxe elpmis yreV
.sEB-SI fo noisivrepus luferac eht rednu detalupinam
eb tsum hcihw ygolonhcet fo laed taerg a seriuqer
tI .yllatnedicca rucco ton seod noitulove ,noitidda nI
.enicidem nretseW ni
seruliaf fo esuac elos eht si eussit ralullec ro stcejbo
etaminani etamina ot deriuqer ecrof efil fo ecruos
eht sa tirips eht fo ssenerawanu ro lained ,ecnarongi
etelpmoC .sneppah noitamina siht woh ro nehw ,erehw
,tahw ,ohw redisnoc ot deppots reve tsitneics nretseW oN
)etontooF( 091 .thgin ymrots dna krad eno yrots suoititcif
a etorw ohw EB-SI eht fo noitanigami eht ni tpecxe
,retsnom gniduaram a otni daed eht tcerruser yllaer
ton did nietsneknarF .rD .eurt ton si ti esuaceb ylpmis
,eurt si siht taht reveostahw ecnedive on si erehT
.ytitne detamina-fles a nwaps yllacigam
lliw ezoo lacimehc fo loop a otni egrahcsid lacirtcele
na spahrep ,rO .ylsuoenatnops ro yllatnedicca etamina
ro "evila" emoceb ylneddus nac noitcocnoc lacimehc
a ro tcejbo etaminani na taht semussa tI .tsixe
ton seod mrof efil yreve setamina taht ygrene fo ecruos
lanoitavitom eht taht semussa noitulove fo yroeht ehT
.noitcnitsid ro noitacifilauq
tuohtiw dednelb ,sgninigami luficnaf dna hturt
fo slasrever ,shturt-flah ynam sa niatnoc sesrev eht
,hturt fo tnemetats yreve roF .semyhr fo koob a ekil
,sesrev otni delipmoc erew esehT .niamoD ehT fo smetsys
eht tuohguorht derehtag snoititsrepus dna smodsiw nommoc
ro selat klof ekil era stxet cideV ehT )etontooF( 981 .snmyH
cideV tneicna eht ni denoitnem "noitulove" dnif lliw uoY
."yltcaxe ton ,oN" ,dias lriA .noitulove
fo tcejbus eht ot gnirrefer saw ehs fi lriA deksa I
.seititne lacigoloib fo nigiro eht gninrecnoc lairetam
lautcaf emos uoy htiw erahs lliw I ,yromem nwo ruoy
niager uoy pleh ot redro nI .srotnem ruoy fo sdnim eht
801
 morf sa llew sa ,dnim ruoy morf desare neeb sah seititne
lacigoloib fo snigiro eht tuoba noitamrofni tcerroc ehT
.htraE no ecaf uoy smelborp euqinu
eht ot snoitulos evitceffe erom revocsid ot uoy elbane
ybereht dna sgniht eseht fo gnidnatsrednu etelpmoc
dna etarucca erom a edivorp ot troffe na ni noitamrofni
emos htiw uoy edivorp ot em dezirohtua sah eciffO
snoitacinummoC niamoD ehT ,htraE fo sriaffa eht ni
enevretni ot niamoD ehT fo ytiroirp a ton si ti hguohtlA
.mrof efil yreve etamina
hcihw ecnegilletni dna ygrene fo ecruos eht sa sEBSI fo ecnatropmi evitaler dna erutan eht fo ecnarongi
na fo tluser eht era ekam stsitneics htraE taht
srorre yramirp ynam ,gnireenigne lacigoloib gninrecnoc
seiroeht tcerrocni fo noitacilppa eht ot noitidda nI
.ecneics lacidem
fo eman eht ni decitcarp gnieb llits era smsirabrab ynam
,tahwemos detcerroc neeb sah siht hguohtlA .snoitcilffa
latnem dna lacisyhp fo yteirav ediw a laeh ro eveiler ot
tpmetta na ni ydob eht morf sromuh-lli desoppus esaeler
ot snaem a sa )etontooF( 881 gnitteldoolb decitcarp snaicisyhp
ruoy oga sraey derdnuh wef a tsuj ,elpmaxe roF
.noititsrepus dna ,seiroeht nevorpnu ,atad gnissim
,noitavresbo etaruccani ,seiromem eslaf no desab si
taht noitamrofni niatnoc smrof efil fo noitcnuf eht ot
detaler stcejbus no nevig neeb evah I skoob fo txet ehT
.yadot uoy htiw
erahs lliw I lairetam eht fo eulav eht etaicerppa lliw
uoy taht erus ma I ,oS .seititne lacigoloib dnatsrednu
uoy taht eriuqer seitud ruoy ,lennosrep lacidem
a sa tnemnrevog ruoy evres uoy ecniS .etaruccani
yrev era ,daer evah I skoobtxet eht ni dessucsid
sa ,htraE no efil dna esrevinu siht fo snigiro ehT"
noisseS ts1 ,7491 .7 .82 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
701
 ".lriA htiw "snossel" ro sweivretni ym eunitnoc
ot moor weivretni eht ot kcab detroper I tsafkaerb retfa gninrom eht nI .meht
ot tseretni fo saw taht noitamrofni rof gnikool hcae ,yduts ot noitatcid cihpargonets
eht fo tpircsnart a deviecer hcae yrellag eht fo srebmem ehT .reh ot dereviled neeb
dah hcihw slairetam eht "gninnacs" ro gnidaer thgin eht fo tser eht tneps ehs ,lriA
tfel I retfa thgin hcaE .lriA ot dereviled dna derehtag eb dluoc eseht os moor yrellag
eht ni tnega eht ot lriA yb detseuqer slairetam dna skoob fo tsil a dereviled osla I
.stpircsnart eht fo seipoc gniviecer saw esle revemohw ro ,yrellag eht ni nem
eht ot tfel eb dluow sisylana ehT .elbissop sa yletarucca sa ti troper tsuj ,noitamrofni
eht ezylana ot ton saw boj yM .dehsinif saw lriA sa noos sa rehpargonets eht ot
no ti ssap dna lriA morf dluoc I noitamrofni eht fo lla teg ot ytud ym saw tI .emit eht
ta sgniht eseht tuoba sthguoht lanosrep ,nwo ym rednop ot emit hcum evah t'ndid I
!aedi doog a eb dluow dnim ym gnisol
spahrep ,detseggus lriA sa ,"eripmE dlO" eht yb seiromem eslaf dna snoitseggus
citonpyh htiw dellif neeb dah dnim ym fi ,revewoH .thgir saw ehs ebyaM
!dnim ym gnisol saw I thguoht ehs erus m'I .reh ot no dessap I "nossel yrotsih"
eht dedrocer ehs sa semit wef a naht erom em ta ecnaksa dekool rehpargonets ehT
!emit emas eht ta suoludercni
dna detale saw I .ti ot hturt fo gnir a saw ereht ,emit emas eht ta ,teY .desufnoc
dna ydaetsnu tlef I ,yaw rehtiE .detneiro-er gnieb morf emac ti fi ro ,detneiro-sid
gnieb morf emac gnileef elbatrofmocnu ym fi erus t'nsaw I .tsael eht yas ot ,egnarts
yrev si niamoD ehT fo weiv fo tniop eht morf yrotsih htraE no evitcepsrep ehT
.tib a gnileer llits saw I rehpargonets yrellag eht ot seirots eseht detnuocer I nehW
.dnim ym ni hserf llits saw dias saw taht
gnihtyreve taht os weivretni ym retfa yletaidemmi defeirbed I .seton cihpargonets
eht ot noitacifiralc dda ot dna pu kcab a sa dedrocer epat osla saw feirbed yM"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
ygoloiB nI nosseL A
neT retpahC
601
".tnemnosirpmi
rieht epacse dna ,denethgilne emoceb ,repsorp ot sEBSI elbane thgim taht seitivitca ni rehtegot etarepooc
,noitacinummoc nepo gnirahs morf htraE fo sEB-SI eht
tneverp ot si sknab lanoitanretni eseht yb decnanif sraw
fo eganrac dna ediconeg sselesnes eht fo esoprup ehT
)etontooF( 781 .noitalupop etamni eht revo lortnoc
501
 fo msinahcem lanretni na si erafraW .htraE fo snoitan
eht neewteb erafraw dna snopaew ecnanif dna etomorp
yltrevoc ot ruetacovorp tnatabmoc-no a sa yltrevoc
detarepo era sknab ehT )etontooF( 681 .sreknab lanoitanretni
no ecneulfni neesnu na sa tca sevitarepo "eripmE dlO"
.htraE fo ymonoce eht slortnoc ylterces hcihw )etontooF(
581 metsys gniknab lanoitanretni na dehsilbatse yeht
erehw dnalreztiwS ot delf sralpmeT eht fo ytirojam A
.htlaew rieht fo lla gnizies yb tbed sih esare ot
troffe na ni ekats eht ta meht denrub dna ,snoissefnoc
eslaf gnivig otni meht derutrot ,detserra meht evah
,srebmem s'redrO eht nmednoc ot V tnemelC epoP derusserp
eH )etontooF( 481 .redrO eht ot tbed ni ylpeed saw ohw ,ecnarF
fo VI pilihP gniK yb dednabsid saw ralpmeT sthginK ehT
-- DA 7031
.tcatni ylegral sniamer noitarepo lortnoc
thguoht dehsilbatse gnol rieht ,yletanutrofnU .htraE
dnuora metsys ralos eht ni gnitarepo teelf ecaps "eripmE
dlO" eht fo stnanmer gniniamer eht fo noitalihinna
eht detelpmoc ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT
-- DA 0321 - 5311
.htraE no "eripmE dlO" eht fo segitsev rof sevitarepo fo
adnega eht tcudnoc ot yenom etalumucca ot metsys gniknab
lanoitanretni eht rof sisab eht otni demrofsnart ylkciuq
tub edasurC tsriF eht retfa tinu yratilim naitsirhC
a sa dehsilbatse saw )etontooF( 381 ralpmeT sthginK ehT
-- DA 9111
."eripmE dlO" eht
yb htraE fo noitalupop EB-SI eritne eht tsniaga desu si
noitarepo lortnoc-dnim aisenma eht woh fo noitartsnomed
elacs llams a si tI .yllufecrof dna ,ylluflliks desu si
ti nehw eb nac noitarepo lortnoc-dnim dna gnihsawniarb a
evitceffe dna elpmis woh fo elpmaxe edurc yrev a si sihT
."nevaeh" ot nruter dna dellik eb ,noissim sih tuo yrrac
ot naht erom gnihton detnaw ohw tnaliassa nwonknu eht
tsniaga esnefed on yllautriv saw erehT .ytrap gnidneffo
eht llik ot tnes eb dluow nissassa eht ,emit no
evirra ton did tnemyap fI .selbaulav rehto ro esnecni
401
 ,secips ,dlog fo sdaol-lemac gnidnamed ,tnemyap dednamed
yeht mohw morf relur yhtlaew revetahw ,ro hpilac eht ot
regnessem a tnes niatnuoM eht fo naM dlO eht ,elihwnaeM
.noissim noitanissassa
eht tuo yrrac ot dlrow eht otni tuo devohs dna ,niaga
tuo dekconk erew nem ehT .llik ot dednammoc erew yeht
revemohw fo nissassa na sa sevlesmeht decifircas yeht fi
reverof ereht evil dna nruter dluoc yeht desimorp erew
yehT .esidarap ni erew yeht taht dlot erew nem gnuoy
ehT .yenoh dna klim fo srevir htiw detaroced merah
a ni siruoh deye-kcalb lufituaeb htiw dellif nedrag
a ot nekat erew yehT .hsihsah htiw suoicsnocnu dekconk
dna deppandik erew nem gnuoY .elpmis saw dohtem riehT
.sraey derdnuh lareves rof
dlrow dezilivic eht lortnoc ot "snissassA" eht delbane
taht loot noitrotxe dna msinahcem lortnoc-dnim evitceffe
ylemertxe na desu taht doohtseirp a emaceb yehT .nisaB
naenarretideM eht fo tsom dna roniM aisA ,aidnI fo
hcum raef dna rorret yb dellortnoc hcihw msinademmahoM
fo trap a detarepo ohw nihsahshsaH eht dehsilbatse
eH .niatnuoM eht fo naM dlO eht , )etontooF( 281 habbaS-la-nbi
nasaH :nam eno yb devalsne saw dlrow barA eritne ehT
-- DA 421,1 - 430,1
.sekans ekil evaheb netfo yeht hguohtla ,selitper ton
era "sdog" ehT .htraE no seidob eht ot ecnaraeppa ni
ralimis yrev era "eripmE dlO" eht ni sEB-SI yb detibahni
seidob lacigoloib eht fo ynaM .uoy ekil tsuj ,sEBSI era htraE no snoitazilivic eslaf decalp ohw sgnieb
ehT .aisenma etauteprep ot dengised noisulli na fo trap
a osla si sihT .nailitper era "sdog" eht taht noisulli
na etaerc ot tnaw ereh snoitazilivic eseht detnalp
ohw sgnieb eht esuaceb si sihT .tnepres ro ,nogard
,ekans eht fo egami eht fo esu tnatsnoc eht si htraE
eht dnuora snoitaziliviC dimaryP eht fo tnemele nommoc A
."secruos rehto" morf noitamrofni dah sredliub
eht taht tnerappa si ti ,0391 litnu ton otulP dna ,7871
ni sepocselet htraE nredom htiw "derevocsid" neeb ylno
dah sunarU tenalp eht ecniS .otulP dna ,enutpeN ,sunarU
,nrutaS ,retipuJ ,tleb dioretsa eht ,stenalp renni
eht fo secnatsid latibro eht stcelfer yletarucca taht
metsys ralos eht fo ledom-elacs esicerp a si xelpmoc
eritne eht ,tpygE ni sdimaryp aziG eht fo noitarugifnoc
301
 lacimonortsa eht ekiL .”sdog otni demrofsnart
erew nem erehw“ ro ”sdog eht fo ecalp“ snaem eman
cetzA ehT .)etontooF( 181 "nácauhitoeT" ta si noitazilivic
dimaryp "eripmE dlO" eht fo tnanmer tsal ehT
-- ECB 002
.su gniniojer fo
elbapac eb lliw yeht yad enO .noilattaB tsoL eht fo sEBSI eht fo ytitnedi dna yromem ,ssenerawa eht eldniker
dna etacol ot neeb sah epoh ylno ruO .ereht seititne
lacigoloib rof seitilicaf troppus efil niatniam ton
od ew oslA .tfarc ecaps ruo ni negyxo on si ereht ecnis
niamoD ehT fo snoitats ecaps eht ot seidob lacigoloib
gnitibahni era ohw sEB-SI tropsnart tonnac ew esruoc fO
.tey sa
ytud evitca ot meht nruter dna yromem rieht erotser ot
elbanu neeb sah niamoD ehT ,noilattaB tsol eht ni sEB-SI
eht fo ynam fo noitacol eht derevocsid evah ew hguohtlA
.sraey fo
sdnasuoht rof rehtegot dekrow dna deniart neeb dah ohw
,maet a sa gnitca ,niamoD ehT fo tinu a fo srebmem werc
dna sreenigne ,stolip ,sreciffo deniart fo maet a dna
redael a yb deveihca neeb evah ylno dluoc emit fo doirep
trohs a ni stnemhsilpmocca gnipeews hcuS .ecnis ro
erofeb detnedecerpnu erew stcejorp gnidliub latnemunom
dna elpoep fo noitazinagro ,stseuqnoc lairotirret siH
)etontooF( 081
.noitaziliviC nretseW fo lla dedavrep hcihw yhposolihp
nairatinamuh dna ,lacihte ylhgih a dehsilbatse
eh sraey 05 naht ssel nI .smilsuM eht dna ,sweJ
eht htob yb htraE no haissem a sa dedrager saw ohw EB-SI
na saw ,II suryC sa ,noilattaB tsol eht fo rednammoC ehT
.ytraP hcraeS niamoD ehT yb desu tfarc ecaps eht ot sa
llew sa ,sEB-SI eht fo rewop lautirips eht ot noisulla
na si sihT )etontooF( 971 ."csiD-degniW" a ni gniylf nwohs
era ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo tinu ecaps ehT
.eslaf era hcihw sesehtopyh
dna seiroeht ,snoitpmussa htiw dehsillebme dna ,atad
eht fo snoitaulave deterpretnisim dna dootsrednusim
fo lluf esiwekil era yeht ,stneve lautcaf no
desab eb yam yrotsih dna ygolohtym hguohtla ,eroferehT
201
 .atad eht fo esnes ekam ot tpmetta na ni snoitanalpxe
ezisehtopyh ro emussa lliw nonemonehp a gnivresbo
enoyna ,atad etarucca dna etelpmoc fo ecnesba eht nI
.deterpretnisim
yldab erew dna dootsrednu neeb ton evah ytraP
hcraeS niamoD ehT fo srebmem rehto eht dna ,ikanunnA
eht tuoba sdnegel dna seirots namuh eht ,eroferehT
.desiugsid yllufesoprup neeb evah seitivitca riehT
.sneipas omoh ot desolcsid reven erew seitivitca dna
noissim eurt rieht ,esruoc fO .elbiB eht ni ,"milihpeN"
dna ,snairemuS eht yb )etontooF( 871 "ikanunnA" sa ot
derrefer erew srebmem ytraP hcraeS niamoD ehT ,dnal nO
)etontooF(
771 .selahw ro snihplod fo seidob eht gnitibahni snaeco eht
ni dnuof erew noilattaB tsol eht fo srebmem emoS .hsif
ekil kool ot desserd nem eb ot noitalupop namuh eht ot
deraeppa dna aes eht ni devil yehT .stius gnivid revlis
gniraew nwohs era sennaO dellac-os eht fo sgnivrac
enotS )etontooF( 671 .snamuh lacol yb "sennaO" dellac erew
ytraP hcraeS niamoD ehT fo tinU citauqA eht fo srebmeM
)etontooF( 571 ."rahavaraf"
a dellac yeht taht ,tfarc ecaps degniw tciped taht
gnivrac feiler enots ynam taerg a era ereht noitazilivic
naisreP eht tuohguorhT .snoitaterpretni namuh
ni "sdog degniw" dellac netfo erew ,adzaM aruhA yb del
,ytraP hcraeS niamoD ehT fo tinu lairea eht fo srebmeM
)etontooF( 471 .sgnieb
degniw ,dedaeh-elgae yb deirrac gnieb ,stekcub retaw
ro steksab dezilyts sa detciped era hcihw rennacs eht
rof tinu rewop eht gniyrrac nwohs osla era yehT .sgnieb
namuh fo seidob eht nacs ot stnemurtsni depahs-enocenip
gnisu sgnieb degniw wohs airemuS ni sgnivrac enotS
.ytraP hcraeS niamoD ehT fo srebmem eht fo hcae yb
deirrac saw ecived noitceted siht fo noisrev elbatrop A
.ydob a edistuo era yeht fi ro ,ydob
a gniypucco si EB-SI eht rehtehw ,sEB-SI fo ecneserp
eht stceted dleif cinortcele ehT .sreviecer dna
srotareneg dleif cinortcele fo ecittal nevowretni na fo
stsisnoc si ecnis ,eert fo tros a delbmeser ti htraE no
snamuh tneicna eht oT .saera ediw etaemrep ot dengised
rotareneg neercs cinortcele egral a saw sihT .EB-SI na
si hcihw ,efil fo ecneserp eht tceted ot dengised loot
101
 a yllaretil si ecived ehT )etontooF( 371 ."efil fo eert" a sa
ot derrefer si secived noitceted cinortcele eseht fo enO
.retaw rednu sEB-SI tceted ot
detnevni erew secived laiceps dna ,dnal no srehto ,ecaps
ni desu erew emoS .noilattaB eht fo srebmem gnissim
eht fo hcae fo htgnelevaw ro erutangis cinortcele
eht kcart ot dedeen secived noitceted cinortcele
fo yteirav ediw a desived ytraP hcraeS niamoD ehT
.esruoc fo ,dnatsrednu ton did
snamuh hcihw ,seitivitca rieht gninrecnoc snoitazilivic
namuh suoirav ni edam stroper ynam era erehT
.htraE gnidnuorrus ecaps eht dehcraes maet driht eht
dna snaeco eht hcraes maet rehtona ,dnal eht dehcraes
maet enO .hcae 003 fo smaet otni dedivid ,niamoD ehT
fo sreciffo 009 fo detsisnoc ytrap ehT .sraey dnasuoht
lareves rof noilattaB tsol eht rof gnihcraes htraE eht
dnuora delevart mih detacol ohw ytraP hcraeS niamoD ehT
.etad taht ot htraE eht fo yrotsih eht ni eripme
tsegral eht dliub ot meht delbane ti ,trap nI .htraE
no sevil namuh fo noissergorp sih hguorht aidnI morf mih
dewollof ohw noilattaB taht fo srebmem eht dna )etontooF(
271 II suryC yb desu saw noitazinagro fo metsys euqinu A
)etontooF( 171 .emit
siht gnirud aisreP fo II suryC sa detanracni saw eH
.ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT morf htraE ot tnes ytrap
hcraes a yb detacol dna detceted saw ECB 569,5 ni tsol
saw ohw noilattaB niamoD ehT fo reciffO gnidnammoC ehT
-- ECB 955
.htraE fo metsys ralos eht ni
ecroF "eripmE dlO" eht ot swolb lataf eht fo eno saw tI
.htraE no krowten elpmet "eripmE dlO" eht delbasid dna
detceted taht ecroF niamoD ehT rof msimehpue etarucca
yrev a si sihT .rehtona fo evarg eht no elpmet sih pu
gnittes "dog" eno fo esac a si sihT .enots solahpmO eht
rednu reh deirub eH .ollopA deman "dog" a yb dereuqnoc
saw ohw ,EB-SI na saw ehS )etontooF( 071 .tnepres eht ,nohtyP
saw eman esohw elcaro na saw ihpleD ta elpmet eht
ta enotS sulahpmO eht fo naidraug eht ygolohtym keerG nI
.tnepres a sa sgnitniap-esav
dna erutplucs ni detneserper syawla si hcihw ,ihpleD
001
 ta "nogard-htrae" eht dellac saw tI .tnepres ro nogard
,nohtyP a si doohtseirp "eripmE dlO" eht fo lobmys ehT
.senots devrac yb decalper erew
dna ,desrepsid saw doohtseirp eht nehw delbasid erew
snocaeb snoitacinummoc cinortcele fo krowten lanigiro
ehT .htraE eht evoba selim morf nees eb ylno nac
setis elcarO fo tnemegnarra dirg ehT )etontooF( 961 ."senotS
sulahpmO" dellac retal ,snocaeb cinortcele gnisuoh
,dirg a sa ,sgniht rehto gnoma ,devres senirhs ehT
.aeS citlaB eht sa htron raf sa aera naenarretideM
eht tuohguorht sebehT fo ytic latipac eht morf
slavretni edutital fo seerged 5 ylesicerp ta detacol
erew krowten siht ni selpmet eht fo hcaE .elpmet hcae
rof "dog" lacol a detangised stseirp "eripmE dlO" ehT
.retnec noitacinummoc a saw elpmet hcaE .selpmet elcaro
ynam fo krowten a ni elpmet eno saw ihpleD ta elcarO ehT
-- ECB 085
.sgnieB lautiripS latrommI era snamuh taht ssenerawa
eht syortsed ti ,yltnatropmi tsoM .htraE no sEB-SI peek
ot dengised spart dna skcirt fo rennam lla dna "tegrof"
ot sdnammoc ,snoititsrepus ,seil ,seiromem eslaf
fo noitallatsni eht gnidulcni ,seitivitca gnihsawniarb
"eripmE dlO" eht fo ynam sebircsed osla koob
sihT .htraE no seidob lacigoloib otni decudni gnieb sEBSI eht fo noitpircsed deliated a sevig ,secroF "eripmE
dlO" eht yb decneulfni ylraelc ,tnematseT dlO ehT
.evE dna madA yb detneserper yllacirohpatem
era ohw ,sgnieb namuh tsrif eht fo noitcurtsed
lautirips eht sesuac dna ,"siseneG" ,yas skeerG eht
sa ro ,yrots noitaerc rieht fo gninnigeb eht ni sraeppa
tI ."eripmE dlO" eht fo lobmys eht si tnepres ehT
.noitaerc eht
fo nigiro eht fo tpecnoc eslaf a dna emit fo esnes eslaf
a secudortni koob ehT ."eripmE dlO" eht fo stseirp yb
dellortnoc ylivaeh yrev saw hcihw ,nolybaB ni devalsne
erew ohw sweJ eht fo ytivitpac eht gnirud nettirw
saw "tnematseT dlO" eht fo hcum taht deton eb dluohs tI
)etontooF( 861 .yltneuqerf erom msinahcem
aisenma eht hguorht elcycer lliw meht tibahni ohw sEB-SI
99
 eht taht os yltneuqerf erom eid ot htraE no seidob namuh
fo lairetam lacigoloib eht deretla evah srotartsinimda
nosirp eht esuaceb si siht tcepsus eW .gnol sa flah
eno tuoba ylno tsal htraE no seidob namuH .sraey 051
tuoba fo egareva na rof tsal ot dereenigne yllausu era
stenalp "7 ssalC ,21 epyT nuS" tsom no seidob lacigoloiB
.htraE no sraey 021 rof evil ot seidob lacigoloib
dengised "hewhaY" taht snoitnem osla yrots siseneG riehT
.sayalamiH eht
fo sllihtoof eht ni elpoep eht yb "sanamiv" fo gnithgis
eht ot ralimis si tI .tfarc tuocs ro recuas "eripmE
dlO" na fo noitpircsed etarucca na etiuq ,sselehtreven
si tub ,yllacinhcet ,egaugnal ciahcra yrev sesu tfarc
eht fo noitpircsed siH .aedlahC ni reviR rabehC raen
gnidnal tfarcria ro tfarcecaps a dessentiw ohw leikezE
deman namuh a fo yrots eht stroper osla koob emas ehT
?os
od ot decrof ton erew yeht fi tenalp nosirp a no evil
dluow sgnieb fo dnik tahW .ereh evil dna pots ylerar
yeht tub ,seixalag dna stenalp gnirobhgien morf htraE
ot srotisiv ynam era ereht taht devresbo sah niamoD ehT
.sgurd elggums ro ,secruoser larenim laets ot emac ohw
yxalag eht edistuo metsys a morf stnahcrem ro setarip
ecaps neeb evah osla yam yehT ."eripmE dlO" eht morf
sedagener ylbaborp erew esehT .nerdlihc meht erob ohw
,htraE fo nemow htiw gnitam "dog fo snos" ro "slegna"
ebircsed elpoep hsiweJ eht yb nettirw yrots siseneG ehT
-- ECB 395
."nevaeh fo yaw
eht sdnif dna tirips eht fo htap eht swollof ,ytilaer
naht laer erom meht sekam dna snoisulli setaerc ohw enO
.noisulli na ton si ytilaer taht si naM fo noisuled ehT
.noisulli setaerc ,tirips eht ,fles ehT
.tirips eht fo yaw eht sesool dna ydob eht semoceb enO
,tirips
nwo sih rof naht ydob eht rof erom serac eno nehW
?reffus eno dluoc snoitcilffa tahw ydob a tuohtiW
.ydob a sah eno esuaceb snoitcilffa taerg sreffus enO
.mrof lla fo ecruos eht si tirips fo gnihton eht sa tsuj
89
 ,gnihtemos no gnihton fo ecrof eht yb desuac si noitcA
.lufesu tsom si niereht demrof ecaps eht tey
,yalc fo demrof si top A
.tnatropmi tsom si meht neewteb ecaps eht tey
,moor a troppus dna mrof sllaW
.fles si tiripS
.efil
fo ecruos eht si tirips eht fo ecnesse etinifni ehT
.noitom fo ecruos sselnoitom eht ,ytitnenon sselmrof ehT
.ti psarg ton lliw seporg ohw eH
;ti raeh ton lliw snetsil ohw eH
;ti ees ton lliw skool ohw eH"
:tirips
nwo sih derevocsider eh "yaw eht" tuoba evag eh ecivda
fo eceip llams a si ereH .gnivael erofeb yhposolihp
lanosrep sih nwod etirw ot mih deggeb dna mih deppots
repeeketag egalliv ehT .ydob eht traped ot tserof eht
ot og dna egalliv eht evael ot dediced eh ,nam dlo na sA
.ytilatrommi dna ytiliba ,yromem
nwo sih fo emos derevocer eh ,gniod os nI .sevil
tsap dna ,sthguoht nwo sih detnorfnoc eh ,ahtrahddiS
amatauG ekiL .efil nwo sih fo ecnesse eht detalpmetnoc
eH .anihC ni egalliv llams a ni devil saw namuh
a sa emitefil tsal sih ,dnegel nommoc eht ot gnidroccA
.siht hsilpmocca ot doog yrev
neeb evah tsum EB-SI na fo erutan eht fo gnidnatsrednu
siH .htraE morf depacse dna yrenihcam sisonpyh
/ aisenma "eripmE dlO" eht fo stceffe eht emacrevo
ohw ,modsiw taerg fo EB-SI na saw )etontooF( 761 ,"yaW
ehT" dellac koob llams a etorw ohw rehposolihp a ,izoaL
-- ECB 406
.sdog "eripmE dlO" fo ylponap
a ecalpsid ot niamoD ehT fo sevitarepo yb ecalp ni
tup sdog "citsiehtonom" fo rebmun gniworg eht fo rehtona
tey saw sihT )etontooF( 661 .adzaM aruhA dellac EB-SI na dnuora
aisreP ni secitcarp suoigiler detaerc )etontooF( 561 retsaoroZ
-- ECB 036
)etontooF( 461 .tpygE ni deiduts eh mohw htiw ,siaS fo sihcnoS
dna silopoileH fo sihponesP ,stseirp-hgih "eripmE dlO"
79
 eht morf deviecer eh noitamrofni saw sihT .sitnaltA
fo ecnetsixe eht detroper ,eceerG morf nam esiw a ,noloS
-- ECB 955 - 836
.tcudnoc elbanosaer erom no desab scilbuper
citarcomed otni serutluc labirt laturb dna edurc
demrofsnart taht noitazilivic nretseW ni noitulover
larutluc a fo gninnigeb eht saw sihT .egaugnal
keerG eht ni detalsnart tsrif erew snmyH cideV ehT
-- ECB 007
.seidob lacigoloib
tuohtiw etarepo dna noitarepo aisenma eripmE dlO"
eht diova ot elba erew ohw htraE no s'EB-SI fo stiolpxe
eht fo snoitpircsed etarucca yrev era dlrow tneicna eht
fo "shtym" rehto ynam sa llew sa ,smeop siH .ygolohtym
naitpygE dna nainolybaB ,stxet nairemuS ,stxet cideV ni
secruos reilrae morf deifidom dna deworrob sa 'sdog eht'
seirots eht etorw )etontooF( 361 ,teop keerG dnilb eht ,remoH
-- ECB 058
.niamoD ehT tsiser ot elituf si ti sa ,revewoh gnol tsal
ton did tI .secrof "eripmE dlO" eht fo stnanmer eht yb
secroF niamoD ehT ot ecnatsiser tneloiv yrev a saw sraey
003 fo doirep tahT .htraE gnidnuorrus "snoitats ecaps"
eht fo lortnoc rof secrof owt neewteb metsys ralos eht
fo ecaps eht ni tuo thguof gnieb saw raw ,emit emas siht
gniruD )etontooF( 261 .raW najorT eht fo elanif eht sa yorT
fo noitcurtsed eht ni dedne hcihw ,ycamerpus rof thguof
snajorT dna skeerG eht ,aeahcA dna tsaE raeN eht nI
-- ECB 391,1
.deliops ylkciuq saw lortnoc suoigiler "eripmE
dlO" eht worhtrevo ot tolp siht ,revewoH .)etontooF( 161 tpygE
fo retnec citedoeg tcaxe eht ta ,anramA ta noitacol
wen eht ot sebehT morf tpygE fo latipac eht devom
dna ,numA fo doohtseirp eht dehsiloba netanehkA hoarahP
eht emit siht gniruD .tnepreS ehT fo srehtorB "eripmE
dlO" eht sa nwonk osla ,numA fo tseirP eht dellac
tluc yretsym naitpygE eht tsniaga tseuqnoc suoigiler
fo raw a degaw ylevitca ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT
-- ECB 7331 - ECB 1531
69
 )etontooF( 061 .emit eht ta aera naenarretideM eht ni
erutluc hgih htiw noitazilivic rehto ylno eht erew yeht
ecnis ,pleh rof tpygE deksa retsasid cinaclov naoniM eht
fo srovivrus eht fo emoS .eterC fo elpoep eht rof eman
naitpygE eht eb ot sneppah osla hcihw ,"uhcpeK" sitnaltA
dellac ohw tseirp naitpygE eht yb noitamrofni eht
nevig saw ohw ,noloS rehposolihp keerG eht fo sgnitirw
eht morf deworrob erew sitnaltA ot secnerefer s'otalP
.noitazilivic rieht deyortsed taht arehT .tM fo sevaw
ladit dna noitpure cinaclov eht morf gnipacse eterC
no noitazilivic naoniM eht morf seegufer erew esehT
.reilrae sraey 000,07 naht
erom detsixe hcihw ,naecO citnaltA eht ni ,atnaltA fo
tnenitnoc tneicna eht morf ton erew elpoep eseht ,esruoc
fO .emit siht tuoba elpoep "naetnaltA" yb dedavni saw
aera naenarretideM eht taht dedrocer unA fo stseirP ehT
)etontooF( 951 .noloS egas keerG eht ot ,siaS fo sihcnoS dna
,silopoileH fo sihponesP ,stseirp-hgih naitpygE eht yb
nevig sitnaltA fo noitcurtsed eht rof etad eht si sihT
-- ECB 005,1
)etontooF( 851 .silopoelcareH
ot sihpmeM morf tpygE fo ytic latipaC eht devom hoarahp
namuh tsrif ehT .shoarahP sa elor gnilur eht revo
koot sgnieb namuH .taefed ni ,kaeps ot os ,"snevaeh"
eht ot denruter dna tpygE tfel yllanif yehT .emit
siht ta nekorb saw ,"srelur enivid" eht fo lortnoc eht
taht saw secrof "eripmE dlO" eht dna secroF niamoD ehT
neewteb elttab gniyfisnetni eht fo stluser eht fo enO
-- ECB 0402 - 061,2
)etontooF( 751 .metsys aisenma "eripmE
dlO" eht morf epacse ot deganam wohemos ohw EB-SI na saw
,naP ro niM .dog keerG a osla saw ,naP sa nwonk osla
,EB-SI ehT .tpygE fo ytilitreF fo doG eht emaceb ,NIM
-- ECB 181,2
."eripmE dlO" eht nihtiw
snoitalletsnoc niatrec dna metsys ralos eht fo htraE
no ,"egami rorrim" a etaerc ot dednetni saw uaetalP
aziG eht fo sdimaryp eht lla fo noitarugifnoc ehT
59
 .esidnahcrem detnawnu
sa ,depmud dna htraE ot thguorb erew sEB-SI hcihw
morf "eripmE dlO" eht ni smetsys yek eht fo eno hcae era
srats esehT )etontooF( 651 .roniM asrU ateB dna sinocarD ahplA
,katiniA ,oslA .detsixe "eripmE dlO" eht fo tenalp emoh
eht erehw ,reppiD giB eht ot dengila osla era stfahs
ehT .suiriS yllacificeps dna ,arojaM sunaC ,noirO
fo noitalletsnoc eht ni srats fo noitarugifnoc eht
htiw ngila ot dimaryp eht edisni detcurtsnoc erew stfahS
.esiwrehto edam eb ton
dluoc htraE fo stnenitnoc eht fo retnec citedoeg eht fo
snoitaluclac lacitamehtam yleruP .ecaps morf htraE fo
sessam dnal eht fo weiv a dna evitcepsrep lairea eriuqer
stnemerusaem esicerp hcus ylsuoivbO .ecaps morf deweiv
sa )etontooF( 551 ,htraE fo sessam dnal eht fo lla fo retnec
tcaxe eht ta ylesicerp detacol saw dimaryp taerg ehT
.rebmahc lairub a sa desu
eb ot dednetni reven erew sdimaryp eht ecnis ,rebmahc
eht ni deirub gniK a reven saw ereht esruoc fO .hatP
fo noS ,htohT fo noitcerid eht rednu tliub saw dimaryp
eht taht yas stxet ehT )etontooF( 451 .stxet dimaryP dellacos eht ni nees eb nac srotartsinimda "eripmE dlO" eht
yb detaerc noitpircsni nA .detelpmoc erew oriaC raen
sdimaryp fo xelpmoc dna )etontooF( 351 dimaryp "taerg" ehT
-- ECB 054,2
.niamoD
ehT fo ytreporp a won era htraE fo secruoser larenim ehT
.emit gnol yrev a rof yxalag eht tuohguorht stenalp no
snoitarepo gninim deniatniam osla sah "eripmE dlO" ehT
)etontooF( 251 .retsloh
a ni dleh ,sloot gnivrac dna rettuc enots gnittime
evaw-thgil ,cinortcele na gnisu rekrow enots a fo
gniredner edurc a si elpmet ayasasalaK eht fo draytruoc
neknus eht ni erutplucs alets ecnoP ehT .stemleh gninim
gniraew nees era yehT .sevlesmeht fo serutplucs wef
a evrac did srenim esehT .niamoD ehT dna ecrof "eripmE
dlO" eht neewteb raw eht ot eud emit taht ta htraE
no enod saw gninim lairuenerpertne fo yteirav taerg A
.esruoc fo ,"sdog eht" fo ytreporp eht erew
slateM .eznorb gnikam ni esu rof nit gnidulcni ,slatem
erar fo gninim eht rof )etontooF( 151 camacahcaP dna )etontooF(
49
051 uccipuhcaM )etontooF( 941 ,ubmatyatnallO fo seitic eht ,otiuQ
,oczuC )etontooF( 841 ,ocanauhaiT sa hcus sniatnuoM sednA eht
ni 'sdog eht' fo sgnidliub lacimonortsa dna setis gninim
yek eht snioj taht dirg lacimonortsa eht fo tuoyaL
-- ECB 271,3
.yas llits snaitsirhC
eht hcihw ,'nemA' gniyas dnuora gniklaw stseirp
emos tpecxe ,htraE no ,no gniog gnihton saw ereht
taht esoppus yeht ,dnA ."eripmE dlO" eht fo ygolonhcet
rehto ro "snug yar" evah ot desoppus ton erew stseirp
naitpygE taht emussa ot eunitnoc snairotsih htraE ,oS
.dehsawniarb dna htraE
ot detnalpsnart ,derutpac neeb evah yeht taht tcepsus
ot htraE fo sEB-SI eht tnaw ton seod ecrof "eripmE
dlO" ehT .noicipsus etaerc ot ton sa os ,"pu denaelc"
ylluferac neeb sah ,ytivitca lairtserretartxe rehto yna
ro ,secroF "eripmE dlO" ro niamoD ehT fo noitnevretni
eht fo ecnedive lla taht stseggus ecnedive lacisyhp ehT
.segakcap detargetni etelpmoc sa
"deraeppa" tsuj ,htrof os dna sedoc larom ,slautir ,puekam laicaf ,selyts-riah ,sepyt ydob laicar fo sliated
eht fo lla htiw etelpmoc ,serutluc esehT .snoitazilivic
dimaryp eht fo yna ro tpygE ni snoitidart larutluc
,erutcetihcra ,noigiler ,gnitirw ,egaugnal ,scitamehtam
detacitsihpos ni detluser hcihw noitisnart yranoitulove
na fo htraE no erehwyna ecnedive on si ereht
,esruoc fO .htraE no "evlove" ton did yeht ,"degakcaperp" erew doirep siht gnirud htraE no dellatsni
snoitazilivic dna ygolonhcet eht esuaceb ,rehtruF
.doirep suoigiler a ylno
saw siht taht emussa yeht ,aisenma evah snairotsih htraE
ecniS .doirep are arepo ecaps a si doirep naitpygE
eht esuaceb ,htraE no snairotsih ro stsigoloeahcra
ot esnes yna ekam ton seod siht esruoc fO .doirep
siht gnirud secrof "eripmE dlO" eht dna niamoD ehT
neewteb kcatta rednu saw htraE ,reilrae denoitnem I sA
-- ECB 002,3
."eripmE dlO" eht fo sknar evitartsinimda
eht ni dewollof taht soahc fo sraey 053 fo
doirep a dna shoarahP namuh 01 fo noisseccus tsrif eht
39
 detrats sihT .tpygE ni "neM fo ytuaeB ehT" ,refeN-neM
dellac ytic latipac eht dehsilbatse eH ."NEM" deman
saw ,yllatnedicnioc ,ohw hoarahP a fo elur eht htiw
nageb tpygE rewoL dna reppU detinu ohw shoarahP namuh fo
ytsanyD tsriF ehT .srelur namuh htiw sevlesmeht ecalper
ot decrof erew yehT .secroF niamoD ehT yb emit siht
ta detpursid saw "sdog enivid" ro sevitarepo "eripmE
dlO" eht yb htraE no sriaffa eht otni noitnevretni ehT
-- ECB 001,3 - 054,3
.niamoD
ehT fo noissessop elbaulav a won si metsys ralos eht
fo aera siht ,"eripmE dlO" eht tsniaga raw ruo fo tluser
a sA .noitats ecaps laedi yrev a sekam tenalp pu nekorb
siht tuB .spihs rehto dna ,tropsnart gnimocni rof tops
gniretne citcalag doog a sa evres nac taht yxalag eht fo
dne siht ta stenalp yna t'nera erehT .seixalag gniniojda
dna yaW ykliM eht neewteb "pmuj citcalag" a sa desu
si tI .tfarc ecaps fo gnidnal dna ffo ekat rof mroftalp
ytivarg-wol lufesu yrev a sedivorp tI )etontooF( 741 .tleb
dioretsa eht -- pu nekorb si taht tenalp a sah metsys
ralos sihT .metsys ralos htraE eht ni snoitats ecaps
ro snoitallatsni terces dehsilbatse osla niamoD ehT
)etontooF( 641 .suneV
ekil tnemnorivne cirehpsomta na erudne nac taht htraE
no smrof efil wef a era erehT .sduolc dica ciruflus fo
erehpsomta yvaeh dna toh ,esned yrev a sah hcihw suneV
no smrof efil srotinom osla ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD
ehT ."eripmE dlO" eht fo secrof ecaps eht tsniaga
noitisop evisnefed a sa )etontooF( 541 suneV tenalp eht revo
koot niamoD ehT .erehwesle dna sraM no sesab "eripmE
dlO" fo yrevocsid eht ot del metsys ralos siht ni
secrof niamoD fo ecnaraeppasid eht otni snoitagitsevnI
-- ECB 569,5
.htraE no llits era yehT .seidob lacigoloib
namuh tibahni ot htraE ot kcab tnes dna ,aisenma
nevig ,sraM ot nekat ,derutpac erew noilattab niamoD
ehT fo sEB-SI .htraE fo metsys ralos eht ni etarepo
ot deunitnoc ohw "eripmE dlO" eht fo secrof ecaps
yb deyortsed dna dekcatta saw noitallatsni niamoD ehT
.tenalp nosirp a sa htraE deniatniam
"eripmE dlO" eht taht erawa ton saw niamoD ehT sa
29
 deifitrof ton saw noitallatsni ehT .ecroF yranoitidepxE
niamoD ehT fo srebmem werc dna sreciffo 000,3 eht
fo noilattab a yb sniatnuom ayalamiH eht ni dehsilbatse
saw noitallatsni na nehw nageb tI .sraey 005,7
ylraen detsal taht metsys ralos siht ni teelf ecaps
"eripmE dlO" eht fo stnanmer gnivivrus eht dna dnammoC
ecapS niamoD ehT neewteb erafraw evitca fo gninnigeb ehT
-- ECB 8426
.sEB-SI erew yeht
hguohtla ,"enivid" ton ylniatrec erew yehT ."eripmE
dlO" eht fo sevitarepo sa devres ohw sEB-SI erew "srelur
enivid" eht fo eno hcae taht si rettam eht fo tcaf ehT
.noisulli suoiretsym a etaerc oT ?sgnidliub sselesu
ynam os tcurtsnoc ot secruoser ynam os etsaw enoyna
dluow nosaer tahw roF ."stnemunom yretsym" dellac
eb dluoc "eripmE dlO" eht yb detcere stnemunom enots
rehto eht fo lla dna sdimaryp ehT .esoprup lufesu on
evah yehT .eulav on evah yeht ,revewoh eulav ro esu emos
evah ot dna ,laer eb ot raeppa yehT .erutcip noitom
a fo tes eht no nwot nretsew a fo sedacaf eslaf eht ekil
hcum ,"sporp" tliub ylitsah erew serutcurts eht fo tsoM
.erehwesle
dna )etontooF( 441 tsaE elddiM eht ni seirrauq enots eht
ni ,detavacxe yllaitrap ,nees eb llits nac snoitazilivic
dimaryp eht ni desu esoht sa hcus skcolb enotS .niamoD
ehT ni tenalp a no noitcepsni ssap reven dluow eseht
ekil serutcurts tfihs-ekam taht tsetta nac I ,niamoD ehT
fo reenigne na sA .stenalp tsom no sdradnats gnidliub
ot derapmoc ,lacitcarpmi dna edurc era sgnidliub ehT
.noiger citcalag siht ni srats suoirav ot evitaler
ecnacifingis lacimonortsa ro citedoeg evah ot dnuof eb
lliw serutcurts eseht fo emos fo dnuorg eht no tnemecalp
ehT .hcae snot fo sdnasuoht ro derdnuh gnihgiew
enots fo skcolb tropsnart dna tfil ot tfarc ecaps
dna sdleif ecrof desu osla yehT )etontooF( 341 .skcolb enots
etavacxe dna evrac ylkciuq ot sevaw thgil detartnecnoc
ylhgih fo sloot gnittuc desu sreenigne "eripmE dlO"
."tnepreS eht fo srehtorB" eht dellac "eripmE
dlO" eht fo doohtseirp terces a detneserper hcihw
nogarD ro ,tnepreS eht saw lobmys riehT .snaitpygE eht
19
 yb "srehctaW ro snaidrauG" gninaem ,"rtN" dellac erew
htraE no hatP dewollof ohw srelur "eniveD" dellac-os ehT
.niaga htraE ot denruter
dna ,aisenma nevig ,derutpac erew yeht ,desaeler
erew "sluos" eht nehw ,esruoc fO .sesproc rieht
morf "sluos esaeler" ot slarenuf ta stseirp yb demrofrep
saw hcihw "ynomerec htuom eht fo gninepo" eht detanigiro
eH .tpygE ni noitanracnier fo dog eht osla saw hatP
.'nemstfarC fo redaeL
taerG' eltit eht nevig saw tseirp hgih siH .reenigne
noitcurtsnoc a saw eH ."repoleveD ehT" deman-kcin saw
,hatP ."hatP fo tiripS eht fo esuoH" ro ",hatP-aK-teH"
esarhp eht fo noitpurroc keerG a si "tpygE" drow eht
taht snrael eno nehw dootsrednu eb yam ecnatropmi s'hatP
.srelur "enivid" sa noitalupop htraE eht ot sevlesmeht
detneserper ohw "eripmE dlO" eht morf srotartsinimda
fo noisseccus a ni tsrif eht ot nevig eman eht saw hatP
.snoitazilivic
eslaf eseht rof snoitarepo yrrauq enots dna ,strop ecaps
,snoitats noitacinummoc ,seitilicaf ecivres dedivorp
aera naimatoposeM ehT .aciremaoseM dna anihC ,tpygE
,nolybaB ni dehsilbatse erew esehT .htraE no "eripmE
dlO" eht yb pu tes erew snoitazilivic dimaryP rehtO
-- ECB 057,6
.htraE no tnemnosirpmi yb dewollof ,"elbahcuotnu"
EB-SI na edam troper xat a ni rorre tsethgils
ehT ."eripmE dlO" eht ni tnemhsinup a sa dna msinahcem
yrevals a sa desu erew sexat emocnI .snoitaluger xat
emocni etaloiv ot saw "eripmE dlO" eht ni timmoc dluoc
EB-SI na semirc suoires tsom eht fo eno ,yllatnedicnioC
.seitirohtua xat dna ecilop eht fo hcaer eht
dnoyeb htraE no nwo rieht fo seinoloc llams pu tes yehT
.noitasnes lacisyhp ni egludni ot ylpmis ro ,"eripmE
dlO" eht ni noitautis lacitilop eht fo egatnavda
ekat ot redro ni seidob lacigoloib detibahni ohw
sEB-SI erew yehT ."dog fo snos" ton erew yeht ,nemow
htraE htiw detam yeht dna ,nem erew eseht fi ,ylsuoivbO
.ytitnedi
ro ytilanosrep ,ygolonhcet ,gniniart ,secneirepxe
09
 nwo rieht rebmemer tonnac dna ,aisenma nevig neeb
evah ohw sEB-SI lla gnoma lasrevinu si roivaheb siht
,yletanutrofnU ."dog" a fo sgnikrow eht ot ygolonhcet
ro nonemonehp elbanialpxenu yna detubirtta yehT .meht
ot suolucarim dna gnidnuotsa mees dluow ,thgilhsalf
elpmis a neve ,ygolonhcet nredom ynA .srerehtag
dna sredreh ,sevals erew tnematseT dlO eht dellac
koob yrotsih eht etorw ohw elpoep hsiweJ tneicna ehT
".nwoner
fo nem ,dlo fo erew ohw nem ythgim eht erew esohT
.meht ot nerdlihc erob yeht dna ,nem fo srethguad
eht ot ni emac doG fo snos eht nehw ,drawretfa osla
dna ,syad esoht ni htrae eht no erew milihpeN ehT
.esohc yeht revemohw ,sevlesmeht
rof seviw koot yeht dna ;lufituaeb erew nem fo
srethguad eht taht was "doG fo snos" eht taht ,meht
ot nrob erew srethguad dna ,dnal eht fo ecaf eht
no ylpitlum ot nageb nem nehw ,tuoba emac ti woN"
: "milihpeN"
eht fo nigiro eht sebircsed ,siseneG fo kooB ehT fo 6
retpahC )etontooF( 241 ."milihpeN" eht sebircsed ,elpoep hsiweJ
eht ot gnidrocca ,htraE fo yrotsih eht ,elpmaxe roF
.snosaer suoirafen rehto ynam dna ,niag lanosrep
rof tenalp eht fo secruoser eht tiolpxe ot htraE
ot emac ohw sruenerpertne dna stnahcrem ,srenim ,setarip
ecaps ,sedagener yratilim lortnoc ot ecrof ecilop
on saw ereht ,secroF niamoD ehT yb taefed rieht retfa
"eripmE dlO" eht fo lortnoc eht rednu regnol on saw
htraE ecniS .htraE ot emac ohw "eripmE dlO" eht morf
sgnieb rehto erew ereht ,noitarepo nosirp htraE eht nur
ohw "eripmE dlO" eht fo sevitarepo ot noitidda nI .DA
032,1 ni deyortsed yllanif erew htraE fo metsys ralos
eht ni teelf ecaps "eripmE dlO" eht fo stnanmer ,revewoH
.emoc ot emit emos rof ecalp ni niamer lliw "eripmE dlO"
eht fo smetsys larutluc dna cimonoce ,lacitilop eht fo
aitreni ehT .yletelpmoc reuqnoc ot niamoD ehT rof sraey
fo sdnasuoht ynam ekat lliw "eripmE dlO" eht fo ezis
tsav eht ,revewoH .yxalag eht ni ytitne lacitilop a
sa "eripmE dlO" eht fo dne eht saw sihT .yxalag siht ni
tnemnrevog tenalp emoh "eripmE dlO" eht fo noitcurtseD
-- ECB 050,8
98
 .tenalp nosirp eht morf epacse ot yaw
a revocsid ot modsiw eht gnisu morf enoyna tneverp ot
part yboob a era hcihw stseirp yb tcaf fo slasrever dna
seil htiw deretla dna snamuh yb detaulave yltcerrocni
neeb sah ti ,yletanutrofnU .hturt lautirips fo
laed taerg a sniatnoc hcihw egdelwonk fo ydob suodnemert
a si ereH ."noitulove fo yroeht" eht sebircsed
snmyh fo tes emas ehT .emit ecudorp selcyc esehT
.ecaps a ni rettam dna ygrene fo noitcurtsed ro htaed
dna yaced ,noitavresnoc ,htworg ,noitaerc eht :"esrevinu
lacisyhp eht fo elcyc" eht dellac aedi na sedulcni
''dlihC nwaD eht ot nmyH ehT" .noitareneg ot noitareneg
morf ,deziromem ,noitidart nekops ni drawrof emac
yehT .htraE fo seiteicos eht otni decudortni erew taht
snmyh suoigiler fo tes a era snmyh cideV ro adeV ehT
-- ECB 212,8
.)etontooF( 141 .srotartsinimda
metsys nosirp "eripme dlo" eht yb htraE no tcatni
tfel eb ot dewolla eb dluow noitazilivic cinortcele
na fo secart yna taht ylekilnu ylhgih si ti ,revewoH
.silopoileH fo ytic naitpygE eht ta ,dog nairemuS
eht ,unA fo stseirP erew ohw sdneirf sih fo emos yb
siht dlot saw eh taht etorw nairotsih keerG ehT .xnihpS
ehT fo swap eht htaeneb tluav a ni deirub erew ,yteicos
taht fo ygolonhcet rehto dna ygolonhcet cinortcele
gniniatnoc ,sitnaltA fo noitazilivic deniur eht morf
sdrocer ,sutodoreH ,nairotsih htraE eht ot gnidroccA
-- ECB 004,01
)etontooF(
041 .yks eht ni yaW ykliM eht fo noitatneserper ylhtrae
eht sa eliN eht ot evitaler aziG morf yks eht ni nees
sa noirO fo noitalletsnoc eht fo tnemngila eht yltcefrep
sehctam dnuorg eht no aziG fo sdimaryP eht fo tnemngila
ehT .raey siht ni aziG morf nees sa "eripmE dlO" eht
ni srats yek ot ylesicerp tniop dimaryp eht fo "stfahs
ria" 4 ehT .aziG fo dimaryP taerG a fo noitcurtsnoc rof
htohT dellac EB-SI "eripmE dlO" eht yb edam erew snalP
-- ECB 054,01
.selop eht fo tfihs eht ot eud snoigeR
citrA eht dna ailartsuA ,saciremA eht ni derrucco
slamina fo snoitcnitxe evissaM .retaw yb derevoc
88
 erew airumeL dna sitnaltA fo segitsev gniniamer tsal ehT
.htraE fo sessam dnal eht fo snoitces egral egrembus
ot esor naeco eht fo level eht dna detlem spac eci
ralop eht sa yltpurba dne na ot emac egA ecI tsal ehT
.aera aes a ot )etontooF( 931 detfihs htraE fo sixA raloP ehT
-- ECB 006,11
.teef 000,41 ylraen fo noitavele
na ta "nuS eht fo etaG" sti dna ayasasalaK sa nwonk
sgnidliub enots devrac fo xelpmoc enots evissam eht
fo noitcurtsnoc gnidulcni )etontooF( 831 ocanauhaiT ta )senotS
niT fo ekaL( acacitiT ekaL raen aiviloB yad tneserp
ni sniatnuoM sednA eht ni snoitarepo gninim ciluardyh
a fo noitcurtsnoc eht desivrepus secrof "eripmE dlO" ehT
-- ECB 000,51 acric
!yretsyM ?serutluc dimaryp rehto dna tpygE fo yretsym
eht si tahW .rewsna nwo sti setats noitseuq A .tif ton
od taht seceip fo edam selzzup era yehT .snoitazilivic
"eripmE dlO" rehto dna tpygE fo elzzup was-gij eht evlos
ot gnitpmetta sruoh sseldne tneps evah elpoep sseltnuoC
.EB-SI na rof part a si tI .eil a si sihT !tcejbo
lacisyhp a tub ,tirips a TON si EB-SI na taht aedi eht
llitsni ot si sgninaem eslaf eseht rof nosaer ylno ehT
)etontooF( 731 .desaeced eht
morf noitubirter fo raef tuohtiw naelc snoissessop rieht
kcip nac serutluv rehto dna srebmem ylimaf ,sreknab
,seinapmoc ecnarusni ,stnemnrevog ,oS .noissessop
yna dah yeht taht rebmemer ton lliw yeht ,aisenma
sah EB-SI eht fi ,revewoH .snoissessop eht mialc
dna nruter dluoc EB-SI nA .ydob eht tfel ro deid gnieb
eht nehw nettogrof ro nelots ,tsol ton erew snoissessop
lairetam rieht EB-SI na fo tenalp emoh eht nO
.luos
a si EB-SI nA .luos sa "evah" ton seod EB-SI nA .htaed
retfa "aK" ro "luos" rieht niatsus ot ,nenil ni depparw
ydob remrof rieht gnidulcni ,snoissessop ylhtraE rieht
htiw deirub erew yeht deid nosrep a fo ydob eht nehW
.htraE no sEB-SI eht tneirosid
dna esufnoc ot redro ni ,stirips latrommi naht rehtar
,stcejbo dilos no desab ytilautirips eslaf a fo trap
78
 era ,stnemngila lacimonortsa ,noitaluclac lacitamehtam
,sngised cirtemoeg ,noitamrofni tnavelerri fo elddum
elbarehpicedni ehT .ecnarongi yb dna raef yb ,ecrof
yb devalsne noitalupop eht peek ot msinahcem lortnoc
a fo trap sa siht sesu noitazilivic dimaryp yrevE
.kaeps-elbuod obmuj-obmum fo noigiler a sedulcni sihT
.metsys nosirp eht fo trap detargetni
ylluf a si eceip yrevE .ecno ta lla ,ytilatot ni
htraE no dellatsni erew sedacaf esehT .nosirp eht rof
edacaf eslaf a etaerc ot noitnetni eht htiw htraE no sEBSI eht ot deilppa neeb evah ,"eripmE dlO" eht ni sraey
fo snoillim revo depoleved erew hcihw ,tnemevalsne
dna tnempartne fo seigolonhcet detacitsihpoS
.yromem sih
eldniker dna gnieb a "dnimer" dluoc tenalp emoh a morf
noitazilivic fo tnanmer rehto yna ro ,ecived scinortcele
decnavda na ,pihs ecaps a ,lobmys a ,gnihtolc fo eceip
a ,ydob A .stenalp emoh setamni eht fo noitazilivic
eht ekil skool taht gnihtyna laever ot diarfa era yehT
?sdraug
eht tsniaga eno sa pu esir dna denosirpmi yleslaf neeb
evah yeht taht dezilaer ylneddus yeht fi tahW !eerf eb
ot thgir eht evah yeht taht derebmemer ylneddus nosirp
eht ni setamni eht fo lla fi neppah thgim tahw enigamI
!tnemnosirpmi lanrete ot meht denmednoc
dna aisenma meht evag ,htraE ot meht tnes ,snoissessop
rieht fo lla elots ,meht derutpac ,meht deredrum
ohw rebmemer ot sEB-SI tnaw ton od ,sroirepus rieht
dna ,metsys nosirp eht fo srotarepo "eripmE dlO" ehT
.morf emac yeht erehw ,htraE ot emac
yeht woh ,era yllaer yeht ohw gnirebmemer morf htraE
no sEB-SI tneverp ot si doohtseirp "eripmE dlO" ehT fo
snoitcnuf yramirp eht fo eno ,eroferehT .yromem rieht
niager thgim htraE no sEB-SI eht taht deraef "eripmE
dlO" ehT .nosirp eht fo sllaw eht secrofnier yretsyM
.oot srenosirp era tseirp eht won ,revewoH .emas eht si
noitcnuf eht tub ,degnahc evah stseirp eht ,semit nredom
nI .yllautirips dna yllacisyhp devalsne noitalupop
etamni eht tpek dna yrusaert eht dellortnoc ,hoarahP
a detalupinam ,nrut ni ,ohw ,stseirp ro srotartsinimda
nosirp eht yb nur saw yteicos naitpygE ,tsap eht nI
68
 .htraE no "evlove"
ton did sgnieb namuH .tnatibahni "evitan" a si htraE no
nosrep eno toN .metsys yratenalp rehto emos morf htraE
ot emac htraE no EB-SI elgnis yreve taht si hturt ehT
.emoh rieht morf yawa raf
,raf tenalp a no denosirpmi dna aisenma nevig ,derutpac
neeb evah sEB-SI taht hturt eht morf yawa noitnetta
strevid yretsym ehT .htraE no noitalupop nosirp EBSI eht rof yretsym elbavlosnu a etaerc ot dengised erew
"sdog" lamina-nam dna shpylgoreih deredner yllacitsitra
,erutcetihcra suolevram ,stnemunom evissam ,setir
terces ,stnemngila lacimonortsa ,slautir etacirtni ehT
.yretsym dna scitehtsea fo erulla eht htiw detiab ,hturt
fo snoitacirbaf etelpmoc era eseht fo llA .msilobmys
dna srohpatem lacirtaeht htiw ,ygolonhcet arepo
ecaps dna scitamehtam detacitsihpos denibmoc "eripmE
dlO" eht fo tluc tseirp ehT .shturt wef a htiw denibmoc
ylluflliks ,seil fo reyal nopu reyal fo devirtnoc
ylluferac erew htraE fo snoitazilivic dimaryp eht fo llA
.yretsym a regnol on si ti ,delaever
si hturt tcaxe eht fI .stsisrep regnol on eil a
,nwonk si hturt nehW .stneve dna secalp ,setad tcaxe fo
desirpmoc era hcihw stcaf retla yeht esuaceb ecnetsisrep
esuac seiL .shturt-flah dna seil fo tliub si YRETSYM
.metsys nosirp htraE eht
ni setamitni eht gnoma msinahcem aisenma eht ecrofnier
rehtruf ot yteicos eslaf a fo noisulli eht etaerc ot
detnevni erew sgninaem eslaF .tnepreS eht fo srehtorB
eht dellac tluc yretsym "eripmE dlO" eht yb devirtnoc
"snoitazilivic eslaf" naht erom gnihton era yehT
.noisulli detacirbaf a era htraE fo serutluc dimaryp ehT
.hturt eht fo egdelwonk tneverp sgninaem eslaF :GNINAEM
.reverof
"si" EB-SI nA .reverof erudne ton od stcejbO .emit
ro ssam on sah EB-SI nA .EB-SI na fo etisoppo tcaxe
eht era slobmys esrevinu lacisyhp yvaeh ,esned ,revewoH
.efil lanrete fo noisulli na etaerc slobmys citpyrc
dima snoissessop ylhtraE htiw debmotne dna sniffoc
nedlog devargne edisni decalp ,niser ni dekaos ,nenil
ni depparw seidob daeD .ytinrete fo noisulli eht etaerc
58
 stcejbo dilos ,esned ,evissam ,yvaeH ."eripmE dlO"
eht yb detaerc serutcurts eht fo lla erew sa ,stcejbo
dilos yrev ,yrev erew sdimaryP ehT .spuc aet dna
selcitrap ygrene ,sdiuqil ,sesag ,stenalp ,srats sa hcus
stcejbo gnidulcni ,esrevinu lacisyhp eht stneserper SSAM
."si" ti taht skniht ti esuaceb
ylelos "si" EB-SI nA .gninaem ro ,ssam on evah hcihw
gnieB lautiripS latrommI na fo seitilauq eht ot etisoppo
era esehT .YRETSYM dna GNINAEM ,SSAM fo gnitsisnoc
"part" aisenma etarobale eht fo trap sa etarepo ot
dednetni si htraE tenalp no "eripmE dlO" eht fo "modsiw"
eht ,revewoH ."modsiw" rof lobmys eht eb ot degella si
dimaryp ehT .htraE no metsys nosirp EB-SI eht fo trap
sa detaerc yllanoitnetni erew snoitazilivic dimaryp ehT
.etad retal a litnu aera siht ni ecrof
yratilim tnacifingis a niatniam ton lliw hcihw ,niamoD
ehT rof neve ,yortsed ro kcatta ot tluciffid ylemertxe
era yeht dna noitarepo ni llits era snoitats esehT
.smsinahcem lortnoc thguoht cinortcele egnar gnol
fo esu eht hguorht dellatsni era slortnoc noitalupop
rehtruF .aisenma lauteprep fo etats ni noitalupop
s'htraE niatniam ot redro ni ecrof cinortcele emertxe
gnisu dehsawniarb era sEB-SI .htaed ta ydob eht straped
EB-SI eht nehw ,sEB-SI erutpac dna tceted ot dengised
sneercs ecrof etaerc stniop gnirotinom cinortcele esehT
)etontooF( 631 .ailognoM
fo seppets ni dna ,lagutroP fo )etontooF( 531 sniatnuoM
seeneryP eht ni ,acirfA ni )etontooF( 431 sniatnuoM iroznewR
eht ni htraE no dna sraM no pu tes erew "snoitats
aisenma" dnuorgrednU ."eripmE dlO" eht fo strap suoirav
morf htraE ot detropsnart dna spart cinortcele ni
detaluspacne ,derutpac erew sEB-SI .stsimrofnoc-non ro
lanimirc gninaem ,"elbahcuotnu" degduj erew ohw sEB-SI
rof nosirp dna dnuorg gnipmud a desu gnieb detrats htraE
-- ECB 000,03 erofeB
.esle hcum ton tub -- nosirp a sa
esu tnerruc s'ti rof ro ,nedrag lacinatob ro lacigolooz
a sa ylno esu rof elbatius htraE edam evah stcaf
suoivbo esehT .yxalag eht fo retnec eht drawot tsixe
hcihw snoitazilivic yratenalp detartnecnoc erom eht morf
yllacihpargoeg detalosi yrev htraE sekam sihT .yxalag a
fo "rats mir" a fo tenalp llams a si htraE ,noitidda nI
48
 ?tnemnorivne
na hcus ni poleved ot esoporp erutluc detacitsihpos
yna dluoc noitazilivic gnitsal fo dnik tahW .wef
a eman ot ,segnahc citamilc dna cirehpsomta ,stcapmi
roetem ,tfird latnenitnoc ,stfihs ralop ,seonaclov
,sekauqhtrae ,sdoolf ,erehpsomta esned dna ytivarg
yvaeh :snosaer rehto ynam rof elbarisednu si htraE
.neht ecnis
stresed elbatibahninu neeb evah yxalag eht fo rotces
siht ni stenalp eht fo tsoM )etontooF( 331 .snoitpure cinaclov
fo taht ekil hcum tuollaf cirehpsomta esuac snoisolpxe
cimotA .snopaew cimota yb dedrabmob erew ,stenalp
dna snoom gnirobhgien rehto ynam dna ,htraE emit hcihw
gnirud erafraw citcalagretni yb desuac saw noitcurtsed
tahT .oga sraey noillim 07 naht erom )etontooF( 231 sruasonid
eht deyortsed taht eno eht sa hcus sEB-SI yb desuac
smsylcatac labolg lanoisacco neeb evah ereht noitidda
nI .sEB-SI yb noitatibah rof tenalp elbatius a ton
si ti ,htraE ot suonegidni era hcihw stneve cimsylcatac
labolg gnirrucco yllarutan fo sepyt dairym eht ot euD
.sraey
fo sdnasuoht gnitsal segnahc mret-gnol ylevitaler rehto
ynam dna smrof efil fo snoitcnitxe ,ega eci na esuac
dluow tneve na hcus ylniatreC )etontooF( 131 .gnilooc labolg
esuac dna ,ecaps otni kcab detcelfed si nus eht morf
noitaidar hcihw gnirud doirep evisnetxe na sa llew sa
noitullop cirehpsomta ot eud "sthgin 04 dna syad 04" rof
stsal taht niar a esuac ylisae nac snoitpure cinaclov
eseht fo esufer lausu ehT .tenalp elohw eht dnuora
deirrac era hcihw sesag cixot htiw erehpsotarts eht
sllif )etontooF( 031 noisolpxe cinaclov lassoloc fo dnik tahT
.serutluc dna secar latneiro fo suneg eht
era ohw srovivrus rof dna ,htraE eht fo erutluc yreve
ni liaverp hcihw doolf labolg a fo sdnegel rof tpecxe
detsixe reve yeht taht ecnedive elttil yrev gnivael
,degrembus neht dna ,rettam cinaclov htiw derevoc
erew snoitazilivic htob yb deipucco saera latnenitnoc
ehT .snaeco eht woleb knis ot sessam dnal eht
fo saera taerg desuac htraE fo tsurc eht htaeneb muucav
gnitluser eht taht kcor netlom fo ssam tnacifingis
a hcus dellepxe noitpure cinaclov eht ,yltnerappA
38
 .serutluc arepo ecaps fo
seigolonhcet ralimis dna thgilf ,scinortcele dessessop
snoitazilivic htoB .secar latneirO fo ecruos eht era
dna noitazilivic nairumeL eht fo retnec eht erew htron
eht ot saera naeco eht dna ailartsuA .esenihC eht fo
srotsecna tseilrae eht era ,snairumeL eht ,noitazilivic
eht fo noitcurtsed eht fo srovivruS .sniatnuom
tsehgih eht gnidulcni ,sessam dnal eht lla demlehwrevo
noitpure eht yb desuac sretaw doolf ehT .rumeL fo
noitcurtsed eht desuac avaJ ni )etontooF( 921 aotakarK .tM dna
)etontooF( 821 artamuS ni ,aboT ekaL fo noiger eht ni noitpure
cinaclov enirambus evissam a taht si ytilibissop rehtonA
.snoitazilivic cinortcele eritne owt fo ecnaraeppasid
dna noitcurtsed etelpmoc eht snialpxe taht stsixe
ecnedive evisulcnoc on ,noitisoppus ylekil a smees siht
hguohtlA .meht deyortsed dna slanimirc sa stsinoloc
eht deusrup ohw secrof yratilim ro ecilop yb desuac
saw noitcurtsed rieht taht elbissop si ti ,eroferehT
.stenalp fo noitazinoloc dezirohtuanu stibihorp "eripmE
dlO" eht fo tcide gnidnats-gnol a taht swonk niamoD ehT
.noitucesrep suoigiler
ro lacitilop epacse ot smetsys yratenalp evitan
rieht morf delf ohw serutluc arepo ecaps ,cinortcele fo
stnanmer yb dednuof erew snoitazilivic htob ,yltnerappA
.emit emas eht ssel ro erom ta htraE no tsixeoc did yeht
taht eton ot tpecxe ,)etontooF( 721 rumeL dna )etontooF( 621 atnaltA
fo sessam dnal latnenitnoc eht no snoitazilivic eht
tuoba noitamrofni elttil yrev niatnoc sdrocer niamoD ehT
-- ECB 000,57 erofeB
."eripmE dlO" eht fo seitic rojam eht
ni sgnidliub fo ngised eht etalume hcihw ,erutcetihcra
"citsirutuf" ro "nredom" eb ot redisnoc uoy
tahw sa llew sa ,selibomotua dna ,senigne erif ,spihs
,sniart ,senalp sa hcus noitatropsnart fo ygolonhcet dna
ecnaraeppa eht ,ralucitrap nI .lortnoc etaidemmi sti fo
tuo nellaf sah ti taht won ,noitazilivic taht fo stcepsa
elbmeser ot emoc sah noitazilivic htraE yltnecer yreV
.niamoD ehT yb dedesrepus saw ti nehw oga sraey 000,01
tuoba litnu gniog tpek taht yteicos a pu tes sgnieb
esohT .yxalag siht otni yxalag rehtona morf sgnieb fo
noitargimmi eht deviecer ti ,detelpmoc erew noitarotser
dna pu-naelc eht dna dedisbus )etontooF( 521 ytivitcaoidar eht
28
 retfA .reilrae emitemos snopaew raelcun htiw aera eht
dereuqnoc ecrof noisavni "eripmE dlO" ehT .yxalag siht
fo )etontooF( 421 noitalletsnoC )reppiD giB( rojaM asrU eht ni
"srats liat" eht fo eno raen detacol erew sretrauqdaeh
esohw ,"eripmE dlO" eht fo tnemhsilbatse ehT
-- ECB 000,802
.retnec snoitacinummoc
noitats ecaps eht hguorht em ot elbissecca
era taht esoht tsael ta -- niamoD ehT fo selif atad
eht ni noitamrofni detalumucca eht morf detalopartxe
neeb evah stneve dna setad gniwollof eht ,revewoH
.noitamrofni rehtag ot emit ot emit morf snoissim
ecnassiannocer no htraE ot tnes neeb evah niamoD ehT
fo sreciffo niatrec ,dne taht oT .deliops ro deyortsed
ton era htraE fo secruoser eht taht erusne ot stseretni
ruo evres seod ti ,tenalp siht no sEB-SI fo noitalupop
eht ni ro ,es rep ,htraE ni tseretni on sah niamoD ehT
hguohtlA .snalp noisnapxe mret gnol ruo fo sseccus eht
erusne ot redro ni htraE no sriaffa niatrec ni enevretni
ot nesohc sah niamoD ehT sesac emos ni ,denoitnem I sA
.htraE
no stneve fo ssergorp lareneg eht dekcart sah ecroF
yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT emit taht ecniS .sretrauqdaeh
yratenalp "eripmE dlO" eht fo noisavni ruo retfa
derutpac sdrocer morf derehtag atad no yllapicnirp
yler lliw I ,sraey derdnuh wef tsap eht nihtiw htraE
fo dnuorgkcab lareneg eht no lennosrep lortnoc noissim
ruo yb sgnifeirb lareves dednetta evah I hguohtlA
.htraE no niamoD
ehT fo dna "eripmE dlO" eht fo secneulfni eht gninrecnoc
noitamrofni emos edivorp yeht esuaceb tnacifingis
era setad esehT .skoobtxet yrotsih htraE ni denoitnem
ton era taht stneve dna setad eht fo emos era esehT
.htraE fo yrotsih eht fo egdelwonk yratnemgarf ruoy
ot noitacifiralc emos dda lliw I ,weiv fo tniop roiretxe
na dna ytivegnol ,yromem fo egatnavda eht gnivah
,snoitcilffa eseht reffus ton seod niamoD ehT ecniS
.yretsym lauteprep dna ,sesehtopyh elbakrownu
,snoitpmussa evisulcnocni fo erimgauq a ni wollaw
ot demood si ,tnaillirb woh rettam on ,rotagitsevni
18
 ynA .elbarehpicedni yllautriv snoitazilivic htraE
fo yrotsih dna snigiro lautcaf eht fo noitcurtsnocer a
ekam noitalupinam trevoc dna sedacaf eslaf ,snoitseggus
citonpyh-tsop dna aisenma htiw denibmoc ,srotcaf esehT
.ecnedive lacisyhp
sderhs dna sexim ,snword ,srevoc yllacilcyc flesti
htraE eht fo erutan elitalov ehT .ti otni decudortni
ylirartibra neeb sah ygolohtym dna sciler rutiuqes non fo
noitaremolgnoc eguh A .ti morf gnissim si noitamrofni
lativ fo dairym A .ti etagitsevni ot stpmetta ohw
htraE no enoyna ot elbidercni si ti si taht lacisnesnon
os si tI .errazib yrev si htraE fo yrotsih lautca ehT"
noisseS ts1 ,7491 .7 .72 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
".ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo sreciffo
rehto yb detcudnoc snoissim ecnassiannocer fo sdrocer morf noitamrofni siht teg
ot dah ehs ,nairotsih a ton dna ,niamoD ehT fo reenigne / tolip / reciffo na saw lriA
ecniS .noitamrofni siht fo hcum deviecer ehs hcihw morf ,noitats ecaps tleb dioretsa
eht no reciffO snoitacinummoC eht htiw noitacinummoc ni yats ot deunitnoc lriA
.semit lareves flesreh "taeper" ot reh ksa ot dah I
os ,thguoht reh fo niart eht tsol I taht gnitirw nwo ym yb detcartsid os semitemos saw
I .lriA morf noitacinummoc eht gniviecer no sucof ot em rof tluciffid erom hcum
ti edam gnikat eton ym taht derevocsid I ,revewoH .em ot ti evag ehs sa yltcaxe
noitamrofni eht teg ot tnatropmi saw ti thguoht I nossel siht gnirud tub ,seton ekat
yllausu t'ndid I .nwod meht gnitirw tuohtiw rebmemer ylbissop t'ndluoc I taht seman
dna setad fo tol a em evag lriA esuaceb seton nettirw koot I weivretni siht roF"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
stnevE fo eniL emiT A
eniN retpahC
08
".EB-SI na fo yromem eht erotser
ot ypareht a poleved dna yrenihcam aisenma dna neercs
ecrof "eripmE dlO" eht yortsed dna etacol ot detacolla
eb nac secruoser reporp eht sa emit hcus litnu htraE
fo noitalupop EB-SI eht htiw tcatnoc diova ot elbisnes
erom dna refas si ti ,niamoD ehT fo ycilop laiciffo
eht sa llew sa ,cigol nommoc fo rettam a sa ,eroferehT
97
 .htraE morf sEB-SI eht etapicname ot deviecnoc
dohtem elbakrow on neeb sah ereht ,yletanutrofnU
.strevrep ro slanimirc suoiciv era ohw esoht gnidulcni
ton ,niamoD ehT fo snezitic elbaulav eb dluoc ,htraE no
sEB-SI rehto ynam dna noilattaB tsol eht fo srebmem ehT
.dlrow eht
dnuora lla neht dna ,erehpsimeH nretseW eht ot ,eporuE
otni ,emoR ,eceerG ,aiahcA hguorht ,tpygE otni ,nolybaB
dna ,aedlahC ot neht ,tsaE elddiM eht otni ,aidnI morf
noitazilivic nretseW fo noissergorp lareneg eht dewollof
evah ecrof niamoD ehT fo srebmem tsol fo ytirojam ehT
.ytitnedi eurt rieht rebmemer ot elbanu
era yeht sa ,elituf yllausu era meht htiw etacinummoc
ot stpmetta ruo ,revewoH .sraey 000,8 tsap eht rof
meht fo tsom kcart dna ezingocer ot elba neeb evah eW
.htraE no seidob lacigoloib tibahni ot decrof era yehT
.rehtie noilattaB ecroF yranoitidepxE eht fo sEB-SI
000,3 eht eucser ot elbanu neeb ,tey sa ,sah niamoD ehT
?fleseno fo ecnesse eht si taht yromem dna
,ytiliba ,ytitnedi ,ssenerawa lautirips eht esare ot
naht enoyna no detcilfni eb nac ytilaturb retaerg tahW
.htraE no dne dluoc tseuq rieht ,"lleH" fo hcraes ni
esrevinu eht fo renroc yreve ot spihs tnes niamoD ehT fI
.tenalp eht no EB-SI elgnis yreve fo ecnesse
lautirips eht fo noisserppo trevo na dna ,ecnegilletni
fo esu detrevrep a ,secruoser larutan fo etsaw lassoloc
a neeb evah ,tsuacoloh raelcun fo ega eht ot sdimaryp
sselesu fo ega eht morf ,htraE fo "snoitazilivic"
dellac-os ehT .srotarepo nosirp "eripmE dlO" eht
yb dellortnoc era ohw scitanul dna srehctub yb derutrot
ylsuounitnoc era htraE fo setamni evitaerc dna dnik ehT
."eripmE dlO" eht ni dertah nevarc fo dnik
emas eht yb deripsni ,seidob lacigoloib ,liarf edisni
yrevals lanrete dna noitacidare lautirips fo smitciv
eht era htraE fo sEB-SI eht ,esiwekiL .delaever yltnecer
erew II raW dlroW gnirud ynamreG yb detaerc spmac
nosirp dna "selbahcuotnu" fo noitanimretxe ssam ehT
."eripmE dlO" eht yb dellortnoc era ohw
slanimirc cihtapohcysp eht yb tuo deirrac dna deviecnoc
saw )etontooF( 321 "noitulos lanif" sihT .desare yllufecrof
si EB-SI yreve fo seitiliba dna ,yromem ,ytitnedi
87
 lanrete eht ,"selbahcuotnu" hcus fo "eripmE dlO"
eht dir ylbisreverri dna yltnenamrep ot troffe na nI )3
.nosirp
a edisni ,nosirp a ni yllautca era yeht ,ydob lacigoloib
a ni gnitarepo otni decreoc ro dekcirt neht dna
,htraE ot tnes si EB-SI na nehW .metsys etsac "eripmE
dlO" eht ni ytitne fo redro tsewol eht sa detangised dna
dengised yllacificeps era seidob lacigoloiB ."eripmE
dlO" eht ni decrofne yllaturb dna tliub ylluferac
os neeb sah taht metsys etsac lacitilop dna cimonoce
,laicos eht ot taerht yranoitulover a era yeht ,rO )2
.tpurroc
ro dedarged woh rettam on ,noitazilivic yna fo trap sa
noitcnuf ot esrevrep ro enasni ylsuoiciv oot era yehT )1
:esuaceb rehtie htraE ot decnetnes neeb
evah sEB-SI )etontooF( 221 ."tsuacoloH" citcalagretni na fo
tluser eht si tI .tenalp )etontooF( 121 "ottehg" a si htraE
)etontooF( 021 .stsirtaihcysp tnemnrevog
yb depoleved sdohtem lortnoc-dnim era yehT .seitivitca
rieht fo smitciv eht yb dna niamoD ehT ,tnemnrevog
nwo rieht yb noitceted tneverp ot redro ni )etontooF( 911
seitivitca rieht esiugsid ot snoitarepo noitacovorp
eslaf gnisu ,"eripmE dlO" eht fo ecrof )etontooF( 811 ecilop
terces edagener ,ticilli na yb deganam si noitarepo sihT
.gnipacse morf EB-SI na tneverp
taht ,spart EB-SI "eripmE dlO" fo metsys etarobale
na fo smsinahcem eht no eno si sEB-SI ot deretsinimda
aisenma sevil-neewteb ehT .tnemom yrev siht ta
ytivitca siht fo smitciv eht llits era htraE no sEB-SI
.sEB-SI neewteb erafraw morf detpmexe neeb
ro dediova evah wef yreV .esrevinu siht ni "stnias"
on era erehT .dedavni gnieb noitalupop eht fo trap
sa ro ,redavni na sa htob ,tsap eht ni seitivitca eseht
fo erom ro eno fo srebmem neeb evah htraE no sEB-SI
eht fo llA .emit tneserp ni eunitnoc seitivitca esehT
.noitalupop
lacol eht fo yrevals laicos dna cimonoce ,lacitilop )4
.sEBSI gnidavni eht yb secruoser larutan fo revo ekat )3
77
 .noitalupop EB-SI lacol eht
evalsne dna etagujbus ot dednetni noitamrofni eslaf ro
yromem eslaf fo noitatnalpmi eht dna yromem fo erusare
,sisonpyh ,sgurd ,kcohsortcele fo esu eht hguorht
aera dedavni eht ni sEB-SI eht fo lortnoc dnim )2
.snopaew cinortcele ro raelcun
htiw yllausu ,smra fo ecrof fo esu gnimlehwrevo eht )1
:stnemele nommoc derahs syawla evah
snoisavni eseht ,tsap eht nI .noihsaf siht ni ecaps
fo saera wen revo ekat dna edavni ohw seiteicos EB-SI yb
dezinoloc dna revo nekat neeb evah ecaps fo saera tsav
,esrevinu lacisyhp siht fo yrotsih eritne eht tuohguorhT
.part
eht ni "kcuts" meht speek dna ti drawot SBI eht sllup
ti erom eht ,part eht tsniaga sthgif EB-SI eht redrah
ehT .ygrene thguoht nwo s'EB-SI eht yb dezigrene dna
detavitca si part ehT .part eht tsniaga kcab thgif ro
kcatta ot seirt EB-SI eht nehw tuptuo ygrene thguoht nwo
s'EB-SI eht sesu msinahcem part nommoc tsom eht fo enO
.EB-SI eht yb tuo tup ygrene eht
yb detavitca si part eht ,cisum lufituaeb ro gnidliub
lufituaeb a sa hcus ,evaw citehtsea eht fo ecruos
eht drawot sevom EB-SI eht nehW .EB-SI eht fo noitnetta
dna tseretni eht tcartta ot "ytuaeb" fo evaw cinortcele
eht htiw tes si part a yllausU .dekcatta gnieb sEB-SI
eht fo "yrotirret" eht ni pu tes netfo era sparT .oga
sraey noillirt ruof-ytxis tuoba gninnigeb ,"eripmE dlO"
eht dehsilbatse taht eno eht sa hcus ,seiteicos gnidavni
ynam yb ecalp ni tup dna edam neeb evah spart EB-SI
."spart" fo sdnik suoirav fo esu eht hguorht si EB-SI na
ezilibommi dna erutpac ot dohtem cisab tsom ehT .syaw
fo yteirav detimilnu ylraen na ni enod neeb sah sihT
.sEB-SI ezilibommi dna erutpac ot neeb sah evitcejbo
eht ,"dellik" eb tonnac EB-SI na ecniS .rehtona revo
sEB-SI fo puorg ro EB-SI eno yb noitanimod hsilbatse
ot neeb syawla evah sraw eseht fo esoprup ehT .emit
fo gninnigeb eht ecnis rehto hcae tsniaga raw gnigaw
neeb evah sEB-SI taht si siht rof snosaer eht fo enO
.EB-SI na sa sevlesmeht fo gnidnatsrednu detimil
yrev a sah enoyreve ylraen tub ,siht fo erawa era sgnieb
67
 rehto ynaM .dnik yna fo stirips era ereht taht ro ,sEBSI era yeht taht erawa ton era sgnieb tsom htraE nO )7
.ereh
secruoser tsevni ot segatnavda etaidemmi on era ereht
nehw yllaicepsE .htraE fo ecnassiannocer cidoirep a
naht erom hcum od ot secruoser ruo hcterts ot tluciffid
si tI .erutuf eht ni mialc lliw ew seirotirret
eht dna ,niamoD ehT fo sesnapxe tsav eht noitnem ot ton
,enola yxalag yaW ykliM eht ni stenalp )7 ssalC ,21 epyT
nuS( ekil-htraE noillib ytxis yletamixorppa era erehT )6
.stcaf eseht fo foorp era ,tolip a sa
esitrepxe evisnetxe ym dna tfarc ym fo ygolonhcet eht fo
etips ni ,tnedicca thgilf ni na fo tluser eht sa ,moor
siht ni ma I taht tcaf tahT .sesoprup lanoitagivan rof
suorehcaert ti sekam sihT .erehpsomta esned a dna lios
cillatem yvaeh htiw ,tenalp ytivarg yvaeh a si htraE )5
.ytivarg tnacifingis
yna evah ton od yeht esuaceb esoprup siht rof
elbatius erom raf era sdioretsa dna noom ehT .seixalag
neewteb yaw eht gnola tniop ffo gnipmuj ro "pots tip"
a sa tpecxe ,esu rof elbatiusnu ti sekam noitalosi sihT
.noitazilivic citcalag tnacifingis rehto yna morf dna
yxalag eht fo retnec eht morf tnatsid yrev si htraE )4
.segnahc citamilc dna ,sevaw ladit
fo tluser a sa noitatsaved fo eerged ressel ro retaerg
a sesuac sihT )etontooF( 711 .sraey 000,02 yreve ecno tuoba
yllacidar tfihs tenalp eht fo selop citengam ehT )3
.snoisolpxe cinaclov
dna sekauqhtrae ot tcejbus dna cinaclov ylegral si
tenalp eht ,eroc eht fo erutan diuqil eht fo esuaceB )2
)etontooF( 611
.yllaunitnoc tfird dna elbmurc ,kcarc ot sessam dnal eht
sesuac hcihw ecafrus eht htaeneb aval netlom fo aes a
no gnitaolf era htraE fo sessam dnal latnenitnoc ehT )1
:snosaer gnillepmoc dna elpmis fo yteirav a rof ereh
gnivil redisnoc ylsuoires dluow esle eno oN .tenalp
nosirp a sa desu gnieb si ti yhw nosaer eht fo trap
si sihT .noitazilivic elbaniatsus yna rof noitatibah
tnenamrep ro tnemelttes rof elbatius ton si tI .tenalp
elbatsnu ylhgih a si ,yltnerehni ,htraE ,noitidda nI
57
 .egnahc lliw siht ,yllautnevE .aera neercs ecrof
aisenma eht otni sEB-SI pord ot gniunitnoc morf seixalag
ro smetsys yratenalp rehto morf stropsnart tneverp ton
od ew emit siht tA .niamoD ehT fo eludehcs emit eht ot
gnidrocca -- sraey htraE 000,5 tuoba -- erutuf tnatsidot-ton eht ni rucco lliw sihT .emit siht ta aera
eht gnidnuorrus ecaps eht lla fo lortnoc latot ekat ot
niamoD ehT fo secruoser eht tsevni ot deludehcs ton era
eW .od ot gniog era htraE no sEB-SI tahw swonk eno oN
.oga sraey 002,8 sayalamiH eht ni derutpac
erew ohw ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo srebmem eht
htiw sa ,tnempartne fo ksir eht tsniaga foorp yleritne
si EB-SI on ,dnA .noitalupop citohcysp ,dellortnocnu
yrev a htiw ,tenalp nosirp a si siht esuaceb
,htraE no dnal dna erehpsomta eht hguorht nwod emoc ot
EB-SI evarb yrev a sekat tI ?yzarc eb ot tnaw ro yzarc
era ew kniht uoy oD ?htraE no dnaL .nwonk ecneserp
rieht ekam ro htraE no dnal ton od snoitazilivic
ecaps rehto dna ,niamoD ehT yhw reilrae em deksa uoY
.noissapmoc dna
ssendnik fo siseneg eurt eht erew dna snoigiler "eripmE
dlO" eht fo yrtalodi laturb eht decalper yllautneve
seihposolihp eseht fo secneulfni gnizilivic ehT
.srehposolihp rehto dna ,)etontooF( 511 retsaoroZ ,)etontooF( 411
izoaL ,)etontooF( 311 ahdduB ot nommoc saedi eht fo ecruos
lacihposolihp eht erew dna snoigiler eht nretsaE fo lla
ylraen fo ecruos eht emaceb snmyH cideV eht ,yletamitlU
.ti daer ohw esoht ot noitamrofni eslaf
erom laed taerg a edivorp lliw ,mrof )etontooF( 211 ,dedoced
sti ni ro ,yllaretil daer si ti nehw hcihw ,haroT eht
fo txet eht dedocne dna demmargorp ,etorw osla "hewaY"
dellac-os eht taht derevocsid retal ew ,yllatnedicnI
!retal sraey fo sdnasuoht sEB-SI
fo snoillim fo snrettap thguoht eht ecneulfni dna tceffe
ni llits era sdnammoc citonpyh esehT .rotarepo eht
fo lliw eht ot ecneivresbus rettu otni EB-SI na lepmoc
dna ,dedrow yllufecrof yrev era sdnammoc esehT .mih ot
"sdnammoC citonpyH neT" eht dereviled dna pot niatnuom
tresed a no sesoM detcatnoc evitarepo "eripmE dlO" sihT
.detceridsim ro deined
,pu-derevoc ,desiugsid ,neddih ylluferac yrev si snamuh
47
 dna snoitazilivic ecaps fo sevitarepo neewteb sretnuocne
lacisyhp fo secart lla taht nosaer eht si sihT
!seiromem setamni eht erotser dluow siht taht leef yehT
.htraE no sEB-SI eht ot ylnepo sevlesmeht laever ot
si od ot stnaw metsys nosirp / sisonpyh / aisenma trevoc
eht gniht tsal ehT .noitarepo nosirp / aisenma eht fo
revoc eht wolb ro ,flesmih yfitnedi dluow taht gnihtyna
ro eman lautca na esu ton dluoc sesoM "htiw dekrow"
ohw EB-SI eht sa ,"suomynona" snaem "hewaY" eman ehT
.)etontooF( 111 ."hewaY" llac yeht dog elgnis a depihsrow evah
,ylticilpmi sesoM fo drow eht detsurt ohw ,sevals hsiweJ
eht ,retfaerehT .sEB-SI part ot "eripmE dlO" eht yb
desu ylnommoc era hcihw skcirt citehtsea dna lacinhcet
sa llew sa ,sdnammoc citonpyh fo esu eht hguorht doG enO
"eht" saw evitarepo siht taht gniveileb otni dekcirt saw
sesoM .ianiS .tM raen "eripmE dlO" eht fo evitarepo na
yb detpecretni saw sesoM ,tresed eht gnissorc erew yeht
elihW .sevals hsiweJ eht ,elpoep detpoda sih htiw tpygE
tfel eH .tpygE ni saw eh elihw )etontooF( 011 sesoM redael
werbeH eht yb detauteprep saw "doG enO" fo aedi ehT
.secrof "eripmE
dlO" eht fo stseretni eht detneserper ohw ,yas llits
snaitsirhC eht hcihw ,"nemA" ro ,numA fo stseirP eht fo
owt ,refenneraP dna ayaM yb detanissassa saw eH .dedne
noos saw ecnetsixe lufitip siH .netA ,dog nus eht
ni tpecnoc eht deidobme dna gnieb lautirips laudividni
eht fo tpecnoc eht deretla eH .noitacifirolg-fles
rof noitibma lanosrep sih yb decneulfni ylivaeh saw dna
,gnieb tnegilletni yrev a ton saw netanehkA hoarahP ehT
."eripmE dlO" eht nihtiw yteicos terces ,tneicna
yrev a erew yehT )etontooF( 901 .numA fo stseirP eht sa tpygE
ni nwonk )etontooF( 801 "tnepreS ehT fo srehtorB ehT" dellac
tluc yretsym "eripmE dlO" eht yb detaerc sdog fo ylponap
cihpromoporhtna ,lacirohpatem ,lanoitcif eht worhtrevo
ot nalp a fo trap saw ,sEB-SI ,sevlesmeht ,era yeht taht
hturt eht htraE no sgnieb niatrec hcaet ot tpmetta ehT
)etontooF( 701 .nemahknatuT
nos sih sa llew sa )etontooF( 601 ,ititrefeN efiw sih dna
)etontooF( 501 netanehkA ,nos sih dna )etontooF( 401 III petohnemA
hoarahP eht fo dlohesuoh eht ni pu werg ohw )etontooF( 301 -- sesoM -- redael evals hsiweJ eht sa hcus ,stehporp
37
 demialcorp-fles ynam yb detomorp saw dna detluser
"dog" citsiehtonom elgnis a fo tpecnoc eht ,tluser a sA
.evals a si eno ,srehto
ot snoitca dna sthguoht nwo s'eno rof ytilibatnuocca
lanosrep dna ecnetsixe ,noitaerc rof ytilibisnopser
ngissa ot sesoohc eno sa gnol sA .sgnieb hcus era
sevalS .sevil nwo rieht rof elbisnopser eb ot tnaw ton
od ohw sgnieb ot noiton deretla siht hcaet ot ysae si tI
.noitarepo aisenma "eripmE dlO" eht fo
krow eht si siht ,ylsuoivbO .EB-SI na eb ot dewolla si
ro si esle eno on taht dna ,EB-SI lufrewop-lla ,eno ylno
si ereht taht aedi eht otni ytilatrommi laudividni fo
tpecnoc eht tpurroc ot deganam stseirp "eripmE dlO" ehT
.rewop nwo s'eno rof ytilibisnopser
ekat ot ssengnilliwnu rettu na dna noisneherpmocni
ssorg a saw siht ,ylsuoivbO !EB-SI na si enoyreve taht
hturt eht fo daetsni ,EB-SI eno ylno si ereht taht naem
ot deilppa dna detrevrep saw aedi ehT .tpecnoc eht fo
noitacilppasim dna noitaterpretnisim ,gnidnatsrednusim
cigart yrev a ni detluser ecnatsni hcus enO
.htraE no sgnieb laitneulfni lareves ot
gnieB lautiripS latrommI ,laudividni na fo tpecnoc eht
hcaet ot detpmetta secroF niamoD ehT ,ECB 0021 tuoba dna
ECB 0051 neewteB .tseuqnoc suoigiler hguorht niamoD ehT
dna secrof "eripmE dlO" eht neewteb degaw saw elttab A
.etarepo ot seunitnoc
llits taht "eripmE dlO" eht fo noitarepo lortnoc-dnim
terces eht ot eud lufsseccus yleritne neeb ton sah htraE
no ecroF niamoD ehT fo noitnevretni ehT ?srenosirp
era sevlesmeht stseirp eht dna ,aisenma evah srenosirp
lla erehw tenalp nosirp a no tcepxe eno dluow esle tahW
.meht yebo
ton od nem fi tnemhsinup lautirips lanrete netaerht ohw
stseirp eht fo setatcid eht ot sevals era neM .evres
yeht sdog eht dna nem neewteb edecretni ohw stseirp eht
fo ecnavirtnoc a era sdog eht ,dnA .rewop evah sdog eht
ylnO .rewop on sah laudividni ehT )etontooF( 201 .sevil tsap
on evah slaudividni ehT .ytitnedi on sah laudividni ehT
.gnieB lautiripS latrommI na ton si dna ,ydob lacigoloib
a ylno si ,laudividni na taht aedi eht ecrofnier
pleh ot desu erew ,sdraug nosirp ro ,doohtseirp A
27
 .htraE no sEB-SI eht tsniaga snoitca
lanimirc rieht edih ot "eripmE dlO" eht yb noitalupinam
latnem eht fo trap lla si tI .meht "deganam"
ohw stseirp eht yb dednamed pihsrow lautir suoititsrepus
dna "sdog" ynam no noitnetta desucof taht noitazilivic
eslaf eht fo stnemele detnalpmi morf dniknamuh eerf pleh
ot dednetni saw tcilfnoc ehT .srotartsinimda "eripmE
dlO" yb dellatsni noehtnap naitpygE eht tsniaga tlover
dna kcatta na sa detartsehcro saw edosipe eritne sihT
.niamoD ehT ni seitud rehto
ot dengissaer neeb ecnis sah ohw ,reciffo evitceffe
ylhgih a sa llew sa EB-SI evissergga dna elba yrev a si
eH .secrof "eripmE dlO" eht tsniaga sraw suoigiler eht
ni thguof unhsiV .sudniH eht yb dog a eb ot deredisnoc
llits si eH .adeV-giR eht ni semit ynam debircsed
si eH .)etontooF( 101 "unhsiV" sa htraE no detanracni
saw ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo sreciffo
eht fo eno emit fo naps taht gniruD .mrof nettirw ot
dettimmoc gnieb erofeb sraey 000,7 rof yllabrev drawrof
deirrac dna deziromem ,meht yb denrael erew sadeV ehT
.aera eht ot )etontooF(
001 snmyH cideV eht gnignirb , )etontooF( 99 aidnI dereuqnoc
dna dedavni elpoep nayrA ehT .detsixe ydaerla seiteicos
namuh emos ,oga sraey 002,8 noiger sayalamiH eht
ot )etontooF( 89 snmyH cideV eht thguorb ecroF niamoD eht nehW
.smrof efil rehto troppus nrut ni
hcihw ,smsinagro rehto dna ,stnalp ot noitirtun sedivorp
erehpsomta eht fo noitisopmoc lacimehc eht erehw
,htraE no sa ,"deef" smrof-efil hcihw nopu erehpsomta
na evah ton od stenalp tsoM .llams ylevitaler
si erehpsomta elbahtaerb a htiw esrevinu lacisyhp
eht ni stenalp fo egatnecrep eht ,egareva eht nO
.tibahni
yeht tenalp fo ssalc dna epyt rats eht ot gnidrocca
deifitnedi dna detangised era anuaf dna arolf ,esiwekiL
.tenalp eht fo noitisopmoc lacimehc dna ,ytivarg
,ytisned ,ezis eht dna ,rats eht morf tibro yratenalp
eht fo ecnatsid eht ,rats eht fo ytisnetni noitaidar
dna ezis eht no desab si tenalp eht fo ssalc ehT
.smrof efil desab negyxo-nobrac yb detibahni tenalp a ot
nevig noitangised eht si tenalp "7 ssalC ,21 epyT nuS" A
17
 .nrettap lufsseccus
dna railimaf a no desab ypoc a etacilper ot reisae
hcum si tI .htrof os dna ,seulav larom ,scitamehtam
,smotsuc ,egaugnal ,erutcetihcra ,erutluc htiw etelpmoc
,noitazilivic eritne na tnevni ot krow fo tol a si
tI .meht htiw deyats dna ,selyts dna snrettap niatrec
htiw railimaf emoceb meht detaerc ohw sEB-SI eht esuaceb
revo dna revo sevlesmeht taeper ot dednet snoitazilivic
fo sepyt eseht emit fo kcart-kcab raf yrev eht nO
.detroped erew yeht hcihw morf stenalp "eripmE dlO"
lanigiro eht fo htraE no sEB-SI eht dnimer ton od yeht
esuaceb aisenma ecrofnier ot dednetni era noitazilivic
eslaf hcae fo erutluc dna semutsoc ,segaugnal
ehT .htraE no denosirpmi sEB-SI eht morf noitacol dna
emit lautca eht esiugsid ot msinahcem evitceffe na si
sihT .srotarepo nosirp "eripmE dlO" eht yb noitazilivic
nevig a fo nrettap eht wollof ot "dednammoc"
yllacitonpyh erew yehT .dlroW weN eht ot dna ,eporuE
laveideM ,emoR ,eceerG ,aeahcA ,aciremaoseM ,tpygE
,aimatoposeM otni daerps yllaudarg yehT .aidnI ni devil
htraE nosirp ot tnes sEB-SI eht semit tseilrae eht nI
.esrevinu eht tuohguorht
sraey fo snoillirt rof detsixe evah taht stenalp
"7 ssalC ,21 epyT nuS" no snoitazilivic ralimis ,reilrae
ynam fo sEB-SI eht yb depoleved snrettap dradnats
no desab seiteicos eseht fo stnemele larutluc eht dliub
dna nrettap ot dediug erew eporuE laveideM dna ,emoR
,eceerG ,nolybaB ,tpygE ,aidnI fo sEB-SI eht fo llA
."eripmE dlO" eht ekilnu
yletelpmoc kool ot sEB-SI fo sdnim eht ni dellatsni dna
dengised erew hcihw "snoitazilivic eslaf" fo snoitalupop
namuh eht emaceb seidob ehT .htraE no seidob lacigoloib
otni sEB-SI eht tnalpmi ot saw pets txen ehT .meht ot
deneppah dah esle gnihtemos taht gnikniht otni dekcirt
yllacitonpyh dna ,aisenma nevig erew yeht ,htraE no
devirra "eripmE dlO" eht morf dellepxe sEB-SI eht ecnO
!yxalag
eritne na fo sgnieb delbasid dna ,strevrep ,seveiht
,srellik ,stnenoppo lacitilop htiw rehtegot nosirp
yratenalp a otni meht tsac dna ,rotnevni dna ,reganam
delliks ,suineg ,tsitra yreve fo yromem eht esare
07
 yltnenamrep dna redrum ot si melborp yna ot "noitulos
etamitlu" na taht eviecnoc ot "ecneics" ro "cigol"
a yolpme dluow tnemnrevog gnivres-fles ,cinomed a ylnO
.ytilaturb
eht detavitom taht ecilam eht yb demlehwrevo gnieb
tuohtiw ,ytilaturb tneverp ylevitceffe ot deriuqer era
egaruoc dna enilpicsid-fles ,gnidnatsrednu yranidroartxe
,revewoH .tneconni eht ot mrah tneverp ot ,ecnegilletni
htiw derepmet ,ecrof esu ot gnilliw dna elba
eb tsum enO .ytleurc stegeb ytleurC .ssendnik sretsof
ssendniK .srehto morf deviecer evah yeht tnemtaert
eht tsefinam netfo lliw EB-SI na taht mixam sselega eht
fo rednimer emoseurg a erew yehT .htraE no tnemnosirpmi
lanrete ot meht delixe taht tnemnrevog citcalag
eht sa roivaheb emas eht ylesicerp detsefinam sgnieb
esohT .raw dlrow tnecer ruoy gnirud )etontooF( 79 srewop sixA
eht ekil hcum yrev ,ecnegilletni nevarc yrev a dessessop
ohw sgnieb fo desirpmoc saw ,niamoD ehT yb detnalppus
gnieb erofeb ,"eripmE dlO" eht fo tnemnrevog ehT
."eripmE dlO" eht fo erutcetihcra eht selbmeser ngised
rieht fi "citsirutuf" ro "nredom" eb ot thguoht era
htraE fo seitic eht ni sgnidliub ,esiwekiL .senohpelet
dna ,sniart ,spihs ,selibomotua ,senalpria fo ngised
eht ni yllaicepse ,noitazilivic taht fo sgnippart eht fo
emos cimim ot gninnigeb si noitazilivic .S.U tnerruc ehT
.ecrof evitcaoidar
,edurc fo snopaew gnisu yb stenalp esoht fo secruoser
eht niur ot ton luferac si niamoD ehT ,"eripmE dlO" eht
fo stenalp eht hsiuqnav ot snopaew cimota gnisu rof dah
evah yam ew noitacifitsuj elbanosaer yna fo sseldrageR
.stnemesuma ylno rieht era stnemniatretne epyt
sucric namoR ,ydoolb dna skcart ecar evitomotua tneloiV
.msilabinnac ecitcarp ohw ,srekrow gniyap-xat ,sseldnim
fo yteicos evals ,dedarged ,yhtlif a era "eripmE dlO"
eht rof tnemnrevog fo eroc eht gnimrof stenalp eht fo
snezitic ehT )etontooF( 69 .nonnac cinortcele htiw thguof saw
stenalp "eripmE dlO" lartnec eht fo tseuqnoc niamoD ehT
.emertxe
eht ni lausunu si htraE no sEB-SI eht fo sedoc larom
lacihte dna larutluc gnitcilfnoc ehT .sgnieb hcus fo
egatnecrep hgih yrev a fo desirpmoc yletanoitroporpsid
si htraE fo noitalupop eht ,yltneuqesnoC
96
 .tnemnrevog "eripmE dlO" yb dellortnoc eb ton dluoc
yeht taht suoiciv yllacitohcysp os erew yeht esuaceb
ro )etontooF( 59 ,tnemnrevog nairatilatot ot desoppo yltneloiv
era yeht esuaceb ereh era htraE no sEB-SI eht fo ynaM
.lufrewop ssel semit dnasuoht net tuoba dna ,laturb
sa ylraen ton tub ,"eripmE dlO" eht ot ralimis saw htraE
no etats nairatilatot namreG deliopsed yltnecer ehT
."eripmE
dlO" eht fo yrotsih eht ni nwonk reven )etontooF( 49 sproc
ed tirpse nairatilage a yb detinu dna ,dezinagro retteb
,lufrewop erom ydaerla si ,ezis ni rellams dna regnuoy
ylbaredisnoc hguohtla ,niamoD ehT fo noitazilivic
ehT ."eripmE dlO" eht fo tenalp gninrevog eht dereuqnoc
ydaerla sah niamoD ehT ,tluser a sA .ti niatniam
ot ecrof evisnefed esu ot ytiliba eht dna ecnaligiv
lanrete hguorht deniatniam dna now eb tsum modeerf
taht denrael sah niamoD ehT ,tsixe sEB-SI hcus esuaceB
.meht yb "htaed
ot devol" yllaretil era ,hsirehc dna evol ot esuopse
yeht mohw ,seilla dna sdneirf tsesolc riehT .deyortsed
ro dellortnoc eb tsum ohw ymene rieht si EB-SI
rehto yreve taht aionarap gnimlehwrevo na morf reffus
ohw sEB-SI detnemed ot modeerf rieht esol yltneuqerf
yehT .noitaluger-fles ,suomonotua rof ytilibisnopser
lanosrep nodnaba snezitic eht erehw stenalp
no ytiraluger htiw segreme tnemnrevog fo epyt sihT
)etontooF( 39 .daeherugif
sti sa hcranom layor a htiw )etontooF( 29 ,yhcrareih lacitilop
dna ,cimonoce ,laicos laturb a yb detaluger ,stnemnrevog
yratenalp fo noitaredefnoc )etontooF( 19 nairatilatot
a yb nur ,yteicos arepo ecaps tneicna na morf saw
"eripmE dlO" remrof eht dellortnoc taht ycarcuaerub ehT
.yxalag rehtona morf sEB-SI yb dezinoloc dna snopaew
raelcun htiw dereuqnoc erew taht snoitazilivic reilrae
fo noitaremolgnoc derewop cimota ,arepo ecaps cinortcele
na si hcihw ,flesti "eripmE dlO" eht fo noitazilivic eht
morf tnereffid yrev erew metsys nosirp "eripmE dlO" eht
yb htraE no pu tes snoitazilivic eht ,dnah rehto eht nO
.ailartsuA ni gninnigeb
,htraE fo secar latneiro ,lanigiro eht fo ecruos
eht erew smetsys rats esoht morf sEB-SI eht ,yltnerappA
.evirra ot detrats noitalupop "nosirp" tnerruc eht
86
 erofeb sraey fo sdnasuoht ynam )etontooF( 09 ,"tfihs ralop"
yratenalp a yb desuac sevaw ladit eht htaeneb dehsinav
snoitazilivic esohT .)etontooF( 98 airumeL dna )etontooF( 88 atnaltA
fo snoitazilivic eht hsilbatse ot oga sraey 000,004
naht erom metsys rats rehtona morf emac ohw htraE fo
stnatibahni reilrae htiw rehtegot dexim era sEB-SI esehT
.seirotsih dlotnu dna nwonknu dna gniniart ,sfeileb
suoigiler ,seulav larom ,smetsys feileb ,segaugnal
nwo rieht evah snoitalupop EB-SI suoirav eht fo
hcaE .stnemnorivne yratenalp dna ,sdnuorgkcab larutluc
,snoitazilivic ,secar demannu morf htraE no sEB-SI era
erehT .srehto sseltnuoc dna ,sinocarD ,noirO ,sedaielP
eht ,norabedlA ,suiriS ekil ,"eripmE dlO" eht revo lla
smetsys yratenalp morf dna ,seixalag gniniojda ,yxalag
eht revo lla morf htraE no depmud neeb evah sEB-SI
.sneercs ecrof cinortcele fo
"llaw eht" dniheb deppart dna delppirc noitalupop nosirp
eht peek ot spleh sEB-SI neewteb raw dna ,noititsrepus
,ecnarongi gnitomorP .reverof ,htraE no sEB-SI peek
ot si tenalp nosirp eht fo esoprup ehT .tnemnorivne
suoutlumut dna evitser yrev a fo esuac eht si - sesuineg
dna seiranoitulover ,stsitra ,strevrep ,slanimirc -
htraE no "setamni" fo noitanibmoc lausunu yrev eht ,dnA
)etontooF( 78 .semitefil neewteb EB-SI hcae ot
nevig "sdnammoc citonpyh" eht yb decneulfni ylivaeh si
,revewoh ,roivaheb sihT .rehto hcae drawot yldab yrev
evaheb ot eunitnoc htraE fo sEB-SI eht sa seitinamuh eht
ni nees neeb ton evah secnavda ralimis ,yletanutrofnU
!yromem rieht fo lla niager dluow sEBSI ,yleritne nekorb eb dluoc htraE tsniaga desu gnieb
smsinahcem aisenma eht fi ,yllaciteroehT .esrevinu eht
tuohguorht tsixe taht seigolonhcet eht lla fo stnemgarf
llams rebmemer ot nugeb tsuj ylno evah htraE no sEB-SI
!etaerc ot sraey fo snoillib dna snoillib snoitazilivic
nekat evah stcejbus esehT .semit-efil derdnuh
wef a ni neve ro ,emit-efil elgnis a ni scitamehtam
dna ecneics tuoba hcum sa revocsid ro evresbo reve dluow
eno on ,yliranidrO .htraE ot tnes erew yeht erofeb meht
wenk ydaerla secneics eseht "derebmemer" ohw nem ehT
.senilpicsid
lacitamehtam dna cifitneics latnemadnuf dna rojam
76
 lareves detnevnier yldednah-elgnis eh sedaced wef a ylno
nI .siht fo selpmaxe tseb eht fo eno si )etontooF( 68 ,notweN
caasI riS .DA 0511 erofeb saw ti sa desserppus ylevitca
os ton nehw ,derotser yllaitrap saw htraE fo noitalupop
EB-SI eht ni sesuineg eht fo ynam yb ygolonhcet
rebmemer ot ytiliba ehT .thginrevo yllautriv erutluc
htraE dezinoitulover evah )etontooF( 58 yticirtcele dna )etontooF(
48 scisyhp fo swal cisab eht fo egdelwonk neht ecniS
.emit taht retfa hsinimid ot nageb eporuE
ni )etontooF( 38 "segA kraD" eht dellac si taht egdelwonk
fo noisserppo eht retfaerehT .derebmemer eb ot detrats
htraE ot emac yeht erofeb wenk ydaerla sEB-SI taht
seigolonhcet fo yromem emos ,tluser a sA .msinahcem
siht fo rewop eht ni esaerced llams a ni detluser
hcihw noitarepo )etontooF( 28 lortnoc dnim etomer "eripmE
dlO" eht ot enod saw egamad fo tnuoma llams a yltnerappA
.ecrof ni ylegral sniamer llits tub
,emit taht retfa ylthgils dehsinimid noitarepo sisonpyh
)etontooF( 18 lortnoc etomer eht fo ecneulfni ehT .deyortsed
erew metsys ralos siht ni "eripmE dlO" eht fo teelf
ecaps eht fo stnanmer gniniamer eht nehw DA 0511 ecnis
dlrow nretseW eht fo erutluc dna ecneics ni ecnegruser
a devresbo sah ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT"
noisseS ts1 ,7491 .7 .62 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
".od ew naht stneve fo weiv tnereffid hcum a sah niamoD ehT !htraE no
nettirw koob txet yna ni daer reven lliw I nossel yrotsih a em thguat weivretni sihT"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM(
yrotsiH tneceR nI nosseL A
thgiE retpahC
66
 ".spart "eripmE
dlO" yb erutpac eht dna noitceted tneverp ot sa os
ecaps metsys ralos siht ni gnitarepo elihw semit lla ta
anemonehp siht fo erawa niamer won ecroF yranoitidepxE
niamoD ehT fo srebmem werc eht fo lla esruoc fO
.tenalp nosirp "eripmE dlO" eht fo )etontooF( 08 lortnoc
thguoht etomer dna sisonpyh ,noitarepo kcohs cirtcele
eht tpurretni ro tneverp ot elba ton era ew ,enod neeb
sah siht litnU .yxalag eht fo dne siht ta sneercs ecrof
EB-SI eht etaerc taht yrenihcam scinortcele fo krowten
tneicna dna tsav eht yortsed dna revocsid ,tuo kees
ot nekatrednu noitarepo on neeb sah ereht ,eromrehtruF
.spart dna sneercs yb detcetorp ylivaeh os si ti
esuaceb mohw yb ro ,nur si noitarepo siht woh dna erehw
yltcaxe tuo derugif sah eno on ,raf oS .esab "eripmE
dlO" eht fo noitarepo citonpyh ,neddih eht yb decneulfni
ylivaeh neeb evah htraE fo stneve eht fo ynam dna
,htraE fo snoitazilivic tneicna eht fo tsom ,noitidda nI
.yna
fi ,ecar ro epyt ydob dionamuh eno ylno yb detibahni
era stenalp "7 ssalC ,21 epyT nuS" tsoM .tenalp
lamron a no lausunu ylemertxe era htraE no seiteicos
suoenegoreteh fo yteirav dna rebmun ehT .htraE
no noitalupop EB-SI eht gnoma secneulfni lacitilop
dna suoigiler ,sedoc larom ,segaugnal ,serutluc
,secar fo xim lausunu yrev eht snialpxe ,trap ni ,sihT
56
 .ecaps fo noiger eritne
siht rof dnuorg gnipmud lasrevinu a emoceb sah htraE
,eroferehT .ybraen seixalag rehto morf dna ,yxalag siht
revo lla morf htraE ot sEB-SI "elbahcuotnu" nwo rieht
gnignirb morf smetsys yratenalp rehto tneverp ylevitca
ot tfel eno on si ereht deyortsed erew secrof ecaps
"eripmE dlO" eht ecnis taht devresbo sah niamoD ehT
.tceffe ni llits era ,sesab ro ,esab siht fo secneulfni
eht ,oS .dnuof neeb reven sah noitarepo )etontooF( 97 "nosirp
lortnoc dnim" siht rof retnec lortnoc ro esab niam ehT
.tnemom tneserp eht ot pu thgir snoitacol derevocsidnu
rehto ni noitcnuf ot seunitnoc yrenihcam sisonpyh
/ aisenma / kcohsortcele eht ,sneercs ecrof EB-SI eht
fo yrenihcam tsav eht fo hcum ,yletanutrofnu ,deyortsed
saw "eripmE dlO" eht fo esab yratilim eht hguohtlA
)etontooF( 87 .noiger ainodyC
eht ni sraM no rotauqe eht fo htron selim derdnuh
wef a detacol saw esab "eripmE dlO" sihT .yletelpmoc
esab taht yortsed ot dna ,reciffo siht yb dedivorp
,esab eht fo setanidrooc eht ot )etontooF( 77 dehctapsid
eb resiurc elttab a taht deredro reciffo gnidnammoc
siH .tleb dioretsa eht ni esab nwo sih ot yletaidemmi
denruter eh ,esab "eripmE dlO" eht morf depacse eh
nehW .ytivitpac ni sraey 72 retfa esab dnuorgrednu eht
morf epacse ot elba saw reciffo niamoD siht ,yletanutroF
.ereht mih dleh dna llec nosirp
cinortcele laiceps a otni mih tup yehT .sraM tenalp eht
fo ecafrus eht rednu esab "eripmE dlO" terces a ot yawa
nekat saw eh ,tsom ot derapmoc ,EB-SI derewop hgih a saw
reciffo ralucitrap siht esuaceB .ecrof "eripmE dlO" eht
yb derutpac ,esiwekil ,saw airtsuA fo ekudhcrA fo ydob
eht ni elihw "detanissassa" saw ohw reciffo niamoD ehT
.era yllaer yeht erew naht rehto erehwemos
dna ,emitemos ,gnihtemos ,enoemos era yeht kniht
ot dezitonpyh neeb evah yehT .era yeht erehw ,morf emac
yeht erehw ,era yeht ohw rebmemer t'nac yeht esuaceb
epacse ot elbanu si EB-SI na taht si tluser ten ehT
.htraE no tnemnosirpmi tnenamrep dna tuoepiw yromem eviecer ot decnetnes dna "elbahcuotnu" era
"eripmE dlO" eht fo metsys ssalc eht ni rekrow gniyapxat a sa edutivres suoigiler dna lacitilop ,cimonoce
sseldnim ot timbus ot elba ro gnilliw ton si ohw enoynA
46
 .snezitic citobor ,tneidebo fo
yteicos a ni dedeen ton era hcihw ,osla sreganam delliks
sedulcni sihT .sgnieb hcus rof esu rehtruf on evah yeht
,sraey noillirt wef tsal eht revo detaerc ro detnevni
neeb ecnis gnol sah elbaulav sredisnoc "eripmE dlO"
eht gnihtyreve ecniS .dleif yreve tsomla ni sesuineg
dna srotnevni ,slautcelletni edulcni osla "selbahcuotnU"
."eripmE dlO" eht ni tenalp rehto yna naht atipac
rep stsitra erom sah htraE nosaer siht roF .dnik yreve
fo sremrofrep dna ,srotca ,sretirw ,snaicisum ,sregnis
,sretniap ,stsitra edulcni "selbahcuotnu" fo tsil A
.htraE
ot ffo deppihs osla si "eripmE dlO" eht tsniaga drocer
yratilim suoiverp a htiw enoyna ,esruoc fO ."eripmE
dlO" eht fo stenalp suoirav eht fo stnemnrevog eht rof
elbuort ekam ohw "seiranoitulover" ro "srekniht eerf"
tnailpmocnon eb ot deredisnoc era ohw sEB-SI sedulcni
sihT .)etontooF( 67 "srenosirp lacitilop" fo yteirav ediw a
sedulcni osla sEB-SI fo noitacifissalc "elbahcuotnu" nA
.krow evitcudorp yna od ot gnilliwnu sgnieb
ro ,strevrep lauxes sa hcus slanimirc rehto sa llew sa
,deudbus ro demrofer eb ot suoiciv oot era ohw slanimirc
eb ot degduj "eripmE dlO" eht taht enoyna dedulcni sihT
."eripmE dlO" eht yb )etontooF( 57 "elbahcuotnu" sa deifissalc
erew htraE ot decnetnes era ohw sEB-SI elbarisednu ynA
.renosirp eht rof ton
tsael ta -- nosirp a ni gnieb rof esoprup on si ereht
esruoc fo ,tuB .htraE no gnieb rof esoprup laiceps
a evah yeht taht dlot si EB-SI hcaE .ydob wen a tibahni
ot ,noissim terces a no erew yeht hguoht sa ,htraE ot
kcab "troper" ot ,yllacitonpyh ,"dednammoc" yletaidemmi
si EB-SI eht ,devil tsuj efil eht fo yromem eht
esare ot dezitonpyh dna dekcohs neeb sah EB-SI eht retfA
.krow msinahcem elohw eht sekam taht yrehcaert
eht fo trap a -- noitseggus citonpyh eht fo trap era
"efilretfa" eht dna "nevaeh" fo aedi ehT ."thgil eht ot
nruter" ot dnammoc citonpyh yb "deredro" dna derutpac
era yeht ,"neercs ecrof" eht yb detceted era yehT .ydob
eht morf traped yeht seid EB-SI eht fo ydob eht nehw ,oS
.sraey fo snoillim spahrep -- nwonknu si gnol
woh yltcaxe -- emit gnol yrev a rof "tenalp nosirp" a
36
 sa htraE gnisu neeb sah "eripmE dlO" eht taht si reciffo
siht fo ecneirepxe eht morf denrael niamoD ehT tahW
.rebmemer ot tegrof ot "tneitap" eht sllet osla dnammoc
citonpyh ehT .reverof -- niaga ,niaga dna ,niaga
enod eb nac sisonpyh dna kcohs fo dnik emas eht taht
os ,seid ydob eht retfa esab eht ot "nruter" ot dnammoc
eht sedulcni sihT .EB-SI hcae ni noitatneiro emit
eslaf a dna ,seiromem eslaf llatsni ot desu era )etontooF(
47 snoitseggus citonpyh tsop fo seires a kcohs eht retfA
.ytitnenon citobor ,sseldnim a gnimoceb otni demlehwrevo
era yehT .ytitne lautirips a sa noitcnuf ot ytiliba
dna ,tsap eht fo yromem rieht ,slliks ro egdelwonk
rieht ,morf emac yeht erehw ,era yeht ohw rebmemer ot EBSI eht rof elbissopmi ti ekam ot dednetni si kcohs ehT
!EB-SI eht fo ytitnedi
eht sa llew sa ,tsap etinifni ylraen a fo secneirepxe
detalumucca eht fo lla eht tuo sepiw tI .ydob eno ro
efil eno rof tsuj ton si erusare yromem ehT .EB-SI eht
fo yromem eht lla tuo sepiw yletelpmoc kcohs suodnemert
sihT !stlov fo snoillib fo edutingam fo redro eht
no si sEB-SI tsniaga noitarepo "eripmE dlO" eht yb desu
)etontooF( 37 egatlov lacirtcele eht ,revewoH .yticirtcele
fo stlov derdnuh wef a ylno sesu "ypareht" siht htraE nO
)etontooF( 27 ."evitarepooc" erom meht ekam ot dna "tneitap"
a fo ytilanosrep dna yromem eht esare ot "ypareht
kcohs cirtcele" esu stsirtaihcysp htraE ekil tsuj ,kcohs
lacirtcele suodnemert a sesu ssecorp sihT .EB-SI eht fo
yromem eht sesare hcihw tnemtaert "gnihsawniarb" ereves
yrev a ot detcejbus si EB-SI derutpac eht taht si tluser
ehT ."ten cinortcele" fo dnik a ni meht "serutpac"
ti ,neercs ecrof eht etartenep ot stpmetta EB-SI yna fI
.aera eht gnivael morf
meht tneverp dna sEB-SI tceted ot dengised si neercs
ecrof cinortcele ehT .htraE gnidulcni ,yxalag eht
fo dne siht ni sEB-SI eht fo lla slortnoc hcihw )etontooF( 17
"dleif ecrof cinortcele" na yb derotinom si ecaps
fo aera ediw a taht derevocsid niamoD ehT yllautnevE
.derutpac saw dna "sneercs
ecrof aisenma" eht fo eno detartenep yltnetrevdani
26
 EB-SI eht ,detneirosiD .nissassa eht yb tohs saw
ti nehw ydob eht fo "tuo dekconk" ylneddus saw ,EB-SI
ro ,reciffo ehT .tneduts nainsoB a yb detanissassa saw
ekudhcrA eht fo ydob eht nehw draug ffo thguac saw eh os
,yrtnuoc eht ni snoitcaf gniduef yb detah erew sgrubspaH
eht hcum woh ezilaer ton did reciffo siht ,revewoH
.ydob eht
fo lortnoc revo koot dna tuo gnieb eht "dehsup" ylpmis
,ekudhcrA eht fo ydob eht gnitibahni gnieb eht naht
rewop retaerg gnivah ,EB-SI na sa ,reciffo ehT .htraE
no stneve tnerruc tuoba noitamrofni rehtag ot redro
ni yteicos namuh etartlifni ot hcihw hguorht "esiugsid"
a sa ydob eht esu ot saw "revo ekat" siht fo esoprup ehT
.ecnassiannocer rehtag ot noissim enituor
a no htraE ot tnes saw ,tleb dioretsa eht ni denoitats
saw ohw ,reciffo sihT .ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD
ehT fo reciffo na yb "revo nekat" saw )etontooF( 07 ,airtsuA
fo ekudhcrA eht fo ydob eht nehw edam saw yrevocsid
ehT .DA 4191 fo gnirps eht ni tnedicca yb derevocsid
saw esab "eripmE dlO" eht retal sraey 000,1 tuobA
.osla emit taht gnirud aera siht ni spihs
nwo sti fo ynam tsol ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT
.aera siht ni ecrof "eripmE dlO" eht fo tfarc ecaps eht
fo tsal eht deyortsed yllanif secrof niamoD ehT nehw ,DA
5321 tuoba litnu niamoD ehT dna secrof "eripmE dlO" eht
neewteb elttab gninnur a saw ereht ,lriA ot gnidroccA
.metsys ralos eht fo ecaps eht ni
tabmoc nepo ni rehto hcae degagne niamoD ehT dna secrof
"eripmE dlO" eht fo tfarc ecaps eht ,yllautnevE .gnol
woh yltcaxe swonk eno oN .sraey fo snoillim rof yxalag
eht fo trap siht ni snoitarepo fo esab ,neddih ylluferac
yrev dna ,evisnetxe yrev a gnitarepo neeb sah "eripmE
dlO" taht derevocsid niamoD ehT ,swerc rieht fo ssol eht
otni noitagitsevni evisnetxe dna tnetsisrep yrev a retfA
.yadot noitalupop
namuh eht fo trap a llits era yehT .seidob lacigoloib
tibahni ot htraE ot tnes dna sdnammoc citonpyh dna
serutcip eslaf htiw decalper seiromem rieht dah ,aisenma
nevig hcae erew yehT .htraE ot tnes neeb evah ohw sEBSI rehto lla sa noihsaf emas eht ni deldnah erew secroF
niamoD ehT morf sEB-SI derutpac ehT .dekcatta osla erew
swerc esohT .meht rof kool ot htraE ot swerc rehto tnes
16
 yeht os ,werc dna sreciffo fo ecrof egral a hcus gnisol
tuoba tespu yrev saw niamoD ehT taht enigami nac uoY
.derutpac
erew ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo sEB-SI eht
dna esab sraM eht morf kcatta yratilim a yb tuo depiw
saw esab niamoD ehT .emit gnol yrev a rof detsixe dah
,"eripmE dlO" eht yb detarepo ,sraM no esab dnuorgrednu
,neddih a ,niamoD ehT ot tsnwonkebnU ."eripmE dlO" eht
fo secrof yratilim eht fo tnanmer a morf kcatta na yb
desirprus saw esab eht ereht delttes yeht retfa yltrohS
.sneipas omoh
yb neesnu niamer tey ,neercs ecrof eht hguorht tixe dna
retne neht dluoc spihs ehT ."neercs ecrof" a tsniaga
niatnuom eht edisni morf egami eslaf a gnitcejorp
yb esab eht edih ot detaerc neht saw pot niatnuom eht
fo noisulli cinortcele nA .ecrof taht fo lennosrep dna
spihs eht esuoh ot hguone egral aera na etaerc ot wolloh
edam dna otni dellird saw pot niatnuom ehT .niatnuom
a fo pot eht edisni ro rednu esab a pu tes yehT
.srebmem 000,3 tuoba dedulcni hcihw
,ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo noilattab a rof esab
a saw sihT .natsinahgfA dna natsikaP nredom fo redrob
eht raen sniatnuoM ayalamiH eht ni htraE no esab a pu
tes secrof niamoD ehT oga sraey 002,8 tuobA .dnoyeb dna
yxalag siht fo retnec eht drawot sdael hcihw noisavni fo
htap eht gnola secrof nwo rieht rof sesab noitallatsni
eht nageb niamoD ehT retal sraey 005,1 tuobA
.yltcaxe ,srats
hcihw noitnem ton did ehS )etontooF( 96 .noitalletsnoc reppiD
giB eht fo liat eht ni smetsys srats eht ni detacol
era stenalp esehT .ecaps fo snoiger gniniojda rehto
dna ,yxalag siht rof tnemnrevog lartnec fo taes eht sa
devres taht )secroF niamoD ehT yb noitazilivic dereuqnoc
eht ot nevig eman-kcin a tub ,eman laiciffo eht ton
si siht( "eripmE dlO" eht fo stenalp emoh eht reuqnoc
ot saw noitca tsrif riehT .oga sraey 000,01 tuoba
ylno -- yltnecer yrev yxalag yaW ykliM eht otni deretne
tsrif ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT taht em dlot ehS
:htraE fo yrotsih eht tuoba devresbo
dah niamoD ehT taht em dlot lriA tahw si sihT ."nossel
yrotsih" ro weivrevo feirb a em evig ot elba saw
lriA ,niamoD ehT fo selif eht ni derots noitamrofni eht
06
 no desaB .tseuqer eht htiw deilpmoc yletaidemmi reciffo
snoitacinummoc ehT .lriA ot noitamrofni siht "deef" ot
reciffo snoitacinummoc eht deksa ehS .htraE fo yrotsih
eht gninrecnoc ,niamoD ehT fo "selif" eht ni derots
noitamrofni tlusnoc reciffo siht taht detseuqer ehS
.yxalag ruo fo retnec
eht drawot gnilevart tfarc ecaps gnimocni rof tniop
ffo gnipmuj ytivarg-wol doog a sa sevres tI .retipuJ
dna sraM neewteb detsixe ecno taht tenalp a fo seceip
pu nekorb fo sdnasuoht fo desopmoc si tleb dioretsa ehT
)etontooF( 86
.tleb dioretsa eht ni denoitats si ohw niamoD ehT fo
reciffo snoitacinummoc a -- yllacihtapelet -- detcatnoc
ehs nehw em ot eno detartsnomed ehs dna ,em ot niamoD
ehT fo reciffo EB-SI na fo seitiliba eht debircsed lriA"
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
)"!gnibmulp
roodni yna t'nsaw ereht dna ,ecalperif a revo enod erew gnikooc dna gnitaeh
,thgil eldnac yb enod saw gnidaer ,taob ro kcabesroh ,toof no saw noitatropsnart
oga snoitareneg wef a ylnO .sraey 051 ylno ot derapmoc ,emoceb sah yrtnuoc nwo
ruo decnavda woh fo kniht tsuJ !sraey fo snoillirt retfa ,yllatnem dna ,yllacinhcet
,emoceb evah yam noitazilivic a decnavda woh enigami ot nigeb neve tonnac I"(
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM(
.setaroireted reven hcihw ,lairetam cisab
emas eht fo edam si ecnatsbus dna mrof yrevE .dnas
emas eht syawla si tI .emas eht si rettam eht ,sesac
lla nI .egnahc snoynac dna syellav ,srevir ,raeppasid
dna raeppa snaeco ,og dna emoc spac eci ,tfihs
tenalp eht fo selop eht ,noitacol egnahc stnenitnoc
,llaf dna esir segnar niatnuom taht laever htraE
fo noixelpmoc eht ni segnahc fo weiver A .oga sraey
noillirt 08 tuoba seigolonhcet levart ecaps depoleved
ti ecnis esrevinu eht fo rotces siht ni seixalag
eht fo yevrus cidoirep a detcudnoc sah niamoD ehT
.deyortsed ylurt reven si ti tub ,mrof ni deretla
eb yam rettaM .deyortsed eb tonnac tI .etaroireted
ton seod rettam ,yllautcaF .rorre latnemadnuf a si sihT
.enob ro doow fo ega eht fo tnemerusaem eht no desab
,enots fo ega eht erusaem ot etarucca ton si tI .rettam
fo noitaroireted a si ereht taht ,rettam desab-nobrac
95
 ro cinagro sa hcus ,ylkciuq rehtar etaroireted ot
mees slairetam fo sepyt niatrec esuaceb taht emussa yehT
.rettam fo ega eht eguag ot metsys gnirusaem etarucca
na evah ton od stsitneics htraE taht em dlot ehS
.taht erofeb emit
gnol yrev a rof dna ,ereht reerac eritne reh rebmemer
nac ehS .htraE ot stisiv lanoisacco dedulcni hcihw
noissim yevrus lacigoloib a rof tolip a emaceb ehs nehw
,sraey noillim 526 naht erom rof ecroF yranoitidepxE
niamoD ehT fo rebmem a neeb sah ehs taht syas lriA
.htraE sa hcus ,stenalp ytivarg-yvaeh no
sero larenim gninim yllaicepse -- krow launam ro ,lainem
mrofrep ot seidob tibahni ot decrof eb lliw yehT )etontooF(
76 .sevals sa sEB-SI rehto erutpac lliw yeht semitemoS
.aera
eht otni gniretne sEB-SI fo puorg rehtona yb revo nekat
eb lliw tenalp ro aera na ,sraey noillim wef a ,elihw
trohs a ni ecno yrevE .noillirt 3 ylno srehto dna ,oga
sraey noillirt 06 emos ,semit tnereffid ta ecalp koot
esrevinu lacisyhp eht otni noisavni ro lavirra sEB-SI )2
dna ,desare neeb evah htraE no sEB-SI fo yromem eht )1
:snosaer owt rof tluciffid si esrevinu lacisyhp eht
deretne EB-SI na nehw enimreted ot ytiliba eht ,htraE nO
.esrevinu lacisyhp eht reuqnoc ro etaerc
ot sEB-SI rehto htiw denioj EB-SI eht nehw ro ,esrevinu
lacisyhp eht yb demlehwrevo saw esrevinu "emoh" s'EBSI na nehw ,si tahT .esrevinu "emoh" ,nwo rieht tsol
yeht nehw esrevinu lacisyhp eht otni deretne EB-SI hcaE
.smret edurc yrev ni hguohtla
)etontooF( 66 ,sgniht hcus fo kaeps ygolohtym dna selat
yriaf ,tnemtnahcne dna yrecros ,cigam fo selaT .doirep
taht morf segami eugav llacer llits nac htraE no sEBSI ynaM .sEB-SI erom ro eno saw "naicigam" eht ,esac
yreve nI .naicigam eht fo lliw eht ta hsinav dna raeppa
ot edam erew hcihw snoisulli lacigam fo esrevinu a
saw esrevinu eht taht yas thgim uoY .yranoisulli yllohw
tub ,dilos ton erew sesrevinu hcihw gnirud doirep tsav a
saw ereht esrevinu lacisyhp eht fo noitamrof eht erofeB
.snoitroporp lacisyhp etinifni
ylraen fo esrevinu gnidnapxe-reve na mrof ot deunitnoc
sah ssecorp evitaerc siht )etontooF( 56 ,deyortsed ton
85
 tub ,detaerc eb nac smrof dna ygrene taht deerga si ti
esuaceB .esrevinu detaerc yllautum a mrof ot deifidilos
erew dna decselaoc dna delgnimmoc sesrevinu yrosulli
eseht fo noisilloc ehT .sEB-SI fo puorg ro EB-SI
na yb detaerc erew hcihw fo eno hcae ,)etontooF( 46 sesrevinu
laudividni rehto ynam fo noitamaglama dna ecnegrevnoc
eht morf demrof si flesti esrevinu lacisyhp ehT
)etontooF( 36 .noitarud dna ega hsilbatse ot nigiro
fo stniop dna ,noitom fo selcyc esu hcihw ,serutluc
suoirav yb denifed ,smetsys tnemerusaem emit tnereffid
ynam era ereht ,htraE no sA .nageb ti ecnis esrevinu
lacisyhp eht tuohguorht stneve fo drocer mrofinu
on neeb sah ereht dna sEB-SI fo yromem evitcejbus eht
no sdneped ti sa erusaem ot rotcaf tluciffid a si emiT
.sgninnigeb
tseilrae sti ecnis sraey )etontooF( 26 noillirdauq ruof
tsael ta ylbaborp tub ,dlo yletinifni ylraen si esrevinu
lacisyhp eht fo ega ehT .sraey noillirt 002 tsal eht
rof gninrub neeb evah esrevinu eht fo ytiniciv etaidemmi
siht ni snus fo noitcelloc gnitsixe eht taht syas ehS
!sraey fo snoillirt rof
,emit fo stsim mid eht otni kcab yaw eht lla ,kaeps ot
os ,"ytitnedi" reh rebmemer osla nac lriA .noitpecrep
rieht morf niap edulcxe nac EB-SI nA .smsinahcem
yrosnes lacisyhp fo esu eht tuohtiw ,ydob lacigoloib
a naht ylesnetni erom ,snoitasnes ecneirepxe nac yehT
.yltnatsni ecaps fo secnatsid
taerg naps nac yehT ."lairetammi" ,yllaretil si EB-SI nA
.emit ro ecaps ni noitacol on sah ti ytitne esrevinu
lacisyhp a ton si EB-SI na ecniS .yllacihtapelet
etacinummoc nac niamoD ehT fo sreciffo rehto
dna lriA .rettam hguorht shtped evitceles ta eviecrep
nac ehS .lliw ta "llod" reh morf traped dna retne
nac lriA taht si ,htraE no seidob gnitibahni sEB-SI eht
fo tsom dna lriA ekil EB-SI na neewteb ecnereffid ehT
.ytiliba dna ssenerawa ,rewop ,ytitnedi ni euqinu
yletelpmoc si hcaE .emas eht ton si tirips yreve taht
nialpxe ot luferac saw ehS ."eb lliw - si" fo noitpecrep
detalutsop yllanosrep a ni stsixe tub ,eid tonnac
dna nrob ton si "tirips" a esuaceb si ,"latrommi" dellac
era yeht nosaer ehT .esrevinu eht fo gninnigeb eht
erofeb ecnis dnuora neeb evah sEB-SI taht denialpxe lriA
75
 .esrevinu lacisyhp
eritne eht tuohguorht mrofinu si hcihw noitarbiv
a sa desnes eb osla nac emiT .elohw evitcaretni
na fo trap sa stneve lla weiv tsum eno ,tsap eht
fo ytilaer ro yrotsih eht dnatsrednu dna weiv ot redro
nI .maerts raenil ,tnednepedni na ni neppah ton od
stneve ,ylevitucesnoc snur emit hguohtlA .suoenatlumis
dna tnerrucnoc era snoitcaretni eseht fo llA
.slewob eht dna reddalb
eht hguorht meht setanimile dna ,doolb eht morf setsaw
cixot sniarts revil eht sa emit emas eht ta ,stnalp morf
slacimehc dna nus eht morf ygrene gnisu ,ecudorper hcihw
,sllec eht ot negyxo edivorp sgnul eht elihw ,doolb
spmup taht traeh a sah ydob lacigoloib eht sa tsuj
,yltnerrucnoc dna ylevitcaretni rucco stnevE .debmuccus
ohw esoht fo naht rehtar ,rovivrus a fo weiv fo tniop
eht morf dedrocer ,ecaps hguorht stcejbo fo tnemevom eht
fo noitavresbo evitcejbus a si yrotsiH .loot gnirusaem
a ekil dekram dna tuo dehcterts eb nac taht gnirts a
ton si ti esuaceb ,ylpmi skoob yrotsih htraE fo srohtua
ynam sa ,stneve fo drocer raenil a ylno ton si yrotsiH
.selur nopu deerga yb denimreted sa ro ,nrettap
lacilcyc ro gnivruc a ni ro ylmodnar evom ot dnet
stcejbo ,esrevinu siht nI .noihsaf raenil a ni evom
ylirassecen ton od ecaps ni ,sessam ygrene ro ,stcejbO
."ecaps"
dellac si deweiv gnieb tcejbo eht dna EB-SI na neewteb
ecnatsid ehT .tcejbo a gniweiv nehw EB-SI na fo weiv fo
tniop eht yb denimreted si ecapS .raenil ton si ecapS
.ecaps hguorht
stcejbo fo noitom eht fo tnemerusaem yrartibra na ylpmis
si emiT .emit fo tcejbus eht dnatsrednu tsrif tsum
uoy ,yrotsih fo tcejbus eht dnatsrednu nac uoy erofeB"
noisseS ts1 ,7491 .7 .52 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
65
 ".niamoD
ehT fo evitcepsrep eht morf ,ecaps ybraen dna metsys ralos ruo ,htraE fo yrotsih
feirb a htiw deunitnoc lriA morf ,nossel ro ,weivretni txen ym fo rettam tcejbus ehT
.reh htiw tneps I
emit eht fo redniamer eht gnirud yad yreve detaeper nrettap sihT .tpels I elihw thgin
eht gnirud eseht fo lla yduts dluow ehS .htrof os dna ,selcitra ,senizagam ,skoob fo
kcats egral a deviecer lriA yad txen ehT .yrellag eht ot tsil siht detneserp I gnineve
hcaE .noitamrofni erom detnaw ehs hcihw tuoba rettam tcejbus fo tsil wen a em
evig dluow ehs ,lriA morf noitcurtsni ro ,htiw weivretni ym retfa gnineve yrevE )3
.eciohc nwo reh fo rettam tcejbus ni em "tcurtsni" ot deunitnoc lriA )2
.yrellag eht yb em ot detseggus ro
yb desop neeb dah desnes ehs taht snoitseuq yna rewsna ot desufer yletuloser lriA )1
:retfaereht yad yreve deneppah sgniht eerht ylno ,sselehtreveN
.os od ot stroffe tseb yrev ym evig dluow I taht
enoyreve erussaer ot tseb ym did I .yrellag eht fo srebmem yb detpmorp snoitseuq
cificeps rewsna ot reh edausrep ot lriA htiw ecneulfni ym esu ot em ot deilppa
erusserp tnatsnoc saw ereht ,syawla sA .stnemetats ym fo noitacifiralc rof deksa
ohw nem 7 ro 6 osla erew ereht dna ,weivretni hcae retfa defeirbed I mohw ot ,lausu
sa ,noisses siht rof tneserp rehpargonets a saw erehT .em dlot lriA tahw fo tnuocca
ym dedrocer ohw yrellag eht fo srebmem yb gnineve suoiverp eht noisses weivretni
ym tuoba defeirbed saw I ,netae dna derewohs ,tpels dah I retfa ,noonretfa txen ehT
!seramthgin dna smaerd tsedliw ym ni neve ton -- em gnillet saw ehs tahw fo yna
denigami evah reven dluoc I .lriA morf gnitteg saw I "nossel" eht yb deltnurgsid dna
deyamsid ,demrala ,dekcohs ,lacitpeks ,detanicsaf saw I taht ,yas tsum I .gninrom
txen eht fo nwad litnu thgin eht hguorht deunitnoc lriA htiw noitcurtsni yM"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
yrotsiH tneicnA nI nosseL A
neveS retpahC
55
".htraE fo elpoep eht rof tpecxe
-- siht fo erawa si niamoD ehT ni enoyreve ,esruoc
fO .dnoyeb dna yxalag yaW ykliM eht fo retnec eht
drawot etuor noisnapxe niamoD ehT fo htap a gnola yal ti
esuaceb ylno tnatropmi si htraE tenalp eht raen noitats
ecaps ehT .niamoD ehT fo "ytreporp" eht sa detaert
si ti ,lortnoc sti rednu yrotirret eht fo trap a semoceb
dna niamoD ehT yb deriuqca si ecaps fo aera na ecnO
.secrof niamoD
eht esuoh ot detcurtsnoc ylisae era )etontooF( 16 sneercs
ecrof citengamortcele yb derevoc sesab dnuorgrednu ro
)etontooF( 06 muspyg morf dezisehtnys serutcurts mooD .suneV
dna sraM ,eerged ressel a ot dna ,oga sraey fo snoillib
deyortsed saw taht tenalp a saw hcihw ,tleb dioretsa eht
dna )etontooF( 95 htraE morf yawa gnicaf noom eht fo edis eht
fo ylniam stsisnoc hcihw metsys ralos siht ni setilletas
ytivarg wol eht ni yliramirp detseretni era yehT
."snoitats ecaps" ytivarg-wol sa esu rof elbaulav yrev
era metsys ralos ruo ni stcejbo eht fo emos ,yllautcA
.ecaps fo trap siht ni niamoD ehT rof noitacol tnatropmi
tub ,llams yrev a si htraE raen tleb dioretsa ehT
.retal
delaever eb lliw taht snosaer rof ,neddih ylevissergga
yrev neeb sah ti ,won litnu ,tcaf nI .dniknaM
ot nwonk ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT fo ecneserp
eht ekam ot yrassecen yllacigetarts ton si ti ,emit
tneserp eht roF .sevlesmeht laever ot stseretni rieht
tius ,ton yam ro ,yam ti nehw emit retal a litnu htraE
fo "stnatibahni evitan" eht ot noitnetni siht laever
ylnepo ot ton nesohc evah niamoD ehT fo srelur eht
,niamoD ehT yb htraE fo noitisiuqca eht fo esac eht nI
.stsiehta ylbaborp era elpoep
reh dna lriA taht noitseggus reilrae ym secrofnier
aedi sihT .snoitca rieht rof terger yna evah ro
sdog yna raef yeht od roN .noihsaf siht ni sevlesmeht
etargined ton dluow dna ,niamoD ehT fo snoitca eht rof
ytilibisnopser lluf emussa sredael riehT .niamoD ehT
ni rucco ton seod roivaheb fo tros siht taht dias lriA
.snoitan rehto
yb detalimissa neeb dah eripme sih dna daed saw gnik
eht retal sraey wef a ylnO .ylkciuq os dehsinimid saw
45
 niapS fo yrotirret eht taht esirprus on si ti taht dna
drawoc a fo esoht erew snoitca hcus taht thguoht lriA
.rettam eht ni ytilibisnopser ro tliug fo sgnileef
yna evah ton did ,yllanosrep ,epoP eht ,yltnerappA
.stseirp s'epoP eht dna sreidlos sih yb snoissessop
dna sdnal rieht etacsifnoc ot noitacifitsuj sa
tnemetats siht desu eH .elpoep eseht fo tnemevalsne dna
rethguals gnitluser eht rof ytilibisnopser lla fo gniK
eht evlosba dluow ,sevitan eht yb detcejer ro detpecca
saw ti rehtehw ,tnemetats eht taht depoh gnik ehT
.stnatibahni evitan
deretnuocne ylwen eht fo hcae ot daer eb ot desoppus
saw hcihw )etontooF( 85 "tnemeriuqeR ehT" dellac tnemetats
a eraperp ot epoP eht deksa eH .elbiB eht fo stnematset
suoirav eht ni debircsed sa ,deppihsrow eh sdog eht
morf noitubirter deraef eH .sreidlos sih yb stnatibahni
evitan eht fo tnemtaert laturb eht detterger gnik
hsinapS eht taht koob yrotsih a ni daer ehs dias lriA
.stseretni rieht ecnavda ot redro ni htlaew
dna yrotirret eriuqca ot tnes yeht stseirp dna sreidlos
eht dna snoitan naeporuE fo "niamod" eht fo trap
a emoceb ot noissimrep rieht rof deksa ro htiw detlusnoc
reven erew stnatibahni evitan eht ,revewoH .stnatibahni
evitan eht morf "deriuqca" ytreporp eht morf detifeneb
eporuE .htrof os dna ecnarF ,dnalgnE ,dnalloH ,retal dna
lagutroP ,niapS fo sgnik eht rof dna epoP ehT ,rehtaF
yloH ehT rof dlroW weN eht "demialc" dna "derevocsid"
ohw srerolpxe naeporuE eht ot syaw ynam ni ralimis
yrev erew seitivitca nwo rieht taht tuo detniop lriA
."niamoD ehT fo secruoser dna yrotirret
eht dnapxe dna lortnoc ,eruceS" ot si noitazinagro
reh fo noissim gniunitnoc ehT !esrevinu lacisyhp eritne
eht fo htruof-eno yletamixorppa si taht ecaps fo aera na
tuohguorht sdioretsa dna snoom ,stenalp ,srats ,seixalag
fo rebmun tsav a slortnoc noitazilivic sihT ."niamoD
ehT" sa flesti ot srefer hcihw noitazilivic )etontooF( 75
arepo ecaps a fo trap si hcihw ecrof yranoitidepxe na ni
reenigne dna tolip ,reciffo na ,si llits dna ,saw lriA
.hsarc eht ni detluser
hcihw yliratnemom pihs eht fo lortnoc eht morf meht
"detcennocsid" yltneuqesnoc dna tiucric trohs a desuac
siht tfarc ecaps eht kcurts tlob gninthgil eht nehW
35
 .EB-SI eht fo noisnetxe na sa etarepo yehT .tfarc
ecaps eht draob no tnempiuqe noitagivan ro slortnoc
detacilpmoc on era ereht ,oS .metsys lortnoc tcerid
,elpmis yrev a yllaer si tI .EB-SI eht yb dettime
ygrene ro "sthguoht" eht yb detarepo eb nac tfarc eht
,eroferehT .rebmem werc EB-SI hcae fo ycneuqerf eht ot
yllacificeps detsujda si tI .ydob llod eht sa yaw emas
eht hcum ni tliub si tfarc ecaps ehT .tfarc ecaps eht
otni tliub "metsys suovren" eht ot detcennoc dna otni
denut esiwekil era rebmem werc EB-SI hcae fo seidob ehT
.emas eht yltcaxe era seidob llod ro
seicneuqerf owt oN .EB-SI eht rof reviecer oidar a ekil
stca ydob llod ehT .tnirp regnif a ekil noitacifitnedi
sa ,trap ni ,sevres sihT .ycneuqerf langis
oidar a ekil hcum ,meht seifitnedi hcihw ycneuqerf
evaw euqinu a gnitaerc fo elbapac si EB-SI hcaE
.EB-SI hcae yb dettime ycneuqerf ro htgnelevaw eht ot
yleuqinu dehctam si taht )etontooF( 65 htgnelevaw cinortcele
na ot "ni enut" ro sevlesmeht stsujda EB-SI hcae hcihw
ot ,metsys suovren lacirtcele evitisnes yrev a gnidulcni
,slairetam citehtnys fo detcurtsnoc era seidob ehT
.ydob a fo esu eht tuohtiw tsixe
dna ,levart ,etacinummoc ,kniht ,etarepo dna ydob eht
"evael" yeht ,ytud no ton era yeht nehW .ecaps ni ytud
no era yeht nehw "seidob llod" eseht tibahni ,sroirepus
rieht dna ssalc reciffo eht fo sEB-SI rehto eht fo lla
sa llew sa ,ehS .dlrow lacisyhp eht ni etarepo ot hcihw
hguorht loot lacinahcem a ekil a si tI .emutsoc dna
ksam a sraew rotca na taht yaw emas eht hcum ni "seidob
llod" esu ohw sEB-SI yb detarepo si tfarc ecaps ehT
.hsarc dna lortnoc esol ot reh desuac
hcihw ,)etontooF( 55 gnithgil a yb kcurts saw tfarc ecaps eht
,noissim reh gniruD .tnemnorivne eht ot esuac thgim siht
mrah laitnetop dna noitaidar fo tnetxe eht enimreted
ot desu eb dluoc taht erehpsomta eht morf noitamrofni
rehtag ot reh deredro sroirepus reH .ocixeM weN
ni detset neeb evah hcihw snopaew raelcun fo snoisolpxe
eht etagitsevni ot sreciffo roirepus reh yb tnes
saw ehS .nordauqS rebmoB ht905 eht fo aera eht ni gnieb
rof dna htraE ot gnimoc rof snosaer reh em dlot lriA"
)DEUNITNOC WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
25
 ".em ot siht gninialpxe yb em htiw
"nossel" tsrif reh nageb ehS ."ytilatrommi lanosrep" fo tpecnoc eht tuoba noisufnoc
ym dootsrednu dna desnes lriA .dah reve evah I yna sa esolc sa ,rebmem ylimaf
ro dneirf detsurt a htiw ,emoh ta ,efas saw I ekil tlef I ."tirips derdnik" a saw I
hguoht sa tlef I .lriA rof reterpretni na tsuj regnol on saw I hguoht sa tlef I taht retfA
.moor
weivretni eht ot denruter dna niaga "lamron" erom tlef I setunim 51 ro 01 retfA
.mrofinu ym denethgiarts dna ,pu-ekam ym dehserfer ,teliot eht desu I .rorrim eht
ni "fles" ym ta dekool I moortser eht nI .did I hcihw ,moortser eht ot og dna ,retaw
fo knird a teg ot dedeen I taht esucxe na edam I .setunim wef a rof moor eht dnuora
klaw dna riahc ym morf pu teg ot dah I taht ecneirepxe eht yb kcaba nekat os saw I
."!naem uoy tahw ees I !seY" ,duol
tuo dias dna ,niaga ydob ym edisni kcab saw I ,ylnedduS .aedi eht fo gnidnatsrednu
retteb a dah I fi em deksa lriA -- gnol woh erus ton m'I -- tnemom a retfA
!latrommi ton ylniatrec tub -- spahrep ,tirips a --
latrommi ton ma I taht thguat neeb syawla evah I sa ,gninaem reh dnatsrednu ton od I
,trap "latrommi" eht rof sA .erofeb reve decneirepxe gnivah llacer tonnac I feiler dna
yoj a htiw em sllif taht eno tub ,ynahpipe elbanialpxenu na saw sihT .gnieb lautirips
a -- "em" ma "I" taht tub ,"luos ym" ton ma I taht dezilaer I ,tsap eht otni emit
gnol yrev a rof dna ,efil ym ni emit tsrif eht rof dna detfil liev kcalb a tnemom taht nI
.ydob a ton ma "I" taht ,ytilaer ,gnikcohs tub ,elpmis eht dezilaer I ,tnemom a retfA
.ydob nwo ym ot txen riahc eht ni gnittis ydob s'lriA gnidulcni ,em dnuora moor
eht ees ot elba osla saw I )etontooF( 45 !daeh s'ydob ym fo pot eht ta gniliec eht morf
nwod gnikool ,ydob ym fo "edistuo" saw I taht dezilaer I ,yletaidemmI "!ydob ruoy
evoba eB" ,dias ehS .gnieb lautirips latrommi na osla ma I taht em ot etartsnomed
dluow ehs dias ehS .aedi eht tuoba desufnoc saw I taht desnes ehs taht dias lriA
!lla ew era os dna ,gnieb lautirips latrommi na
saw ,yllanosrep ,ehs taht emit tsrif yrev eht rof erawa yldiviv emaceb I ,thguoht taht
thguoht lriA nehw ,teY .yraM rehtoM yloH eht neve ton -- rehtie gnieb lautirips
latrommi na sa namow a fo thguoht reven evah I ,rehtaF yloH ehT dna ,suseJ droL
ehT fo drow eht ot tcejbus dna cilohtaC tuoved a ma I esuaceb ,dnA .tsohG yloH
ehT dna ,noS ehT ,rehtaF ehT rof ylelos devreser saw rewop ro sutats taht thguoht I
.gnieb latrommi na eb dluoc
gnieb namuh a taht deredisnoc erofeb reven dah I .moor krad a ni thgil fo hsalf
a ekil em kcurts "sgnieb lautirips latrommi" ot ecnerefer reH .lriA ni "ytilanosrep"
laer dna mraw a fo ecneserp eht desnes I ,emit tsrif eht rof ,revewoH .sselnoitome
dna tcaf-fo-rettam yrev saw enot reH .noitasrevnoc siht tegrof reven lliw I(
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
15
 ".ton ro tcaf
eht fo erawa era yeht rehtehw EB-SI na eb ot seunitnoc
htraE no nosrep hcaE .srehto morf eviecer ot ekil dluow
flesym I taht tnemtaert dna tcepser eht sevresed EB-SI
yreve ,yteicos a ni noitats rieht ylwol woh rettam oN
."eb" ot ediced yeht taht si ecnetsixe
rieht rof nosaer ylno eht dna ,"si" fo etats sselemit
a ni evil yeht taht si gnieb latrommi na fo erutan
yramirp eht esuaceB ."EB-SI" :drow pu-edam a esu lliw
I yticilpmis dna ycarucca fo ekas eht roF .sgnieb namuh
sedulcni sihT .sgnieb lautirips latrommi era sgnieb
tneitnes lla taht noitcivnoc ym si ti ,yllanosreP"
.htraE fo
noitavreserp eht erusne ot noissim ym fo trap a si ti sa
,htraE fo tnemnorivne eht dna smrof efil dairym eht lla
fo lavivrus eht retsof lliw taht dna ,ytinamuh esirpmoc
ohw sgnieb lautirips latrommi eht fo gnieb-llew eht
ot laicifeneb eb lliw kniht I taht uoy ot noitamrofni
edivorp lliw I .snoitseuq rewsna ton lliw I .oN"
"?won yrellag
eht morf snoitseuq rewsna uoy lliW" .thguoht I ,"KO"
."tcetorp dna dlohpu ot nrows evah dna evres
I noitazinagro eht ot snoitagilbo ym gnitaloiv tuohtiw
dna ecar ym ot ,flesym ot ytirgetni ym fo seiradnuob
eht nihtiw ,ti ees I sa hturt ,elbissop sa yletarucca
dna yltsenoh sa uoy htiw erahs ot hsiw I ,hturt
rehto lla ot evitaler si hturt hguohtlA .hturt eht
uoy llet lliw I .uoy ot eulav taerg fo eb lliw leef I
taht noitamrofni niatrec uoy evig ot deraperp ma I woN"
)etontooF( 35 ".noitazilivic htraE gninrecnoc sdrocer
niamoD dna egaugnal hsilgnE eht tuoba sretupmoc ruo
ni derots selif eht morf noitamrofni lanoitidda deviecer
osla evah I .htiw kniht nac I taht txetnoc a ni em
ot kcab deyaler dna egaugnal nwo ym otni detalsnart neeb
sah tI .sretupmoc ruo hguorht reciffo snoitacinummoc
ruo yb dessecorp dna noiger siht ni noitats ecaps ruo
ot deyaler neeb sah atad siht em dedivorp uoy lairetam
dna skoob eht dennacs evah I taht won ,revewoH .egaugnal
ruoy ot desopxe neeb ton evah ,yllanosrep ,I esuaceb
egaugnal ruoy ni etacinummoc ot elbanu erew I dna uoY
05
 .erawanu yletelpmoc
neeb dah ew hcihw fo metsys ralos siht ni snoitallatsni
"eripmE dlO" neddih-llew dna spihs "eripmE dlO"
llits erew ereht taht yrevocsid eht ot maet ym del I
,ecnedive niatrec fo ecnesba eht sa llew sa ,noitavresbo
,ynomitset ,ecnedive fo noisnetxe lacigol eht gniwolloF
)etontooF(
25 .aera eht ni tfarc ecaps ro "sanamiv" gnithgis detroper
noiger taht ni elpoep eht fo ynaM )etontooF( 15 .emit taht ta
aera gniniojda eht detibahni taht noitalupop namuh eht
fo noitagorretni devlovni seitud ym fo enO .maet hcraes
eht fo trap sa htraE ot tnes saw I ,ygolonhcet taht
ni decneirepxe saw I esuaceB .niamoD ehT rof reciffO
tnempoleveD margorP dna noitaulavE ataD ,noitagitsevnI
na sa devres dna deniart saw I oga sraey noillim lareveS
.deyortsed esab eht dna deraeppasid
lennosrep evitartsinimda dna snoitacinummoc ,stolip
,sreciffo fo noilattab eritne nA .sniatnuoM ayalamiH
eht ni detacol esab niamoD a fo ssol eht etagitsevni
ot tnes noissim a fo rebmem a saw I emit taht
tA )etontooF( 05 .snmyH cideV eht fo egaugnal tirksnaS eht
saw tnasrevnoc saw I hcihw htiw egaugnal htraE tsal ehT
.egaugnal hsilgnE ruoy ot desopxe neeb ton
evah I ,niamoD ehT nihtiw segaugnal rehto 743 ni tneulf
ma I hguohtla ,sselehtenoN .mrofrep ot seitud ynam
htiw ,reenignE dna toliP ,reciffO na ma I .niamoD ehT
nihtiw stenalp fo stnatibahni htiw tcaretni ot noitcnuf
yramirp ym ton si tI .ECB 569,5 ecnis htraE no sgnieb
htiw tcatnoc etamitni dah yllanosrep ton evah I ,revewoH
.sraey dnasuoht lareves rof ecaps fo rotces siht
ni ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD eht fo trap a neeb evah I"
.deksa I ,"?lriA ,yas ot ekil uoy dluow tahW"
noisseS ts1 ,7491 .7 .42 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
94
 ".nossel tsrif ym em hcaet ot nageb ehs dna eunitnoc ot reh rof derutseg I .kramer
eht yb desufnoc elttil a saw I tsrif tA ."won kaeps ot ydaer ma I" ,em ot "thguoht" ro
dias dna denrut ehs nehw ,daer eb ot gnitiaw elip egral a morf koob txen eht reh dnah
ot tuoba saw I .edisa ti decalp dna gnidaer saw ehs koob a fo egap tsal eht desolc
ehS .daer ehs sa rehto hcae ot txen tas I dna lriA yad ht61 eht fo noonretfa eht nO
.gnitirw ni ro ,reterpretni na sa em hguorht
ylsuoiraciv neve ,flesym naht rehto enoyna yb reh fo deksa eb ot snoitseuq yna
wolla ot esufer ot deunitnoc lriA tuB .snoitseuq reh ksa ot tneitapmi ylgnisaercni
gniworg erew ,"yrellag eht" sa ot derrefer won I dna lriA mohw ,moor weivretni ruo
fo ssalg yaw-eno eht hguorht su devresbo ohw stnega dna stsitneics fo gnorht ehT
!gniwonk fo yaw on evah dna wonk ton od htraE fo nem tahw
nrael ot tuoba saw I .tneduts eht saw I dna ,rehcaet eht emoceb dah lriA emit siht yB
.)etontooF( 94 wolloH
ypeelS fo dnegeL ehT dna )etontooF( 84 naP reteP dna )etontooF( 74 slevarT s'revilluG
morf selat ,)etontooF( 64 nniF yrrebelkcuH fo serutnevdA ehT ekil erutaretil
cissalc morf seirots etirovaf reh fo snoitces fo dnof yllaicepse saw ehS .daer
ehs skoob morf segassap gnol llacer ot elba saw ehS !yromem cihpargotohp ylraen
a dna stibah yduts esnetni yrev ,gnidnatsrednu etuca reh gniredisnoc yllaicepse
,desopxe neeb won dah lriA hcihw ot stcejbus eht fo tsom deiduts ton dah I
.detimil ylriaf
neeb dah gnidaer nwo ym fo yteirav eht ,gniniart gnisrun dna lacidemerp fo sraey
ruof rof egelloc dednetta dna 0491 ni selegnA soL ni loohcs hgih morf detaudarg
I hguohtlA .nwo ym dedeecxe raf noitacude cimedaca reh taht emit siht yb lairetam
nettirw hcum os debrosba dah ehS .hsilgnE ni reh htiw ylsseltroffe dna yldiulf
etacinummoc ot elba saw I ,etis hsarc eht morf lriA "gniucser" retfa yad ht51 eht yB"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
snigeB noitacudE yM
xiS retpahC
84
 ".erom hcum
woh revocsid noos dluow I .detrats ew nehw timda ot gnilliw saw ehs naht htraE
fo yrotsih dna erutluc eht tuoba erom tol a nwonk ydaerla dah ehs kniht I ,yllanosreP
.tcelletni
gnitartenep yrev a dah ehs taht dewohs snoitseuq reh fo yteltbus dna gnidnatsrednu
xelpmoc fo htped ehT .seitinamuh eht tuoba erew snoitseuq reh fo wef
A .sgniht cifitneics dna lacinhcet htiw od ot dah eseht fo tsoM .srewsna rof moor
retuo eht ni elpoep eht htiw detlusnoc I os ,snoitseuq reh fo tol a rewsna ton dluoc I
.rewop ro lliks taerg naht noitanigami dna tirips taerg evah ot tnatropmi
erom si ti taht dewohs seirots eseht fo srohtua eht dias ehS .)etontooF( 54 "sthgiN
enO dna dnasuohT enO" dna )etontooF( 44 "ahcnaM al ed etoxiuQ noD" ,)etontooF( 34
74
 "dnalrednoW ni serutnevdA s'ecilA" era skoob etirovaf reh taht em dlot lriA ,ylddO
.gnidaer saw ehs skoob eht ni gnihtemos yfiralc ot ro txetnoc fo esnes a reh evig ot
tnaem yllausu erew snoitseuq ehT .em deksa ehs noitseuq lanoisacco na rof tpecxe
,su neewteb noitacinummoc hcum tuohtiw tneps neeb dah keew gniwollof eht gnirud
emit taht fo tsom ,yad hcae sruoh 41 ot 21 rof lriA htiw yats ot deunitnoc I hguohtlA
.snoitseuq ro tnemmoc tuohtiw revoc ot revoc morf daer ehs hcihw
,osla elbiB yloH eht fo ypoc a deviecer ehs taht erus edam I ,esruoc fO .ygoloeahcra
dna yrotsih namuh tuoba skoob 05 tsael ta daer dah tsum ehs kniht I .yrotsih
yllaicepse ,seitinamuh eht ni stcejbus no skoob ynam taerg a daer ot deksa osla lriA
.erutaretil fo scissalc eht dna yrteop ,slevon ,skoob noitcif daer ot nageb ehs retaL
.htrof os dna ,slaunam lacinhcet suoirav ,scitamehtam ,gnireenigne ,ygrullatem
,ymonortsa ekil ,tuoba gnihtyna wonk ot detnaw reven I sgniht lacinhcet yrev
rehto ynam dna ,enigami dluoc I tcejbus yreve deiduts ehS !meht fo derdnuh lareves
hguorht daer dah ehs erofeb syad erom wef a naht erom t'nsaw ti esuaceb ,emuserp
I ,yrtnuoc eht revo lla seirarbil morf ni thguorb erew skoob syad xis txen eht revO
.gniyduts saw ehs gniht eht
fo erutcip a ees dluoc ehs fi gninaem eht dnatsrednu ot reisae hcum saw ti esuaceb
sgniward dna shpargotohp htiw skoob ecnerefer dna skoob erutcip erom ynam
detseuqer ehs ,taht retfA .serutcip fo tol a dah ti esuaceb siht deyojne yllaicepse lriA
)etontooF( 24 .acinnatirB aidepolcycnE eht fo tes a ni thguorb elbweN .rM ,txeN
.maerts ydaets a ni reh ot thguorb eb skoob ecnerefer taht gnitseuqer ,reh rof reiruoc
a sa gnitca saw boj ym no neht morF .taht retfa yllaunitnoc yranoitcid eht detlusnoc
lriA .deretnuocne ehs sdrow wen pu kool ot yranoitcid a esu ot woh reh dewohs
I .flesreh yb yduts dna daer ot elba saw lriA ,snossel eseht fo dne eht tA .hsilgnE ni
em ta "kniht" ot elba won saw ehs ,htiw kaeps ot htuom a evah ton did lriA hguohtlA
.reh ot gnidaer eunitnoc ot em rof sseltniop emaceb ti litnu etarelecca ot deunitnoc
nrettap sihT .segap txen eht otni llew saw dna snossel suoiverp eht deziromem
ydaerla dah ehs ,ffo tfel d'ew erehw nigeb ot gninrom hcae denruter I nehW .derevoc
ydaerla dah ew snossel eht gniweiver ,moor weivretni eht ni riahc deffutsrevo eht ni
gnittis deniamer ehs daetsnI .peels ton did ehS .gnihtyna rof skaerb ekat ton did lriA
.trap ym no skaerb tser dna slaem wef a rof
tpecxe ,noitpurretni tuohtiw syad evitucesnoc 3 rof yad a sruoh 41 rof ssecorp siht
deunitnoc eW .dessergorp ew sa gninaem dna elballys ,dnuos ,rettel yreve brosba
dna dnatsrednu ot demees lriA ,sselehtenoN .sdradnats s'yadot yb detadtuo yrev era
yeht hguohtla ,thguat gnieb stcejbus dna seirots eht fo snoitartsulli elpmis ,tnellecxe
dah skoob eht fo hcaE .sredaeR s'yeffuGcM fo seires eht ni koob evisseccus
hcae morf reh ot duola gnidaer moor weivretni eht ni lriA ot txen tas I ,detcurtsni sA
!oga sraey 002 revo ecnednepednI fo noitaralceD
eht etorw srehtaF gnidnuoF ruo ecnis egaugnal nwo ruo fo tol a tsol evah ew kniht
64
 I .ega nredom ruo ni ylnommoc esu elpoep sdrow fo rebmun detimil ylevitaler eht ot
derapmoc decnavda yrev saw koob eht ni desu yralubacov eht taht derevocsid osla I
!enoyna ot
koob siht dnemmocer dluow I ,yllanosreP .stnerap rof tcepser dna ,doG rof ecnerever
,msitoirtap ,egaruoc ,krow drah ,tfirht ,ytirahc ,ytsenoh ekil seutriv etartsulli
ot snoitanalpxe doog yrev evag yeht dna emoselohw yrev erew seirots eht fo llA
.enoyreve yb decitcarp eb dluohs taht eutriv a si ytisoreneg
taht wonk lla eW .hguoht elpoep yhtlaew fo ylno detcepxe si ytirahc taht eveileb ot
uoy hcaet ylirassecen ton od skoob ehT .tfig ecin a reh sevig tnahcrem eht ,tsenoh eb
ot flesreh sevorp wodiw eht nehw ,retaL .deen ni wodiw a sdneirfeb ohw tnahcrem
a tuoba elat ytilarom a fo dnik s'tI ."tnahcreM eht dna wodiW ehT" saw rebmemer
I seirots eht fo enO .saedi esoht no dednapxe "sredaeR htxiS dna htfiF ,htruoF
,drihT" ehT .slamina dna ,sdneirf ,srehcaet ,srebmem ylimaf htiw pihsnoitaler rieht
ni nerdlihc erutcip "sredaeR dnoceS dna tsriF" eht ni seirots eht taht derevocsid I
.drow hcae rof noitaicnunorp tcerroc eht wohs ot sgnikram htiw dna
esicrexe gnidaer eht ni desu sdrow fo yduts a htiw snigeb nossel hcaE .srettel htiw
sdnuos tcennoc ot nerdlihc gnihcaet sevlovni hcihw )etontooF( 14 dohtem scinohp
eht gnisu ,sdrow ecnuonorp dna mrof ot egaugnal eht fo skcolb gnidliub eht esu ot
,pets yb pets ,thguat neht erew nerdlihC .ecneuqes ni ,deziromem eb ot tebahpla eht
fo srettel eht gnitneserp yb "remirP ehT" ni snigeb esruoc lanoitacude s'yeffuGcM
.gnol os rof nerdlihc naciremA revo ecneulfni hcum os dah reve skoob rehto
oN .daer ot woh nerdlihc loohcs naciremA lla fo shtfif-ruof tuoba hcaet ot yrutnec a
fo sretrauq-eerht rof desu erew skoob eseht fo noisrev 6381 lanigiro eht esuaceb saw
skoob ralucitrap eseht esohc eh nosaer eht dias eH .neila eht hcaet ot skoob eht esu
ot woh no -- yad eritne na koot taht esruoc a -- gnifeirb evisnetxe na em evag osla
skoob eht em evag ohw trepxe egaugnal eht ,rehcaet a ton dna ,esrun a ma I ecniS
)etontooF( 04 ."htxiS hguorhT remirP ,redaeR citcelcE s'yeffuGcM"
dellac si tI .aciremA fo sreitnorf eht no s0081 eht ni nerdlihc reenoip hcaet ot
desu neeb dah taht koob loohcs a fo segap tsrif eht htiw snossel gnidaer eht nageb I"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
snosseL gnidaeR
eviF retpahC
54
 ".daeha tnew ew os ,aedi retteb a dah esle eno oN .rehtie snoitseuq rewsna
ot tnemtimmoc yna ekam ton did ehs hguohtla ,egaugnal eht gninrael ot tcejbo
ton did ehS .lriA ot aedi siht desoporp dna moor weivretni eht ot denruter I
!retsaf ro ,dlo raey 5 a sa ylkciuq sa
egaugnal a kaeps ot nrael ylbaborp dluoc ehs taht ,yxalag eht ssorca tfarc ecaps
a ylf dna ,yllacihtapelet em htiw etacinummoc ot hguone tnegilletni saw neila
eht fi taht ,kniht I ,demussa osla yehT .rammarg latnemadnuf ni noitcurtsni
44
 sa llew sa ,drow nettirw eht htiw noitaicossa dnuos dna drow yb daer ot thguat
si dlihc a sa tsuj ,daer ot thguat eb yllautneve dluoc neila eht taht saw yroeht ehT
.gnola
wollof dluoc ehs taht os regnif ym htiw gnidaer saw I txet eht ot gnitniop elihw
,skoob eht morf reh ot duola daer dna neila eht ot txen tis dluow I taht saw nalp
ehT .moor weivretni eht otni em htiw txet rammarg dna ,remirp gnidaer cisab
a dna ,skoob s'nerdlihc lareves ekat I taht detseggus stsilaiceps egaugnal ehT
.snoitseggus rehto on erew ereht sa ,hcaorppa siht gniyrt ot noitcejbo yna dah
eno oN .tsilaiceps egaugnal eht fo ecnadiug eht htiw reh ot ti hcaet I taht dna
,hsilgnE nrael ot lriA edausrep I taht :elbissop saw eciohc eno ylno yllautcaF
.hsilgnE kaeps ot nrael ot dah neila eht ro ,neila eht fo egaugnal eht kaeps
ot nrael ot dah I .seciohc owt ylno erew ereht taht detseggus eh ,eroferehT
.snoitan ro ,spuorg ,elpoep
lla neewteb noitacinummoc ni rotcaf gnitimil eht saw ,yltneulf esu nac seitrap
lla taht sdrow denifed ylraelc fo yralubacov nommoc a fo kcal ehT .nerdlihc
llams owt neewteb ro ,sgod dna nem neewteb gnidnatsrednu yratnemidur
eht dnoyeb elbissop ton saw noitacinummoc erutalcnemon denifed a tuohtiW

.meht rof
rettam eht pu sraelc sihT .gnisu era yeht drow eht fo sgninaem tcaxe eht nwod
etirw ot )etontooF( 93 sretcarahc esenihC dradnats gnisu yb melborp siht evlos
yehT .noitacinummoc yad ot yad ni noisufnoc fo tol a esuac hcihw egaugnal
rieht ni )etontooF( 83 smynomoh fo tol a evah elpoep esenapaJ eht taht dias eH
.sgninaem dna stpecnoc esicerp yrev yevnoc egaugnal ni slobmys dna sdroW
.egaugnal nommoc a hguorht etacinummoc dna dnatsrednu
ot dedeen seitrap htob ,neppah ot noitacinummoc evisneherpmoc ,raelc yna rof
redro ni ,dnoceS .flesym naht rehto enoyna htiw etacinummoc ot ssengnilliwnu
reh htiw od ot erom dah tI .etacinummoc ot neila eht fo ytilibani eht htiw od
ot elttil yrev dah melborp eht ,tsrif ,taht denialpxe eH .melborp eht ot noitulos
a dna noitanalpxe na dah )etontooF( 73 ,yvaN eht morf tsilaiceps egaugnal
esenapaJ a saw ohw ,elbweN nhoJ deman wollef revelc yrev a ,yletanutroF
.reh htiw etacinummoc
dluoc ohw dnuof neeb dah esle eno on taht ro ,esle enoyna htiw etacinummoc
ot desufer neila eht taht tcaf eht fo etips ni ,noitisop ym morf devomer eb ot
gniog saw I erus saw I !erofeb naht stnemugra erom neve saw ereht ,won dnA
!pu gnivig ekil tlef tsomla I tniop taht ta degaruocsid os saw I
.yrotcafsitas eb ot hguone ylraelc neila eht fo egaugnal cihtapelet eht dnatsrednu
ot ytilibani ym htiw od ot dah melborp noitacinummoc eht spahrep taht
slaiciffo eht dlot I .snoitnetni cihtapelet reh etalucitra ot dluoc I tseb eht gniod
saw I tub ,rehtie tnaem ehs tahw dnatsrednu yllaer t'ndluoc I taht dettimda I
34
 .siht yb tnaem neila
eht tahw dnatsrednu ton dluoc yehT .lennosrep yratilim dna stnega ecnegilletni
delbmessa eht morf noitpecer lacitpeks dna mirg a deviecer I noitseuq
siht ot esnopser neila eht troper ot moor weivretni eht morf denruter I nehW"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
".DNATSREDNU
/ WONK / NRAEL TSUM .SREHTO ON .SNOITSEUQ
EHS YLNO .SRAEH EHS YLNO .SKAEPS EHS YLNO
- REWSNA
".snoitseuq ruo
rewsna ot hguone efas leef uoy ekam lliw taht su morf
eriuqer uoy od foorp ro ecnarussa tahW" - NOITSEUQ"
noisseS dr3 ,7491 .7 .11 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO( 
":noitseuq
gniwollof eht ot reh morf rewsna yrotcafsitas a teg dluoc I dedivorp ,neila
eht weivretni ot eunitnoc dewolla eb dluohs I taht dediced yllanif saw tI .sruoh
lareves rof detsal sihT .sreterpretni egaugnal eht dna tsigolohcysp ,slaiciffo
yratilim ,sreciffo ecnegilletni eht fo emos neewteb ecalp koot noissucsid detaeh
yrev A .liomrut dna tespu fo laed taerg a saw ereht ,stnega ecnegilletni eht
ot rewsna "rewsna on" eht rof snosaer eht erew thguoht I tahw denialpxe I retfA"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
reirraB egaugnaL ehT
ruoF retpahC
24
"!dnim reh egnahc
dluow taht noicreoc ro erutrot fo dnik on saw ereht taht ,mrof efil lacigoloib
a ton saw ehs ecnis taht erus yllauqe ma I .secnatsmucric yna rednu ,yaw yna ni
meht fo yna htiw etarepooc ot elbanu dna gnilliwnu saw ehs ,snoitnetni eseht fo
esuaceB .yllacihtapelet em htiw etacinummoc dna sthguoht ym daer dluoc ehs sa
ylisae sa tsuj "sdnim rieht daer" dluoc ehs sa ,snoitseuq eseht etorw ohw elpoep
eht fo snoitnetni lautca eht fo niatrec yrev saw neila eht taht erus osla saw I
.meht ot lufesu eb ot deredisnoc
stsitneics ro seicnega ecnegilletni ro yratilim eht taht noitamrofni yna laever ro
,etarepooc ot gnilliw ton saw neila eht fi elbuort suoires emos rof ni eb yam ew
taht neht dezilaer I .etelpmoc ot setunim wef a ylno em koot snoitseuq esehT"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
".ECRUOS .REHTOM .ROTAERC A MA I
- REWSNA
?eninimef sa flesruoy ot refer uoy
od yhw ,ytitne lacigoloib a ton era uoy fI - NOITSEUQ
.SGNILEEF
/ SEGAMI / DNIM RUOY NI EES .RAELC ERA SNOITNETNI
- REWSNA
?uoy mrah ot dnetni ton
od ew taht dnatsrednu meht ekam ew nac woH - NOITSEUQ
14
 .SRUOH RO SETUNIM
- REWSNA
?uoy eucser ot ereh levart
ot elpoep ruoy ekat ti dluow gnol woH - NOITSEUQ
.NWONKNU
- REWSNA
?ereh uoy
etacol ot elpoep ruoy ekat ti lliw gnol woH - NOITSEUQ
.yawa raf oot si tI .htraE no pam rats yna
no tsixe ton seod tenalp emoh reh fo metsys rats eht
taht tcaf eht ot eud osla saw tI .noitacol eht laever
ot gnilliwnu saw ehS .tenalp emoh reh ot htraE morf
snoitcerid eht wonk ton seod ehs esuaceb ton si sihT
.ON
- REWSNA
)etontooF( 63 ?tenalp emoh ruoy fo rats eht si hcihw
srats eht fo pam a no su wohs uoy naC - NOITSEUQ"
noisseS dn2 ,7491 .7 .11 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
"."rebmun laires dna knar ,eman"
ro ,noitamrofni lanosrep ro ,laitnedifnoc-non laever ot gnilliw dna elba ylno saw
ehS .erutrot rednu neve ,ymene na ot lufesu eb thgim taht noitamrofni yna laever
ot ton ,derutpac neeb sah ohw reidlos yna ekil ,sredro gniwollof saw ehs taht saw
gnileef yM .egaugnal ngis ro gniward ro gnitirw ni etacinummoc ot gnilliw ton
saw lriA taht ylraelc dootsrednu I ,tuB .eurt ton saw siht taht erus yrev saw I"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
04
 ".ON
- REWSNA
?ylraelc erom sthguoht
ruoy dnatsrednu su pleh ot esu nac uoy noitacinummoc
fo snaem ro sngis rehto yna ereht erA - NOITSEUQ
NIATRECNU
- REWSNA
?egaugnal
nwo ruo otni etalsnart ot elba eb yam ew taht
serutcip ro slobmys ward ro etirw uoy naC - NOITSEUQ
REENIGNE / TOLIP / RECIFFO MA I .SEY
- REWSNA
?scitamehtam ro srebmun dnatsrednu uoy oD - NOITSEUQ
.ON
- REWSNA
?segaugnal htraE yna etirw ro daer uoy naC - NOITSEUQ"
7491 .7 .11 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
":snoitseuq fo tsil wen eht ot srewsna eht era ereH
.em hguorht og ot gnivah
tuohtiw ,sevlesmeht neila eht htiw etacinummoc ot woh nrael ot detnaw em
rof snoitseuq fo seires txen eht etorw ohw elpoep eht taht suoivbo yrev saw tI
.esab eht ta gnivirra elpoep yratilim dna tnemnrevog
fo maerts eht morf gnitteg saw ti noitnetta eht lla fo etips ni reh htiw sweivretni
ym eunitnoc ot elba saw I taht desaelp saw I .rehto hcae htiw emit elttil
93
 os tneps dah ew ecnis yllaicepse ,gnieb neila eht rof noitceffa fo tros emas eht
tlef I taht desirprus saw I taht yas tsum I .lortnoc devreser dna mlac a htiw tey
,dlihc ro god a morf sleef eno noitceffa cinotalp ,lanoitidnocnu dna tnemeticxe
regae eht ekil saw tI .reh morf gnileef "mraw" a dna feiler ,noitingocer fo esnes
eniuneg yrev a tlef I .em ees ot desaelp yrev saw ehs ,moor eht deretne I nehW
!esrevinu
eht fo sterces eht gnirevocsid htiw naht rewop dna ecnatropmi-fles lanosrep
nwo rieht htiw denrecnoc erom saw mohw fo hcae ,stnega dna sreciffo elam eht
fo edutitta gnireenimod ,evissergga ,evitabmoc eht htiw elbatrofmoc leef ton did
ehs erus ma I .rehto hcae dna efil drawot edutitta gnirutrun dna yhtapme elamef
,larutan a derahs ew kniht I .redneg eninimef eht derreferp ehs taht desnes
I .tebahpla hsilgnE eht gnisu eman eht ebircsed ot esu nac I drow tsesolc eht si
sihT ."lriA" sa sneila wollef reh yb nwonk saw ehS .kaeps ot os ,"ytilanosrep"
reh yb tub ,ydob reh yb deifitnedi ton saw neila eht taht denrael I ,yllautnevE
.sthguoht reh eviecrep dluoc uoy sselnu ,ton ro evila neve saw
ehs rehtehw llet ot drah eb dluow ti ,dnah reh htiw derutseg ro ydob reh devom
ehs sselnU .riahc eht ni thgirpu gnittis saw ehs sa gnol sa ekawa ro gnipeels
saw ehs rehtehw llet dluoc enoyna kniht t'nod I .esolc t'ndid seye eht os ,seye reh
evoba sworbeye ro ,sdileye on erew erehT .rehtie peels t'ndid ehs ,yltnerappa
dna ,taeh ro ria ,doof yna deen t'ndid ti lacigoloib ton saw ydob reh ecniS
.riahc eht yb defrawd saw ehs os ,dlihc dlo
raey 5 niht yrev a sa ezis emas eht tuoba saw ydob sneila ehT .erots erutinruf
elbaliava tseraen eht morf riahc a yub ot nwot otni tnes neeb dah enoemos taht
erus m'I .cirbaf yrewolf a htiw derevoc riahc moor gnivil deffutsrevo yranidro
na ni detaes saw dna moor detcurtsnoc ylwen eht otni devom neeb dah neila ehT
.neila eht no gnidurtni tuohtiw ,moor gniniojda na morf
devresbo eb dluoc weivretni eht hcihw hguorht ssalg yaw-eno fo wodniw a htiw
detcurtsnoc neeb dah moor laiceps a ,tneserp yllacisyhp ton erew yeht hguohtlA
.elpoep rehto fo snezod yb ,evoba denoitnem I sa ,dedrocer dna devresbo
erew neila eht htiw dah I taht sweivretni tneuqesbus lla dna ,weivretni driht ehT"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
weivretnI drihT yM
eerhT retpahC
83
 ".weivretni eht rof desu saw taht esab eht ta eciffo eht ot kcab em detrocse yeht
,sretrauq nwo ym ni em ot thguorb saw hcihw ,tsafkaerb retfA .gninrom eht ni
pu tog I nehw ereht llits erew yehT .osla em deinapmocca seit dna stius kcalb ni
desserd nem rehto lareveS .sPM demra ylivaeh lareves fo trocse rednu ,sretrauq
ym ot tnew I sroirepus ym morf snoitcurtsni txen ym rof detiaw I elihW

)etontooF( 53 !esrevinu derolpxenu ,wen yleritne na revocsid ot tuoba
saw I ,tuB .tenalp llams eno no tnenitnoc a fo ezis eht "dlrow wen" a derevocsid
eh nehw tlef evah tsum )etontooF( 43 submuloC woh wonk I kniht I !mrof efil
lairtserretartxe na htiw etacinummoc ot ,wenk I sa raf sa ,htraE no nosrep tsrif
eht gnieb rof ytilibisnopser eht fo erusserp eht leef ot gninnigeb saw I ,revewoH
.nugeb ydaerla dah )etontooF( 33
"eb taht srewop" eht dna yratilim eht yb snoitroporp esnemmi fo pu-revoc a dna
sserp eht ni deined yllaiciffo neeb dah tnedicni eritne eht emit taht yb esruoc fO
.ti ni trap yna evah ot duorp eb dluohs I taht dna ,htraE fo yrotsih eht ni "tneve
swen" tseggib eht ylbaborp saw siht taht erawa yletuca gnimoceb osla saw I
.enod boj eht
teg ot em ot pu saw ti os ,etacinummoc dluow neila eht mohw htiw nosrep ylno
eht saw I tey ,reterpretni na sa tca ot deifilauq llew yrev leef ton did I .sthguoht
reh fo noitaterpretni ym no yler ot gnivah tuohtiw ,yltcerid erom reh dnatsrednu
ot slaiciffo tnemnrevog fo noigel gniworg eht elbane dluow taht yaw a
ni neila eht htiw etacinummoc ot yaw retteb a tuo erugif ot yletarepsed detnaw I
."rednes" cihtapelet sa doog sa ton tub ,"reviecer" cihtapelet
a sa llew ytterp gniod saw I taht kniht I .neila eht fo saedi dna sthguoht
eht dnatsrednu ylraelc erom ot woh saw yrrow tsetaerg ym ,tnemom taht tA
!sdnah rieht no tolip dna tfarc ecaps neila na gnivah
tuoba suovren yrev ,yrev erew sreciffo yratilim eht taht erus ma I ,revewoH .eb
thgim reh drawot snoitnetni rieht tahw aedi on dah I .sweivretni ym gnillortnoc
73
 erew ohw "seitirohtua" ro stnega eht ni ecnedifnoc ro tsurt hcum evah
ton did I ,neila eht ekil ,revewoH .reh morf dna reh tuoba dluoc I gnihtyreve
dna gnihtyna nrael ot deticxe dna suoiruc yrev ,yrev saw I .reveostahw
neila eht tuoba noisneherppasim ro raef yna dereffus reven I ,yllanosreP
.moor rehto eht ni ylsuoixna
gnitiaw erew ohw elpoep eht dna rehpargonets eht ot gnitroper erofeb ylluferac
yrev sthguoht sneila eht fo gninaem eht yevnoc ot esohc I sdrow eht derednop I"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM(
"!rettam taht rof ,esle gnihtyna ro
,su fo raef fo tib ynit a neve evah ton seod neila eht
taht em ot suoivbo yllauqe si tI .sthguoht laer rieht
gnidih era dna reh drawot snoitnetni terces evah elpoep
emos taht erawa yrev si neila eht taht em ot raelc
si ti ,dnA .reh tsurt ton od ro ,reh fo diarfa erew
yeht esuaceb meht htiw etacinummoc ton nac neila ehT
.RAEF TERCES .DEREVOC / NEDDIH .SREHTO .POTS ON
- REWSNA
"?gnitacinummoc deppots uoy evah yhW" - NOITSEUQ"
7491 .7 .01 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
".noitseuq eno ylno neila eht ksa ot dlot saw I weivretni txen eht nI"
weivretnI dnoceS yM
owT retpahC
63
 ".srewsna yna teg dluoc
I fi ees ot flesym yb neila eht htiw tfel eb dluohs I taht dediced saw ti ,yllaniF
.nameltneg tnegilletni dna dnik yrev a saw
itrumanhsirK .rM taht kniht did I hguohtla ,rehtie elpoep eseht fo rehtie htiw
yllacihtapelet etacinummoc ot elba ton yllanosrep saw I .gnihtyna etacinummoc
ot neila eht gnitteg ta lufsseccus saw eno rehtieN . neila eht htiw etacinummoc
ot yrt ot esab eht ot emac )etontooF( 23 itrumanhsirK deman tnayovrialc
naidnI na noisacco rehtona nO )etontooF( 13 .eman tsal eht llacer t'nod I .rehto
ro gnihtemos edurtreG saw eman reH .neila eht weivretni ot esab eht ot nwolf
saw tsaE kcab morf tsitneics hcraeser cihcysp a syad lareves txen eht revO
.neila
eht morf lla ta noitacinummoc yna teg ot elba reve saw esle eno on ,"strepxe"
tnereffid yb stpmetta lareves fo etips ni ,revewoH .neila eht fo snoitseuq
ksa ot tpmetta dluow elpoep rehto lareves taht dediced saw ti ,yad taht retaL
!meht ekam
dluoc I sa etarucca sa dna ,tsenoh erew srewsna ym taht detsisni I .snoitseuq
tsrif eht ot srewsna eht pu gnikam ro gniyl fo em desucca eH .siht tuoba
detatiga yrev emaceb tnega ecnegilletni ehT .moor weivretni eht tfel lla eW
.gnivom tuohtiw riahc a ni
tas tsuj neila ehT .gnihtoN .neila eht morf noitacinummoc elbitpecrep rehto yna
ro snoitome ,sthguoht on deviecer I ,moor eht ni elpoep eseht htiw weivretni eht
tcudnoc ot detpmetta I nehw ,revewoH .weivretni eht gnirud sliated erom rof
ksa ot em tpmorp dluoc yeht os weivretni txen eht gnirud em htiw moor eht ni
eb dluow elpoep rehto lareves taht em dlot yehT .emit siht yb esab eht ta devirra
dah slaiciffo yratilim dna tnemnrevog ,stnega rehto wef a etiuq taht derehtag
I .neila eht ksa ot em rof nettirw saw snoitseuq fo tsil wen a ,yllautnevE
.detnaw I revenehw seitilicaf moortser
eht esu dna peels dna tae ot dewolla dna detaert llew syawla saw I ,revewoH
.neila eht htiw "weivretni" ym eunitnoc ot dewolla ton saw I .eciffo gniniojda
eht ni sruoh lareves rof detiaw I .snoitcurtsni rehtruf tiawa ot em dlot reciffo nA
.snoitseuq fo tsil tsrif eht ot deviecer I srewsna eht fo esuaceb
snoitseuq wen fo tol a dah yeht woN .ylraelc erom dnatsrednu ton dluoc
I taht detnioppasid erew yeht srewsna ym gnidaer dehsinif yeht retfa ,revewoH
!gnihtyna yas ot neila eht teg ot elba saw I taht deticxe yrev erew yeht
,meht rof gnitiaw erew ohw elpoep eht ot nevig dna depyt erew snoitseuq fo tsil
tsrif eht ot srewsna eht nehW .weivretni tsrif eht fo noisulcnoc eht saw sihT"
53
 )ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM(
".reh morf
deviecer I gnileef eht ni hguorht dewohs "erutan"
lufedirp reh ,niagA ."tseggib" ro "tsellat" naem
ton did ehs taht erus ma I ,erutats llams reh ot euD
.LLA FO TSEHGIH / TSETAERG ERA EW .EREHWYREVE
- REWSNA
"?esrevinu eht ni flesruoy sediseb
smrof efil tnegilletni rehto ereht erA" - NOITSEUQ
.osla suovren yrev em edam ti ,tuB
.yoj ro noitalibuj fo gnileef a em evag taht noitome
na htiw dellif saw thguoht reH !citahpme dna thgirb
yrev ,esnetni yrev emaceb noitseuq siht ot esnopser
reh gnitacinummoc nehw "noitome" reH .noitazilivic
ro yteicos nwo reh tuoba dah ehs aedi eht
ebircsed ot esu dluoc I sdrow tsesolc eht era esehT
.WORG .LORTNOC .SYAWLA ERUTUF .REWOP .REDRO
- REWSNA
"?evah uoy od yteicos fo epyt tahW" - NOITSEUQ
!deedni lufedirp yrev era dna sevlesmeht fo ylhgih
yrev kniht yeht taht saw noisserpmi yM .stsiehta
lla erew noitazilivic reh ni elpoep eht taht
emussa I .od ew sa "pihsrow" ro "dog" fo tpecnoc eht
dnatsrednu ton seod gnieb neila eht taht erus ma I
.SYAWLA .EUNITNOC TI EKAM .SI TI .KNIHT EW
- REWSNA
"?doG ni eveileb uoy oD" - NOITSEUQ
.sraey htraE fo smret ni "ytinifni" fo aedi eht
ot resolc yllaer s'tI .em dnoyeb si detacinummoc
ehs emit fo htgnel eht fo aedi ehT .snoillib
ynam naht regral rebmun a saw gninaem eht taht erus
ma I esuaceb )etontooF( 03 "snoillirt" rebmun eht esu I
43
 .SAEDI /
SLAOG HGIH .NIW .SSERGORP .ELUDEHCS .NALP .SREHTO
LLA EVOBA .SYAWLA .SRAEY FO SNOILLIRT .TNEICNA
- REWSNA
"?noitazilivic
ruoy fo tnempoleved fo etats eht si tahW" - NOITSEUQ
.SNOOM EERHT .SRATS OWT .MODSIW / EGDELWONK
.REWOP .REDRO .SYAWLA SECRUOSER / HTLAEW .TENALP
EGRAL .YROTSIH / ERUTLUC / NOITAZILIVIC FO ECALP
- REWSNA
"?su ot dlrow emoh ruoy ebircsed uoy naC" - NOITSEUQ
.noitseuq eht ot rewsna na teg yllaer t'ndid I
.wonk t'nod I ... ,ebyam ,rO .ti ot noitnetta hcum
yap ton did ehs taht ro gnorts yrev ton si yrotsih
htraE ni tseretni reh taht deviecrep I ,revewoH
.em ot eugav yrev demees noitseuq siht ot rewsna ehT
.EMIT LLAMS .NOITNETTA / TSERETNI LLAMS
- REWSNA
"?htraE no noitazilivic
fo yrotsih eht tuoba wonk uoy od tahW" - NOITSEUQ
.devlove sgnieb namuh erofeb emit
fo doirep gnol yrev a yletinifed saw ti tub ,etarucca
erom eb dluow "cirotsiherp" drow eht fi erus ton ma I
.SNAMUH EROFEB GNOL
- REWSNA
"?htraE tuoba nwonk uoy evah gnol woH" - NOITSEUQ
.SNOITAVRESBO GNITAEPER / CIDOIREP
- REWSNA
"?ylsuoiverp
s’htraE detisiv elpoep ruoy evaH" - NOITSEUQ
33
 .su gnivresbo tsuj era yehT .yltcaxe
tog I noisserpmi eht detacinummoc taht aedi ro drow
a fo kniht ton dluoc I tub ,dettimrep ton saw htraE
no elpoep htiw tcatnoc taht noisserpmi eht tog I
.TCATNOC ON .EVRESBO / HCTAW
- REWSNA
"?htraE fo elpoep eht ot nwonk ecnetsixe
ruoy edam elpoep ruoy t'nevah yhW" - NOITSEUQ
.TENALP YORTSED .LLAMS / ROOP
- REWSNA
"?snoitallatsni yratilim dna stnemnrevog
htraE tuoba denrael uoy evah tahW" - NOITSEUQ
NIAMOD EHT FO YTREPORP TCETORP / EVRESERP
- REWSNA

"?htraE
gninrecnoc snoitnetni ruoy era tahW" - NOITSEUQ
ON
- REWSNA
"?sredael ruo htiw teem ot
sevitatneserper dnes tnemnrevog ruoy lliW" - NOITSEUQ
!seixalag fo rebmun suomrone na tub ,srats fo retsulc
a ro metsys ralos a ro tenalp a tsuj ton saw ti
taht erus ma I ,revewoH ."mlaer" eht ro "yrotirret"
eht dellac eb ylisae sa dluoc tI .morf si ehs erehw
tuoba sthguoht dna segami ,tpecnoc reh ebircsed ot
fo kniht nac I drow tsesolc eht si "niamod" drow ehT
."ecalphtrib" ro ,"emoh" ekil reh ot si taht seixalag
fo retsulc eguh a fo retnec eht ni tenalp a fo saw
deviecer I noisserpmi ehT .ecaps ni snoitcerid dna
snoitalletsnoc ,seixalag ,srats fo smret ni gnikniht
fo yaw on evah I ,remonortsa na ton ma I ecniS
NIAMOD EHT FO DLROW ECALPHTRIB / EMOH EHT
23
 - REWSNA
"?morf uoy era tenalp tahW" - NOITSEUQ
SEY
- REWSNA
"?noitacinummoc rof
slobmys ro egaugnal nettirw a evah uoy oD" - NOITSEUQ
.em htiw gnitacinummoc si ehs sa tsuj ,dnim
eht morf yltcerid etacinummoc yeht taht em ot suoivbo
yrev saw ti ,revewoH .emit siht ta aedi eht ebircsed
ot fo kniht nac I sdrow egaugnal hsilgnE tsesolc eht
era rehtegot denibmoc "thguoht" dna "dnim" sdrow ehT
.THGUOHT/ DNIM HGUORHT
- REWSNA
"?rehto
hcae htiw etacinummoc elpoep ruoy od woH" - NOITSEUQ
.sthguoht nwo rieht
htiw lortnoc yeht taht "metsys suovren" lacirtcele
fo dnik emos hguorht meht ot yltcerid detcennoc era
,tfarc ecaps eht ,kniht I dna ,seidob riehT .thguoht
eht ebircsed ot fo kniht nac I sdrow egaugnal
hsilgnE ylno eht era "dnammoc thguoht" ro "dniM"
."SDNAMMOC THGUOHT"
OT SDNOPSER ."DNIM" HGUORHT DELLORTNOC SI TI
- REWSNA
"?ylf tfarc ecaps ruoy seod woH" - NOITSEUQ
)etontooF( 92 SNOISOLPXE
/ NOITAIDAR / "SDUOLC GNINRUB" FO NOITAGITSEVNI
- REWSNA
"?aera siht ni tfarc ecaps ruoy saw yhW" - NOITSEUQ
.LORTNOC ESOL OT SU DESUAC HCIHW EREHPSOMTA
EHT MORF EGRAHCSID LACIRTCELE NA YB KCURTS SAW TI
13
 - REWSNA
"?hsarc tfarc ecaps ruoy did yhW" - NOITSEUQ
.tcaf fo tnemetats a tsuj ,ylper
reh ni noitnetni tnelovelam yna saw ereht taht leef
ton did I tub ,evah thgim yeht taht snopaew ro smra
fo dnik eht fo erutan tcaxe eht dnatsrednu ton did I
.EVITCURTSED YREV
- REWSNA
"?elpoep
ruoy fo ytilibapac snopaew eht si tahW" - NOITSEUQ
SEY
- REWSNA
"?uoy rof gnikool
emoc ot gniog dnik ruoy fo srehto erA" - NOITSEUQ
EMIT SIHT TA TON
- REWSNA
"?ereh era uoy wonk tnemnrevog ruoy seoD" - NOITSEUQ
.ECAPS NI SMREG ON
- REWSNA
"?smrof efil htraE rehto ro
snamuh ot lufmrah eb yam taht noitanimatnoc ro smreg
yna yrrac tfarc ecaps ro ydob ruoy seoD" - NOITSEUQ
.GNIEB LACIGOLOIB A TON MA I .ON
- REWSNA
"?noitanimile etsaw ro ,erusserp ria ,tnetnoc
lacimehc cirehpsomta ,erutarepmet ria sa hcus ,sdeen
latnemnorivne laiceps yna evah uoy oD" - NOITSEUQ
03
 ON
- REWSNA
"?ecnanetsus
rehto ro retaw ro doof deen oD" - NOITSEUQ
ENON
- REWSNA
"?eriuqer uoy od ecnatsissa lacidem tahW" - NOITSEUQ
ON
- REWSNA
"?derujni uoy erA" - NOITSEUQ"
7491 .7 .9 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS
puorG bmoB ht905 ,dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR
ecroF riA ymrA .S.U eht fo tpircsnarT laiciffO
TERCES POT
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO(
".weivretni eht gniwollof yletaidemmi
rehpargonets eht ot defeirbed I hcihw esab eht ta reciffo ecnegilletni eht yb em
ot dedivorp snoitseuq fo tsil a ot srewsna eht htiw tpircsnart tsrif eht si sihT .seton
ym ni no retal ssucsid lliw I sa ,su neewteb gnidnatsrednu ni esaercni laitnenopxe na
ni detluser "weivretni" hcaE .su neewteb snoitasrevnoc tneuqesbus ynam erew erehT
!gnikniht saw neila eht gnihtyna dnatsrednu dluoc ohw ereht eno
ylno eht saw I hguoht neve ,reterpretni "deifilauq" a eb ot deredisnoc ton saw I ,esrun
a tsuj saw I sA .srewsna eht "terpretni" dna snoitseuq etalumrof pleh ot ereht saw
ygolohcysp fo rosseforp a ,dnA .neila eht enimaxe ot -- sdleif suoirav ni stsilaiceps
-- lennosrep lacidem lareves osla erew erehT .neila eht htiw etacinummoc
ot stroffe ym htiw tsissa ot thgin eht gnirud esab eht ot nwolf neeb dah maet
"gnikaerb edoc" a dna reterpretni egaugnal ngierof trepxe na taht demrofni saw I
.sretirwepyt no
gnipyt ylisub elpoep lareves dna )etontooF( 82 rehpargonets a osla saw erehT ).neila
eht htiw elbissop noitacinummoc labrev on saw ereht ecnis ,dedeen saw enohporcim
a yhw dnatsrednu t'nod I( ."moor weivretni" eht ni pu tes osla ereht saw redrocer
epat a dna enohporcim dna aremac erutcip noitom A .tnempiuqe aremac dna
92
 sthgil pu gnittes no gnikrow nem nezod a erew erehT .ytivitca fo evih gnizzub a otni
demrofsnart neeb dah aera eht ,neila eht htiw weivretni tsrif ym erofeb ,thgin revO
.revewoh eliga dna elbixelf etiuq erew sdnah dna teef ehT .esoprup
taht ot detius yllaer ton erew sgel eht sa llew yrev dnuora klaw ot elba ton saw ydob
eht ,ytivarg yvaeh a sah htraE ecniS .stnemnorivne ytivarg-on ro ,wol ni ro tfarc
ecaps no yleritne tsomla desu saw ydob ehT .dedeen si htgnerts elcsum elttil yrev
os )etontooF( 72 ,ytivarg on si ereht ecaps nI .erutalucsum tuohtiw ,liarf etiuq erew
sbmil ehT .erusserp dna ,snoitidnoc cirehpsomta ,erutarepmet ni segnahc ot tnarelot
ylhgih saw ydob ehT .roloc ni yarg saw hcihw gnirevoc ro ,niks htooms a dah tI 
.htrof os dna ,sllec htiw )etontooF( 62 ,mrof efil lacigoloib a ton si ydob
"llod" reH ."evila" dellac eb neve ton dluoc ydob s'lriA taht yas dluow I ,tniopdnats
lacidem a morf ,yllacinhceT .gnieb lautirips a sa reh yb yltcerid detamina si
tI .lacigoloib ti saw ron ,tobor a ekil ,lacinahcem ton saw ti taht em ot denialpxe lriA
.seidob nwo ruo ot derapmoc ,ti ot hcum ton si erehT .ydob elpmis yrev
,yrev a yllaer s'tI .aedi eht ot desu tog I tub ,tsrif ta eiree tib elttil a demees tI .ydob
eht detarepo dna detamina hcihw ,"ygrene" nwo reh deilppus gnieb siht ,retal denrael
I sA .ygrene ro noitirtun fo ecruos lanretxe rehto yna ro retaw ro doof ,negyxo
eriuqer ton did ydob reh taht gnieb eht htiw emit trohs a retfa suoivbo yrev emoceb tI
.elamef ro elam saw I taht thguoht eht dah
neve reve ehs kniht t'nod I ,tcaf nI .snoitnetni lauxes on dah ehs taht dezilaer I litnu
,tsrif ta ,gnissarrabme elttil a siht dnuof I )etontooF( 52 ."noisiv yar-x" dah ehs hguoht
sa ,em hguorht thgir etartenep ot demees ezag reh em ta dekool gnieb eht nehW
.erus
rof siht wonk ton od I tub ,erom ro )etontooF( 42 ,murtceps citengamortcele eht fo
egnar lluf eht dedulcni evah yam siht taht tcepsus I )etontooF( 32 .thgil fo murtceps
lausiv eht dnoyeb selcitrap ro sevaw tceted ot elba neeb evah osla yam ,euqapo
dna krad yrev erew hcihw ,seye eht fo sesnel eht kniht I .etuca ylemertxe neeb evah
tsum thgis fo esnes reh taht devresbo I tub ,elbapac erew seye eht hcihw fo ytiuca
lausiv fo eerged tcaxe eht enimreted ot elba reven saw I .egral etiuq erew seye ehT
.htuom
a fo ecnesba eht ,ecneh ,doof emusnoc ot deen ydob eht seod roN .ydob eht otni
tliub ton era snagro yrosnes detaler dnuos ,eroferehT .dnuos tcudnoc ot erehpsomta
on sah ecaps sa eseht deen ton seod reciffo ecaps a taht dootsrednu I ."srae" ro
"htuom" ro "eson" lanoitarepo on dah daeh ehT )etontooF( 22 .elisneherp tahwemos
erew hcihw "teef" dna "sdnah "owt fo hcae no "sregnif" eerht erew erehT .niht
erehw hcihw ,osrot dna sgel ,smra ot evitaler ,egral yletanoitroporpsid saw daeh ehT
.llat sehcni 04 a tuobA .etitep dna trohs etiuq saw ydob eht ecnaraeppa dna erutats nI
.dekrow
ti woh dnatsrednu ton dluoc I tub ,ydob eht tuohguorht nar taht metsys suovren
82
 lacirtcele ro metsys "tiucric" fo dnik a evah did tI .sllec lacigoloib fo detcurtsnoc
ton saw ydob eht sa ,"snagro" lanretni on erew erehT ."tobor" ro "llod" a fo ydob
eht ekil erom saw ydob reH .snagro evitcudorper lanretxe ro lanretni on dah dna
"lauxesa" saw gnieb eht ,ygoloisyhp fo smret ni ,revewoH .ronaemed dna ecneserp
eninimef ,gnorts rehtar a evah did "ehS" .yllacigolohcysp ro yllacigoloisyhp
rehtie ,yaw yna ni lauxes ton saw gnieb eht ,yllautcA ."reh" sa neila eht ot refer I
.oot eurt saw sihT .ti tneverp dluoc I fi ,reh ot emoc ot mrah yna wolla I dluow ron
,noitnetni lufmrah on dah dna "reh" ni detseretni yllaer saw I taht dnatsrednu dluoc
neila eht esuaceb si siht kniht I .dlihc a ro ,tneitap a htiw evah uoy taht yhtapme
ro "tsurt" fo dnik a saw tI .neila eht htiw "dnob" euqinu a derahs I taht leef yletinifed
I .erus rof wonk reven nac uoy esoppus I ,tuB .em ot erecnis dna tsenoh demees
syawla noitacinummoc reH .gnileef taht tog reven tsuj I .em morf gnihtyna edih
ot gniyrt yllaer ton saw gnieb neila eht taht tlef syawla evah I ,taht fo etips ni ,tuB
.esruoc fo ,erutrot ro noitagorretni fo ecaf eht ni neve ,noitamrofni
lativ dlohhtiw ot ytilibisnopser a sah ytud fo enil eht ni "ymene" eht yb derutpac
si ohw reidlos ynA .noitazinagro ro "tinu" nwo reh yb deriuqer ytilaitnedifnoc dna
ytiruces eht niatniam ot ytud eht htiw tolip dna reciffo na sa noitisop reh fo erutan
eht ot eud ,srettam lacinhcet ssucsid ot gnilliw ton saw gnieb neila eht taht kniht I
.yltcaxe
gninaem s'ti terpretni ylirassecen ton did I ,thguoht eht deviecer I hguohtla ,taht
retal dezilaer I .em ot elbakatsimnu erew sthguoht eht fo noitnetni eht ,edam sngis
ro ,nekops "sdrow" on erew ereht hguoht nevE !lufrewop dna tcerid erom hcum
,hcum tub ,gnihtemos dnatsrednu ot uoy teg ot gniyrt si god a ro dlihc a nehw evah
thgim uoy gnidnatsrednu eht ekil saw decneirepxe I noitacinummoc labrev-non ehT
.enoyna htiw noitacinummoc cihtapelet decneirepxe
emit taht erofeb reven dah I .gnieb eht htiw "etacinummoc" ot ytiliba ym dnatsrednu
ton dluoc I .noitacinummoc reh dnatsrednu dluoc ohw su gnoma nosrep ylno
eht saw I ecnis ,neila eht htiw yats ot em dlot ttivaC .rM ,denoitnem I sA .reh htiw
sruoh lareves tneps ydaerla dah I esab eht ot denruter neeb dah neila eht emit eht yB"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( 
neilA ehT htiW weivretnI tsriF yM
enO retpahC
72
dnalerI ,htaeM .oC
htaeM ,navaN
sthgieH nwotyorT 001
deriteR ,proC lacideM ecroF riA ymrA s'nemoW
tnaegreS retsaM roineS
yorlEcaM llennoD'O adlitaM .srM
.uoY peeK dna uoY sselB sdoG ehT yaM
.neeb evah I naht noitamrofni siht fo noitubirtsid eht
ni suoegaruoc dna evitaerc ,revelc erom eb nac uoy taht
epoh I .dniknaM rof erutuf retteb a ot enots gnippets a
sa evres lliw stnemucod eseht ni noitamrofni eht spahreP
.htraE
no noitnevretni neila fo stceffe evisavrep dna gnidnatsgnol eht odnu ot noitca evitceffe ekat ot liaf ew
fi lavivrus lacisyhp dna lautirips ruo ot secneuqesnoc
gnitatsaved eht dnatsrednu elpoep taht lativ si tI
?su detcatnoc ton yeht evah yhw erehwesle
efil tnegilletni si ereht fI ?esrevinu eht ni enola
dniknaM sI ?htraE no esoprup ruo si tahW ?morf emoc
ew did erehW ?ew era ohW .stnemucod eseht ni deniatnoc
era hcihw snoitseuq ot srewsna eht wonk ot sdeen dniknaM
.ti
fo ytilaer eht ecaf ot elba dna gnilliw era ohw esoht
ot evah yam egdelwonk hcus taht eulav eht etaicerppa
nac uoy taht esnes od I ,revewoH .rehtie ti fo
62
 yna eveileb ot uoy tcepxe yllaer I od ron ,lairetam siht
fo noissessop eht htiw efil ruoy regnadne ot noitnetni
ym ton si ti taht taeper I .elbissop sa elpoep
ynam sa ot nwonk ti ekam dna lairetam siht tpecca esaelP
.osla sesaelp ehs sa og dna emoc ot evael ta
si ehs tub ,seitilibisnopser dna seitud sah ehs yticapac
taht nI .ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT ni reenignE dna
toliP ,reciffO na sa sevres yliratnulov ehs ,yliradnoceS
.flesreh si lriA ,tsomerof dna tsriF .htraE fo metsys
ralos eht ni "noitats ecaps" a sa srefer ehs hcihw tleb
dioretsa eht ni esab a ta denoitats yltnerruc si lriA
.niamoD ehT fo lortnoc eht rednu noitazilivic
tsav a otni detargetni dna detinu ,esrevinu nwonk
eht fo yradnuob detimilnu dna nigiro eht stneserper
lobmys ehT .ecroF yranoitidepxE niamoD ehT ni gnivres
reenigne dna tolip ,reciffo na si ,deweivretni I neila
eht ,lriA hcihw fo noitazilivic ro ecar a si niamoD ehT
"niamoD ehT" fo lobmys eht si sihT
.nwo reh yleuqinu era sesoprup dna spihsnoitaler
,noitacude ,gniniart ,ecneirepxe reh ,esiwekiL
.reh morf eviecer ot dewolla ma I noitacinummoc tahw
tuoba evitceles eb ot elba si ehS .em htiw esrevinu
lanosrep ,nwo reh erahs ot noitnetni dna ssengnilliw
reh yb detimil si siht ,revewoH .snoitome ym era
snoitome reH .sthguoht ym emoceb sthguoht reh ,wohemoS
.nwo ym era yeht hguoht sa sthguoht s'lriA gnidnatsrednu
ta tpeda erom emoceb evah I .noitacinummoc cihtapelet
htiw elbatrofmoc erom emoceb evah I ,neht ecnis
ylgnisaercni dna ,snoisses weivretni ruo fo dne eht yB
.sreh naht tifeneb nwo ym rof erom saw tI .em ot rovaf
a sa enod saw egaugnal hsilgnE eht gninraeL .dnatsrednu
dluoc I sdrow fo sgninaem dna slobmys gnisu ylesicerp
erom sthguoht reh sucof ot elba saw ehs ,egaugnal
hsilgnE eht denrael lriA ecnO .yllabrev eseht sserpxe
ot em rof tluciffid saw ti tub ,snoisserpmi dna snoitome
,segami eviecrep dluoc I .ylraelc yrev lriA dnatsrednu
ton dluoc I ,tsrif tA .yhtapelet yb saw noitacinummoc
ruO .kaeps ot hcihw hguorht "htuom" on dah neila
eht fo "ydob" eht ,deednI .esnes lanoitnevnoc eht ni
,"egaugnal nekops" fo tsisnoc ton did noitacinummoc ruO
52
 .eviecrep ot elba saw I segami latnem dna sthguoht
eht fo gninaem eht terpretni ot ytiliba evitcejbus
nwo ym no desab era "lriA " htiw dah I snoitacinummoc
eht fo gnidnatsrednu ym taht noitaredisnoc
otni nekat eb tsum ti eerged taht oT .retfaereht
ro ,emit taht ta etis hsarc eht morf derevocer
slairetam rehto ro tfarc ecaps eht htiw tcatnoc tcerid
yna evah ton did I ,rehtruF .naicinhcet ro tolip a ton
ma I ,ecroF riA ymrA eht ni esrun a sa devres I hguohtlA
.oga sraey ytxis
erutraped ro "htaed" reh fo yrasrevinna eht no ,skeew
xis esoht gnirud "lriA" htiw noitcaretni ym morf denrael
evah I tahw laever ot ,htraE fo snezitic eht fo tseretni
tseb eht ni ,emit siht ta ytud ym si ti taht leef I
."lriA" fo ytitnedi eht yb wonk ot emac I mohw ,tolip
tfarc neila eht htiw "snoitasrevnoc" fo snoitcellocer
lanosrep ym fo yrammus dna weivrevo na si retfaniereH
.skeew
xis ylraen rof gnieb neila eht htiw noitacinummoc dna
ot ssecca detpurretninu evah did I ,emit ot emit morf
tneserp slaiciffo rehto fo yteirav a dna elpoep ycnega
ecnegilletni ,lennosrep yratilim syawla erew ereht sa
,neila eht htiw enola yleritne tfel reven saw I hguohtlA
.seton ym ni tuoba
daer lliw uoy sa ,"ydob" eht detraped ro "deid" neila
eht emit hcihw ta,7491,tsuguA hguorht ht7 yluJ morf
seitud eseht demrofrep I .tnemngissa lausunu yrev siht
rof ,htnom a 00.831$ ot htnom a 00.45$ morf edarg yap ym
esaercni ot dna ,gnitar ytiruces ym evorpmi ot tnaegreS
retsaM roineS ot knar ni noitomorp a nevig saw I
.seicnega
tnemnrevog suoremun morf ffats yb detcejbus saw neila
eht hcihw ot snoitanimaxe rehto ynam eht dna gnitset
lacidem gnirud semit lla ta neila eht deinapmocca osla I
.dedivorp snoitseuq eht
ot sesnopser eht drocer dna ,neila eht rof "terpretni"
ot saw I hcihw ,lennosrep yratilim-non dna yratilim
yb em ot dedivorp snoitseuq fo stsil cificeps htiw
deilppus saw I ,yltneuqesbuS .seitirohtua dnammoc ot
derevocsid I taht lla fo troper etelpmoc a ekam ot dna
neila eht weivretni dna htiw etacinummoc ot saw ytud yM
42
 )etontooF( 12 .semit lla ta neila
eht fo "noinapmoc" a sa evres ot yltnenamrep dengissa
retfaereht saw I .demra ton saw ohw eno ylno eht dna
etis eht ta namow ylno eht saw I ,lla retfA .noinapmoc
dna rotacinummoc gninetaerht-non a sa evres sa
llew sa ,neila eht fo sdeen lacisyhp eht ot dnetta dluoc
dna ,esrun a saw I taht tcaf eht ot eud yltrap saw sihT
.esab eht ot kcab neila
gnivivrus eht ynapmocca dluow I taht ,reciffo roines a
htiw noitatlusnoc feirb a retfa ,dediced saw ti ,em htiw
etacinummoc ot gnilliw dna elba demees neila eht dna
,sthguoht eseht eviecrep dluoc tneserp nosrep rehto on
sA .ttivaC .rM ot nonemonehp siht detroper yletaidemmi I
.gnieb eht fo dnim eht morf
yltcerid detcejorp hcihw )etontooF( 02 ,"thguoht cihtapelet"
ro ,"segami latnem" yb em htiw etacinummoc ot gnitpmetta
saw gnieb neila eht taht dootsrednu dna detceted
yletaidemmi I seirujni rof "tneitap" eht denimaxe
I elihw ,revewoH .sngis elbazingocer yna yb ro yllabrev
etacinummoc ton did gnieb eht sa ,rovivrus eht htiw
etacinummoc dluoc tneserp lennosrep rehto eht fo enoN
)etontooF( 91 .srehto eht
,sa emas eht ton tub ,ecnaraeppa ni ralimis saw neila
suoicsnoc ehT .derujninu yltnerappa dna ,suoicsnoc
saw dna ,hsarc eht devivrus dah tfarc eht draob
no lennosrep eht fo eno taht denrael I devirra ew nehW
.daed ydaerla
erew ohw tfarc eht draoba lennosrep neila lareves eht fo
sniamer eht sa llew sa ,tfarc ecaps neila na fo egakcerw
eht dessentiw ylfeirb I ,eroferehT )etontooF( 81 .yrassecen
fi ,srovivrus yna ot ecnatsissa lacidem ycnegreme
dedeen yna redner ot dna ,elcihev sih fo revird eht sa
etis hsarc eht ot )etontooF( 71 ,reciffO ecnegilletnI retnuoC
eht ,ttivaC .rM ynapmocca ot deksa saw I ,esab eht ta
deviecer saw hsarc a neeb dah ereht taht swen eht nehW
.tnedicni eht fo
emit eht ta)etontooF( 61 esruN thgilF a sa puorG bmoB ht905
eht ot dengissa saw I .neht kcab ymrA SU eht fo trap
a saw hcihw proC lacideM )etontooF( 51 )CAW(ecroF riA ymrA
s'nemoW .S.U eht ni detsilne saw I taht wonk ton yam uoY
.neht ecnis tnemnrevog setatS detinU eht yb desserppus
neeb evah tnedicni eht fo stcaf eurt ehT .noollab
32
 rehtaew a fo stnanmer derettat eht ylno derevocer dah
,sirbed eht fo yrevocer lanigiro eht htiw devlovni saw
ohw ,lecraM esseJ rojaM taht detats )etontooF( 41 ecroF riA
hthgiE eht fo lareneG gnidnammoC eht ,yad emas eht retaL
)etontooF(
31 .tseretni aidem esnetni gnikraps ,ocixeM weN ,llewsoR
raen hcnar a morf "csid gniylf" dehsarc a derevocer
dah puorG bmoB ht905 s'dleif eht morf lennosrep
taht gnitats esaeler sserp a deussi )etontooF( 21 )FAAR(
dleiF riA ymrA llewsoR eht,7491,yluJ ni nwonk uoy sA
.sserdda lleweraf sih ni tuoba su denraw rewohnesiE
tnediserP taht )etontooF( 11 xelpmoC lairtsudnI-yratiliM
eht dna ,aimedaca ,aidem maertsniam yb deined yltnatsnoc
neeb sah ,gnol os rof ynam os yb nopu detaluceps
ro/dna detcepsus neeb sah hcihw ,noitamrofni sihT
!esrevinu siht ni syeknom gniylf
dna sehctiw dekciw dna sdraziw era yllaer erehT .htraE
dnuora gnilriws enacirruH citpylacopA na fo eye eht ni
ezeerb eltneg a ylno era secneulfni "neila" tuoba srehto
yb edam neeb evah taht stroper lautcaf wef eht taht
yas yltsenoh nac I ,koob "srotcaF zO ehT" ni ygolana
ruoy esu oT .ecneirepxe lamronarap dna sretnuocne
neila otni snoitagitsevni dna tseretni ruoy ot tnaveler
etiuq si hcihw noitamrofni niatnoc stnemucod esehT
.stseretni detsev cimonoce
dna suoigiler ,lacitilop niatrec rof cihportsatac
yllaitnetop si noitamrofni siht fo esaeler eht
,ylesrevnoC .elbatidercsid erofereht dna ,elbaveilebnu
meht ekam stnemucod eseht fo erutan yrev ehT
.kook a fo krow eht sa dnah fo tuo detcejer eb dluow
yeht swen VT gnineve eht no ro repapswen a ni gnitroper
lautcaf fo rettam a sa stnemucod eht dehsilbup ot
detpmetta uoy fI .elbanoitcejbo etiuq mees dluow meht
ni deniatnoc rettam tcejbus eht ,modeerf revo yrevals
lautirips ro cimonoce ,lacisyhp referp dluow taht enoyna
ot seton eseht wohs ot erew uoy fi taht erus ma I ,oslA
.ytilaer rof airetirc elbailer a ton era
sfeileb ,yletanutrofnU ."elbaveilebnu" eb lliw siht fo
lla elpoep tsom roF ."niar sa thgir" saw "noitcif naht
regnarts si hturt" taht dias reveohW .noitanigami ruoy
fo krow suoititcif a si ti taht mialc dna ,nigiro eurt
rieht fo "egdelwonk yna wovasid" dluoc uoy ,gniod os nI
22
 .ecitsuj dna
yniturcs tsniaga dleihs lanosrep a sa desu si "ytiruces
lanoitan" mohw rof ycnega yna yb detidercsid ro
dessimsid ylisae eb dluoc lairetam eht fo erutan lautcaf
eht ,levon a sa hcus ,noitcif fo krow a otni secneirepxe
ym fo seton eseht etaroprocni ot erew uoy fI .elbissop
fi ,gnieb llew ro efil nwo ruoy netaerht ton lliw
taht yaw a ni os od uoy taht si tseuqer ylno yM .tif
ees uoy rennam ro mrof yna ni dlrow eht ot trapmi ot
noitercsid ruoy ot stnemucod eseht gnitsurtne ma I woN
.stpircsnart
weivretni laiciffo eht fo seipoc niater ylterces
ot elba saw I taht swonk ,won litnu ,eno oN .stroper
weivretni ym fo edam erew taht sgnidrocer epat eht fo
seipoc yna evah ton od I .dehsinif saw weivretni hcae
retfa tolip recuas neila eht htiw sweivretni ym fo lla
debircsnart ohw rehpargonets eht yb detaerc stpircsnart
depyt fo seipoc ym desolcne osla evah I .ylimaf nwo
ym neve ,enoyreve morf neddih tpek evah I hcihw rettam a
no snoitcelfer dna seton lanosrep ym fo seipoc gnitsixe
ylno dna lanigiro eht desolcne evah I ,eroferehT
.ytidiputs
dna noititsrepus hguorht ,ylla dna ,ymene deviecrep
yreve mrasid ot ,os gniod yb ,dnA .srehto evalsne ot
rewop ni esoht fo adnega etavirp eht edih ot si ycerces
dna ecnarongi yb dedroffa noitcetorp ylno eht ,tcaf nI
.srettam hcus fo egdelwonk morf "elpoep eht tcetorp" ot
neeb sah tnemhsilbatse tnemnrevog ruo fo ouq sutats ehT
!yxalag ruo ni smrof efil dna sgnieb gnivil lla ,tenalp
eht fo lavivrus eht gnitsissa :em ot esoprup rehgih a
delaever sah thgisdnih fo evitcepsrep raelc latsyrc ehT
.efil siht fo snedrub eht morf esaeler lanif dna
dlrow ylohnu siht morf erutraped ym rof noitacol gnittif
a si siht ,eroferehT .desolcne stnemucod eht daer
uoy nehw revocsid lliw uoy sa ,htraE ot snoitazilivic
eseht thguorb ohw "sdog" eht no tcapmi yna evah ton
did ylniatrec eh tub ,aera eht ni secitcarp suoigiler
eht desserppus evah yam eH .snagap eht fo noigiler
tneicna eht reuqnoc ot araT ot emac kcirtaP tniaS
."dlrow rehto" eht ot ecnartne eht saw
dna "sdog" eht rof gnillewd fo ecalp dercas eht saw siht
ygolohtym dna noigiler hsirI tneicna nI .semit cirotsih
12
 dna cirotsiherp ni dengier evah ot dias era sgnik
241 erehw dnalerI ni rewop fo taes tneicna eht ecno saw
taht )etontooF( 01 ,"araT fo lliH ehT" morf raf ton osla ma I
.htraE eht revo lla tliub gnieb
erew stnemunom enots elbacilpxeni rehto dna sdimaryp
sa emit emas eht tuoba -- shpylgoreih elbarehpicedni
htiw devargne dna ECB 007,3 tuoba detcere erew
taht serutcurts enots evissam ro "snriac" dercas era
esehT ."ssenkraD fo dnuoM yriaF" eht ,htwoD dna,)etontooF( 
9
htwonK ta "dnuoM taerG ehT" morf raf ton eid lliw I
)etontooF( 
8 .dnalerI
,htaeM ytnuoC ni ylimaf s'dnabsuh ym fo dnalemoh
eht ni esuoh a ni moordeb sriatspu detner ylevol a ni
syad gniniamer ruo dneps ot ,efil ym fo tsom rof devil I
dna dnabsuh ym erehw ,anatnoM morf yawa devom evah I ,oS
.esol ro raef
ot gnihton dna ,evil ot shtnom wef yrev a evah I )etontooF(
7 .aisanahtue deretsinimda-fles fo dohtem sselniap a gnisu
,em ot ssenlufesu s'ti detsaltuo sah hcihw ,ydob siht
evael ot dediced evah I .dlo sraey 38 won ma I ,oslA
)etontooF( 
6 ."TERCES POT" ti gnikam rof noitacifitsuj
erofereht si dna ,snaem taht revetahw ,"ytiruces
lanoitan" fo rettam a deredisnoc si noitamrofni siht
mohw rof "stseretni detsev" eht gnitcetorp naht devres
eb ot doog retaerg a si ereht kniht I .noitingocer ro
hcaer dnoyeb ,efilretfa tnelis eht otni evah I egdelwonk
eht ekat ot em fo elbisnopser eb dluow ti kniht t'nod I
.ti dnatsrednu lliw kniht I enoemos ot egdelwonk terces
ym gnola ssap ot emoc sah emit eht kniht I ,eroferehT
.yad yreve htraE
no enoyreve fo sevil eht edavni dna rotinom ylevissergga
ot eunitnoc dna evah yeht taht tub ,tsixe smrof efil
lairtserretartxe tnegilletni od ylno ton ,taht egdelwonk
niatrec eht morf dniknaM "tcetorp" ot ,dediugsim
yltaerg si rewop taht tlef netfo evah I hguohtla
,tnemnrevog ruo ni "eb taht srewop" eht yb ecnedifnoc
fo laed taerg a htiw detsurtne neeb dah I taht thguoht
I sraey esoht llA .sraey ytxis rof terces gnipeek fo
nedrub eht dah evah I tahw draeh dna nees evah htraE no
elpoep fo lufdnah llams a ylnO .won litnu ,yteicos morf
dlohhtiw ot depleh evah I egdelwonk eht gnilaever fo
ytilibissop eht hsiugnitxe ot dellik neeb evah nem ynaM
02
 !ytinretE fo tser eht hguorht ,"evah
t'ndluohs I ebyam ro ,evah dluohs I ebyam" fo emag eht
gniyalp peek ot tnaw ton od I .7491 ecnis derudne evah I
ecnelavibma lautirips dna noituloserri lacihte fo )etontooF(
5 lleH lanosrep eht uoy llet ylbissop ton nac I .tsael ta
,flesym ot ytilibisnopser a evah od I .thgir erew uoy
taht noitazilaer ym si hcihw fo tsael eht ton ,snosaer
fo yteirav a rof ,noitisop ym deredisnocer evah I
.ytilibisnopser ym tuoba gnikniht
em teg did ylniatrec uoy ,stnemucod desolcne eht
uoy gnidnes rof snosaer ym ot ro efil ym ni tnenitrep
si rewop kniht t'nod I hguohtlA ."ytilibisnopser
taerg semoc ,rewop taerg htiw" :noitasrevnoc enohp ruo
ni desarhparap uoy mohw rehposolihp dlo eht ot noisulla
ruoy tuoba tol a gnikniht neeb ev'I .secneirepxe
nwo ym dnatsrednu dluoc ohw dna ,krowemoh sih enod sah
ohw nam a ylsuoivbo era uoY .gnillepmoc dna gnitseretni
yrev ti dnuof dna koob ruoy daer evah I neht ecniS
.gnihtyna tuoba uoy htiw erahs
dluoc I taht noitamrofni yna evah ton did I taht uoy
dlot I ,ekops ew nehW .htraE fo yrotsih eht decneulfni
evah yam sgnieb lairtserretartxe taht ytilibissop eht
otni noitagitsevni ruoy pleh dluow taht gnihtemos wonk
thgim I taht detcepsus uoy esuaceb gnitirw erew uoy koob
"srotcaF zO ehT" rof hcraeser eht htiw uoy tsissa ot em
deksa uoy em htiw weivretni enohpelet feirb ruoy gniruD
.oga sraey thgie tuoba saw uoy ot ekops I emit tsal ehT
.epolevne siht ni desolcne
dnif lliw uoy stnemucod eht dna rettel siht fo tcejbus
eht ot tsartnoc gnittif a ekil smees ti wohemoS .ymrA
eht morf degrahcsid saw I retfa thguob I taht retirwepyt
doowrednU dlo ym no uoy ot rettel siht gnipyt ma I
,ecnerwaL raeD
7002 ,21 tsuguA
_______________________________________________________________
yorlEcaM .srM morf retteL ehT
91
!ylgnidrocca deeh ekat dna ,eraweb
redaer eht tel ,denoitnem ydaerla evah I tahw naht rehto ,lautcaf yaw yna
ni era yorlEcaM .srM yb em ot tnes "sweivretni" eseht fo seton eht fo yna taht
etaitnatsbus ro yfirev ot noitamrofni rehtruf yna evah ton od I sa hcumsanI
."pu revoc" degella eht
fo tser eht htiw tnetsisnoc dna tnedicni llewsoR eht fo erutan evitisnes ylhgih
eht ot eud ,esac reh ni enod neeb sah siht taht ylekil smees tI .raeppasid
)elpoep dna( sdrocer gnikam ro ,ecnedive pu gnirevoc ta tpeda era seicnega
81
 tnemnrevog niatrec taht dnatsrednu I .drocer cilbup eht morf degnupxe neeb
sah reh fo ecnedive lla dna ytitnedi reh taht ylekil smees ti ,esac rehtie nI
.seton reh ni denoitnem
sa ,llewsoR tfel ehs nehw yratilim eht yb reh ot nevig ytitnedi eslaf eht si siht
taht tcepsus I .htaed reh erofeb tsuj )evitaler a ton si ohw( dnalerI ni ydaldnal
reh fo noitpecxe eht htiw ,htaed ro egairram ,drocer yratilim ro ,noitacude
lacidem ,htrib reh mrifnoc ot tnemucod ro rebmem ylimaf ,dneirf lanosrep
yna gnirevocsid ta sseccus yna dah I evah ron ,llennoD'O fo eman nediam
eht rednu reh fo drocer yna dnif ot elba neeb ton evah I ,yltneuqesbuS
.daoR yobhtA no yretemeC
nainiF tniaS ta derretni erew dnabsuh reh dna yorlEcaM .srM fo sniamer
detamerc eht taht dias ehS .desaeced yltnecer htob erew ,"luaP" neeb evah
ot tuo snrut eman esohw ,dnabsuh reh dna yorlEcaM .srM htob taht renwo
emoh eht yb desivda saw dna sserdda eht ot etorw I ,epolevne eht no nwohs
sserdda nruter eht ta )spaM elgooG ot gnidrocca( ecnediser lautca na si
ereht ecniS .evoba detis etad eht no dnalerI ,htaeM .oC ,navaN ni eciffo tsop
eht ta depmats saw em ot tnes ehs epolevne eht fo kram tsop eht ,revewoH
.siht fo
ecnedive laer on evah I hguohtla ,ylsuoenatlumis derrucco evah ot demees
hcihw ,shtaed rieht erofeb skeew wef a rof moor a detner yeht mohw morf
ydaldnal eht tpecxe meht fo rehtie htiw detniauqca saw ohw dnalerI ,ytnuoC
htaeM ni enoyna dnif ot elba neeb I evah ron ,reh morf ylper on deviecer
tub ,egakcap eht no sserdda nruter eht ta dnalerI ni reh tcatnoc ot deirt I
.dnalerI morf egakcap eht tog I nehw ,rebmetpeS tsal litnu reh
tuoba togrof dna pu evag I os ,rehtruf yna reh hsup ot yrt ot elituf saw ti ,erom
neve tseretni ym deuqip siht hguohtlA .tnelis gniniamer no dedneped efil
reh sa ,tnedicni fo dnik yna tuoba reveostahw gnihtyna ssucsid ton dluoc ehS
.7491 ni ocixeM weN
ni denoitats saw dna ymrA eht ni neeb dah ehs taht yas ot tpecxe ,emit taht
ta noitamrofni lufesu yna em evig ton did ehs ,sselehtenoN .yaw yna ni reh
tiolpxe ot nosaer ro sesoprup detavitom yllaicnanif ro suoirafen on dah I taht
dezilaer dna ,koob ym rof noitamrofni teg ot ytirecnis tneconni dna eniuneg
ym yb desserpmi saw ehs kniht I ,revewoH .snoitseuq ym ot esnopser
reh ni gnimochtrof naht ssel saw ehs reh dellac I nehw ,yas ot sseldeeN
.nosrep a hcus eb yllaer thgim ereht taht ecnahc
eht no tsuj pu reh dellac dna koob enohp eht ni rebmun reh dnuof yllautca
I ,slarrefer latnedicca dna secnerefni laitnatsmucric fo ecneuqes a hguorhT
.ralimis gnihtemos ro ,etis hsarc llewsoR
eht ro ,15 aerA ta tcatnoc neila htiw devlovni neeb gnivah fo detcepsus saw
71
 nemow siht taht ,noitagitsevni fo enil suotiucric yrev a hguorht ,eveileb ot del
saw I esuaceb koob srotcaF zO ehT rof hcraeser ym gnirud reh detcatnoc I
.enimreted nac I sa raf sa tnetsixe-non yllautriv era doirep taht morf
sdrocer lennosrep eht tub ,mad eht ta dekrow ohw "yorlEcaM" a fo drocer
yna dnif ot elba neeb t'nevah I .reh htiw tniop taht eusrup t'ndid tub ,ti htiw
od ot gnihtemos dah ecalp eht fo egatireh hsirI eht taht derehtag I .aera eht
ni deyats eh os ,namsroodtuo dna namrehsif taerg a saw eh ,0491 ni dehsinif
saw mad eht hguohtlA .ekaL kceP troF evissam eht detaerc hcihw ,maD
kceP troF eht gnidliub no dekrow eh ,revewoH .eman tsrif sih denoitnem ehs
kniht t'nod I .reenigne na saw ohw ,dnabsuh reh tem ehs erehw s'taht dna
,detelpmoc saw ecivres reh retfa ecroF riA .S.U eht yb ereht detacoler neeb
dah ehs taht denoitnem ehs enohp eht no yorlEcaM .srM ot deklat I nehW
.9691 ni desolc dna detavitcaed
saw esab ehT .'raW dloC' eht fo trap reilrae eht dna tcilfnoc manteiV
eht gnirud desu saw hcihw ,)CAS( esaB ecroF riA wogsalG fo esuaceb
000,21 ot pu dehsiruolf noitalupop eht s0691 eht nI .aera wogsalG eht
rof tnemyolpme fo ecruos eguh a emaceb hcihw ereht detcurtsnoc eb maD
kceP troF taht detseuqer RDF tnediserP esuaceb s0391 eht gnirud ralupop
emaceb taht nwot daorliar a sa 7881 ni dednuof saw wogsalG .tseretni
nwo ym rof anatnoM ,wogsalG tuoba tenretni eht no hcraeser elttil a did I
.ti daer ehs taht syas dna ,dnalerI morf
deviecer I rettel eht ni eman yb ti ot srefer ehs esuaceb ,koob eht deviecer
ehs erus ma I .9991 ni dehsilbup saw ti retfa tfig a sa reh ot ,srotcaF
zO ehT ,koob ym fo ypoc a deliam I esuaceb siht wonk I .anatnoM ,wogsalG
ni evirD edirP yttocS no devil yorlEcaM .srM ,weivretni enohp feirb ruo fo
emit eht tA .adirolF ni gnivil saw I ,8991 ni enohp eht no reh ot ekops I nehW
.dnalerI ni sserdda lacisyhp
a morf tnes saw hcihw liam eht ni lairetam nettirw-dnah deviecer I dna
enohp eht no reh htiw kaeps did I taht tpecca ,detsixe yllautca nosrep a hcus
taht etaitnatsbus yllautcaf tonnac I ,tcaf nI .noitamrofni fo ecruos elbiderc a
sa reh rof yllanosrep hcuov ton nac I ,setunim 02 tuoba rof ecno ylno enohp
eht revo reh htiw ekops dna ,nosrep ni yorlEcaM .srM tem reven evah I ecniS
noitamrofnI lacihpargoiB
yorlEcaM llennoD'O adlitaM
61
 .esrun lacigrus ecroF riA ymrA na dna reenigne & tolip ,reciffo tfarc ecaps
neila na neewteb sweivretni fo seires a fo ,tcaf eht retfa sraey ytxis ,em ot
dedivorp noitamrofni fo noitatneserp lamrofni na eb ot dednetni si koob sihT
.llewd ew hcihw ni sesrevinu lareves eht fo ecnarongi
lareneg dna ,yticirtnecoge ,aipoym ot stnatibahni htraE fo tnahcnep eht
gniredisnoc ,ylgnidrocca redaer eht yb dedragersid ro detiderc eb erofereht
tsum dna ,rohtua eht fo esoht gnidulcni ,sgnieb namuh fo snoitnevni
ro ,serutcejnoc ,snoitavresbo evitcejbus ylerup era hcihw ,secruos lairtserret
morf era koob siht ni detic stneve fo snoitaterpretni ro ,stneve ,setad rehto llA
.emitefil eno ylno ot detimil si tenalp siht no sgnieb laudividni
fo yromem lanosrep eht ,egral dna yb ,dnA .sraey noillim derdnuh wef a ylno
rof tenalp siht no detsixe evah ot deredisnoc si murtceps lacigoloib eritne eht
nevE .tsom ta ,sraey noillim wef a ylno ta detamitse si skoobtxet ygoloeahcra
eht ni sneipas omoh fo ytiuqitna ehT .sraey noillib 4 tuoba ylno eb ot
,stsitneics fo sesseug tseb eht yb ,denokcer si htraE fo drocer lacigoloeg ehT
.esrevinu eht fo naps emit eritne eht ssel
hcum ,noitazilivic levart ecaps na fo ygolonorhc eht ni "stneve tnecer" eb ot
deredisnoc era tahw ot derapmoc ,emit fo doirep cipocsorcim ylevitaler a ot
detimil si htraE fo stnediser fo evitcepsrep lacirotsih eht ,"emit cimsocorcam"
ro ralletsretni htiw tsartnoc yb ,taht devresbo eb nac ti ,revewoH
.evitcejbus ylegral era ,yrotsih ,dlihc-pets ylgu s'ti dna emit sa ,rehtie
etarucca eb ton yam ro yam eseht ,esruoc fO .stneve dna smrof efil ,htraE
,esrevinu eht fo ytiuqitna dna snigiro eht gnidrager stsitneics htraE yb edam
neeb evah snoitaluclacsim yranidroartxe ynam taht ytilibissop eht tseggus
taht snosaer nwonknu erofotereh dna gnillepmoc fo rebmun a era ereht
,sweivretni eht fo lareves ni neila eht yb detaler snaps emit eht ot gnidroccA
.sgniht hcus eviecrep lliw dna nac ohw esoht yb ylno dootsrednu
eb ot detcepxe era koob siht ni sesrevinu lautirips ro seitivitca lautirips
fo noissucsid eht ,eroferehT .seitivitca lautirips nialpxe ro/dna eviecrep
ot ssengnilliwnu ro/dna ytilibani eht morf reffus stsitneics ,trohs nI
51
 .slennahc yrosnes lamron
rieht fo edistuo era anemonehp lautirips )2 dna anemonehp lautirips nialpxe
ot elba ton )1 era "lamronarap" drow eht esu ohw elpoep ,noitinifed yB
slennahc yrosnes "lamron" edistuo ylgnimees ro ,larutanrepus .2
sdohtem cifitneics yb denialpxe eb tonnac .1
:evitcejda
:si lamronarap drow eht fo noitinifed yranoitcid ehT
.dnik yna fo anemonehp lautirips eviecrep
ro egdelwonkca ot gnilliwnu era "seitirohtua cifitneics" tsom ,esruoc fO
."sgnieb lautirips
latrommi" fo seitivitca "lamronarap" ssucsid sweivretni eseht fo ynam )2
.yorlEcaM .srM dna
neila eht neewteb "noitacinummoc cihtapelet" no yleritne tsomla desab )1
:era
yeht taht tcaf eht si yorlEcaM .srM morf deviecer I "snoitpircsnart weivretni"
eht fo ecruos "elbidercni" eht yfingam dna etacilpmoc ,dnuopmoc rehtruf oT
.noitidnoc
tnerruc sti ni stnatibahni eht dna htraE fo noitpircsed etarucca na eb dluow
ti ,"lleH" dellac ecalp a fo hcraes ni esrevinu eht fo sehcaer raf eht gnilevart
erew eno fi -- neila eht fo "noinipo lanosrep" eht sserpxe ot mees hcihw --
edam stnemetats citamolpidnu dna tcerid yrev eht ot gnidrocca ,eromrehtruF
.ytilatroM dna rettaM fo aeS a ni tsol saw dna dedne sgnieb lautirips
latrommi ,ekil-dog ,lufrewop-lla fo modeerf dna thgim eht hcihw nwod "seiL fo
reviR" a si esrevinu siht fo yrotsih eht ,etarucca si noitacinummoc degella siht
fo noitaterpretni ro "noitalsnart" eht fi dna -- detsurt eb nac detacinummoc
yldesoppus ti / ehs / eh gnihtyna fi -- "lriA" -- gnieb neila eht ot gnidroccA
.niaga dog a gnieb
ot denruter evah ,yna fi ,nem wef yrev tub ,nem emoceb evah sdog ynam
,ynam taht si yrotsih fo nossel latnemadnuf eht ,yorlEcaM .srM yb deilppus
,stpircsnart weivretni eht ni neila eht yb edam stnemmoc eht ot gnidroccA
."seil fo ippississiM a si yrotsiH" :dias gnivah sa detouq si )etontooF( 4 eriatloV
.segap eht fo txetnoc eht morf noitalopartxe yb ro ,reh yb noitanalpxe
ro elbmaerp fo hpargarap ro ecnetnes a yb detacidni erehw tpecxe
,etad yb ro ,redro ralucitrap yna ni delbmessa erew seton eseht fo enoN
41
 .gnildnah detaeper
dna ega fo sngis tnerappa dewohs dna repap fo epyt tnereffid a no depyt
erew segap esehT .retirwepyt tnereffid a no depyt ylsuoivbo erew esehT
.neila eht htiw weivretni reh fo snoitpircsnart nettirwepyt fo segap ynam )3
.tnemgduj deifilauq
yllanoisseforp a ton si rettam eseht ni noinipo ym ,tsylana gnitirwdnah
ro ,trepxe cisnerof a ton ma I ecniS .7002 ,rebmetpeS 3 no dekramtsop saw
hcihw ,dnalerI ,navaN morf deviecer I epolevne alinam eht fo sserdda nruter
dna sserdda eht no gnitirw eht sa emas eht eb ot deraeppa osla deviecer
I seton eht ni gnitirw ehT .tuohguorht yltnetsisnoc retirwepyt emas eht no
depyt ro / dna ,gnitirw dnah emas eht ni nettirw neeb gnivah fo ecnaraeppa
eht dah htob tsael tA .reh yb yllanosrep deraperp erew emussa ma I hcihw
,repap dnob .bl 02 etihw ,nialp no retirwepyt launam a no depyt seton )2
.yorlEcaM
.srM yb yllanosrep nettirw neeb dah emussa I hcihw ,repap koobeton
loohcs"11 X "2/1 8 ,denil ,yranidro no evisruc ni seton nettirw-dnah )1
:stnemucod fo sepyt
eerht deniatnoc egakcap ehT .stnemucod fo egakcap a htiw rehtegot ,7002
,ht41 rebmetpeS no yorlEcaM .srM morf rettel denoitnemerofa eht deviecer I
!tneve degella eht retfa sraey
ytxis emit tsrif eht rof sraeppa ti nehw yllaicepse ,noitamrofni fo ecruos eht
fo ytilibiderc eht )2 dna troper eht fo yticitnehtua eht )1 gnidrager suoicipsus
ylhgih eb ylirassecen tsum stneve "retnuocne neila" ro "recuas gniylf" lla
fo ,suomafni ro ,suomaf tsom siht tuoba gnihtyna gnidaer enoyna ,ylsuoivbO
.7491 ,ht8 yluJ no ocixeM weN ,llewsoR raen dehsarc taht recuas reylf
a morf derevocer saw ohw reenigne dna tolip ,reciffo na eb ot seunitnoc dna
saw smialc ehs mohw dna ,"lriA" sa seifitnedi ehs ohw gnieb lairtserretartxe
na deweivretni ehs 7491 fo tsuguA dna yluJ gniruD .yllacihtapelet
reh htiw "ekops" ohw ,gnieb neila na htiw noitacinummoc fo noitcellocer
reh no desab si lairetam siht taht stressa em ot rettel reH .yorlEcaM
llennoD'O adlitaM etal eht morf deviecer I seton lanosrep dna stpircsnart
weivretni ,rettel eht morf detprecxe yliramirp si koob siht fo tnetnoc ehT
kooB sihT nI lairetaM fO ecruoS ehT tuobA
31
rotidE
recnepS .R ecnerwaL
."uoy rof eurt si ,uoy rof eurt s'tahW" ,yas I
)etontooF( 
3 ."toN ro ,tI eveileB" ,syas yelpiR
.srehto yb enod eb ot evah lliw 7491 ni neila na deweivretni yllautca
yorlEcaM .srM taht noitressa eht etacitnehtua ot stpmetta ro "sfoorp" ynA
.esle enoyna ro ,ekila sreknub-ed dna setacovda OFU ,sretroper sdiolbat
erots yrecorg ,stnega tnemnrevog ,srehcraeser OFU yb dednuoh gnieb
efil ym fo tser eht dneps ot tnaw ton od I .yorlEcaM .srM morf deviecer I
epolevne eht gnidulcni ,stnemucod lanigiro eht fo lla denrub evah I ,revoeroM
.tnavelerri si siht fo yna tuoba kniht ton yam ro yam
I tahw ,eromrehtruF .tsixe anemonehp eseht fo yna taht enoyna ot etomorp
ro ,edausrep ,etacude ot dednetni ti si roN .seitiliba lautirips ro sadnega
stnemnrevog ,sOFU ,ecnetsixe lairtserretartxe fo seiretsym eht dnatsrednu
ro eviecrep ot ytilibasid yna ydemer ro ,nialpxe ,yfitsuj ot noitnetni ym ton si tI
.tnatlusnoc ssenisub llams a sa gnivil ym nrae I .ybboh a si tI
.meht etirw ot koot ti emit eht rof yap ot skoob esoht fo hguone dlos t'nevah
I tuB .tcejbus eht ni detseretni m'I esuaceb -- sgnieb lautirips latrommi tuoba
skoob wef a nettirw ev'I ,seY .hcraeser OFU ni tseretni detsev a evah ton od
I ,yllanosreP .enoyna neeb evah dluoc eciov ehT .8991 ni enohp eht revo
draeh I eciov a naht rehto yorlEcaM .srM sa nosrep a hcus reve saw ereht
taht yfirev ylurt t'nac I ,deednI .ti fo yna etaitnatsbus tonnac I .epolevne eht
edisni repap eht dna epolevne eht fo noitpecxe eht htiw ,citnehtua yaw yna ni
si yorlEcaM .srM morf deviecer I gnihtyna taht gnimussa ton ma I ,yllanosreP
.ti ni detseretni
eb yam ohw elpoep rehto ot yorlEcaM .srM morf deviecer I noitacinummoc
evitcejbus a gnola ssap ot redro ni koob siht etirw ot dediced I ,eroferehT
."foorp" ro ecnedive eriuqer ton seod ytilaer evitcejbus ,yletanutroF
21
 ?slairtserretartxE dna dniknaM neewteb noitacinummoc evitcaretni ,nepo
, thgirhtrof ,tnetsisnoc on ereht si yhw ,tsixe smrof efil slairtserretartxe fI
:noitseuq suoivbo eht geb snoitcuded eseht ,ylevitcelloC
.elbaniattanu
foorp hcus edam sah hcihw ,stseretni detsev gnitcilfnoc ot tcejbus
era ecnedive laitnatsmucric dna lacisyhp ,noissimda tnemnrevog ,atad
evitcejbus no desab efil lairtserretartxe fo foorp nopu deerga yllasrevinU
:noitcuded
.suoiretsym
dna neddih niamer slairtserretartxe fo seitivitca eht dna snoitnetni
,ecnetsixe eht ,htraE dnuora dna no ytivitca lairtserretartxe fo "ecnedive"
evitcejbo dna laitnatsmucric ,evitcejbus fo noitcelloc suomrone na fo etips nI
:noitcuded
:yretsym siht ot noitulos elbakrow a ot dael yam ,deifirev
fi ,taht laer era sgniht hcus taht ecnedive lacisyhp ro noissimda tnemnrevog
,tnemeerga fo kcal eht morf refni nac I snoitcuded lareves era erehT
.atad evitcejbus ro laitnatsmucric ,ecnedive lacisyhp
, noissimda tnemnrevog no desab rehtehw tsixe smrof efil lairtserretartxe ro /
dna sOFU taht "foorp" nopu deerga yllasrevinu on neeb sah ereht ,ecnedive
elbatpecca si slaudividni fo ,sfeileb ro ,ytilaer evitcejbus taht gnimussA
:atad siht
fo lla setaemrep taht rotanimoned nommoc citamoixa ,elbatupsidnu ,gniyfinu
,gniylrednu eno ylno dnuof I yrotsih namuh dedrocer dna cirotsiherp fo lla
ylraen edavrep taht slairtserretartxe htiw "sretnuocne esolc" dna ,"snoitcudba
neila" fo stroper elbaremunni ,"sgnithgis OFU" fo srebmun tsav fo etips nI
.gnihtyreve dna gnihtyna
tsomla tuoba elpoep nwo s'ti ot gniyl yltnatalb yb ,ytinummoc ecnegilletni
dna yratilim ,tnemnrevog naciremA eht fo "ytsenoh" eht ni ,slayarteb
ralimis ynam dna ,etagretaW ,raw manteiV eht hguorht neve ,derobrah
evah yam dlrow eht dna elpoep naciremA eht tsurt fo egitsev yna deyortsed
sah tnemnrevog .S.U eht taht em ot tnerappa yltnadnuba ti edam evah
,1002 ,11 rebmetpeS fo stneve eht ,spu-revoc dna slained tnemnrevog rof sA
.ytinamuH si taht msirabrab dna soahc lareneg eht fo noitcelfer a ylpmis
ro ,lanoitnetni eb yam sihT .ecneics a sa elbahcaorppanu ro elbahgual
tcejbus eht edam evah hcihw seitixelpmoc gnitcilfnoc rehto fo dairym a
dna noitamrofni elbacilppani dedda ,noitamrofni gnissim ,sgnidnatsrednusim
,sdooheslaf derutcafunam ,yasraeh ,secruos detidercsid ,stroper eslaf
suoivbo htiw demlehwrevo ylhguoroht os emoceb sah tcejbus eht ,noitidda nI
11
 .lareneg ni slairtserretartxe fo tcejbus eht htiw od ot gnivah gnihtyna
dna stnemucod eht ni degella gnihtyreve yned seicnega tnemnrevog
,esruoc fO .citnehtua era stnemucod eht taht "foorp" revocsid ot neht
ecnis ylsseltneler dekrow evah yehT .anemonehp OFU fo tcejbus eht no
"seitirohtua gnidael" sa sevlesmeht ot ytilibiderc dna eciton cilbup gnitcartta
no ylivaeh dneped ,doohilevil .e.i ,tseretni detsev esohw seugaelloc sih
dna tneipicer eht yb citnehtua eb ot demussa erew taht stnemucod fo sotohp
erew mlif fo llor eht nO .lla s'tahT .mlif fo llor depolevednu na deniatnoc
tI .sserdda nruter on htiw rednes suomynona na morf tnes saw epolevne
na ,remrof eht fo esac eht nI .yorlEcaM .srM morf deviecer I egakcap
eht dna stnemucod "21-citsejaM" eht ot seitiralimis lareves era erehT
.7491 ni tnedicni llewsoR eht retfa yltrohs namurT yrraH
tnediserP yb dezinagro neeb evah ot degella ,eettimmoc "21-citsejaM" dellacos eht fo rebmem gnivivrus tsal eht fo htaed eht retfa yltrohs 4891 ni liam
yb deviecer yldetroper "egakcap suoiretsym" a ot gnirrefer ma I )etontooF( 
2
."stnemucod 21-citsejaM fo tes rehtona tsuj si sihT" :saw yorlEcaM
.srM morf stnemucod fo egakcap eht deviecer I nehw thguoht tsrif yM
."sretnuocne esolc" degella ralimis
fo edutitlum gniworg a dna ,maesuan da ,.cte ,.cte ,"snoitagitsevni cifitneics"
,snoitaluceps egnirf citanul ,seiroeht ycaripsnoc pu-revoc ,snoitasuccaretnuoc ,snoitasucca fo yrrulf detpurretninu na detatipicerp sah tnemnrevog
.S.U eht yb nonemonehp siht fo lained gnitnelernu eht ,yltnerrucnoC
.nonemonehp lairtserretartxe eb ot demuserp si tahw fo "ecnedive" morf
degreme sah airetsyh labolg A .sgnithgis OFU detroper fo sdnasuoht fo snet
neeb evah ereht ,hsarc llewsoR degella eht ecnis ,sraey 06 tsap eht gniruD
.7491
ni .M.N ,llewsoR raen hsarc OFU eht erofeb gnol airetsyh lairtserretartxe
dna OFU labolg a deticni "sneila" yb htraE fo noisavni na fo noitazitamard
oidar suoititcif sihT .8391 ,03 .tcO no )etontooF( 
1 "sraM morf noisavnI
ehT dnA ,sdlroW eht fo raW" fo tsacdaorb oidar selleW nosrO suomafni
eht htiw railimaf ydaerla era uoy ,lla ta anemonehp OFU deiduts evah uoy fI
slairtserretartxE dna sOFU fo yretsyM ehT
:noitcudortnI
01
 moc.retsbew-mairrem.www :ecnerefeR --
retcarahc ro ytilauq eviterces ro ,elbacilpxeni ,dnuoforp
noitcidartnoc
tnerappa ro xodarap gnivlovni melborp ro amgine na
:yretsyM 
.recnepS .R ecnerwaL yb , srotcaF zO ehT ,73 egaP :ecnerefeR --
.)adnega ro snalp( ,sesoprup nwo rieht evres ot noitacinummoc
slortnoc ro stneverp hcihw ytitne ro puorg ,nosrep yna
.si yllautca ti tahw naht rehto gnihtemos ekil mees ti ekam ot "dehtolc"
neeb sah hcihw adnega ro nalp lavivrus-non ro lavivrus a
:tseretnI detseV
snoitinifeD
9
rotidE ehT --
)dloB ,tniop 01 ,lairA :TNOF EPYT( 
)etontooF( 1 )3 
)tniop 21 ,weN reiruoC( 
)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO( )2
)tniop 21 ,namoR semiT :TNOF EPYT( 
)SETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( )1
:koob siht ni raeppa eseht erehw etangised ot desu eb lliw snoitaton gniwollof
ehT .sepyt tnereffid eerht otni dezinagro si koob siht ni lairetam ehT
.7491 ,ht21 tsuguA hguorht ht8 yluJ fo stpircsnart eht ni dedrocer sa tpecxe
,semit dna setad ,seman tcaxe fo noitcellocer etuca na evah ylirassecen
ton did ehs taht denosaer I ,htaed reh erofeb yorlEcaM .srM fo ega eht
gniredisnoc dna ,sweivretni eht fo etad eht ecnis sraey 06 neeb sah ti ecniS
.sevlesmeht stpircsnart laiciffo eht
no deton sa tpecxe ,sweivretni eht fo ecneuqes ro ,stneve fo ecneuqes lautca
eht sehctam lairetam fo ecneuqes eht taht niatrec ton ma I os ,stnemucod
eht fo tsom eht ni setad fo noitaton a ekam ton did yorlEcaM .srM
.rettam tcejbus eht ot etairporppa tsom demees taht ecnerefer
etisbew a dnif ot moc.elgoog.www enigne hcraes tenretni ralupop eht desu I
,gro.aidepikiW hguorht elbaliava ton saw noitamrofni fI .gro.aidepikiw.www
etisbew aidepolcycne tenretni eerf eht morf mitabrev deipoc era
,elbissop erehw ,secnerefer etontoof llA .koob eht fo dne eht ta xidneppA
eht ni ")etontooF(" derebmun a sa raeppa esehT .snoitavresbo ro skramer
reh ot ro ,stpircsnart laiciffo eht ni nevig noitamrofni eht ot noitacifiralc
ro ,snoitinifed lufesu dda lliw leef I hcihw yratnemmoc yratnemelppus
ro ,noitamrofni rehto dda ot ytrebil lairotide nekat evah I secnatsni emos nI
.mitabrev seton
nettirw lanigiro reh debircsnart ro detouq evah I elbissop reverehW .em ot
deliam ehs lairetam eht fo ecneuqes lacigol a ekam ot yrassecen eerged eht
ot tpecxe yorlEcaM .srM morf deviecer I lairetam eht tide ot ton deirt evah I
kooB sihT nI desU senilediuG lairotidE
8
-- recnepS .R ecnerwaL --
.esrevinu
lairetam eht si taht noivilbo dna soahc fo larips gnildniwd eht tsniaga
nopaew ruo si sgnihcaet rieht fo noitacilppa tnegilid ,lanosreP .ecnanetsus
dna yrautcnas ruo si meht yb tes selpmaxE dooG ehT .ycagel rieht si
esrevinu siht ni sgnieB lautiripS latrommI lla rof hturT dna tsurT, ytivitaerC
,noitacinummoC ,modeerF .yrevals lautirips ot tnerreted evitceffe ylno
eht neeb evah ,tseuq rieht erahs ohw esoht dna ,sgnieb hcus fo noitacided
cioreh dna modsiw dnuoforp eht ,rebmun ni wef ylevitaler hguohT
.snoitutitsni suoigiler dna
,cimonoce ,lacitilop yratenalp dna citcalag-retni fo stseretni detsev gnivresfles eht yb dna sgnieb ressel yb noisserppus evissergga dna ytilitsoh trevo
,ecnarongi gnimlehwrevo fo ecaf eht ni yhposolihp rieht ylppa ot egaruoc
detnemucod dna detartsnomed eht ot tub ,sgnieb eseht yb depoleved
seigolonhcet dna sgnihcaet lacihposolihp eht ot ylno ton si noitacided sihT
.esrevinu
eht fo srenroc tsekrad eht otni hturT fo emalF eht yrrac dna eldnikne ,erutuf
eht otni dna tneserp eht ni ,tsap eht gnirud semit suoirav ta snoitanracni
suoirav ni ohw ,sgnieB retaerG esoht fo ytirgetni dna egaruoc ,modsiw
eht ot detacided yllaicepse si tI .ton ro ,hcus sa sevlesmeht fo erawa
era yeht rehtehw ,sgnieB lautiripS latrommI lla ot detacided si koob sihT
noitacideD
7
 8002
-- recnepS .R ecnerwaL -- 
?fleseno fo ecnesse eht si taht yromem dna ,ytiliba
,ytitnedi ,ssenerawa lautirips eht yned
ro esare ot naht enoyna no detcilfni eb nac ytilaturb retaerg tahW
elbmaerP
6
 b & a 5 senil ,461 aznats ,i koob
-- adeV giR --
"?sdoG ehT yb tfel secart neddih eht era erehW
:tiripS nwO ruO ton wonk ohw slooF sa ,ksa eW"
:droweroF
5
303 - 651 ............................................................................SETONTOOF S'ROTIDE :XIDNEPPA
051..................................................................................YORLECAM .SRM MORF TPIRCS TSOP
841......................................................................................STRAPED LRIA - NEETXIS RETPAHC
441......................................................................... NOITAGORRETNI YM - NEETFIF RETPAHC
931..................STPIRCSNART WEIVRETNI EHT SWEIVER LRIA - NEETRUOF RETPAHC
331...........................................................ERUTUF EHT NI NOSSEL A - NEETRIHT RETPAHC
921..........................................................YTILATROMMI NI NOSSEL A - EVLEWT RETPAHC
121........................................................................ECNEICS NI NOSSEL A - NEVELE RETPAHC
601.............................................................................. YGOLOIB NI NOSSEL A - NET RETPAHC
08............................................................................ STNEVE FO ENIL EMIT A - ENIN RETPAHC
66...........................................................YROTSIH TNECER NI NOSSEL A - THGIE RETPAHC
55.........................................................YROTSIH TNEICNA NI NOSSEL A - NEVES RETPAHC
84............................................................................... SNIGEB NOITACUDE YM - XIS RETPAHC
54....................................................................................... SNOSSEL GNIDAER - EVIF RETPAHC
24........................................................................REIRRAB EGAUGNAL EHT - RUOF RETPAHC
83........................................................................... WEIVRETNI DRIHT YM - EERHT RETPAHC
63............................................................................ WEIVRETNI DNOCES YM - OWT RETPAHC
72...............................................NEILA EHT HTIW WEIVRETNI TSRIF YM - ENO RETPAHC
:STPIRCSNART EHT 
91.................................................................................... YORLECAM .SRM MORF RETTEL EHT
61...................... NOITAMROFNI LACIHPARGOIB :YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM
31........................................................... KOOB SIHT NI LAIRETAM FO ECRUOS EHT TUOBA
01......................SLAIRTSERRETARTXE DNA SOFU FO YRETSYM EHT :NOITCUDORTNI
9......................................................................................................................................SNOITINIFED
8....................................................................... KOOB SIHT NI DESU SENILEDIUG LAIROTIDE
7...................................................................................................................................... NOITACIDED
6..........................................................................................................................................ELBMAERP
5........................................................................................................................................ DROWEROF
4..................................................................................................................... STNETNOC FO ELBAT
2.................................................................................................EGAP ELTIT WEIVRETNI NEILA
stnetnoC fO elbaT
4
 rotidE -- recnepS .R ecnerwaL
.uoy rof eurt si ,uoy rof eurt si tahW
.redaer eht fo ytilibisnopser
eht ylno dna ylelos era hcihw ,koob siht si lairetam eht no desab redaer eht yb
edam snoisulcnoc ro secnerefni ,snoitpmussa yna rof elbisnopser ton si rotidE ehT
.koob eht
fo xidneppA ehT ni setontooF yb detatonna yllacificeps esiwrehto sselnu ,yorlEcaM
llennoD'O adlitaM etal eht ,rohtua eht yb dedivorp stnemucod dna snoitatneserper
eht no desab eht ylno dna ylelos era ,koob eht ni deniatnoc stpircsnart dna seton ehT
.lairtserretartxe ro lairtserret rehtehw ,yhposolihp ro
ecitcarp suoigiler ,sisehtopyh cifitneics ,tseretni detsev cimonoce ,enirtcod lacitilop
yna ,rohtua eht fo tniopweiv eht emussa ro drawrof ,esrodne ,tneserper ot rotidE
eht fo noitnetni eht yaw on ni si ti ,"sdog" ro "sneila" ,sgnieb lairtserretartxe ro/dna
latrommi fo seitivitca lamronarap ,esrevinu lacisyhp eht fo kcart emit eht ,esrevinu
eht fo snigiro eht sessucsid koob eht hguohtlA .detaitnereffid ylisae eb ot seitiralimis
latnemadnuf ynam oot raeb dna ,tsil ot suoremun oot era eseht fo yteirav eht
sa seihposolihp htraE ot seitiralimis evah yam koob eht ni deniatnoc lairetam emoS
.yorlEcaM .srM .e.i ,rohtua
eht morf stnemucod lanigiro fo seipoc ro stnemucod lanigiro yna fo noissessop
ni regnol on si rotidE ehT .koob eht ni detneserper sa ,mrof lanigiro ,etelpmoc rieht
ni deniatnoc era rotidE eht yb deviecer stpircsnart dna seton ,noitamrofni eht fo llA
.rohtua eht fo secnavirtnoc evitcejbus eb yam ynam sa yllauqe
taht etacitnehtua ot ecnedive on si ereht ,tcaf no desab ro lautcaf eb yam debircsed
stnedicni dna snosrep ,snoitacol ,setad eht fo emos hguohtlA .detsixe reve yllautca
rohtua degella eht taht evorp tonnac ,tcaf ni dna ,tnetnoc eht fo ytilautcaf eht
ot mialc on sekam rotidE ehT .noitcif fo krow a si koob eht fo tnetnoc eht ,sesoprup
lacitcarp lla rof dna ,denrecnoc si "weivretnI neilA" ,koob eht fo rotidE eht sa raf sA
remialcsiD
.yorlEcaM llennoD'O adlitaM morf
stnemmoc dna stpircsnart eht fo txet eht ni detis smeti detontoof eht fo ynam
fo troppus yratnemucod suoicaciffe rof ylivaeh seiler koob siht ni lairetam
eht hcihw nopu gro.aidepikiW fo srotide dna srotubirtnoc sselerit dna ffats
,srenwo eht fo krow hsiflesnu dna tnegilid eht fo lla ot hcum yrev uoy knahT .adnerB
dna lehciM fo troppus lairotide lufthgisni ,citsaisuhtne eht ot sknaht tserecnis yM
stnemegdelwonkcA
3
4-0640-2516-0-879 :NBSI
8002 :gnitnirP noitidE tsriF
aciremA fo setatS detinU ehT ni detnirP
recnepS .R ecnerwaL yb ngised koob dna revoC
.devreseR sthgiR llA
.recnepS .R ecnerwaL yb 8002 )c( thgirypoC
weivretnI neilA
2
) "srotcaF zO ehT" fo rohtuA (
recnepS .R ecnerwaL
:yb setontooF latnemelppuS dna gnitidE
yorlEcaM llennoD'O adlitaM
: yb dedivorP snoitpircsnarT weivretnI dna setoN lanosreP nO desaB
WEIVRETNI NEILA
1
1
ALIEN INTERVIEW
Based On Personal Notes and Interview Transcriptions Provided by :
Matilda O'Donnell MacElroy
Editing and Supplemental Footnotes by:
Lawrence R. Spencer
( Author of "The Oz Factors" )
2
Alien Interview
Copyright (c) 2008 by Lawrence R. Spencer.
All Rights Reserved.
Cover and book design by Lawrence R. Spencer
Printed in The United States of America
First Edition Printing: 2008
ISBN: 978-0-6152-0460-4
3
Acknowledgements
My sincerest thanks to the enthusiastic, insightful editorial support of Michel and
Brenda. Thank you very much to all of the diligent and unselfish work of the owners,
staff and tireless contributors and editors of Wikipedia.org upon which the
material in this book relies heavily for efficacious documentary support of
many of the footnoted items sited in the text of the transcripts and comments
from Matilda O'Donnell MacElroy.
Disclaimer
As far as the Editor of the book, "Alien Interview" is concerned, and for all practical
purposes, the content of the book is a work of fiction. The Editor makes no claim to
the factuality of the content, and in fact, cannot prove that the alleged author
actually ever existed. Although some of the dates, locations, persons and incidents
described may be factual or based on fact, there is no evidence to authenticate that
equally as many may be subjective contrivances of the author.
All of the information, notes and transcripts received by the Editor are contained in
their complete, original form, as represented in the book. The Editor is no longer in
possession of any original documents or copies of original documents from the
author, i.e. Mrs. MacElroy.
Some material contained in the book may have similarities to Earth philosophies as
the variety of these are too numerous to list, and bear too many fundamental
similarities to be easily differentiated. Although the book discusses the origins of the
universe, the time track of the physical universe, paranormal activities of immortal
and/or extraterrestrial beings, "aliens" or "gods", it is in no way the intention of the
Editor to represent, endorse, forward or assume the viewpoint of the author, any
political doctrine, economic vested interest, scientific hypothesis, religious practice
or philosophy, whether terrestrial or extraterrestrial.
The notes and transcripts contained in the book, are solely and only the based on the
representations and documents provided by the author, the late Matilda O'Donnell
MacElroy, unless otherwise specifically annotated by Footnotes in The Appendix of
the book.
The Editor is not responsible for any assumptions, inferences or conclusions made
by the reader based on the material is this book, which are solely and only the
responsibility of the reader.
What is true for you, is true for you.
Lawrence R. Spencer -- Editor 
4
Table Of Contents
ALIEN INTERVIEW TITLE PAGE.................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................................4
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................5
PREAMBLE..........................................................................................................................................6
DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................................7
EDITORIAL GUIDELINES USED IN THIS BOOK .......................................................................8
DEFINITIONS......................................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTION: THE MYSTERY OF UFOS AND EXTRATERRESTRIALS......................10
ABOUT THE SOURCE OF MATERIAL IN THIS BOOK ...........................................................13
MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY: BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION ......................16
THE LETTER FROM MRS. MACELROY ....................................................................................19
 THE TRANSCRIPTS:
CHAPTER ONE - MY FIRST INTERVIEW WITH THE ALIEN...............................................27
CHAPTER TWO - MY SECOND INTERVIEW ............................................................................36
CHAPTER THREE - MY THIRD INTERVIEW ...........................................................................38
CHAPTER FOUR - THE LANGUAGE BARRIER........................................................................42
CHAPTER FIVE - READING LESSONS .......................................................................................45
CHAPTER SIX - MY EDUCATION BEGINS ...............................................................................48
CHAPTER SEVEN - A LESSON IN ANCIENT HISTORY.........................................................55
CHAPTER EIGHT - A LESSON IN RECENT HISTORY...........................................................66
CHAPTER NINE - A TIME LINE OF EVENTS ............................................................................80
CHAPTER TEN - A LESSON IN BIOLOGY ..............................................................................106
CHAPTER ELEVEN - A LESSON IN SCIENCE........................................................................121
CHAPTER TWELVE - A LESSON IN IMMORTALITY..........................................................129
CHAPTER THIRTEEN - A LESSON IN THE FUTURE...........................................................133
CHAPTER FOURTEEN - AIRL REVIEWS THE INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS..................139
CHAPTER FIFTEEN - MY INTERROGATION .........................................................................144
CHAPTER SIXTEEN - AIRL DEPARTS......................................................................................148
POST SCRIPT FROM MRS. MACELROY..................................................................................150
APPENDIX: EDITOR'S FOOTNOTES............................................................................ 156 - 303
5
Foreword:
"We ask, as Fools who know not Our Own Spirit:
Where are the hidden traces left by The Gods?"
-- Rig Veda --
book i, stanza 164, lines 5 a & b 
6
Preamble
What greater brutality can be inflicted on anyone than to erase or
deny the spiritual awareness, identity,
ability, and memory that is the essence of oneself?
 -- Lawrence R. Spencer --
2008 
7
Dedication
This book is dedicated to all Immortal Spiritual Beings, whether they are
aware of themselves as such, or not. It is especially dedicated to the
wisdom, courage and integrity of those Greater Beings, who in various
incarnations at various times during the past, in the present and into the
future, enkindle and carry the Flame of Truth into the darkest corners of the
universe.
This dedication is not only to the philosophical teachings and technologies
developed by these beings, but to the demonstrated and documented
courage to apply their philosophy in the face of overwhelming ignorance,
overt hostility and aggressive suppression by lesser beings and by the selfserving vested interests of inter-galactic and planetary political, economic,
and religious institutions.
Though relatively few in number, the profound wisdom and heroic
dedication of such beings, and those who share their quest, have been the
only effective deterrent to spiritual slavery. Freedom, Communication,
Creativity ,Trust and Truth for all Immortal Spiritual Beings in this universe
is their legacy. The Good Examples set by them is our sanctuary and
sustenance. Personal, diligent application of their teachings is our weapon
against the dwindling spiral of chaos and oblivion that is the material
universe.
-- Lawrence R. Spencer --
8
Editorial Guidelines Used In This Book
I have tried not to edit the material I received from Mrs. MacElroy except to
the degree necessary to make a logical sequence of the material she mailed
to me. Wherever possible I have quoted or transcribed her original written
notes verbatim.
In some instances I have taken editorial liberty to add other information, or
supplementary commentary which I feel will add useful definitions, or
clarification to the information given in the official transcripts, or to her
remarks or observations. These appear as a numbered "(Footnote)" in the
Appendix at the end of the book. All footnote references, where possible,
are copied verbatim from the free internet encyclopedia website
www.wikipedia.org. If information was not available through Wikipedia.org,
I used the popular internet search engine www.google.com to find a website
reference that seemed most appropriate to the subject matter.
Mrs. MacElroy did not make a notation of dates in the most of the
documents, so I am not certain that the sequence of material matches the
actual sequence of events, or sequence of the interviews, except as noted on
the official transcripts themselves.
Since it has been 60 years since the date of the interviews, and considering
the age of Mrs. MacElroy before her death, I reasoned that she did not
necessarily have an acute recollection of exact names, dates and times,
except as recorded in the transcripts of July 8th through August 12th, 1947.
The material in this book is organized into three different types. The
following notations will be used to designate where these appear in this book:
1) (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTES)
 (TYPE FONT: Times Roman, 12 point)
2) (OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
 (Courier New, 12 point)
 3) 1 (Footnote)
 (TYPE FONT: Arial, 10 point, Bold)
-- The Editor
9
Definitions
Vested Interest:
a survival or non-survival plan or agenda which has been
"clothed" to make it seem like something other than what it actually is.
any person, group or entity which prevents or controls
communication to serve their own purposes, (plans or agenda).
-- Reference: Page 37, The Oz Factors , by Lawrence R. Spencer.
 Mystery:
an enigma or problem involving paradox or apparent
contradiction
profound, inexplicable, or secretive quality or character
-- Reference: www.merriam-webster.com 
10
Introduction:
The Mystery of UFOs and Extraterrestrials
If you have studied UFO phenomena at all, you are already familiar with the
infamous Orson Welles radio broadcast of "War of the Worlds, And The
Invasion from Mars" 1
 (Footnote) on Oct. 30, 1938. This fictitious radio
dramatization of an invasion of Earth by "aliens" incited a global UFO and
extraterrestrial hysteria long before the UFO crash near Roswell, N.M. in
1947.
During the past 60 years, since the alleged Roswell crash, there have been
tens of thousands of reported UFO sightings. A global hysteria has emerged
from "evidence" of what is presumed to be extraterrestrial phenomenon.
Concurrently, the unrelenting denial of this phenomenon by the U.S.
government has precipitated an uninterrupted flurry of accusations, counteraccusations, cover-up conspiracy theories, lunatic fringe speculations,
"scientific investigations", etc., etc., ad nauseam, and a growing multitude of
similar alleged "close encounters".
My first thought when I received the package of documents from Mrs.
MacElroy was: "This is just another set of Majestic-12 documents".
2
 (Footnote) I am referring to a "mysterious package" reportedly received by
mail in 1984 shortly after the death of the last surviving member of the socalled "Majestic-12" committee, alleged to have been organized by President
Harry Truman shortly after the Roswell incident in 1947.
There are several similarities to the "Majestic-12" documents and the
package I received from Mrs. MacElroy. In the case of the former, an
envelope was sent from an anonymous sender with no return address. It
contained an undeveloped roll of film. That's all. On the roll of film were
photos of documents that were assumed to be authentic by the recipient and
his colleagues whose vested interest, i.e. livelihood, depend heavily on
attracting public notice and credibility to themselves as "leading authorities"
on the subject of UFO phenomena. They have worked relentlessly since
then to discover "proof" that the documents are authentic. Of course,
government agencies deny everything alleged in the documents and
anything having to do with the subject of extraterrestrials in general. 
11
In addition, the subject has become so thoroughly overwhelmed with obvious
false reports, discredited sources, hearsay, manufactured falsehoods,
misunderstandings, missing information, added inapplicable information and
a myriad of other conflicting complexities which have made the subject
laughable or unapproachable as a science. This may be intentional, or
simply a reflection of the general chaos and barbarism that is Humanity.
As for government denials and cover-ups, the events of September 11, 2001,
have made it abundantly apparent to me that the U.S. government has
destroyed any vestige of trust the American people and the world may have
harbored, even through the Vietnam war, Watergate, and many similar
betrayals, in the "honesty" of the American government, military and
intelligence community, by blatantly lying to it's own people about almost
anything and everything.
In spite of vast numbers of "UFO sightings", innumerable reports of "alien
abductions", and "close encounters" with extraterrestrials that pervade nearly
all of prehistoric and recorded human history I found only one underlying,
unifying, undisputable, axiomatic common denominator that permeates all of
this data:
Assuming that subjective reality, or beliefs, of individuals is acceptable
evidence, there has been no universally agreed upon "proof" that UFOs and
/ or extraterrestrial life forms exist whether based on government admission ,
physical evidence, circumstantial or subjective data.
There are several deductions I can infer from the lack of agreement,
government admission or physical evidence that such things are real that, if
verified, may lead to a workable solution to this mystery:
deduction:
In spite of an enormous collection of subjective, circumstantial and objective
"evidence" of extraterrestrial activity on and around Earth, the existence,
intentions and the activities of extraterrestrials remain hidden and
mysterious.
deduction:
Universally agreed upon proof of extraterrestrial life based on subjective
data, government admission, physical and circumstantial evidence are
subject to conflicting vested interests, which has made such proof
unattainable.
Collectively, these deductions beg the obvious question:
If extraterrestrials life forms exist, why is there no consistent, forthright ,
open, interactive communication between Mankind and Extraterrestrials? 
12
Fortunately, subjective reality does not require evidence or "proof".
Therefore, I decided to write this book in order to pass along a subjective
communication I received from Mrs. MacElroy to other people who may be
interested in it.
Personally, I am not assuming that anything I received from Mrs. MacElroy is
in any way authentic, with the exception of the envelope and the paper inside
the envelope. I cannot substantiate any of it. Indeed, I can't truly verify that
there was ever such a person as Mrs. MacElroy other than a voice I heard
over the phone in 1998. The voice could have been anyone. Personally, I
do not have a vested interest in UFO research. Yes, I've written a few books
about immortal spiritual beings -- because I'm interested in the subject. But I
haven't sold enough of those books to pay for the time it took to write them.
It is a hobby. I earn my living as a small business consultant.
It is not my intention to justify, explain, or remedy any disability to perceive or
understand the mysteries of extraterrestrial existence, UFOs, governments
agendas or spiritual abilities. Nor is it intended to educate, persuade, or
promote to anyone that any of these phenomena exist. Furthermore, what I
may or may not think about any of this is irrelevant.
Moreover, I have burned all of the original documents, including the envelope
I received from Mrs. MacElroy. I do not want to spend the rest of my life
being hounded by UFO researchers, government agents, grocery store
tabloids reporters, UFO advocates and de-bunkers alike, or anyone else.
Any "proofs" or attempts to authenticate the assertion that Mrs. MacElroy
actually interviewed an alien in 1947 will have to be done by others.
Ripley says, "Believe It, or Not". 3
 (Footnote)
I say, "What's true for you, is true for you".
Lawrence R. Spencer
Editor
13
About The Source Of Material In This Book
The content of this book is primarily excerpted from the letter, interview
transcripts and personal notes I received from the late Matilda O'Donnell
MacElroy. Her letter to me asserts that this material is based on her
recollection of communication with an alien being, who "spoke" with her
telepathically. During July and August of 1947 she interviewed an
extraterrestrial being who she identifies as "Airl", and whom she claims was
and continues to be an officer, pilot and engineer who was recovered from a
flyer saucer that crashed near Roswell, New Mexico on July 8th, 1947.
Obviously, anyone reading anything about this most famous, or infamous, of
all "flying saucer" or "alien encounter" events must necessarily be highly
suspicious regarding 1) the authenticity of the report and 2) the credibility of
the source of information, especially when it appears for the first time sixty
years after the alleged event!
I received the aforementioned letter from Mrs. MacElroy on September 14th,
2007, together with a package of documents. The package contained three
types of documents:
1) hand-written notes in cursive on ordinary, lined, 8 1/2" X 11"school
notebook paper, which I assume had been written personally by Mrs.
MacElroy.
2) notes typed on a manual typewriter on plain, white 20 lb. bond paper,
which I am assume were prepared personally by her. At least both had the
appearance of having been written in the same hand writing, and / or typed
on the same typewriter consistently throughout. The writing in the notes I
received also appeared to be the same as the writing on the address and
return address of the manila envelope I received from Navan, Ireland, which
was postmarked on 3 September, 2007. Since I am not a forensic expert, or
handwriting analyst, my opinion in these matter is not a professionally
qualified judgment.
3) many pages of typewritten transcriptions of her interview with the alien.
These were obviously typed on a different typewriter. These pages were
typed on a different type of paper and showed apparent signs of age and
repeated handling. 
14
None of these notes were assembled in any particular order, or by date,
except where indicated by a sentence or paragraph of preamble or
explanation by her, or by extrapolation from the context of the pages.
Voltaire 4 (Footnote) is quoted as having said: "History is a Mississippi of lies".
According to the comments made by the alien in the interview transcripts,
supplied by Mrs. MacElroy, the fundamental lesson of history is that many,
many gods have become men, but very few men, if any, have returned to
being a god again.
According to the alien being -- "Airl" -- if anything he / she / it supposedly
communicated can be trusted -- and if the "translation" or interpretation of
this alleged communication is accurate, the history of this universe is a "River
of Lies" down which the might and freedom of all-powerful, god-like, immortal
spiritual beings ended and was lost in a Sea of Matter and Mortality.
Furthermore, according to the very direct and undiplomatic statements made
-- which seem to express the "personal opinion" of the alien -- if one were
traveling the far reaches of the universe in search of a place called "Hell", it
would be an accurate description of Earth and the inhabitants in its current
condition.
To further compound, complicate and magnify the "incredible" source of the
"interview transcriptions" I received from Mrs. MacElroy is the fact that they
are:
1) based almost entirely on "telepathic communication" between the alien
and Mrs. MacElroy.
2) many of these interviews discuss "paranormal" activities of "immortal
spiritual beings".
Of course, most "scientific authorities" are unwilling to acknowledge or
perceive spiritual phenomena of any kind.
The dictionary definition of the word paranormal is:
adjective:
1. cannot be explained by scientific methods
2. supernatural, or seemingly outside "normal" sensory channels
By definition, people who use the word "paranormal" are 1) not able to
explain spiritual phenomena and 2) spiritual phenomena are outside of their
normal sensory channels. 
15
In short, scientists suffer from the inability and/or unwillingness to
perceive and/or explain spiritual activities. Therefore, the discussion of
spiritual activities or spiritual universes in this book are expected to be
understood only by those who can and will perceive such things.
According to the time spans related by the alien in several of the interviews,
there are a number of compelling and heretofore unknown reasons that
suggest the possibility that many extraordinary miscalculations have been
made by Earth scientists regarding the origins and antiquity of the universe,
Earth, life forms and events. Of course, these may or may not be accurate
either, as time and it's ugly step-child, history, are largely subjective.
However, it can be observed that, by contrast with interstellar or
"macrocosmic time", the historical perspective of residents of Earth is limited
to a relatively microscopic period of time, compared to what are considered
to be "recent events" in the chronology of an space travel civilization, much
less the entire time span of the universe.
The geological record of Earth is reckoned, by the best guesses of scientists,
to be only about 4 billion years. The antiquity of homo sapiens in the
archaeology textbooks is estimated at only a few million years, at most. Even
the entire biological spectrum is considered to have existed on this planet for
only a few hundred million years. And, by and large, the personal memory of
individual beings on this planet is limited to only one lifetime.
All other dates, events, or interpretations of events cited in this book are from
terrestrial sources, which are purely subjective observations, conjectures, or
inventions of human beings, including those of the author, and must
therefore be credited or disregarded by the reader accordingly, considering
the penchant of Earth inhabitants to myopia, egocentricity, and general
ignorance of the several universes in which we dwell.
This book is intended to be an informal presentation of information provided
to me, sixty years after the fact, of a series of interviews between an alien
space craft officer, pilot & engineer and an Army Air Force surgical nurse. 
16
Matilda O'Donnell MacElroy
Biographical Information
Since I have never met Mrs. MacElroy in person, and spoke with her over the
phone only once for about 20 minutes, I can not vouch personally for her as
a credible source of information. In fact, I cannot factually substantiate that
such a person actually existed, accept that I did speak with her on the phone
and I received hand-written material in the mail which was sent from a
physical address in Ireland.
When I spoke to her on the phone in 1998, I was living in Florida. At the time
of our brief phone interview, Mrs. MacElroy lived on Scotty Pride Drive in
Glasgow, Montana. I know this because I mailed a copy of my book, The Oz
Factors, to her as a gift after it was published in 1999. I am sure she
received the book, because she refers to it by name in the letter I received
from Ireland, and says that she read it.
I did a little research on the internet about Glasgow, Montana for my own
interest. Glasgow was founded in 1887 as a railroad town that became
popular during the 1930s because President FDR requested that Fort Peck
Dam be constructed there which became a huge source of employment for
the Glasgow area. In the 1960s the population flourished up to 12,000
because of Glasgow Air Force Base (SAC), which was used during the
Vietnam conflict and the earlier part of the 'Cold War'. The base was
deactivated and closed in 1969.
When I talked to Mrs. MacElroy on the phone she mentioned that she had
been relocated there by the U.S. Air Force after her service was completed,
and that's where she met her husband, who was an engineer. I don't think
she mentioned his first name. However, he worked on building the Fort Peck
Dam, which created the massive Fort Peck Lake. Although the dam was
finished in 1940, he was a great fisherman and outdoorsman, so he stayed in
the area. I gathered that the Irish heritage of the place had something to do
with it, but didn't pursue that point with her. I haven't been able to find any
record of a "MacElroy" who worked at the dam, but the personnel records
from that period are virtually non-existent as far as I can determine.
I contacted her during my research for The Oz Factors book because I was
led to believe, through a very circuitous line of investigation, that this women 
17
was suspected of having been involved with alien contact at Area 51, or the
Roswell crash site, or something similar.
Through a sequence of circumstantial inferences and accidental referrals, I
actually found her number in the phone book and called her up just on the
chance that there might really be such a person.
Needless to say, when I called her she was less than forthcoming in her
response to my questions. However, I think she was impressed by my
genuine and innocent sincerity to get information for my book, and realized
that I had no nefarious or financially motivated purposes or reason to exploit
her in any way. Nonetheless, she did not give me any useful information at
that time, except to say that she had been in the Army and was stationed in
New Mexico in 1947.
She could not discuss anything whatsoever about any kind of incident, as her
life depended on remaining silent. Although this piqued my interest even
more, it was futile to try to push her any further, so I gave up and forgot about
her until last September, when I got the package from Ireland.
I tried to contact her in Ireland at the return address on the package, but
received no reply from her, nor have I been able to find anyone in Meath
County, Ireland who was acquainted with either of them except the landlady
from whom they rented a room for a few weeks before their deaths, which
seemed to have occurred simultaneously, although I have no real evidence
of this.
However, the post mark of the envelope she sent to me was stamped at the
post office in Navan, Co. Meath, Ireland on the date sited above. Since there
is an actual residence (according to Google Maps) at the return address
shown on the envelope, I wrote to the address and was advised by the home
owner that both Mrs. MacElroy and her husband, whose name turns out to
have been "Paul", were both recently deceased. She said that the cremated
remains of Mrs. MacElroy and her husband were interred at Saint Finian
Cemetery on Athboy Road.
Subsequently, I have not been able to find any record of her under the
maiden name of O'Donnell, nor have I had any success at discovering any
personal friend, family member or document to confirm her birth, medical
education, or military record, marriage or death, with the exception of her
landlady in Ireland (who is not a relative) just before her death. I suspect that
this is the false identity given to her by the military when she left Roswell, as
mentioned in her notes.
In either case, it seems likely that her identity and all evidence of her has
been expunged from the public record. I understand that certain government 
18
agencies are adept at covering up evidence, or making records (and people)
disappear. It seems likely that this has been done in her case, due to the
highly sensitive nature of the Roswell incident and consistent with the rest of
the alleged "cover up".
Inasmuch as I do not have any further information to verify or substantiate
that any of the notes of these "interviews" sent to me by Mrs. MacElroy are in
any way factual, other than what I have already mentioned, let the reader
beware, and take heed accordingly!
19
The Letter from Mrs. MacElroy
_______________________________________________________________
August 12, 2007
Dear Lawrence,
I am typing this letter to you on my old Underwood
typewriter that I bought after I was discharged from the
Army. Somehow it seems like a fitting contrast to the
subject of this letter and the documents you will find
enclosed in this envelope.
The last time I spoke to you was about eight years ago.
During your brief telephone interview with me you asked
me to assist you with the research for "The Oz Factors"
book you were writing because you suspected that I might
know something that would help your investigation into
the possibility that extraterrestrial beings may have
influenced the history of Earth. When we spoke, I told
you that I did not have any information that I could
share with you about anything.
Since then I have read your book and found it very
interesting and compelling. You are obviously a man who
has done his homework, and who could understand my own
experiences. I've been thinking a lot about your
allusion to the old philosopher whom you paraphrased in
our phone conversation: "with great power, comes great
responsibility". Although I don't think power is
pertinent in my life or to my reasons for sending you
the enclosed documents, you certainly did get me
thinking about my responsibility.
I have reconsidered my position, for a variety of
reasons, not the least of which is my realization that
you were right. I do have a responsibility to myself,
at least. I can not possibly tell you the personal Hell 5
(Footnote) of ethical irresolution and spiritual ambivalence
I have endured since 1947. I do not want to keep playing
the game of "maybe I should have, or maybe I shouldn't
have", through the rest of Eternity! 
20
Many men have been killed to extinguish the possibility
of revealing the knowledge I have helped to withhold
from society, until now. Only a small handful of people
on Earth have seen and heard what I have had the burden
of keeping secret for sixty years. All those years I
thought that I had been entrusted with a great deal of
confidence by the "powers that be" in our government,
although I have often felt that power is greatly
misguided, to "protect" Mankind from the certain
knowledge that, not only do intelligent extraterrestrial
life forms exist, but that they have and continue to
aggressively monitor and invade the lives of everyone on
Earth every day.
Therefore, I think the time has come to pass along my
secret knowledge to someone I think will understand it.
I don't think it would be responsible of me to take the
knowledge I have into the silent afterlife, beyond reach
or recognition. I think there is a greater good to be
served than protecting the "vested interests" for whom
this information is considered a matter of "national
security", whatever that means, and is therefore
justification for making it "TOP SECRET". 6
 (Footnote)
Also, I am now 83 years old. I have decided to leave
this body, which has outlasted it's usefulness to me,
using a painless method of self-administered euthanasia. 7
(Footnote) I have a very few months to live, and nothing to
fear or lose.
So, I have moved away from Montana, where my husband and
I lived for most of my life, to spend our remaining days
in a lovely rented upstairs bedroom in a house in the
homeland of my husband's family in County Meath,
Ireland. 8
 (Footnote)
I will die not far from "The Great Mound" at Knowth
9
 (Footnote),and Dowth, the "Fairy Mound of Darkness". These
are sacred "cairns" or massive stone structures that
were erected about 3,700 BCE and engraved with
indecipherable hieroglyphs -- about the same time as
pyramids and other inexplicable stone monuments were
being built all over the Earth.
I am also not far from "The Hill of Tara", 10 (Footnote) that
was once the ancient seat of power in Ireland where 142
kings are said to have reigned in prehistoric and 
21
historic times. In ancient Irish religion and mythology
this was the sacred place of dwelling for the "gods" and
was the entrance to the "other world".
Saint Patrick came to Tara to conquer the ancient
religion of the pagans. He may have suppressed the
religious practices in the area, but he certainly did
not have any impact on the "gods" who brought these
civilizations to Earth, as you will discover when you
read the documents enclosed. Therefore, this is a
fitting location for my departure from this unholy world
and final release from the burdens of this life.
The crystal clear perspective of hindsight has revealed
a higher purpose to me: assisting the survival of the
planet, all living beings and life forms in our galaxy!
The status quo of our government establishment has been
to "protect the people" from knowledge of such matters.
In fact, the only protection afforded by ignorance and
secrecy is to hide the private agenda of those in power
to enslave others. And, by doing so, to disarm every
perceived enemy, and ally, through superstition and
stupidity.
Therefore, I have enclosed the original and only
existing copies of my personal notes and reflections on
a matter which I have kept hidden from everyone, even my
own family. I have also enclosed my copies of typed
transcripts created by the stenographer who transcribed
all of my interviews with the alien saucer pilot after
each interview was finished. I do not have any copies
of the tape recordings that were made of my interview
reports. No one, until now, knows that I was able to
secretly retain copies of the official interview
transcripts.
Now I am entrusting these documents to your discretion
to impart to the world in any form or manner you see
fit. My only request is that you do so in a way that
will not threaten your own life or well being, if
possible. If you were to incorporate these notes of my
experiences into a work of fiction, such as a novel, the
factual nature of the material could be easily dismissed
or discredited by any agency for whom "national
security" is used as a personal shield against scrutiny
and justice. 
22
In so doing, you could "disavow any knowledge" of their
true origin, and claim that it is a fictitious work of
your imagination. Whoever said that "truth is stranger
than fiction" was "right as rain". For most people all
of this will be "unbelievable". Unfortunately, beliefs
are not a reliable criteria for reality.
Also, I am sure that if you were to show these notes to
anyone that would prefer physical, economic or spiritual
slavery over freedom, the subject matter contained in
them would seem quite objectionable. If you attempted
to published the documents as a matter of factual
reporting in a newspaper or on the evening TV news they
would be rejected out of hand as the work of a kook.
The very nature of these documents make them
unbelievable, and therefore discreditable. Conversely,
the release of this information is potentially
catastrophic for certain political, religious and
economic vested interests.
These documents contain information which is quite
relevant to your interest and investigations into alien
encounters and paranormal experience. To use your
analogy in "The Oz Factors" book, I can honestly say
that the few factual reports that have been made by
others about "alien" influences are only a gentle breeze
in the eye of an Apocalyptic Hurricane swirling around
Earth. There really are wizards and wicked witches and
flying monkeys in this universe!
This information, which has been suspected and/or
speculated upon by so many for so long, has been
constantly denied by mainstream media, academia, and the
Military-Industrial Complex 11 (Footnote) that President
Eisenhower warned us about in his farewell address.
As you known in July,1947,the Roswell Army Air Field
(RAAF) 12 (Footnote) issued a press release stating that
personnel from the field's 509th Bomb Group had
recovered a crashed "flying disc" from a ranch near
Roswell, New Mexico, sparking intense media interest. 13
(Footnote)
Later the same day, the Commanding General of the Eighth
Air Force 14 (Footnote) stated that Major Jesse Marcel, who
was involved with the original recovery of the debris,
had recovered only the tattered remnants of a weather 
23
balloon. The true facts of the incident have been
suppressed by the United States government since then.
You may not know that I was enlisted in the U.S. Women's
Army Air Force(WAC) 15 (Footnote) Medical Corp which was a
part of the US Army back then. I was assigned to the
509th Bomb Group as a Flight Nurse 16 (Footnote)at the time
of the incident.
When the news that there had been a crash was received
at the base, I was asked to accompany Mr. Cavitt, the
Counter Intelligence Officer, 17 (Footnote) to the crash site
as the driver of his vehicle, and to render any needed
emergency medical assistance to any survivors, if
necessary. 18 (Footnote) Therefore, I briefly witnessed the
wreckage of an alien space craft, as well as the remains
of the several alien personnel aboard the craft who were
already dead.
When we arrived I learned that one of the personnel on
board the craft had survived the crash, and was
conscious, and apparently uninjured. The conscious
alien was similar in appearance, but not the same as,
the others. 19 (Footnote)
None of the other personnel present could communicate
with the survivor, as the being did not communicate
verbally or by any recognizable signs. However, while I
examined the "patient" for injuries I immediately
detected and understood that the alien being was
attempting to communicate with me by "mental images", or
"telepathic thought", 20 (Footnote) which projected directly
from the mind of the being.
I immediately reported this phenomenon to Mr. Cavitt. As
no other person present could perceive these thoughts,
and the alien seemed able and willing to communicate
with me, it was decided, after a brief consultation with
a senior officer, that I would accompany the surviving
alien back to the base.
This was partly due to the fact that I was a nurse, and
could attend to the physical needs of the alien, as well
as serve as a non-threatening communicator and
companion. After all, I was the only woman at the site
and the only one who was not armed. I was thereafter
assigned permanently to serve as a "companion" of the
alien at all times. 21 (Footnote) 
24
My duty was to communicate with and interview the alien
and to make a complete report of all that I discovered
to command authorities. Subsequently, I was supplied
with specific lists of questions provided to me by
military and non-military personnel, which I was to
"interpret" for the alien, and record the responses to
the questions provided.
I also accompanied the alien at all times during medical
testing and the many other examinations to which the
alien was subjected by staff from numerous government
agencies.
I was given a promotion in rank to Senior Master
Sergeant to improve my security rating, and to increase
my pay grade from $54.00 a month to $138.00 a month, for
this very unusual assignment. I performed these duties
from July 7th through August,1947,at which time the
alien "died" or departed the "body", as you will read
about in my notes.
Although I was never left entirely alone with the alien,
as there were always military personnel, intelligence
agency people and a variety of other officials present
from time to time, I did have uninterrupted access to
and communication with the alien being for nearly six
weeks.
Hereinafter is an overview and summary of my personal
recollections of "conversations" with the alien craft
pilot, whom I came to know by the identity of "Airl".
I feel that it is my duty at this time, in the best
interest of the citizens of Earth, to reveal what I have
learned from my interaction with "Airl" during those six
weeks, on the anniversary of her "death" or departure
sixty years ago.
Although I served as a nurse in the Army Air Force, I am
not a pilot or technician. Further, I did not have any
direct contact with the space craft or other materials
recovered from the crash site at that time, or
thereafter. To that degree it must be taken into
consideration that my understanding of the
communications I had with " Airl" are based on my own
subjective ability to interpret the meaning of the
thoughts and mental images I was able to perceive. 
25
Our communication did not consist of "spoken language",
in the conventional sense. Indeed, the "body" of the
alien had no "mouth" through which to speak. Our
communication was by telepathy. At first, I could not
understand Airl very clearly. I could perceive images,
emotions and impressions, but it was difficult for me to
express these verbally. Once Airl learned the English
language, she was able to focus her thoughts more
precisely using symbols and meanings of words I could
understand. Learning the English language was done as a
favor to me. It was more for my own benefit than hers.
By the end of our interview sessions, and increasingly
since then, I have become more comfortable with
telepathic communication. I have become more adept at
understanding Airl's thoughts as though they are my own.
Somehow, her thoughts become my thoughts. Her emotions
are my emotions. However, this is limited by her
willingness and intention to share her own, personal
universe with me. She is able to be selective about
what communication I am allowed to receive from her.
Likewise, her experience, training, education,
relationships and purposes are uniquely her own.
This is the symbol of "The Domain"
The Domain is a race or civilization of which Airl, the
alien I interviewed, is an officer, pilot and engineer
serving in The Domain Expeditionary Force. The symbol
represents the origin and unlimited boundary of the
known universe, united and integrated into a vast
civilization under the control of The Domain.
Airl is currently stationed at a base in the asteroid
belt which she refers as a "space station" in the solar
system of Earth. First and foremost, Airl is herself.
Secondarily, she voluntarily serves as an Officer, Pilot
and Engineer in The Domain Expeditionary Force. In that
capacity she has duties and responsibilities, but she is
at leave to come and go as she pleases also.
Please accept this material and make it known to as many
people as possible. I repeat that it is not my
intention to endanger your life with the possession of
this material, nor do I really expect you to believe any 
26
of it either. However, I do sense that you can
appreciate the value that such knowledge may have to
those who are willing and able to face the reality of
it.
Mankind needs to know the answers to questions which are
contained in these documents. Who are we? Where did we
come from? What is our purpose on Earth? Is Mankind
alone in the universe? If there is intelligent life
elsewhere why have they not contacted us?
It is vital that people understand the devastating
consequences to our spiritual and physical survival if
we fail to take effective action to undo the longstanding and pervasive effects of alien intervention on
Earth.
Perhaps the information in these documents will serve as
a stepping stone to a better future for Mankind. I hope
that you can be more clever, creative and courageous in
the distribution of this information than I have been.
May The Gods Bless You and Keep You.
Mrs. Matilda O'Donnell MacElroy
Senior Master Sergeant
Women's Army Air Force Medical Corp, Retired
100 Troytown Heights
Navan, Meath
Co. Meath, Ireland
27
Chapter One
My First Interview With The Alien
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"By the time the alien had been returned to the base I had already spent several hours
with her. As I mentioned, Mr. Cavitt told me to stay with the alien, since I was the
only person among us who could understand her communication. I could not
understand my ability to "communicate" with the being. I had never before that time
experienced telepathic communication with anyone.
The non-verbal communication I experienced was like the understanding you might
have when a child or a dog is trying to get you to understand something, but much,
much more direct and powerful! Even though there were no "words" spoken, or
signs made, the intention of the thoughts were unmistakable to me. I realized later
that, although I received the thought, I did not necessarily interpret it's meaning
exactly.
I think that the alien being was not willing to discuss technical matters, due to the
nature of her position as an officer and pilot with the duty to maintain the security
and confidentiality required by her own "unit" or organization. Any soldier who is
captured by the "enemy" in the line of duty has a responsibility to withhold vital
information, even in the face of interrogation or torture, of course.
But, in spite of that, I have always felt that the alien being was not really trying to
hide anything from me. I just never got that feeling. Her communication always
seemed honest and sincere to me. But, I suppose you can never know for sure. I
definitely feel that I shared a unique "bond" with the alien. It was a kind of "trust" or
empathy that you have with a patient, or a child. I think this is because the alien
could understand that I was really interested in "her" and had no harmful intention,
nor would I allow any harm to come to her, if I could prevent it. This was true too.
I refer to the alien as "her". Actually, the being was not sexual in any way, either
physiologically or psychologically. "She" did have a rather strong, feminine
presence and demeanor. However, in terms of physiology, the being was "asexual"
and had no internal or external reproductive organs. Her body was more like the
body of a "doll" or "robot". There were no internal "organs", as the body was not
constructed of biological cells. It did have a kind of "circuit" system or electrical 
28
nervous system that ran throughout the body, but I could not understand how it
worked.
In stature and appearance the body was quite short and petite. About a 40 inches tall.
The head was disproportionately large, relative to arms, legs and torso, which where
thin. There were three "fingers" on each of two" hands" and "feet" which were
somewhat prehensile. 22 (Footnote) The head had no operational "nose" or "mouth"
or "ears". I understood that a space officer does not need these as space has no
atmosphere to conduct sound. Therefore, sound related sensory organs are not built
into the body. Nor does the body need to consume food, hence, the absence of a
mouth.
The eyes were quite large. I was never able to determine the exact degree of visual
acuity of which the eyes were capable, but I observed that her sense of sight must
have been extremely acute. I think the lenses of the eyes, which were very dark and
opaque, may also have been able to detect waves or particles beyond the visual
spectrum of light. 23 (Footnote) I suspect that this may have included the full range
of the electromagnetic spectrum, 24 (Footnote) or more, but I do not know this for
sure.
When the being looked at me her gaze seemed to penetrate right through me, as
though she had "x-ray vision". 25 (Footnote) I found this a little embarrassing, at first,
until I realized that she had no sexual intentions. In fact, I don't think she ever even
had the thought that I was male or female.
It become very obvious after a short time with the being that her body did not require
oxygen, food or water or any other external source of nutrition or energy. As I
learned later, this being supplied her own "energy", which animated and operated the
body. It seemed a little bit eerie at first, but I got used to the idea. It's really a very,
very simple body. There is not much to it, compared to our own bodies.
Airl explained to me that it was not mechanical, like a robot, nor was it biological. It
is animated directly by her as a spiritual being. Technically, from a medical
standpoint, I would say that Airl's body could not even be called "alive". Her "doll"
body is not a biological life form, 26 (Footnote) with cells, and so forth.
 It had a smooth skin, or covering which was gray in color. The body was highly
tolerant to changes in temperature, atmospheric conditions, and pressure. The limbs
were quite frail, without musculature. In space there is no gravity, 27 (Footnote) so
very little muscle strength is needed. The body was used almost entirely on space
craft or in low, or no-gravity environments. Since Earth has a heavy gravity, the
body was not able to walk around very well as the legs were not really suited to that
purpose. The feet and hands were quite flexible and agile however.
Over night, before my first interview with the alien, the area had been transformed
into a buzzing hive of activity. There were a dozen men working on setting up lights 
29
and camera equipment. A motion picture camera and microphone and a tape
recorder was there also set up in the "interview room". (I don't understand why a
microphone was needed, since there was no verbal communication possible with the
alien.) There was also a stenographer 28 (Footnote) and several people busily typing
on typewriters.
I was informed that an expert foreign language interpreter and a "code breaking"
team had been flown to the base during the night to assist with my efforts to
communicate with the alien. There were also several medical personnel --
specialists in various fields -- to examine the alien. And, a professor of psychology
was there to help formulate questions and "interpret" the answers. As I was just a
nurse, I was not considered to be a "qualified" interpreter, even though I was the only
one there who could understand anything the alien was thinking!
There were many subsequent conversations between us. Each "interview" resulted in
an exponential increase in understanding between us, as I will discuss later on in my
notes. This is the first transcript with the answers to a list of questions provided to
me by the intelligence officer at the base which I debriefed to the stenographer
immediately following the interview."
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 9. 7. 1947
"QUESTION - "Are you injured?"
ANSWER -
NO
QUESTION - "What medical assistance do you require?"
ANSWER -
NONE
QUESTION - "Do need food or water or other
sustenance?"
ANSWER -
NO 
30
QUESTION - "Do you have any special environmental
needs, such as air temperature, atmospheric chemical
content, air pressure, or waste elimination?"
ANSWER -
NO. I AM NOT A BIOLOGICAL BEING.
QUESTION - "Does your body or space craft carry any
germs or contamination that may be harmful to humans
or other Earth life forms?"
ANSWER -
NO GERMS IN SPACE.
QUESTION - "Does your government know you are here?"
ANSWER -
NOT AT THIS TIME
QUESTION - "Are others of your kind going to come
looking for you?"
ANSWER -
YES
QUESTION - "What is the weapons capability of your
people?"
ANSWER -
VERY DESTRUCTIVE.
I did not understand the exact nature of the kind of
arms or weapons that they might have, but I did not
feel that there was any malevolent intention in her
reply, just a statement of fact.
QUESTION - "Why did your space craft crash?"
ANSWER - 
31
IT WAS STRUCK BY AN ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE FROM THE
ATMOSPHERE WHICH CAUSED US TO LOSE CONTROL.
QUESTION - "Why was your space craft in this area?"
ANSWER -
INVESTIGATION OF "BURNING CLOUDS" / RADIATION /
EXPLOSIONS 29 (Footnote)
QUESTION - "How does your space craft fly?"
ANSWER -
IT IS CONTROLLED THROUGH "MIND". RESPONDS TO
"THOUGHT COMMANDS".
"Mind" or "thought command" are the only English
language words I can think of to describe the
thought. Their bodies, and I think, the space craft,
are connected directly to them through some kind of
electrical "nervous system" that they control with
their own thoughts.
QUESTION - "How do your people communicate with each
other?"
ANSWER -
THROUGH MIND /THOUGHT.
The words "mind" and "thought" combined together are
the closest English language words I can think of to
describe the idea at this time. However, it was very
obvious to me that they communicate directly from the
mind, just as she is communicating with me.
QUESTION - "Do you have a written language or symbols
for communication?"
ANSWER -
YES
QUESTION - "What planet are you from?"
ANSWER - 
32
THE HOME / BIRTHPLACE WORLD OF THE DOMAIN
Since I am not an astronomer, I have no way of
thinking in terms of stars, galaxies, constellations
and directions in space. The impression I received
was of a planet in the center of a huge cluster of
galaxies that is to her like "home", or "birthplace".
The word "domain" is the closest word I can think of
to describe her concept, images and thoughts about
where she is from. It could as easily be called the
"territory" or the "realm". However, I am sure that
it was not just a planet or a solar system or a
cluster of stars, but an enormous number of galaxies!
QUESTION - "Will your government send representatives
to meet with our leaders?"
ANSWER -
NO
QUESTION - "What are your intentions concerning
Earth?"

ANSWER -
PRESERVE / PROTECT PROPERTY OF THE DOMAIN
QUESTION - "What have you learned about Earth
governments and military installations?"
ANSWER -
POOR / SMALL. DESTROY PLANET.
QUESTION - "Why haven't your people made your
existence known to the people of Earth?"
ANSWER -
WATCH / OBSERVE. NO CONTACT.
I got the impression that contact with people on
Earth was not permitted, but I could not think of a
word or idea that communicated the impression I got
exactly. They are just observing us. 
33
QUESTION - "Have your people visited Earth’s
previously?"
ANSWER -
PERIODIC / REPEATING OBSERVATIONS.
QUESTION - "How long have you known about Earth?"
ANSWER -
LONG BEFORE HUMANS.
I am not sure if the word "prehistoric" would be more
accurate, but it was definitely a very long period of
time before human beings evolved.
QUESTION - "What do you know about the history of
civilization on Earth?"
ANSWER -
SMALL INTEREST / ATTENTION. SMALL TIME.
The answer to this question seemed very vague to me.
However, I perceived that her interest in Earth
history is not very strong or that she did not pay
much attention to it. Or, maybe, ... I don't know.
I didn't really get an answer to the question.
QUESTION - "Can you describe your home world to us?"
ANSWER -
PLACE OF CIVILIZATION / CULTURE / HISTORY. LARGE
PLANET. WEALTH / RESOURCES ALWAYS. ORDER. POWER.
KNOWLEDGE / WISDOM. TWO STARS. THREE MOONS.
QUESTION - "What is the state of development of your
civilization?"
ANSWER -
ANCIENT. TRILLIONS OF YEARS. ALWAYS. ABOVE ALL
OTHERS. PLAN. SCHEDULE. PROGRESS. WIN. HIGH GOALS
/ IDEAS. 
34
I use the number "trillions" 30 (Footnote) because I am
sure that the meaning was a number larger than many
billions. The idea of the length of time she
communicated is beyond me. It's really closer to
the idea of "infinity" in terms of Earth years.
QUESTION - "Do you believe in God?"
ANSWER -
WE THINK. IT IS. MAKE IT CONTINUE. ALWAYS.
I am sure that the alien being does not understand
the concept of "god" or "worship" as we do. I assume
that the people in her civilization were all
atheists. My impression was that they think very
highly of themselves and are very prideful indeed!
QUESTION - "What type of society do you have?"
ANSWER -
ORDER. POWER. FUTURE ALWAYS. CONTROL. GROW.
These are the closest words I could use to describe
the idea she had about her own society or
civilization. Her "emotion" when communicating her
response to this question became very intense, very
bright and emphatic! Her thought was filled with an
emotion that gave me a feeling of jubilation or joy.
But, it made me very nervous also.
QUESTION - "Are there other intelligent life forms
besides yourself in the universe?"
ANSWER -
EVERYWHERE. WE ARE GREATEST / HIGHEST OF ALL.
Due to her small stature, I am sure that she did not
mean "tallest" or "biggest". Again, her prideful
"nature" showed through in the feeling I received
from her."
(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE) 
35
"This was the conclusion of the first interview. When the answers to the first
list of questions were typed and given to the people who were waiting for them,
they were very excited that I was able to get the alien to say anything!
However, after they finished reading my answers they were disappointed that I
could not understand more clearly. Now they had a lot of new questions
because of the answers I received to the first list of questions.
An officer told me to await further instructions. I waited for several hours in the
adjoining office. I was not allowed to continue my "interview" with the alien.
However, I was always well treated and allowed to eat and sleep and use the
restroom facilities whenever I wanted.
Eventually, a new list of questions was written for me to ask the alien. I
gathered that quite a few other agents, government and military officials had
arrived at the base by this time. They told me that several other people would be
in the room with me during the next interview so they could prompt me to ask
for more details during the interview. However, when I attempted to conduct
the interview with these people in the room, I received no thoughts, emotions or
any other perceptible communication from the alien. Nothing. The alien just sat
in a chair without moving.
We all left the interview room. The intelligence agent became very agitated
about this. He accused me of lying or making up the answers to the first
questions. I insisted that my answers were honest, and as accurate as I could
make them!
Later that day, it was decided that several other people would attempt to ask
questions of the alien. However, in spite of several attempts by different
"experts", no one else was ever able to get any communication at all from the
alien.
Over the next several days a psychic research scientist from back East was
flown to the base to interview the alien. Her name was Gertrude something or
other. I don't recall the last name. 31 (Footnote) On another occasion an Indian
clairvoyant named Krishnamurti 32 (Footnote) came to the base to try to
communicate with the alien . Neither one was successful at getting the alien to
communicate anything. I was personally not able to communicate telepathically
with either of these people either, although I did think that Mr. Krishnamurti
was a very kind and intelligent gentleman.
Finally, it was decided that I should be left with the alien by myself to see if I
could get any answers." 
36
Chapter Two
My Second Interview
"In the next interview I was told to ask the alien only one question."
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 10. 7. 1947
"QUESTION - "Why have you stopped communicating?"
ANSWER -
NO STOP. OTHERS. HIDDEN / COVERED. SECRET FEAR.
The alien can not communicate with them because they
were afraid of her, or do not trust her. And, it is
clear to me that the alien is very aware that some
people have secret intentions toward her and are hiding
their real thoughts. It is equally obvious to me that
the alien does not have even a tiny bit of fear of us,
or anything else, for that matter!"
(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"I pondered the words I chose to convey the meaning of the aliens thoughts very
carefully before reporting to the stenographer and the people who were waiting
anxiously in the other room.
Personally, I never suffered any fear or misapprehension about the alien
whatsoever. I was very, very curious and excited to learn anything and
everything I could about her and from her. However, like the alien, I did not
have much trust or confidence in the agents or "authorities" who were 
37
controlling my interviews. I had no idea what their intentions toward her might
be. However, I am sure that the military officers were very, very nervous about
having an alien space craft and pilot on their hands!
At that moment, my greatest worry was how to more clearly understand the
thoughts and ideas of the alien. I think that I was doing pretty well as a
telepathic "receiver", but not as good as telepathic "sender".
I wanted desperately to figure out a better way to communicate with the alien in
a way that would enable the growing legion of government officials to
understand her more directly, without having to rely on my interpretation of her
thoughts. I did not feel very well qualified to act as an interpreter, yet I was the
only person with whom the alien would communicate, so it was up to me to get
the job done.
I was also becoming acutely aware that this was probably the biggest "news
event" in the history of Earth, and that I should be proud to have any part in it.
Of course by that time the entire incident had been officially denied in the press
and a cover-up of immense proportions by the military and the "powers that be"
33 (Footnote) had already begun.
However, I was beginning to feel the pressure of the responsibility for being the
first person on Earth, as far as I knew, to communicate with an extraterrestrial
life form! I think I know how Columbus 34 (Footnote) must have felt when he
discovered a "new world" the size of a continent on one small planet. But, I was
about to discover an entirely new, unexplored universe! 35 (Footnote)

While I waited for my next instructions from my superiors I went to my
quarters, under escort of several heavily armed MPs. Several other men dressed
in black suits and ties accompanied me also. They were still there when I got up
in the morning. After breakfast, which was brought to me in my own quarters,
they escorted me back to the office at the base that was used for the interview." 
38
Chapter Three
My Third Interview
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"The third interview, and all subsequent interviews that I had with the alien were
observed and recorded, as I mentioned above, by dozens of other people.
Although they were not physically present, a special room had been constructed
with a window of one-way glass through which the interview could be observed
from an adjoining room, without intruding on the alien.
The alien had been moved into the newly constructed room and was seated in an
ordinary overstuffed living room chair covered with a flowery fabric. I'm sure
that someone had been sent into town to buy a chair from the nearest available
furniture store. The aliens body was about the same size as a very thin 5 year
old child, so she was dwarfed by the chair.
Since her body was not biological it didn't need any food, air or heat, and
apparently, she didn't sleep either. There were no eyelids, or eyebrows above
her eyes, so the eyes didn't close. I don't think anyone could tell whether she was
sleeping or awake as long as she was sitting upright in the chair. Unless she
moved her body or gestured with her hand, it would be hard to tell whether she
was even alive or not, unless you could perceive her thoughts.
Eventually, I learned that the alien was not identified by her body, but by her
"personality", so to speak. She was known by her fellow aliens as "Airl". This
is the closest word I can use to describe the name using the English alphabet. I
sensed that she preferred the feminine gender. I think we shared a natural,
female empathy and nurturing attitude toward life and each other. I am sure she
did not feel comfortable with the combative, aggressive, domineering attitude of
the male officers and agents, each of whom was more concerned with their own
personal self-importance and power than with discovering the secrets of the
universe!
When I entered the room, she was very pleased to see me. I felt a very genuine
sense of recognition, relief and a "warm" feeling from her. It was like the eager
excitement and unconditional, platonic affection one feels from a dog or child,
yet with a calm and reserved control. I must say that I was surprised that I felt
the same sort of affection for the alien being, especially since we had spent so 
39
little time with each other. I was pleased that I was able to continue my
interviews with her in spite of all the attention it was getting from the stream of
government and military people arriving at the base.
It was very obvious that the people who wrote the next series of questions for
me wanted to learn how to communicate with the alien themselves, without
having to go through me.
Here are the answers to the new list of questions:"
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 11. 7. 1947
"QUESTION - Can you read or write any Earth languages?
ANSWER -
NO.
QUESTION - Do you understand numbers or mathematics?
ANSWER -
YES. I AM OFFICER / PILOT / ENGINEER
QUESTION - Can you write or draw symbols or pictures
that we may be able to translate into our own
language?
ANSWER -
UNCERTAIN
QUESTION - Are there any other signs or means of
communication you can use to help us understand your
thoughts more clearly?
ANSWER -
NO." 
40
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"I was very sure that this was not true. But, I understood clearly that Airl was
not willing to communicate in writing or drawing or sign language. My feeling
was that she was following orders, like any soldier who has been captured, not to
reveal any information that might be useful to an enemy, even under torture. She
was only able and willing to reveal non-confidential, or personal information, or
"name, rank and serial number"."
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 11. 7. 1947, 2nd Session
"QUESTION - Can you show us on a map of the stars
which is the star of your home planet? 36 (Footnote)
ANSWER -
NO.
This is not because she does not know the directions
from Earth to her home planet. She was unwilling to
reveal the location. It was also due to the fact that
the star system of her home planet does not exist on
any star map on Earth. It is too far away.
QUESTION - How long will it take your people to locate
you here?
ANSWER -
UNKNOWN.
QUESTION - How long would it take your people to
travel here to rescue you?
ANSWER -
MINUTES OR HOURS. 
41
QUESTION - How can we make them understand that we do
not intend to harm you?
ANSWER -
INTENTIONS ARE CLEAR. SEE IN YOUR MIND / IMAGES /
FEELINGS.
QUESTION - If you are not a biological entity, why do
you refer to yourself as feminine?
ANSWER -
I AM A CREATOR. MOTHER. SOURCE."
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"These questions took me only a few minutes to complete. I realized then that
we may be in for some serious trouble if the alien was not willing to cooperate,
or reveal any information that the military or intelligence agencies or scientists
considered to be useful to them.
I was also sure that the alien was very certain of the actual intentions of the
people who wrote these questions, as she could "read their minds" just as easily
as she could read my thoughts and communicate with me telepathically. Because
of these intentions, she was unwilling and unable to cooperate with any of them
in any way, under any circumstances. I am equally sure that since she was not a
biological life form, that there was no kind of torture or coercion that would
change her mind!"
42
Chapter Four
The Language Barrier
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"After I explained what I thought were the reasons for the "no answer" answer to
the intelligence agents, there was a great deal of upset and turmoil. A very
heated discussion took place between some of the intelligence officers, military
officials, psychologist and the language interpreters. This lasted for several
hours. It was finally decided that I should be allowed continue to interview the
alien, provided I could get a satisfactory answer from her to the following
question:"
 (OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 11. 7. 1947, 3rd Session
"QUESTION - "What assurance or proof do you require
from us that will make you feel safe enough to answer
our questions."
ANSWER -
ONLY SHE SPEAKS. ONLY SHE HEARS. ONLY SHE
QUESTIONS. NO OTHERS. MUST LEARN / KNOW /
UNDERSTAND."
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"When I returned from the interview room to report the alien response to this
question I received a grim and skeptical reception from the assembled
intelligence agents and military personnel. They could not understand what the
alien meant by this. 
43
I admitted that I couldn't really understand what she meant either, but I was
doing the best I could to articulate her telepathic intentions. I told the officials
that perhaps the communication problem had to do with my inability to
understand the telepathic language of the alien clearly enough to be satisfactory.
I was so discouraged at that point I almost felt like giving up!
And now, there was even more arguments than before! I was sure I was going
to be removed from my position, in spite of the fact that the alien refused to
communicate with anyone else, or that no one else had been found who could
communicate with her.
Fortunately, a very clever fellow named John Newble, who was a Japanese
language specialist from the Navy, 37 (Footnote) had an explanation and a
solution to the problem. He explained that, first, the problem had very little to
do with the inability of the alien to communicate. It had more to do with her
unwillingness to communicate with anyone other than myself. Second, in order
for any clear, comprehensive communication to happen, both parties needed to
understand and communicate through a common language.
Words and symbols in language convey very precise concepts and meanings.
He said that the Japanese people have a lot of homonyms 38 (Footnote) in their
language which cause a lot of confusion in day to day communication. They
solve this problem by using standard Chinese characters 39 (Footnote) to write
down the exact meanings of the word they are using. This clears up the matter
for them.

Without a defined nomenclature communication was not possible beyond the
rudimentary understanding between men and dogs, or between two small
children. The lack of a common vocabulary of clearly defined words that all
parties can use fluently, was the limiting factor in communication between all
people, groups, or nations.
Therefore, he suggested that there were only two choices. I had to learn to
speak the language of the alien, or the alien had to learn to speak English.
Factually only one choice was possible: that I persuade Airl to learn English,
and that I teach it to her with the guidance of the language specialist. No one
had any objection to trying this approach, as there were no other suggestions.
The language specialists suggested that I take several children's books, and a
basic reading primer, and grammar text with me into the interview room. The
plan was that I would sit next to the alien and read aloud to her from the books,
while pointing to the text I was reading with my finger so that she could follow
along.
The theory was that the alien could eventually be taught to read, just as a child is
taught to read by word and sound association with the written word, as well as 
44
instruction in fundamental grammar. They also assumed, I think, that if the
alien was intelligent enough to communicate with me telepathically, and fly a
space craft across the galaxy, that she could probably learn to speak a language
as quickly as a 5 year old, or faster!
I returned to the interview room and proposed this idea to Airl. She did not
object to learning the language, although she did not make any commitment to
answer questions either. No one else had a better idea, so we went ahead." 
45
Chapter Five
Reading Lessons
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"I began the reading lessons with the first pages of a school book that had been used
to teach pioneer children in the 1800s on the frontiers of America. It is called
"McGuffey's Eclectic Reader, Primer Through Sixth". 40 (Footnote)
Since I am a nurse, and not a teacher, the language expert who gave me the books
also gave me an extensive briefing -- a course that took an entire day -- on how to
use the books to teach the alien. He said the reason he chose these particular books
was because the original 1836 version of these books were used for three-quarters of
a century to teach about four-fifths of all American school children how to read. No
other books ever had so much influence over American children for so long.
McGuffey's educational course begins in "The Primer" by presenting the letters of
the alphabet to be memorized, in sequence. Children were then taught, step by step,
to use the building blocks of the language to form and pronounce words, using the
phonics method 41 (Footnote) which involves teaching children to connect sounds
with letters. Each lesson begins with a study of words used in the reading exercise
and with markings to show the correct pronunciation for each word.
I discovered that the stories in the "First and Second Readers" picture children in
their relationship with family members, teachers, friends, and animals. The "Third,
Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Readers" expanded on those ideas. One of the stories I
remember was "The Widow and the Merchant". It's kind of a morality tale about a
merchant who befriends a widow in need. Later, when the widow proves herself to
be honest, the merchant gives her a nice gift. The books do not necessarily teach you
to believe that charity is expected only of wealthy people though. We all know that
generosity is a virtue that should be practiced by everyone.
All of the stories were very wholesome and they gave very good explanations to
illustrate virtues like honesty, charity, thrift, hard work, courage, patriotism,
reverence for God, and respect for parents. Personally, I would recommend this book
to anyone!
I also discovered that the vocabulary used in the book was very advanced compared
to the relatively limited number of words people use commonly in our modern age. I 
46
think we have lost a lot of our own language since our Founding Fathers wrote the
Declaration of Independence over 200 years ago!
As instructed, I sat next to Airl in the interview room reading aloud to her from each
successive book in the series of McGuffey's Readers. Each of the books had
excellent, simple illustrations of the stories and subjects being taught, although they
are very outdated by today's standards. Nonetheless, Airl seemed to understand and
absorb every letter, sound, syllable and meaning as we progressed. We continued
this process for 14 hours a day for 3 consecutive days without interruption, except
for a few meals and rest breaks on my part.
Airl did not take breaks for anything. She did not sleep. Instead she remained sitting
in the overstuffed chair in the interview room, reviewing the lessons we had already
covered. When I returned each morning to begin where we'd left off, she had already
memorized the previous lessons and was well into the next pages. This pattern
continued to accelerate until it became pointless for me to continue reading to her.
Although Airl did not have a mouth to speak with, she was now able to "think" at me
in English. At the end of these lessons, Airl was able to read and study by herself. I
showed her how to use a dictionary to look up new words she encountered. Airl
consulted the dictionary continually after that. From then on my job was acting as a
courier for her, requesting that reference books be brought to her in a steady stream.
Next, Mr. Newble brought in a set of the Encyclopedia Britannica. 42 (Footnote)
Airl especially enjoyed this because it had a lot of pictures. After that, she requested
many more picture books and reference books with photographs and drawings
because it was much easier to understand the meaning if she could see a picture of
the thing she was studying.
Over the next six days books were brought in from libraries all over the country, I
presume, because it wasn't more than a few more days before she had read through
several hundred of them! She studied every subject I could imagine, and many other
very technical things I never wanted to know anything about, like astronomy,
metallurgy, engineering, mathematics, various technical manuals, and so forth.
Later she began to read fiction books, novels, poetry and the classics of literature.
Airl also asked to read a great many books on subjects in the humanities, especially
history. I think she must had read at least 50 books about human history and
archaeology. Of course, I made sure that she received a copy of the Holy Bible also,
which she read from cover to cover without comment or questions.
Although I continued to stay with Airl for 12 to 14 hours each day, most of that time
during the following week had been spent without much communication between us,
except for an occasional question she asked me. The questions were usually meant
to give her a sense of context or to clarify something in the books she was reading.
Oddly, Airl told me that her favorite books are "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" 
47
43 (Footnote), "Don Quixote de la Mancha" 44 (Footnote) and "One Thousand and One
Nights" 45 (Footnote). She said the authors of these stories showed that it is more
important to have great spirit and imagination than great skill or power.
I could not answer a lot of her questions, so I consulted with the people in the outer
room for answers. Most of these had to do with technical and scientific things. A
few of her questions were about the humanities. The depth of complex
understanding and subtlety of her questions showed that she had a very penetrating
intellect.
Personally, I think she had already known a lot more about the culture and history of
Earth than she was willing to admit when we started. I would soon discover how
much more." 
48
Chapter Six
My Education Begins
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"By the 15th day after "rescuing" Airl from the crash site, I was able to communicate
fluidly and effortlessly with her in English. She had absorbed so much written
material by this time that her academic education far exceeded my own. Although I
graduated from high school in Los Angeles in 1940 and attended college for four
years of premedical and nursing training, the variety of my own reading had been
fairly limited.
I had not studied most of the subjects to which Airl had now been exposed,
especially considering her acute understanding, very intense study habits and a
nearly photographic memory! She was able to recall long passages from books she
read. She was especially fond of sections of her favorite stories from classic
literature like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 46 (Footnote), tales from
Gulliver's Travels 47 (Footnote) and Peter Pan 48 (Footnote) and The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow 49 (Footnote).
By this time Airl had become the teacher, and I was the student. I was about to learn
what men of Earth do not know and have no way of knowing!
The throng of scientists and agents who observed us through the one-way glass of
our interview room, whom Airl and I now referred to as "the gallery", were growing
increasingly impatient to ask her questions. But Airl continued to refuse to allow
any questions to be asked of her by anyone other than myself, even vicariously
through me as an interpreter, or in writing.
On the afternoon of the 16th day Airl and I sat next to each other as she read. She
closed the last page of a book she was reading and placed it aside. I was about to
hand her the next book from a large pile waiting to be read, when she turned and said
or "thought" to me, "I am ready to speak now". At first I was a little confused by the
remark. I gestured for her to continue and she began to teach me my first lesson." 
49
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 24. 7. 1947, 1st Session
"What would you like to say, Airl?", I asked.
"I have been a part of the Domain Expeditionary Force in
this sector of space for several thousand years.
However, I have not personally had intimate contact with
beings on Earth since 5,965 BCE. It is not my primary
function to interact with inhabitants of planets within
The Domain. I am an Officer, Pilot and Engineer, with
many duties to perform. Nonetheless, although I am
fluent in 347 other languages within The Domain, I have
not been exposed to your English language.
The last Earth language with which I was conversant was
the Sanskrit language of the Vedic Hymns. 50 (Footnote) At
that time I was a member of a mission sent to
investigate the loss of a Domain base located in the
Himalaya Mountains. An entire battalion of officers,
pilots, communications and administrative personnel
disappeared and the base destroyed.
Several million years ago I was trained and served as an
Investigation, Data Evaluation and Program Development
Officer for The Domain. Because I was experienced in
that technology, I was sent to Earth as part of the
search team. One of my duties involved interrogation of
the human population that inhabited the adjoining area
at that time. 51 (Footnote) Many of the people in that region
reported sighting "vimanas" or space craft in the area. 52
(Footnote)
Following the logical extension of evidence, testimony,
observation, as well as the absence of certain evidence,
I led my team to the discovery that there were still
"Old Empire" ships and well-hidden "Old Empire"
installations in this solar system of which we had been
completely unaware. 
50
You and I were unable to communicate in your language
because I, personally, have not been exposed to your
language. However, now that I have scanned the books and
material you provided me this data has been relayed to
our space station in this region and processed by our
communications officer through our computers. It has
been translated into my own language and relayed back to
me in a context that I can think with. I have also
received additional information from the files stored in
our computers about the English language and Domain
records concerning Earth civilization." 53 (Footnote)
"Now I am prepared to give you certain information that
I feel will be of great value to you. I will tell you
the truth. Although truth is relative to all other
truth, I wish to share with you as honestly and
accurately as possible, truth as I see it, within the
boundaries of my integrity to myself, to my race and
without violating my obligations to the organization I
serve and have sworn to uphold and protect".
"OK", I thought. "Will you answer questions from the
gallery now?"
"No. I will not answer questions. I will provide
information to you that I think will be beneficial to
the well-being of the immortal spiritual beings who
comprise humanity, and that will foster the survival of
all the myriad life forms and the environment of Earth,
as it is a part of my mission to ensure the preservation
of Earth.
"Personally, it is my conviction that all sentient
beings are immortal spiritual beings. This includes
human beings. For the sake of accuracy and simplicity I
will use a made-up word: "IS-BE". Because the primary
nature of an immortal being is that they live in a
timeless state of "is", and the only reason for their
existence is that they decide to "be".
No matter how lowly their station in a society, every
IS-BE deserves the respect and treatment that I myself
would like to receive from others. Each person on Earth
continues to be an IS-BE whether they are aware of the
fact or not." 
51
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
(I will never forget this conversation. Her tone was very matter-of-fact and
emotionless. However, for the first time, I sensed the presence of a warm and real
"personality" in Airl. Her reference to "immortal spiritual beings" struck me like a
flash of light in a dark room. I had never before considered that a human being
could be an immortal being.
I thought that status or power was reserved solely for The Father, The Son, and The
Holy Ghost. And, because I am a devout Catholic and subject to the word of The
Lord Jesus, and The Holy Father, I have never thought of a woman as an immortal
spiritual being either -- not even the Holy Mother Mary. Yet, when Airl thought
that thought, I became vividly aware for the very first time that she, personally, was
an immortal spiritual being, and so are we all!
Airl said that she sensed that I was confused about the idea. She said she would
demonstrate to me that I am also an immortal spiritual being. She said, "Be above
your body!" Immediately, I realized that I was "outside" of my body, looking down
from the ceiling at the top of my body's head! 54 (Footnote) I was also able to see the
room around me, including Airl's body sitting in the chair next to my own body.
After a moment, I realized the simple, but shocking, reality, that "I" am not a body.
In that moment a black veil lifted and for the first time in my life, and for a very long
time into the past, I realized that I am not "my soul", but that "I" am "me" -- a
spiritual being. This was an unexplainable epiphany, but one that fills me with a joy
and relief I cannot recall having experienced ever before. As for the "immortal" part,
I do not understand her meaning, as I have always been taught that I am not immortal
-- a spirit, perhaps -- but certainly not immortal!
After a moment -- I'm not sure how long -- Airl asked me if I had a better
understanding of the idea. Suddenly, I was back inside my body again, and said out
loud, "Yes! I see what you mean!".
I was so taken aback by the experience that I had to get up from my chair and walk
around the room for a few minutes. I made an excuse that I needed to get a drink of
water, and go to the restroom, which I did. In the restroom I looked at my "self" in
the mirror. I used the toilet, refreshed my make-up, and straightened my uniform.
After 10 or 15 minutes I felt more "normal" again and returned to the interview
room.
After that I felt as though I was no longer just an interpreter for Airl. I felt as though
I was a "kindred spirit". I felt like I was safe, at home, with a trusted friend or
family member, as close as any I have ever had. Airl sensed and understood my
confusion about the concept of "personal immortality". She began her first "lesson"
with me by explaining this to me." 
52
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW CONTINUED)
"Airl told me her reasons for coming to Earth and for
being in the area of the 509th Bomber Squadron. She was
sent by her superior officers to investigate the
explosions of nuclear weapons which have been tested in
New Mexico. Her superiors ordered her to gather
information from the atmosphere that could be used to
determine the extent of radiation and potential harm
this might cause to the environment. During her mission,
the space craft was struck by a lighting 55 (Footnote), which
caused her to lose control and crash.
The space craft is operated by IS-BEs who use "doll
bodies" in much the same way that an actor wears a mask
and costume. It is a like a mechanical tool through
which to operate in the physical world. She, as well as
all of the other IS-BEs of the officer class and their
superiors, inhabit these "doll bodies" when they are on
duty in space. When they are not on duty, they "leave"
the body and operate, think, communicate, travel, and
exist without the use of a body.
The bodies are constructed of synthetic materials,
including a very sensitive electrical nervous system, to
which each IS-BE adjusts themselves or "tune in" to an
electronic wavelength 56 (Footnote) that is matched uniquely
to the wavelength or frequency emitted by each IS-BE.
Each IS-BE is capable of creating a unique wave
frequency which identifies them, much like a radio
signal frequency. This serves, in part, as
identification like a finger print. The doll body acts
like a radio receiver for the IS-BE. No two frequencies
or doll bodies are exactly the same.
The bodies of each IS-BE crew member are likewise tuned
into and connected to the "nervous system" built into
the space craft. The space craft is built in much the
same way as the doll body. It is adjusted specifically
to the frequency of each IS-BE crew member. Therefore,
the craft can be operated by the "thoughts" or energy
emitted by the IS-BE. It is really a very simple,
direct control system. So, there are no complicated
controls or navigation equipment on board the space
craft. They operate as an extension of the IS-BE. 
53
When the lightning bolt struck the space craft this
caused a short circuit and consequently "disconnected"
them from the control of the ship momentarily which
resulted in the crash.
Airl was, and still is, an officer, pilot and engineer
in an expeditionary force which is part of a space opera
57 (Footnote) civilization which refers to itself as "The
Domain". This civilization controls a vast number of
galaxies, stars, planets, moons and asteroids throughout
an area of space that is approximately one-fourth of the
entire physical universe! The continuing mission of her
organization is to "Secure, control and expand the
territory and resources of The Domain".
Airl pointed out that their own activities were very
similar in many ways to the European explorers who
"discovered" and "claimed" the New World for The Holy
Father, The Pope and for the kings of Spain, Portugal
and later, Holland, England, France and so forth. Europe
benefited from the property "acquired" from the native
inhabitants. However, the native inhabitants were never
consulted with or asked for their permission to become a
part of the "domain" of European nations and the
soldiers and priests they sent to acquire territory and
wealth in order to advance their interests.
Airl said she read in a history book that the Spanish
king regretted the brutal treatment of the native
inhabitants by his soldiers. He feared retribution from
the gods he worshipped, as described in the various
testaments of the Bible. He asked the Pope to prepare a
statement called "The Requirement" 58 (Footnote) which was
supposed to be read to each of the newly encountered
native inhabitants.
The king hoped that the statement, whether it was
accepted or rejected by the natives, would absolve the
King of all responsibility for the resulting slaughter
and enslavement of these people. He used this statement
as justification to confiscate their lands and
possessions by his soldiers and the Pope's priests.
Apparently, the Pope, personally, did not have any
feelings of guilt or responsibility in the matter.
Airl thought that such actions were those of a coward
and that it is no surprise that the territory of Spain 
54
was diminished so quickly. Only a few years later the
king was dead and his empire had been assimilated by
other nations.
Airl said that this sort of behavior does not occur in
The Domain. Their leaders assume full responsibility
for the actions of The Domain, and would not denigrate
themselves in this fashion. Nor do they fear any gods
or have any regret for their actions. This idea
reinforces my earlier suggestion that Airl and her
people are probably atheists.
In the case of the acquisition of Earth by The Domain,
the rulers of The Domain have chosen not to openly
reveal this intention to the "native inhabitants" of
Earth until a later time when it may, or may not, suit
their interests to reveal themselves. For the present
time, it is not strategically necessary to make the
presence of The Domain Expeditionary Force known to
Mankind. In fact, until now, it has been very
aggressively hidden, for reasons that will be revealed
later.
The asteroid belt near Earth is a very small, but
important location for The Domain in this part of space.
Actually, some of the objects in our solar system are
very valuable for use as low-gravity "space stations".
They are interested primarily in the low gravity
satellites in this solar system which consists mainly of
the side of the moon facing away from Earth 59 (Footnote) and
the asteroid belt, which was a planet that was destroyed
billions of years ago, and to a lesser degree, Mars and
Venus. Doom structures synthesized from gypsum 60 (Footnote)
or underground bases covered by electromagnetic force
screens 61 (Footnote) are easily constructed to house the
Domain forces.
Once an area of space is acquired by The Domain and
becomes a part of the territory under its control, it is
treated as the "property" of The Domain. The space
station near the planet Earth is important only because
it lay along a path of The Domain expansion route toward
the center of the Milky Way galaxy and beyond. Of
course, everyone in The Domain is aware of this --
except for the people of Earth."
55
Chapter Seven
A Lesson In Ancient History
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"My instruction with Airl continued through the night until dawn of the next
morning. I must say, that I was fascinated, skeptical, shocked, alarmed, dismayed
and disgruntled by the "lesson" I was getting from Airl. I could never have imagined
any of what she was telling me -- not even in my wildest dreams and nightmares!
The next afternoon, after I had slept, showered and eaten, I was debriefed about my
interview session the previous evening by members of the gallery who recorded my
account of what Airl told me. There was a stenographer present for this session, as
usual, to whom I debriefed after each interview, and there were also 6 or 7 men who
asked for clarification of my statements. As always, there was constant pressure
applied to me to use my influence with Airl to persuade her to answer specific
questions prompted by members of the gallery. I did my best to reassure everyone
that I would give my very best efforts to do so.
Nevertheless, only three things happened every day thereafter:
1) Airl resolutely refused to answer any questions that she sensed had been posed by
or suggested to me by the gallery.
2) Airl continued to "instruct" me in subject matter of her own choice.
3) Every evening after my interview with, or instruction from Airl, she would give
me a new list of subject matter about which she wanted more information. Each
evening I presented this list to the gallery. The next day Airl received a large stack
of books, magazines, articles, and so forth. She would study all of these during the
night while I slept. This pattern repeated every day during the remainder of the time
I spent with her.
The subject matter of my next interview, or lesson, from Airl continued with a brief
history of Earth, our solar system and nearby space, from the perspective of The
Domain." 
56
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 25. 7. 1947, 1st Session
"Before you can understand the subject of history, you
must first understand the subject of time. Time is
simply an arbitrary measurement of the motion of objects
through space.
Space is not linear. Space is determined by the point
of view of an IS-BE when viewing a object. The distance
between an IS-BE and the object being viewed is called
"space".
Objects, or energy masses, in space do not necessarily
move in a linear fashion. In this universe, objects
tend to move randomly or in a curving or cyclical
pattern, or as determined by agreed upon rules.
History is not only a linear record of events, as many
authors of Earth history books imply, because it is not
a string that can be stretched out and marked like a
measuring tool. History is a subjective observation of
the movement of objects through space, recorded from the
point of view of a survivor, rather than of those who
succumbed. Events occur interactively and concurrently,
just as the biological body has a heart that pumps
blood, while the lungs provide oxygen to the cells,
which reproduce, using energy from the sun and chemicals
from plants, at the same time as the liver strains toxic
wastes from the blood, and eliminates them through the
bladder and the bowels.
All of these interactions are concurrent and
simultaneous. Although time runs consecutively, events
do not happen in an independent, linear stream. In
order to view and understand the history or reality of
the past, one must view all events as part of an
interactive whole. Time can also be sensed as a
vibration which is uniform throughout the entire
physical universe. 
57
Airl explained that IS-BEs have been around since before
the beginning of the universe. The reason they are
called "immortal", is because a "spirit" is not born and
cannot die, but exists in a personally postulated
perception of "is - will be". She was careful to explain
that every spirit is not the same. Each is completely
unique in identity, power, awareness and ability.
The difference between an IS-BE like Airl and most of
the IS-BEs inhabiting bodies on Earth, is that Airl can
enter and depart from her "doll" at will. She can
perceive at selective depths through matter. Airl and
other officers of The Domain can communicate
telepathically. Since an IS-BE is not a physical
universe entity it has no location in space or time.
An IS-BE is literally, "immaterial". They can span great
distances of space instantly.
They can experience sensations, more intensely than a
biological body, without the use of physical sensory
mechanisms. An IS-BE can exclude pain from their
perception. Airl can also remember her "identity", so
to speak, all the way back into the dim mists of time,
for trillions of years!
She says that the existing collection of suns in this
immediate vicinity of the universe have been burning for
the last 200 trillion years. The age of the physical
universe is nearly infinitely old, but probably at least
four quadrillion 62 (Footnote) years since its earliest
beginnings.
Time is a difficult factor to measure as it depends on
the subjective memory of IS-BEs and there has been no
uniform record of events throughout the physical
universe since it began. As on Earth, there are many
different time measurement systems, defined by various
cultures, which use cycles of motion, and points of
origin to establish age and duration. 63 (Footnote)
The physical universe itself is formed from the
convergence and amalgamation of many other individual
universes 64 (Footnote), each one of which were created by an
IS-BE or group of IS-BEs. The collision of these
illusory universes commingled and coalesced and were
solidified to form a mutually created universe. Because
it is agreed that energy and forms can be created, but 
58
not destroyed, 65 (Footnote) this creative process has
continued to form an ever-expanding universe of nearly
infinite physical proportions.
Before the formation of the physical universe there was
a vast period during which universes were not solid, but
wholly illusionary. You might say that the universe was
a universe of magical illusions which were made to
appear and vanish at the will of the magician. In every
case, the "magician" was one or more IS-BEs. Many ISBEs on Earth can still recall vague images from that
period. Tales of magic, sorcery and enchantment, fairy
tales and mythology speak of such things, 66 (Footnote)
although in very crude terms.
Each IS-BE entered into the physical universe when they
lost their own, "home" universe. That is, when an ISBE's "home" universe was overwhelmed by the physical
universe, or when the IS-BE joined with other IS-BEs to
create or conquer the physical universe.
On Earth, the ability to determine when an IS-BE entered
the physical universe is difficult for two reasons:
1) the memory of IS-BEs on Earth have been erased, and
2) IS-BEs arrival or invasion into the physical universe
took place at different times, some 60 trillion years
ago, and others only 3 trillion. Every once in a short
while, a few million years, an area or planet will be
taken over by another group of IS-BEs entering into the
area.
Sometimes they will capture other IS-BEs as slaves. 67
(Footnote) They will be forced to inhabit bodies to perform
menial, or manual work -- especially mining mineral ores
on heavy-gravity planets, such as Earth.
Airl says that she has been a member of The Domain
Expeditionary Force for more than 625 million years,
when she became a pilot for a biological survey mission
which included occasional visits to Earth. She can
remember her entire career there, and for a very long
time before that.
She told me that Earth scientists do not have an
accurate measuring system to gauge the age of matter.
They assume that because certain types of materials seem
to deteriorate rather quickly, such as organic or 
59
carbon-based matter, that there is a deterioration of
matter. It is not accurate to measure the age of stone,
based on the measurement of the age of wood or bone.
This is a fundamental error. Factually, matter does not
deteriorate. It cannot be destroyed. Matter may be
altered in form, but it is never truly destroyed.
The Domain has conducted a periodic survey of the
galaxies in this sector of the universe since it
developed space travel technologies about 80 trillion
years ago. A review of changes in the complexion of
Earth reveal that mountain ranges rise and fall,
continents change location, the poles of the planet
shift, ice caps come and go, oceans appear and
disappear, rivers, valleys and canyons change. In all
cases, the matter is the same. It is always the same
sand. Every form and substance is made of the same
basic material, which never deteriorates.
(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
("I cannot even begin to imagine how advanced a civilization may have become,
technically, and mentally, after trillions of years! Just think of how advanced our
own country has become, compared to only 150 years. Only a few generations ago
transportation was on foot, horseback or boat, reading was done by candle light,
heating and cooking were done over a fireplace, and there wasn't any indoor
plumbing!")
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
"Airl described the abilities of an IS-BE officer of The
Domain to me, and she demonstrated one to me when she
contacted -- telepathically -- a communications officer
of The Domain who is stationed in the asteroid belt.
68 (Footnote)
The asteroid belt is composed of thousands of broken up
pieces of a planet that once existed between Mars and
Jupiter. It serves as a good low-gravity jumping off
point for incoming space craft traveling toward the
center of our galaxy.
She requested that this officer consult information
stored in the "files" of The Domain, concerning the
history of Earth. She asked the communications officer
to "feed" this information to Airl. The communications
officer immediately complied with the request. Based on 
60
the information stored in the files of The Domain, Airl
was able to give me a brief overview or "history
lesson". This is what Airl told me that The Domain had
observed about the history of Earth:
She told me that The Domain Expeditionary Force first
entered into the Milky Way galaxy very recently -- only
about 10,000 years ago. Their first action was to
conquer the home planets of the "Old Empire" (this is
not the official name, but a nick-name given to the
conquered civilization by The Domain Forces) that served
as the seat of central government for this galaxy, and
other adjoining regions of space. These planets are
located in the stars systems in the tail of the Big
Dipper constellation. 69 (Footnote) She did not mention which
stars, exactly.
About 1,500 years later The Domain began the
installation bases for their own forces along the path
of invasion which leads toward the center of this galaxy
and beyond. About 8,200 years ago The Domain forces set
up a base on Earth in the Himalaya Mountains near the
border of modern Pakistan and Afghanistan. This was a
base for a battalion of The Domain Expeditionary Force,
which included about 3,000 members.
They set up a base under or inside the top of a
mountain. The mountain top was drilled into and made
hollow to create an area large enough to house the ships
and personnel of that force. An electronic illusion of
the mountain top was then created to hide the base by
projecting a false image from inside the mountain
against a "force screen". The ships could then enter
and exit through the force screen, yet remain unseen by
homo sapiens.
Shortly after they settled there the base was surprised
by an attack from a remnant of the military forces of
the "Old Empire". Unbeknownst to The Domain, a hidden,
underground base on Mars, operated by the "Old Empire",
had existed for a very long time. The Domain base was
wiped out by a military attack from the Mars base and
the IS-BEs of The Domain Expeditionary Force were
captured.
You can imagine that The Domain was very upset about
losing such a large force of officers and crew, so they 
61
sent other crews to Earth to look for them. Those crews
were also attacked. The captured IS-BEs from The Domain
Forces were handled in the same fashion as all other ISBEs who have been sent to Earth. They were each given
amnesia, had their memories replaced with false pictures
and hypnotic commands and sent to Earth to inhabit
biological bodies. They are still a part of the human
population today.
After a very persistent and extensive investigation into
the loss of their crews, The Domain discovered that "Old
Empire" has been operating a very extensive, and very
carefully hidden, base of operations in this part of the
galaxy for millions of years. No one knows exactly how
long. Eventually, the space craft of the "Old Empire"
forces and The Domain engaged each other in open combat
in the space of the solar system.
According to Airl, there was a running battle between
the "Old Empire" forces and The Domain until about 1235
AD, when The Domain forces finally destroyed the last of
the space craft of the "Old Empire" force in this area.
The Domain Expeditionary Force lost many of its own
ships in this area during that time also.
About 1,000 years later the "Old Empire" base was
discovered by accident in the spring of 1914 AD. The
discovery was made when the body of the Archduke of
Austria, 70 (Footnote) was "taken over" by an officer of The
Domain Expeditionary Force. This officer, who was
stationed in the asteroid belt, was sent to Earth on a
routine mission to gather reconnaissance.
The purpose of this "take over" was to use the body as a
"disguise" through which to infiltrate human society in
order to gather information about current events on
Earth. The officer, as an IS-BE, having greater power
than the being inhabiting the body of the Archduke,
simply "pushed" the being out and took over control of
the body.
However, this officer did not realize how much the
Hapsburgs were hated by feuding factions in the country,
so he was caught off guard when the body of the Archduke
was assassinated by a Bosnian student. The officer, or
IS-BE, was suddenly "knocked out" of the body when it
was shot by the assassin. Disoriented, the IS-BE 
62
inadvertently penetrated one of the "amnesia force
screens" and was captured.
Eventually The Domain discovered that a wide area of
space is monitored by an "electronic force field"
71 (Footnote) which controls all of the IS-BEs in this end of
the galaxy, including Earth. The electronic force
screen is designed to detect IS-BEs and prevent them
from leaving the area.
If any IS-BE attempts to penetrate the force screen, it
"captures" them in a kind of "electronic net". The
result is that the captured IS-BE is subjected to a very
severe "brainwashing" treatment which erases the memory
of the IS-BE. This process uses a tremendous electrical
shock, just like Earth psychiatrists use "electric shock
therapy" to erase the memory and personality of a
"patient" and to make them more "cooperative". 72 (Footnote)
On Earth this "therapy" uses only a few hundred volts of
electricity. However, the electrical voltage 73 (Footnote)
used by the "Old Empire" operation against IS-BEs is on
the order of magnitude of billions of volts! This
tremendous shock completely wipes out all the memory of
the IS-BE. The memory erasure is not just for one life
or one body. It wipes out the all of the accumulated
experiences of a nearly infinite past, as well as the
identity of the IS-BE!
The shock is intended to make it impossible for the ISBE to remember who they are, where they came from, their
knowledge or skills, their memory of the past, and
ability to function as a spiritual entity. They are
overwhelmed into becoming a mindless, robotic nonentity.
After the shock a series of post hypnotic suggestions 74
(Footnote) are used to install false memories, and a false
time orientation in each IS-BE. This includes the
command to "return" to the base after the body dies, so
that the same kind of shock and hypnosis can be done
again, and again, again -- forever. The hypnotic
command also tells the "patient" to forget to remember.
What The Domain learned from the experience of this
officer is that the "Old Empire" has been using Earth as 
63
a "prison planet" for a very long time -- exactly how
long is unknown -- perhaps millions of years.
So, when the body of the IS-BE dies they depart from the
body. They are detected by the "force screen", they are
captured and "ordered" by hypnotic command to "return
to the light". The idea of "heaven" and the "afterlife"
are part of the hypnotic suggestion -- a part of the
treachery that makes the whole mechanism work.
After the IS-BE has been shocked and hypnotized to erase
the memory of the life just lived, the IS-BE is
immediately "commanded", hypnotically, to "report" back
to Earth, as though they were on a secret mission, to
inhabit a new body. Each IS-BE is told that they have a
special purpose for being on Earth. But, of course
there is no purpose for being in a prison -- at least
not for the prisoner.
Any undesirable IS-BEs who are sentenced to Earth were
classified as "untouchable" 75 (Footnote) by the "Old Empire".
This included anyone that the "Old Empire" judged to be
criminals who are too vicious to be reformed or subdued,
as well as other criminals such as sexual perverts, or
beings unwilling to do any productive work.
An "untouchable" classification of IS-BEs also includes
a wide variety of "political prisoners" 76 (Footnote). This
includes IS-BEs who are considered to be noncompliant
"free thinkers" or "revolutionaries" who make trouble
for the governments of the various planets of the "Old
Empire". Of course, anyone with a previous military
record against the "Old Empire" is also shipped off to
Earth.
A list of "untouchables" include artists, painters,
singers, musicians, writers, actors, and performers of
every kind. For this reason Earth has more artists per
capita than any other planet in the "Old Empire".
"Untouchables" also include intellectuals, inventors and
geniuses in almost every field. Since everything the
"Old Empire" considers valuable has long since been
invented or created over the last few trillion years,
they have no further use for such beings. This includes
skilled managers also, which are not needed in a society
of obedient, robotic citizens. 
64
Anyone who is not willing or able to submit to mindless
economic, political and religious servitude as a taxpaying worker in the class system of the "Old Empire"
are "untouchable" and sentenced to receive memory wipeout and permanent imprisonment on Earth.
The net result is that an IS-BE is unable to escape
because they can't remember who they are, where they
came from, where they are. They have been hypnotized to
think they are someone, something, sometime, and
somewhere other than were they really are.
The Domain officer who was "assassinated" while in the
body of Archduke of Austria was, likewise, captured by
the "Old Empire" force. Because this particular officer
was a high powered IS-BE, compared to most, he was taken
away to a secret "Old Empire" base under the surface of
the planet Mars. They put him into a special electronic
prison cell and held him there.
Fortunately, this Domain officer was able to escape from
the underground base after 27 years in captivity. When
he escaped from the "Old Empire" base, he returned
immediately to his own base in the asteroid belt. His
commanding officer ordered that a battle cruiser be
dispatched 77 (Footnote) to the coordinates of the base,
provided by this officer, and to destroy that base
completely. This "Old Empire" base was located a few
hundred miles north of the equator on Mars in the
Cydonia region. 78 (Footnote)
Although the military base of the "Old Empire" was
destroyed, unfortunately, much of the vast machinery of
the IS-BE force screens, the electroshock / amnesia /
hypnosis machinery continues to function in other
undiscovered locations right up to the present moment.
The main base or control center for this "mind control
prison" 79 (Footnote) operation has never been found. So, the
influences of this base, or bases, are still in effect.
The Domain has observed that since the "Old Empire"
space forces were destroyed there is no one left to
actively prevent other planetary systems from bringing
their own "untouchable" IS-BEs to Earth from all over
this galaxy, and from other galaxies nearby. Therefore,
Earth has become a universal dumping ground for this
entire region of space. 
65
This, in part, explains the very unusual mix of races,
cultures, languages, moral codes, religious and
political influences among the IS-BE population on
Earth. The number and variety of heterogeneous
societies on Earth are extremely unusual on a normal
planet. Most "Sun Type 12, Class 7" planets are
inhabited by only one humanoid body type or race, if
any.
In addition, most of the ancient civilizations of Earth,
and many of the events of Earth have been heavily
influenced by the hidden, hypnotic operation of the "Old
Empire" base. So far, no one has figured out exactly
where and how this operation is run, or by whom because
it is so heavily protected by screens and traps.
Furthermore, there has been no operation undertaken to
seek out, discover and destroy the vast and ancient
network of electronics machinery that create the IS-BE
force screens at this end of the galaxy. Until this has
been done, we are not able to prevent or interrupt the
electric shock operation, hypnosis and remote thought
control 80 (Footnote) of the "Old Empire" prison planet.
Of course all of the crew members of The Domain
Expeditionary Force now remain aware of this phenomena
at all times while operating in this solar system space
so as to prevent detection and the capture by "Old
Empire" traps." 
66
Chapter Eight
A Lesson In Recent History
(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"This interview taught me a history lesson I will never read in any text book written
on Earth! The Domain has a much different view of events than we do."
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 26. 7. 1947, 1st Session
"The Domain Expeditionary Force has observed a
resurgence in science and culture of the Western world
since 1150 AD when the remaining remnants of the space
fleet of the "Old Empire" in this solar system were
destroyed. The influence of the remote control 81 (Footnote)
hypnosis operation diminished slightly after that time,
but still remains largely in force.
Apparently a small amount of damage was done to the "Old
Empire" remote mind control 82 (Footnote) operation which
resulted in a small decrease in the power of this
mechanism. As a result, some memory of technologies
that IS-BEs already knew before they came to Earth
started to be remembered. Thereafter the oppression of
knowledge that is called the "Dark Ages" 83 (Footnote) in
Europe began to diminish after that time.
Since then knowledge of the basic laws of physics 84
(Footnote) and electricity 85 (Footnote) have revolutionized Earth
culture virtually overnight. The ability to remember
technology by many of the geniuses in the IS-BE
population of Earth was partially restored, when not so
actively suppressed as it was before 1150 AD. Sir Isaac
Newton, 86 (Footnote) is one of the best examples of this. In
only a few decades he single-handedly reinvented several 
67
major and fundamental scientific and mathematical
disciplines.
The men who "remembered" these sciences already knew
them before they were sent to Earth. Ordinarily, no one
would ever observe or discover as much about science and
mathematics in a single life-time, or even in a few
hundred life-times. These subjects have taken
civilizations billions and billions of years to create!
IS-BEs on Earth have only just begun to remember small
fragments of all the technologies that exist throughout
the universe. Theoretically, if the amnesia mechanisms
being used against Earth could be broken entirely, ISBEs would regain all of their memory!
Unfortunately, similar advances have not been seen in
the humanities as the IS-BEs of Earth continue to behave
very badly toward each other. This behavior, however,
is heavily influenced by the "hypnotic commands" given
to each IS-BE between lifetimes. 87 (Footnote)
And, the very unusual combination of "inmates" on Earth
- criminals, perverts, artists, revolutionaries and
geniuses - is the cause of a very restive and tumultuous
environment. The purpose of the prison planet is to
keep IS-BEs on Earth, forever. Promoting ignorance,
superstition, and war between IS-BEs helps to keep the
prison population crippled and trapped behind "the wall"
of electronic force screens.
IS-BEs have been dumped on Earth from all over the
galaxy, adjoining galaxies, and from planetary systems
all over the "Old Empire", like Sirius, Aldebaron, the
Pleiades, Orion, Draconis, and countless others. There
are IS-BEs on Earth from unnamed races, civilizations,
cultural backgrounds, and planetary environments. Each
of the various IS-BE populations have their own
languages, belief systems, moral values, religious
beliefs, training and unknown and untold histories.
These IS-BEs are mixed together with earlier inhabitants
of Earth who came from another star system more than
400,000 years ago to establish the civilizations of
Atlanta 88 (Footnote) and Lemuria 89 (Footnote). Those civilizations
vanished beneath the tidal waves caused by a planetary
"polar shift", 90 (Footnote) many thousands of years before 
68
the current "prison" population started to arrive.
Apparently, the IS-BEs from those star systems were the
source of the original, oriental races of Earth,
beginning in Australia.
On the other hand, the civilizations set up on Earth by
the "Old Empire" prison system were very different from
the civilization of the "Old Empire" itself, which is an
electronic space opera, atomic powered conglomeration of
earlier civilizations that were conquered with nuclear
weapons and colonized by IS-BEs from another galaxy.
The bureaucracy that controlled the former "Old Empire"
was from an ancient space opera society, run by a
totalitarian 91 (Footnote) confederation of planetary
governments, regulated by a brutal social, economic, and
political hierarchy, 92 (Footnote) with a royal monarch as its
figurehead. 93 (Footnote)
This type of government emerges with regularity on
planets where the citizens abandon personal
responsibility for autonomous, self-regulation. They
frequently lose their freedom to demented IS-BEs who
suffer from an overwhelming paranoia that every other
IS-BE is their enemy who must be controlled or
destroyed. Their closest friends and allies, whom they
espouse to love and cherish, are literally "loved to
death" by them.
Because such IS-BEs exist, The Domain has learned that
freedom must be won and maintained through eternal
vigilance and the ability to use defensive force to
maintain it. As a result, The Domain has already
conquered the governing planet of the "Old Empire". The
civilization of The Domain, although considerably
younger and smaller in size, is already more powerful,
better organized, and united by a egalitarian esprit de
corps 94 (Footnote) never known in the history of the "Old
Empire".
The recently despoiled German totalitarian state on
Earth was similar to the "Old Empire", but not nearly as
brutal, and about ten thousand times less powerful.
Many of the IS-BEs on Earth are here because they are
violently opposed to totalitarian government, 95 (Footnote) or
because they were so psychotically vicious that they
could not be controlled by "Old Empire" government. 
69
Consequently, the population of Earth is
disproportionately comprised of a very high percentage
of such beings. The conflicting cultural and ethical
moral codes of the IS-BEs on Earth is unusual in the
extreme.
The Domain conquest of the central "Old Empire" planets
was fought with electronic cannon. 96 (Footnote) The citizens
of the planets forming the core of government for the
"Old Empire" are a filthy, degraded, slave society of
mindless, tax-paying workers, who practice cannibalism.
Violent automotive race tracks and bloody, Roman circus
type entertainments are their only amusements.
Regardless of any reasonable justification we may have
had for using atomic weapons to vanquish the planets of
the "Old Empire", The Domain is careful not to ruin the
resources of those planets by using weapons of crude,
radioactive force.
The current U.S. civilization is beginning to mimic some
of the trappings of that civilization, especially in the
design of airplanes, automobiles, ships, trains, and
telephones. Likewise, buildings in the cities of Earth
are thought to be "modern" or "futuristic" if their
design resembles the architecture of the "Old Empire".
The government of the "Old Empire", before being
supplanted by The Domain, was comprised of beings who
possessed a very craven intelligence, very much like the
Axis powers 97 (Footnote) during your recent world war. Those
beings manifested precisely the same behavior as the
galactic government that exiled them to eternal
imprisonment on Earth. They were a gruesome reminder of
the ageless maxim that an IS-BE will often manifest the
treatment they have received from others. Kindness
fosters kindness. Cruelty begets cruelty. One must be
able and willing to use force, tempered with
intelligence, to prevent harm to the innocent. However,
extraordinary understanding, self-discipline and courage
are required to effectively prevent brutality, without
being overwhelmed by the malice that motivated the
brutality.
Only a demonic, self-serving government would employ a
"logic" or "science" to conceive that an "ultimate
solution" to any problem is to murder and permanently 
70
erase the memory of every artist, genius, skilled
manager, and inventor, and cast them into a planetary
prison together with political opponents, killers,
thieves, perverts, and disabled beings of an entire
galaxy!
Once the IS-BEs expelled from the "Old Empire" arrived
on Earth, they were given amnesia, and hypnotically
tricked into thinking that something else had happened
to them. The next step was to implant the IS-BEs into
biological bodies on Earth. The bodies became the human
populations of "false civilizations" which were designed
and installed in the minds of IS-BEs to look completely
unlike the "Old Empire".
All of the IS-BEs of India, Egypt, Babylon, Greece,
Rome, and Medieval Europe were guided to pattern and
build the cultural elements of these societies based on
standard patterns developed by the IS-BEs of many
earlier, similar civilizations on "Sun Type 12, Class 7"
planets that have existed for trillions of years
throughout the universe.
In the earliest times the IS-BEs sent to prison Earth
lived in India. They gradually spread into Mesopotamia,
Egypt, Mesoamerica, Achaea, Greece, Rome, Medieval
Europe, and to the New World. They were hypnotically
"commanded" to follow the pattern of a given
civilization by the "Old Empire" prison operators. This
is an effective mechanism to disguise the actual time
and location from the IS-BEs imprisoned on Earth. The
languages, costumes and culture of each false
civilization are intended to reinforce amnesia because
they do not remind the IS-BEs on Earth of the original
"Old Empire" planets from which they were deported.
On the very far back-track of time these types of
civilizations tended to repeat themselves over and over
because the IS-BEs who created them become familiar with
certain patterns and styles, and stayed with them. It
is a lot of work to invent an entire civilization,
complete with culture, architecture, language, customs,
mathematics, moral values, and so forth. It is much
easier to replicate a copy based on a familiar and
successful pattern. 
71
A "Sun Type 12, Class 7" planet is the designation given
to a planet inhabited by carbon-oxygen based life forms.
The class of the planet is based on the size and
radiation intensity of the star, the distance of the
planetary orbit from the star, and the size, density,
gravity, and chemical composition of the planet.
Likewise, flora and fauna are designated and identified
according to the star type and class of planet they
inhabit.
On the average, the percentage of planets in the
physical universe with a breathable atmosphere is
relatively small. Most planets do not have an
atmosphere upon which life-forms "feed", as on Earth,
where the chemical composition of the atmosphere
provides nutrition to plants, and other organisms, which
in turn support other life forms.
When the Domain Force brought the Vedic Hymns 98 (Footnote) to
the Himalayas region 8,200 years ago, some human
societies already existed. The Aryan people invaded and
conquered India 99 (Footnote) , bringing the Vedic Hymns 100
(Footnote) to the area.
The Vedas were learned by them, memorized and carried
forward verbally for 7,000 years before being committed
to written form. During that span of time one of the
officers of The Domain Expeditionary Force was
incarnated on Earth as "Vishnu" 101 (Footnote). He is
described many times in the Rig-Veda. He is still
considered to be a god by the Hindus. Vishnu fought in
the religious wars against the "Old Empire" forces. He
is a very able and aggressive IS-BE as well as a highly
effective officer, who has since been reassigned to
other duties in The Domain.
This entire episode was orchestrated as an attack and
revolt against the Egyptian pantheon installed by "Old
Empire" administrators. The conflict was intended to
help free humankind from implanted elements of the false
civilization that focused attention on many "gods" and
superstitious ritual worship demanded by the priests who
"managed" them. It is all part of the mental
manipulation by the "Old Empire" to hide their criminal
actions against the IS-BEs on Earth. 
72
A priesthood, or prison guards, were used to help
reinforce the idea that an individual, is only a
biological body, and is not an Immortal Spiritual Being.
The individual has no identity. The individuals have no
past lives. 102 (Footnote) The individual has no power. Only
the gods have power. And, the gods are a contrivance of
the priests who intercede between men and the gods they
serve. Men are slaves to the dictates of the priests
who threaten eternal spiritual punishment if men do not
obey them.
What else would one expect on a prison planet where all
prisoners have amnesia, and the priests themselves are
prisoners? The intervention of The Domain Force on
Earth has not been entirely successful due to the secret
mind-control operation of the "Old Empire" that still
continues to operate.
A battle was waged between the "Old Empire" forces and
The Domain through religious conquest. Between 1500 BCE
and about 1200 BCE, The Domain Forces attempted to teach
the concept of an individual, Immortal Spiritual Being
to several influential beings on Earth.
One such instance resulted in a very tragic
misunderstanding, misinterpretation and misapplication
of the concept. The idea was perverted and applied to
mean that there is only one IS-BE, instead of the truth
that everyone is an IS-BE! Obviously, this was a gross
incomprehension and an utter unwillingness to take
responsibility for one's own power.
The "Old Empire" priests managed to corrupt the concept
of individual immortality into the idea that there is
only one, all-powerful IS-BE, and that no one else is or
is allowed to be an IS-BE. Obviously, this is the work
of the "Old Empire" amnesia operation.
It is easy to teach this altered notion to beings who do
not want to be responsible for their own lives. Slaves
are such beings. As long as one chooses to assign
responsibility for creation, existence and personal
accountability for one's own thoughts and actions to
others, one is a slave.
As a result, the concept of a single monotheistic "god"
resulted and was promoted by many self-proclaimed 
73
prophets, such as the Jewish slave leader -- Moses -- 103 (Footnote) who grew up in the household of the Pharaoh
Amenhotep III 104 (Footnote) and his son, Akhenaten 105 (Footnote)
and his wife Nefertiti, 106 (Footnote) as well as his son
Tutankhamen. 107 (Footnote)
The attempt to teach certain beings on Earth the truth
that they are, themselves, IS-BEs, was part of a plan to
overthrow the fictional, metaphorical, anthropomorphic
panoply of gods created by the "Old Empire" mystery cult
called "The Brothers of The Serpent" 108 (Footnote) known in
Egypt as the Priests of Amun. 109 (Footnote) They were a very
ancient, secret society within the "Old Empire".
The Pharaoh Akhenaten was not a very intelligent being,
and was heavily influenced by his personal ambition for
self-glorification. He altered the concept of the
individual spiritual being and embodied the concept in
the sun god, Aten. His pitiful existence was soon
ended. He was assassinated by Maya and Parennefer, two
of the Priests of Amun, or "Amen", which the Christians
still say, who represented the interests of the "Old
Empire" forces.
The idea of "One God" was perpetuated by the Hebrew
leader Moses 110 (Footnote) while he was in Egypt. He left
Egypt with his adopted people, the Jewish slaves. While
they were crossing the desert, Moses was intercepted by
an operative of the "Old Empire" near Mt. Sinai. Moses
was tricked into believing that this operative was "the"
One God through the use of hypnotic commands, as well as
technical and aesthetic tricks which are commonly used
by the "Old Empire" to trap IS-BEs. Thereafter, the
Jewish slaves, who trusted the word of Moses implicitly,
have worshiped a single god they call "Yaweh". 111 (Footnote).
The name "Yaweh" means "anonymous", as the IS-BE who
"worked with" Moses could not use an actual name or
anything that would identify himself, or blow the cover
of the amnesia / prison operation. The last thing the
covert amnesia / hypnosis / prison system wants to do is
to reveal themselves openly to the IS-BEs on Earth.
They feel that this would restore the inmates memories!
This is the reason that all traces of physical
encounters between operatives of space civilizations and 
74
humans is very carefully hidden, disguised, covered-up,
denied or misdirected.
This "Old Empire" operative contacted Moses on a desert
mountain top and delivered the "Ten Hypnotic Commands"
to him. These commands are very forcefully worded, and
compel an IS-BE into utter subservience to the will of
the operator. These hypnotic commands are still in
effect and influence the thought patterns of millions of
IS-BEs thousands of years later!
Incidentally, we later discovered that the so-called
"Yaweh" also wrote, programmed and encoded the text of
the Torah, which when it is read literally, or in its
decoded, 112 (Footnote) form, will provide a great deal more
false information to those who read it.
Ultimately, the Vedic Hymns became the source of nearly
all of Eastern the religions and were the philosophical
source of the ideas common to Buddha 113 (Footnote), Laozi
114 (Footnote), Zoroaster 115 (Footnote), and other philosophers.
The civilizing influences of these philosophies
eventually replaced the brutal idolatry of the "Old
Empire" religions and were the true genesis of kindness
and compassion.
You asked me earlier why The Domain, and other space
civilizations do not land on Earth or make their
presence known. Land on Earth? Do you think we are
crazy or want to be crazy? It takes a very brave IS-BE
to come down through the atmosphere and land on Earth,
because this is a prison planet, with a very
uncontrolled, psychotic population. And, no IS-BE is
entirely proof against the risk of entrapment, as with
the members of The Domain Expeditionary Force who were
captured in the Himalayas 8,200 years ago.
No one knows what IS-BEs on Earth are going to do. We
are not scheduled to invest the resources of The Domain
to take total control of all the space surrounding the
area at this time. This will occur in the not-todistant future -- about 5,000 Earth years -- according
to the time schedule of The Domain. At this time we do
not prevent transports from other planetary systems or
galaxies from continuing to drop IS-BEs into the amnesia
force screen area. Eventually, this will change. 
75
In addition, Earth, inherently, is a highly unstable
planet. It is not suitable for settlement or permanent
habitation for any sustainable civilization. This is
part of the reason why it is being used as a prison
planet. No one else would seriously consider living
here for a variety of simple and compelling reasons:
1) The continental land masses of Earth are floating on
a sea of molten lava beneath the surface which causes
the land masses to crack, crumble and drift continually.
116 (Footnote)
2) Because of the liquid nature of the core, the planet
is largely volcanic and subject to earthquakes and
volcanic explosions.
3) The magnetic poles of the planet shift radically
about once every 20,000 years. 117 (Footnote) This causes a
greater or lesser degree of devastation as a result of
tidal waves, and climatic changes.
4) Earth is very distant from the center of the galaxy
and from any other significant galactic civilization.
This isolation makes it unsuitable for use, except as a
"pit stop" or jumping off point along the way between
galaxies. The moon and asteroids are far more suitable
for this purpose because they do not have any
significant gravity.
5) Earth is a heavy gravity planet, with heavy metallic
soil and a dense atmosphere. This makes it treacherous
for navigational purposes. That fact that I am in this
room, as the result of an in flight accident, in spite
of the technology of my craft and my extensive expertise
as a pilot, are proof of these facts.
6) There are approximately sixty billion Earth-like (Sun
Type 12, Class 7) planets in the Milky Way galaxy alone,
not to mention the vast expanses of The Domain, and the
territories we will claim in the future. It is
difficult to stretch our resources to do much more than
a periodic reconnaissance of Earth. Especially when
there are no immediate advantages to invest resources
here.
7) On Earth most beings are not aware that they are ISBEs, or that there are spirits of any kind. Many other 
76
beings are aware of this, but nearly everyone has a very
limited understanding of themselves as an IS-BE.
One of the reasons for this is that IS-BEs have been
waging war against each other since the beginning of
time. The purpose of these wars have always been to
establish domination by one IS-BE or group of IS-BEs
over another. Since an IS-BE cannot be "killed", the
objective has been to capture and immobilize IS-BEs.
This has been done in an nearly unlimited variety of
ways. The most basic method to capture and immobilize
an IS-BE is through the use of various kinds of "traps".
IS-BE traps have been made and put in place by many
invading societies, such as the one that established the
"Old Empire", beginning about sixty-four trillion years
ago. Traps are often set up in the "territory" of the
IS-BEs being attacked. Usually a trap is set with the
electronic wave of "beauty" to attract the interest and
attention of the IS-BE. When the IS-BE moves toward the
source of the aesthetic wave, such as a beautiful
building or beautiful music, the trap is activated by
the energy put out by the IS-BE.
One of the most common trap mechanism uses the IS-BE's
own thought energy output when the IS-BE tries to attack
or fight back against the trap. The trap is activated
and energized by the IS-BE's own thought energy. The
harder the IS-BE fights against the trap, the more it
pulls the IBS toward it and keeps them "stuck" in the
trap.
Throughout the entire history of this physical universe,
vast areas of space have been taken over and colonized
by IS-BE societies who invade and take over new areas of
space in this fashion. In the past, these invasions
have always shared common elements:
1) the overwhelming use of force of arms, usually with
nuclear or electronic weapons.
2) mind control of the IS-BEs in the invaded area
through the use of electroshock, drugs, hypnosis,
erasure of memory and the implantation of false memory
or false information intended to subjugate and enslave
the local IS-BE population. 
77
3) take over of natural resources by the invading ISBEs.
4) political, economic and social slavery of the local
population.
These activities continue in present time. All of the
IS-BEs on Earth have been members of one or more of
these activities in the past, both as an invader, or as
part of the population being invaded. There are no
"saints" in this universe. Very few have avoided or
been exempted from warfare between IS-BEs.
IS-BEs on Earth are still the victims of this activity
at this very moment. The between-lives amnesia
administered to IS-BEs is one on the mechanisms of an
elaborate system of "Old Empire" IS-BE traps, that
prevent an IS-BE from escaping.
This operation is managed by an illicit, renegade secret
police 118 (Footnote) force of the "Old Empire", using false
provocation operations to disguise their activities
119 (Footnote) in order to prevent detection by their own
government, The Domain and by the victims of their
activities. They are mind-control methods developed by
government psychiatrists. 120 (Footnote)
Earth is a "ghetto" 121 (Footnote) planet. It is the result
of an intergalactic "Holocaust". 122 (Footnote) IS-BEs have
been sentenced to Earth either because:
1) They are too viciously insane or perverse to function
as part of any civilization, no matter how degraded or
corrupt.
2) Or, they are a revolutionary threat to the social,
economic and political caste system that has been so
carefully built and brutally enforced in the "Old
Empire". Biological bodies are specifically designed
and designated as the lowest order of entity in the "Old
Empire" caste system. When an IS-BE is sent to Earth,
and then tricked or coerced into operating in a
biological body, they are actually in a prison, inside a
prison.
3) In an effort to permanently and irreversibly rid the
"Old Empire" of such "untouchables", the eternal 
78
identity, memory, and abilities of every IS-BE is
forcefully erased. This "final solution" 123 (Footnote) was
conceived and carried out by the psychopathic criminals
who are controlled by the "Old Empire".
The mass extermination of "untouchables" and prison
camps created by Germany during World War II were
recently revealed. Likewise, the IS-BEs of Earth are the
victims of spiritual eradication and eternal slavery
inside frail, biological bodies, inspired by the same
kind of craven hatred in the "Old Empire".
The kind and creative inmates of Earth are continuously
tortured by butchers and lunatics who are controlled by
the "Old Empire" prison operators. The so-called
"civilizations" of Earth, from the age of useless
pyramids to the age of nuclear holocaust, have been a
colossal waste of natural resources, a perverted use of
intelligence, and an overt oppression of the spiritual
essence of every single IS-BE on the planet.
If The Domain sent ships to every corner of the universe
in search of "Hell", their quest could end on Earth.
What greater brutality can be inflicted on anyone than
to erase the spiritual awareness, identity, ability,
and memory that is the essence of oneself?
The Domain has, as yet, been unable to rescue the 3,000
IS-BEs of the Expeditionary Force Battalion either.
They are forced to inhabit biological bodies on Earth.
We have been able to recognize and track most of them
for the past 8,000 years. However, our attempts to
communicate with them are usually futile, as they are
unable to remember their true identity.
The majority of lost members of The Domain force have
followed the general progression of Western civilization
from India, into the Middle East, then to Chaldea, and
Babylon, into Egypt, through Achaia, Greece, Rome, into
Europe, to the Western Hemisphere, and then all around
the world.
The members of the lost Battalion and many other IS-BEs
on Earth, could be valuable citizens of The Domain, not
including those who are vicious criminals or perverts.
Unfortunately, there has been no workable method
conceived to emancipate the IS-BEs from Earth. 
79
Therefore, as a matter of common logic, as well as the
official policy of The Domain, it is safer and more
sensible to avoid contact with the IS-BE population of
Earth until such time as the proper resources can be
allocated to locate and destroy the "Old Empire" force
screen and amnesia machinery and develop a therapy to
restore the memory of an IS-BE."
80
Chapter Nine
A Time Line of Events
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"For this interview I took written notes because Airl gave me a lot of dates and
names that I couldn't possibly remember without writing them down. I didn't usually
take notes, but during this lesson I thought it was important to get the information
exactly as she gave it to me. However, I discovered that my note taking made it
much more difficult for me to focus on receiving the communication from Airl. I
was sometimes so distracted by my own writing that I lost the train of her thought, so
I had to ask her to "repeat" herself several times.
Airl continued to stay in communication with the Communications Officer on the
asteroid belt space station, from which she received much of this information. Since
Airl was an officer / pilot / engineer of The Domain, and not a historian, she had to
get this information from records of reconnaissance missions conducted by other
officers of The Domain Expeditionary Force."
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 27. 7. 1947, 1st Session
"The actual history of Earth is very bizarre. It is so
nonsensical that is it is incredible to anyone on Earth
who attempts to investigate it. A myriad of vital
information is missing from it. A huge conglomeration
of non sequitur relics and mythology has been arbitrarily
introduced into it. The volatile nature of the Earth
itself cyclically covers, drowns, mixes and shreds
physical evidence.
These factors, combined with amnesia and post-hypnotic
suggestions, false facades and covert manipulation make
a reconstruction of the factual origins and history of
Earth civilizations virtually indecipherable. Any 
81
investigator, no matter how brilliant, is doomed to
wallow in a quagmire of inconclusive assumptions,
unworkable hypotheses, and perpetual mystery.
Since The Domain does not suffer these afflictions,
having the advantage of memory, longevity and an
exterior point of view, I will add some clarification to
your fragmentary knowledge of the history of Earth.
These are some of the dates and events that are not
mentioned in Earth history textbooks. These dates are
significant because they provide some information
concerning the influences of the "Old Empire" and of The
Domain on Earth.
Although I have attended several briefings by our
mission control personnel on the general background of
Earth within the past few hundred years, I will rely
principally on data gathered from records captured
after our invasion of the "Old Empire" planetary
headquarters. Since that time The Domain Expeditionary
Force has tracked the general progress of events on
Earth.
As I mentioned, in some cases The Domain has chosen to
intervene in certain affairs on Earth in order to ensure
the success of our long term expansion plans. Although
The Domain has no interest in Earth, per se, or in the
population of IS-BEs on this planet, it does serve our
interests to ensure that the resources of Earth are not
destroyed or spoiled. To that end, certain officers of
The Domain have been sent to Earth on reconnaissance
missions from time to time to gather information.
However, the following dates and events have been
extrapolated from the accumulated information in the
data files of The Domain -- at least those that are
accessible to me through the space station
communications center.
208,000 BCE --
The establishment of the "Old Empire", whose
headquarters were located near one of the "tail stars"
in the Ursa Major (Big Dipper) Constellation 124 (Footnote) of
this galaxy. The "Old Empire" invasion force conquered
the area with nuclear weapons sometime earlier. After 
82
the radioactivity 125 (Footnote) subsided and the clean-up and
restoration were completed, it received the immigration
of beings from another galaxy into this galaxy. Those
beings set up a society that kept going until about
10,000 years ago when it was superseded by The Domain.
Very recently Earth civilization has come to resemble
aspects of that civilization, now that it has fallen out
of its immediate control. In particular, the appearance
and technology of transportation such as planes, trains,
ships, fire engines, and automobiles, as well as what
you consider to be "modern" or "futuristic"
architecture, which emulate the design of buildings in
the major cities of the "Old Empire".
Before 75,000 BCE --
The Domain records contain very little information about
the civilizations on the continental land masses of
Atlanta 126 (Footnote) and Lemur 127 (Footnote), except to note that
they did coexist on Earth at more or less the same time.
Apparently, both civilizations were founded by remnants
of electronic, space opera cultures who fled from their
native planetary systems to escape political or
religious persecution.
The Domain knows that a long-standing edict of the "Old
Empire" prohibits unauthorized colonization of planets.
Therefore, it is possible that their destruction was
caused by police or military forces who pursued the
colonists as criminals and destroyed them. Although
this seems a likely supposition, no conclusive evidence
exists that explains the complete destruction and
disappearance of two entire electronic civilizations.
Another possibility is that a massive submarine volcanic
eruption in the region of Lake Toba, in Sumatra 128 (Footnote)
and Mt. Krakatoa 129 (Footnote) in Java caused the destruction
of Lemur. The flood waters caused by the eruption
overwhelmed all the land masses, including the highest
mountains. Survivors of the destruction of the
civilization, the Lemurians, are the earliest ancestors
of the Chinese. Australia and the ocean areas to the
north were the center of the Lemurian civilization and
are the source of Oriental races. Both civilizations
possessed electronics, flight and similar technologies
of space opera cultures. 
83
Apparently, the volcanic eruption expelled such a
significant mass of molten rock that the resulting
vacuum beneath the crust of Earth caused great areas of
the land masses to sink below the oceans. The
continental areas occupied by both civilizations were
covered with volcanic matter, and then submerged,
leaving very little evidence that they ever existed
except for legends of a global flood which prevail in
every culture of the Earth, and for survivors who are
the genus of oriental races and cultures.
That kind of colossal volcanic explosion 130 (Footnote) fills
the stratosphere with toxic gases which are carried
around the whole planet. The usual refuse of these
volcanic eruptions can easily cause a rain that lasts
for "40 days and 40 nights" due to atmospheric pollution
as well as an extensive period during which radiation
from the sun is deflected back into space, and cause
global cooling. 131 (Footnote) Certainly such an event would
cause an ice age, extinctions of life forms and many
other relatively long-term changes lasting thousands of
years.
Due to the myriad types of naturally occurring global
cataclysmic events which are indigenous to Earth, it is
not a suitable planet for habitation by IS-BEs. In
addition there have been occasional global cataclysms
caused by IS-BEs such as the one that destroyed the
dinosaurs 132 (Footnote) more than 70 million years ago. That
destruction was caused by intergalactic warfare during
which time Earth, and many other neighboring moons and
planets, were bombarded by atomic weapons. Atomic
explosions cause atmospheric fallout much like that of
volcanic eruptions. 133 (Footnote) Most of the planets in this
sector of the galaxy have been uninhabitable deserts
since then.
Earth is undesirable for many other reasons: heavy
gravity and dense atmosphere, floods, earthquakes,
volcanoes, polar shifts, continental drift, meteor
impacts, atmospheric and climatic changes, to name a
few. What kind of lasting civilization could any
sophisticated culture propose to develop in such an
environment? 
84
In addition, Earth is a small planet of a "rim star" of
a galaxy. This makes Earth very isolated geographically
from the more concentrated planetary civilizations which
exist toward the center of the galaxy. These obvious
facts have made Earth suitable for use only as a
zoological or botanical garden, or for it's current use
as a prison -- but not much else.
Before 30,000 BCE --
Earth started being used a dumping ground and prison for
IS-BEs who were judged "untouchable", meaning criminal
or non-conformists. IS-BEs were captured, encapsulated
in electronic traps and transported to Earth from
various parts of the "Old Empire". Underground "amnesia
stations" were set up on Mars and on Earth in the
Rwenzori Mountains 134 (Footnote) in Africa, in the Pyrenees
Mountains 135 (Footnote) of Portugal, and in steppes of
Mongolia. 136 (Footnote)
These electronic monitoring points create force screens
designed to detect and capture IS-BEs, when the IS-BE
departs the body at death. IS-BEs are brainwashed using
extreme electronic force in order to maintain Earth's
population in state of perpetual amnesia. Further
population controls are installed through the use of
long range electronic thought control mechanisms.
These stations are still in operation and they are
extremely difficult to attack or destroy, even for The
Domain, which will not maintain a significant military
force in this area until a later date.
The pyramid civilizations were intentionally created as
part of the IS-BE prison system on Earth. The pyramid
is alleged to be the symbol for "wisdom". However, the
"wisdom" of the "Old Empire" on planet Earth is intended
to operate as part of the elaborate amnesia "trap"
consisting of MASS, MEANING and MYSTERY. These are
opposite to the qualities of an Immortal Spiritual Being
which have no mass, or meaning. An IS-BE "is" solely
because it thinks that it "is".
MASS represents the physical universe, including objects
such as stars, planets, gases, liquids, energy particles
and tea cups. The Pyramids were very, very solid
objects, as were all of the structures created by the
"Old Empire". Heavy, massive, dense, solid objects 
85
create the illusion of eternity. Dead bodies wrapped in
linen, soaked in resin, placed inside engraved golden
coffins and entombed with Earthly possessions amid
cryptic symbols create an illusion of eternal life.
However, dense, heavy physical universe symbols are the
exact opposite of an IS-BE. An IS-BE has no mass or
time. Objects do not endure forever. An IS-BE "is"
forever.
MEANING: False meanings prevent knowledge of the truth.
The pyramid cultures of Earth are a fabricated illusion.
They are nothing more than "false civilizations"
contrived by the "Old Empire" mystery cult called the
Brothers of the Serpent. False meanings were invented
to create the illusion of a false society to further
reinforce the amnesia mechanism among the intimates in
the Earth prison system.
MYSTERY is built of lies and half-truths. Lies cause
persistence because they alter facts which are comprised
of exact dates, places and events. When truth is known,
a lie no longer persists. If the exact truth is
revealed, it is no longer a mystery.
All of the pyramid civilizations of Earth were carefully
contrived of layer upon layer of lies, skillfully
combined with a few truths. The priest cult of the "Old
Empire" combined sophisticated mathematics and space
opera technology, with theatrical metaphors and
symbolism. All of these are complete fabrications of
truth, baited with the allure of aesthetics and mystery.
The intricate rituals, astronomical alignments, secret
rites, massive monuments, marvelous architecture,
artistically rendered hieroglyphs and man-animal "gods"
were designed to create a unsolvable mystery for the ISBE prison population on Earth. The mystery diverts
attention away from the truth that IS-BEs have been
captured, given amnesia and imprisoned on a planet far,
far away from their home.
The truth is that every single IS-BE on Earth came to
Earth from some other planetary system. Not one person
on Earth is a "native" inhabitant. Human beings did not
"evolve" on Earth. 
86
In the past, Egyptian society was run by the prison
administrators or priests, who, in turn, manipulated a
Pharaoh, controlled the treasury and kept the inmate
population enslaved physically and spiritually. In
modern times, the priests have changed, but the function
is the same. However, now the priest are prisoners too.
Mystery reinforces the walls of the prison. The "Old
Empire" feared that the IS-BEs on Earth might regain
their memory. Therefore, one of the primary functions
of The "Old Empire" priesthood is to prevent IS-BEs on
Earth from remembering who they really are, how they
came to Earth, where they came from.
The "Old Empire" operators of the prison system, and
their superiors, do not want IS-BEs to remember who
murdered them, captured them, stole all of their
possessions, sent them to Earth, gave them amnesia and
condemned them to eternal imprisonment!
Imagine what might happen if all of the inmates in the
prison suddenly remembered that they have the right to
be free! What if they suddenly realized that they have
been falsely imprisoned and rise up as one against the
guards?
They are afraid to reveal anything that looks like the
civilization of the inmates home planets. A body, a
piece of clothing, a symbol, a space ship, an advanced
electronics device, or any other remnant of civilization
from a home planet could "remind" a being and rekindle
his memory.
Sophisticated technologies of entrapment and
enslavement, which were developed over millions of
years in the "Old Empire", have been applied to the ISBEs on Earth with the intention to create a false facade
for the prison. These facades were installed on Earth
in totality, all at once. Every piece is a fully
integrated part of the prison system.
This includes a religion of mumbo-jumbo double-speak.
Every pyramid civilization uses this as part of a
control mechanism to keep the population enslaved by
force, by fear and by ignorance. The indecipherable
muddle of irrelevant information, geometric designs,
mathematical calculation, astronomical alignments, are 
87
part of a false spirituality based on solid objects,
rather than immortal spirits, in order to confuse and
disorient the IS-BEs on Earth.
When the body of a person died they were buried with
their Earthly possessions, including their former body
wrapped in linen, to sustain their "soul" or "Ka" after
death. An IS-BE does not "have" as soul. An IS-BE is a
soul.
On the home planet of an IS-BE their material
possessions were not lost, stolen or forgotten when the
being died or left the body. An IS-BE could return and
claim the possessions. However, if the IS-BE has
amnesia, they will not remember that they had any
possession. So, governments, insurance companies,
bankers, family members and other vultures can pick
their possessions clean without fear of retribution from
the deceased. 137 (Footnote)
The only reason for these false meanings is to instill
the idea that an IS-BE is NOT a spirit, but a physical
object! This is a lie. It is a trap for an IS-BE.
Countless people have spent endless hours attempting to
solve the jig-saw puzzle of Egypt and other "Old Empire"
civilizations. They are puzzles made of pieces that do
not fit. A question states its own answer. What is the
mystery of Egypt and other pyramid cultures? Mystery!
circa 15,000 BCE --
The "Old Empire" forces supervised the construction of a
hydraulic mining operations in the Andes Mountains in
present day Bolivia near Lake Titicaca (Lake of Tin
Stones) at Tiahuanaco 138 (Footnote) including construction of
the massive stone complex of carved stone buildings
known as Kalasasaya and its "Gate of the Sun" at an
elevation of nearly 14,000 feet.
11,600 BCE --
The Polar Axis of Earth shifted 139 (Footnote) to a sea area.
The last Ice Age came to an end abruptly as the polar
ice caps melted and the level of the ocean rose to
submerge large sections of the land masses of Earth.
The last remaining vestiges of Atlantis and Lemuria were 
88
covered by water. Massive extinctions of animals
occurred in the Americas, Australia and the Artic
Regions due to the shift of the poles.
10,450 BCE --
Plans were made by the "Old Empire" IS-BE called Thoth
for construction of a Great Pyramid of Giza. The 4 "air
shafts" of the pyramid point precisely to key stars in
the "Old Empire" as seen from Giza in this year. The
alignment of the Pyramids of Giza on the ground matches
perfectly the alignment of the constellation of Orion as
seen in the sky from Giza relative to the Nile as the
earthly representation of the Milky Way in the sky. 140
(Footnote)
10,400 BCE --
According to the Earth historian, Herodotus, records
from the ruined civilization of Atlantis, containing
electronic technology and other technology of that
society, were buried in a vault beneath the paws of The
Sphinx. The Greek historian wrote that he was told this
by some of his friends who were Priests of Anu, the
Sumerian god, at the Egyptian city of Heliopolis.
However, it is highly unlikely that any traces of an
electronic civilization would be allowed to be left
intact on Earth by the "old empire" prison system
administrators. 141 (Footnote).
8,212 BCE --
The Veda or Vedic hymns are a set of religious hymns
that were introduced into the societies of Earth. They
came forward in spoken tradition, memorized, from
generation to generation. "The Hymn to the Dawn Child''
includes an idea called the "cycle of the physical
universe": the creation, growth, conservation, decay and
death or destruction of energy and matter in a space.
These cycles produce time. The same set of hymns
describes the "theory of evolution". Here is a
tremendous body of knowledge which contains a great deal
of spiritual truth. Unfortunately, it has been
incorrectly evaluated by humans and altered with lies
and reversals of fact by priests which are a booby trap
to prevent anyone from using the wisdom to discover a
way to escape from the prison planet. 
89
8,050 BCE --
Destruction of the "Old Empire" home planet government
in this galaxy. This was the end of the "Old Empire" as
a political entity in the galaxy. However, the vast
size of the "Old Empire" will take many thousands of
years for The Domain to conquer completely. The inertia
of the political, economic and cultural systems of the
"Old Empire" will remain in place for some time to come.
However, remnants of the "Old Empire" space fleet in the
solar system of Earth were finally destroyed in 1,230
AD. In addition to operatives of the "Old Empire" who
run the Earth prison operation, there were other beings
from the "Old Empire" who came to Earth. Since Earth
was no longer under the control of the "Old Empire"
after their defeat by The Domain Forces, there was no
police force to control military renegades, space
pirates, miners, merchants and entrepreneurs who came to
Earth to exploit the resources of the planet for
personal gain, and many other nefarious reasons.
For example, the history of Earth, according to the
Jewish people, describes the "Nephilim". 142 (Footnote) Chapter
6 of The Book of Genesis, describes the origin of the
"Nephilim" :
"Now it came about, when men began to multiply on
the face of the land, and daughters were born to
them, that the "sons of God" saw that the daughters
of men were beautiful; and they took wives for
themselves, whomever they chose.
The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and
also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the
daughters of men, and they bore children to them.
Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of
renown."
The ancient Jewish people who wrote the history book
called the Old Testament were slaves, herders and
gatherers. Any modern technology, even a simple
flashlight, would seem astounding and miraculous to
them. They attributed any unexplainable phenomenon or
technology to the workings of a "god". Unfortunately,
this behavior is universal among all IS-BEs who have
been given amnesia, and cannot remember their own 
90
experiences, training, technology, personality or
identity.
Obviously, if these were men, and they mated with Earth
women, they were not "sons of god". They were IS-BEs
who inhabited biological bodies in order to take
advantage of the political situation in the "Old
Empire", or simply to indulge in physical sensation.
They set up small colonies of their own on Earth beyond
the reach of the police and tax authorities.
Coincidentally, one of the most serious crimes an IS-BE
could commit in the "Old Empire" was to violate income
tax regulations. Income taxes were used as a slavery
mechanism and as a punishment in the "Old Empire". The
slightest error in a tax report made an IS-BE
"untouchable", followed by imprisonment on Earth.
6,750 BCE --
Other Pyramid civilizations were set up by the "Old
Empire" on Earth. These were established in Babylon,
Egypt, China and Mesoamerica. The Mesopotamian area
provided service facilities, communication stations,
space ports, and stone quarry operations for these false
civilizations.
Ptah was the name given to the first in a succession of
administrators from the "Old Empire" who represented
themselves to the Earth population as "divine" rulers.
Ptah's importance may be understood when one learns that
the word "Egypt" is a Greek corruption of the phrase
"Het-Ka-Ptah," or "House of the Spirit of Ptah". Ptah,
was nick-named "The Developer". He was a construction
engineer. His high priest was given the title 'Great
Leader of Craftsmen'.
Ptah was also the god of reincarnation in Egypt. He
originated the "opening of the mouth ceremony" which was
performed by priests at funerals to "release souls" from
their corpses. Of course, when the "souls" were
released, they were captured, given amnesia, and
returned to Earth again.
The so-called "Devine" rulers who followed Ptah on Earth
were called "Ntr", meaning "Guardians or Watchers" by 
91
the Egyptians. Their symbol was the Serpent, or Dragon
which represented a secret priesthood of the "Old
Empire" called the "Brothers of the Serpent".
"Old Empire" engineers used cutting tools of highly
concentrated light waves to quickly carve and excavate
stone blocks. 143 (Footnote) They also used force fields and
space craft to lift and transport blocks of stone
weighing hundred or thousands of tons each. The
placement on the ground of some of these structures will
be found to have geodetic or astronomical significance
relative to various stars in this galactic region.
The buildings are crude and impractical, compared to
building standards on most planets. As an engineer of
The Domain, I can attest that make-shift structures like
these would never pass inspection on a planet in The
Domain. Stone blocks such as those used in the pyramid
civilizations can still be seen, partially excavated, in
the stone quarries in the Middle East 144 (Footnote) and
elsewhere.
Most of the structures were hastily built "props", much
like the false facades of a western town on the set of a
motion picture. They appear to be real, and to have
some use or value however, they have no value. They have
no useful purpose. The pyramids and all of the other
stone monuments erected by the "Old Empire" could be
called "mystery monuments". For what reason would
anyone waste so many resources to construct so many
useless buildings? To create a mysterious illusion.
The fact of the matter is that each one of the "divine
rulers" were IS-BEs who served as operatives of the "Old
Empire". They were certainly not "divine", although
they were IS-BEs.
6248 BCE --
The beginning of active warfare between The Domain Space
Command and the surviving remnants of the "Old Empire"
space fleet in this solar system that lasted nearly
7,500 years. It began when an installation was
established in the Himalaya mountains by a battalion of
the 3,000 officers and crew members of The Domain
Expeditionary Force. The installation was not fortified 
92
as The Domain was not aware that the "Old Empire"
maintained Earth as a prison planet.
The Domain installation was attacked and destroyed by
space forces of the "Old Empire" who continued to
operate in the solar system of Earth. IS-BEs of The
Domain battalion were captured, taken to Mars, given
amnesia, and sent back to Earth to inhabit human
biological bodies. They are still on Earth.
5,965 BCE --
Investigations into the disappearance of Domain forces
in this solar system led to the discovery of "Old
Empire" bases on Mars and elsewhere. The Domain took
over the planet Venus 145 (Footnote) as a defensive position
against the space forces of the "Old Empire". The
Domain Expeditionary Force also monitors life forms on
Venus which has a very dense, hot and heavy atmosphere
of sulfuric acid clouds. There are a few life forms on
Earth that can endure an atmospheric environment like
Venus. 146 (Footnote)
The Domain also established secret installations or
space stations in the Earth solar system. This solar
system has a planet that is broken up -- the asteroid
belt. 147 (Footnote) It provides a very useful low-gravity
platform for take off and landing of space craft. It is
used as a "galactic jump" between the Milky Way and
adjoining galaxies. There aren't any planets at this end
of the galaxy that can serve as a good galactic entering
spot for incoming transport, and other ships. But this
broken up planet makes a very ideal space station. As a
result of our war against the "Old Empire", this area of
the solar system is now a valuable possession of The
Domain.
3,450 - 3,100 BCE --
The intervention into the affairs on Earth by the "Old
Empire" operatives or "divine gods" was disrupted at
this time by The Domain Forces. They were forced to
replace themselves with human rulers. The First Dynasty
of human Pharaohs who united Upper and Lower Egypt began
with the rule of a Pharaoh who, coincidentally, was
named "MEN". He established the capital city called
Men-Nefer, "The Beauty of Men" in Egypt. This started 
93
the first succession of 10 human Pharaohs and a period
of 350 years of chaos that followed in the
administrative ranks of the "Old Empire".
3,200 BCE --
As I mentioned earlier, Earth was under attack between
The Domain and the "Old Empire" forces during this
period. Of course this does not make any sense to
archaeologists or historians on Earth, because the
Egyptian period is a space opera era period. Since
Earth historians have amnesia, they assume that this was
only a religious period.
Further, because the technology and civilizations
installed on Earth during this period were "prepackaged", they did not "evolve" on Earth. Of course,
there is no evidence anywhere on Earth of an
evolutionary transition which resulted in sophisticated
mathematics, language, writing, religion, architecture,
cultural traditions in Egypt or any of the pyramid
civilizations. These cultures, complete with all of the
details of racial body types, hair-styles, facial makeup, rituals, moral codes and so forth, just "appeared"
as complete integrated packages.
The physical evidence suggests that all evidence of the
intervention of The Domain or "Old Empire" Forces, or
any other extraterrestrial activity, has been carefully
"cleaned up", so as not to create suspicion. The "Old
Empire" force does not want the IS-BEs of Earth to
suspect that they have been captured, transplanted to
Earth and brainwashed.
So, Earth historians continue to assume that Egyptian
priests were not supposed to have "ray guns" or other
technology of the "Old Empire". And, they suppose that
there was nothing going on, on Earth, except some
priests walking around saying 'Amen', which the
Christians still say.
3,172 BCE --
Layout of the astronomical grid that joins the key
mining sites and astronomical buildings of 'the gods' in
the Andes Mountains such as Tiahuanaco, 148 (Footnote) Cuzco,
Quito, the cities of Ollantaytambu, 149 (Footnote) Machupiccu 150
94
(Footnote) and Pachacamac 151 (Footnote) for the mining of rare
metals, including tin for use in making bronze. Metals
were the property of "the gods", of course.
A great variety of entrepreneurial mining was done on
Earth at that time due to the war between the "Old
Empire" force and The Domain. These miners did carve a
few sculptures of themselves. They are seen wearing
mining helmets. The Ponce stela sculpture in the sunken
courtyard of the Kalasasaya temple is a crude rendering
of a stone worker using an electronic, light-wave
emitting stone cutter and carving tools, held in a
holster. 152 (Footnote)
The "Old Empire" has also maintained mining operations
on planets throughout the galaxy for a very long time.
The mineral resources of Earth are now a property of The
Domain.
2,450 BCE --
The "great" pyramid 153 (Footnote) and complex of pyramids
near Cairo were completed. An inscription created by
the "Old Empire" administrators can be seen in the socalled Pyramid texts. 154 (Footnote) The texts say that the
pyramid was built under the direction of Thoth, Son of
Ptah. Of course there was never a King buried in the
chamber, since the pyramids were never intended to be
used as a burial chamber.
The great pyramid was located precisely at the exact
center of all of the land masses of Earth, 155 (Footnote) as
viewed from space. Obviously such precise measurements
require aerial perspective and a view of the land masses
of Earth from space. Purely mathematical calculations
of the geodetic center of the continents of Earth could
not be made otherwise.
Shafts were constructed inside the pyramid to align with
the configuration of stars in the constellation of
Orion, Canus Majora, and specifically Sirius. The
shafts are also aligned to the Big Dipper, where the
home planet of the "Old Empire" existed. Also, Ainitak,
Alpha Draconis and Beta Ursa Minor. 156 (Footnote) These stars
are each one of the key systems in the "Old Empire" from
which IS-BEs were brought to Earth and dumped, as
unwanted merchandise. 
95
The configuration of all the pyramids of the Giza
Plateau was intended to create a "mirror image", on
Earth of the solar system and certain constellations
within the "Old Empire".
2,181 BCE --
MIN, became the God of Fertility of Egypt. The IS-BE,
also known as Pan, was also a Greek god. Min or Pan,
was an IS-BE who somehow managed to escape from the "Old
Empire" amnesia system. 157 (Footnote)
2,160 - 2040 BCE --
One of the results of the intensifying battle between
The Domain Forces and the "Old Empire" forces was that
the control of the "divine rulers", was broken at this
time. They finally left Egypt and returned to the
"heavens", so to speak, in defeat. Human beings took
over the ruling role as Pharaohs. The first human
pharaoh moved the Capital city of Egypt from Memphis to
Heracleopolis. 158 (Footnote)
1,500 BCE --
This is the date for the destruction of Atlantis given
by the Egyptian high-priests, Psenophis of Heliopolis,
and Sonchis of Sais, to the Greek sage Solon. 159 (Footnote)
The Priests of Anu recorded that the Mediterranean area
was invaded by "Atlantean" people about this time. Of
course, these people were not from the ancient continent
of Atlanta, in the Atlantic Ocean, which existed more
than 70,000 years earlier.
These were refugees from the Minoan civilization on
Crete escaping from the volcanic eruption and tidal
waves of Mt. Thera that destroyed their civilization.
Plato's references to Atlantis were borrowed from the
writings of the Greek philosopher Solon, who was given
the information by the Egyptian priest who called
Atlantis "Kepchu", which also happens to be the Egyptian
name for the people of Crete. Some of the survivors of
the Minoan volcanic disaster asked Egypt for help, since
they were the only other civilization with high culture
in the Mediterranean area at the time. 160 (Footnote) 
96
1351 BCE - 1337 BCE --
The Domain Expeditionary Force actively waged a war of
religious conquest against the Egyptian mystery cult
called the Priest of Amun, also known as the "Old
Empire" Brothers of The Serpent. During this time the
Pharaoh Akhenaten abolished the priesthood of Amun, and
moved the capital of Egypt from Thebes to the new
location at Amarna, at the exact geodetic center of
Egypt 161 (Footnote). However, this plot to overthrow the "Old
Empire" religious control was quickly spoiled.
1,193 BCE --
In the Near East and Achaea, the Greeks and Trojans
fought for supremacy, which ended in the destruction of
Troy as the finale of the Trojan War. 162 (Footnote) During
this same time, war was being fought out in the space of
the solar system between two forces for control of the
"space stations" surrounding Earth. That period of 300
years was a very violent resistance to The Domain Forces
by the remnants of the "Old Empire" forces. It did not
last long however, as it is futile to resist The Domain.
850 BCE --
Homer, the blind Greek poet, 163 (Footnote) wrote the stories
'the gods' as borrowed and modified from earlier sources
in Vedic texts, Sumerian texts, Babylonian and Egyptian
mythology. His poems, as well as many other "myths" of
the ancient world are very accurate descriptions of the
exploits of IS-BE's on Earth who were able to avoid the
"Old Empire amnesia operation and operate without
biological bodies.
700 BCE --
The Vedic Hymns were first translated in the Greek
language. This was the beginning of a cultural
revolution in Western civilization that transformed
crude and brutal tribal cultures into democratic
republics based on more reasonable conduct.
638 - 559 BCE --
Solon, a wise man from Greece, reported the existence of
Atlantis. This was information he received from the 
97
"Old Empire" high-priests, Psenophis of Heliopolis and
Sonchis of Sais, with whom he studied in Egypt. 164 (Footnote)
630 BCE --
Zoroaster 165 (Footnote) created religious practices in Persia
around an IS-BE called Ahura Mazda. 166 (Footnote) This was yet
another of the growing number of "monotheistic" gods put
in place by operatives of The Domain to displace a
panoply of "Old Empire" gods.
604 BCE --
Laozi, a philosopher who wrote a small book called "The
Way", 167 (Footnote) was an IS-BE of great wisdom, who
overcame the effects of the "Old Empire" amnesia /
hypnosis machinery and escaped from Earth. His
understanding of the nature of an IS-BE must have been
very good to accomplish this.
According to the common legend, his last lifetime as a
human was lived in a small village in China. He
contemplated the essence of his own life. Like Guatama
Siddhartha, he confronted his own thoughts, and past
lives. In so doing, he recovered some of his own
memory, ability and immortality.
As an old man, he decided to leave the village and go to
the forest to depart the body. The village gatekeeper
stopped him and begged him to write down his personal
philosophy before leaving. Here is a small piece of
advice he gave about "the way" he rediscovered his own
spirit:
"He who looks will not see it;
He who listens will not hear it;
He who gropes will not grasp it.
The formless nonentity, the motionless source of motion.
The infinite essence of the spirit is the source of
life.
Spirit is self.
Walls form and support a room,
yet the space between them is most important.
A pot is formed of clay,
yet the space formed therein is most useful.
Action is caused by the force of nothing on something, 
98
just as the nothing of spirit is the source of all form.
One suffers great afflictions because one has a body.
Without a body what afflictions could one suffer?
When one cares more for the body than for his own
spirit,
One becomes the body and looses the way of the spirit.
The self, the spirit, creates illusion.
The delusion of Man is that reality is not an illusion.
One who creates illusions and makes them more real than
reality, follows the path of the spirit and finds the
way of heaven".
593 BCE --
The Genesis story written by the Jewish people describe
"angels" or "sons of god" mating with women of Earth,
who bore them children. These were probably renegades
from the "Old Empire". They may also have been space
pirates or merchants from a system outside the galaxy
who came to steal mineral resources, or smuggle drugs.
The Domain has observed that there are many visitors to
Earth from neighboring planets and galaxies, but they
rarely stop and live here. What kind of beings would
live on a prison planet if they were not forced to do
so?
The same book also reports the story of a human named
Ezekiel who witnessed a spacecraft or aircraft landing
near Chebar River in Chaldea. His description of the
craft uses very archaic language, technically, but is
nevertheless, quite an accurate description of an "Old
Empire" saucer or scout craft. It is similar to the
sighting of "vimanas" by the people in the foothills of
the Himalayas.
Their Genesis story also mentions that "Yahweh" designed
biological bodies to live for 120 years on Earth.
Biological bodies on most "Sun Type 12, Class 7" planets
are usually engineered to last for an average of about
150 years. Human bodies on Earth last only about one
half as long. We suspect this is because the prison
administrators have altered the biological material of
human bodies on Earth to die more frequently so that the 
99
IS-BEs who inhabit them will recycle through the amnesia
mechanism more frequently. 168 (Footnote)
It should be noted that much of the "Old Testament" was
written during the captivity of the Jews who were
enslaved in Babylon, which was very heavily controlled
by priests of the "Old Empire". The book introduces a
false sense of time and a false concept of the origin of
the creation.
The serpent is the symbol of the "Old Empire". It
appears in the beginning of their creation story, or as
the Greeks say, "Genesis", and causes the spiritual
destruction of the first human beings, who are
metaphorically represented by Adam and Eve.
The Old Testament, clearly influenced by the "Old
Empire" Forces, gives a detailed description of the ISBEs being induced into biological bodies on Earth. This
book also describes many of the "Old Empire"
brainwashing activities, including the installation of
false memories, lies, superstitions, commands to
"forget" and all manner of tricks and traps designed to
keep IS-BEs on Earth. Most importantly, it destroys the
awareness that humans are Immortal Spiritual Beings.
580 BCE --
The Oracle at Delphi was one temple in a network of many
oracle temples. Each temple was a communication center.
The "Old Empire" priests designated a local "god" for
each temple. Each of the temples in this network were
located at precisely 5 degrees of latitude intervals
from the capital city of Thebes throughout the
Mediterranean area as far north as the Baltic Sea.
The shrines served, among other things, as a grid,
housing electronic beacons, later called "Omphalus
Stones". 169 (Footnote) The grid arrangement of Oracle sites
can only be seen from miles above the Earth. The
original network of electronic communications beacons
were disabled when the priesthood was dispersed, and
were replaced by carved stones.
The symbol of the "Old Empire" priesthood is a Python,
dragon or serpent. It was called the "earth-dragon" at 
100
Delphi, which is always represented in sculpture and
vase-paintings as a serpent.
In Greek mythology the guardian of the Omphalus Stone at
the temple at Delphi was an oracle whose name was
Python, the serpent. 170 (Footnote) She was an IS-BE, who was
conquered by a "god" named Apollo. He buried her under
the Omphalos stone. This is a case of one "god" setting
up his temple on the grave of another. This is a very
accurate euphemism for The Domain Force that detected
and disabled the "Old Empire" temple network on Earth.
It was one of the fatal blows to the "Old Empire" Force
in the solar system of Earth.
559 BCE --
The Commanding Officer of The Domain Battalion who was
lost in 5,965 BCE was detected and located by a search
party sent to Earth from The Domain Expeditionary Force.
He was incarnated as Cyrus II of Persia during this
time. 171 (Footnote)
A unique system of organization was used by Cyrus II 172
(Footnote) and the members of that Battalion who followed
him from India through his progression of human lives on
Earth. In part, it enabled them to build the largest
empire in the history of the Earth to that date.
The Domain Search Party who located him traveled around
the Earth searching for the lost Battalion for several
thousand years. The party consisted of 900 officers of
The Domain, divided into teams of 300 each. One team
searched the land, another team search the oceans and
the third team searched the space surrounding Earth.
There are many reports made in various human
civilizations concerning their activities, which humans
did not understand, of course.
The Domain Search Party devised a wide variety of
electronic detection devices needed to track the
electronic signature or wavelength of each of the
missing members of the Battalion. Some were used in
space, others on land, and special devices were invented
to detect IS-BEs under water.
One of these electronic detection devices is referred to
as a "tree of life". 173 (Footnote) The device is literally a 
101
tool designed to detect the presence of life, which is
an IS-BE. This was a large electronic screen generator
designed to permeate wide areas. To the ancient humans
on Earth it resembled a sort of tree, since is consists
of an interwoven lattice of electronic field generators
and receivers. The electronic field detects the
presence of IS-BEs, whether the IS-BE is occupying a
body, or if they are outside a body.
A portable version of this detection device was carried
by each of the members of The Domain Search Party.
Stone carvings in Sumeria show winged beings using
pinecone-shaped instruments to scan the bodies of human
beings. They are also shown carrying the power unit for
the scanner which are depicted as stylized baskets or
water buckets, being carried by eagle-headed, winged
beings. 174 (Footnote)
Members of the aerial unit of The Domain Search Party,
led by Ahura Mazda, were often called "winged gods" in
human interpretations. Throughout the Persian
civilization there are a great many stone relief carving
that depict winged space craft, that they called a
"faravahar". 175 (Footnote)
Members of the Aquatic Unit of The Domain Search Party
were called "Oannes" by local humans. 176 (Footnote) Stone
carvings of the so-called Oannes are shown wearing
silver diving suits. They lived in the sea and appeared
to the human population to be men dressed to look like
fish. Some members of the lost Battalion were found in
the oceans inhabiting the bodies of dolphins or whales. 177
(Footnote)
On land, The Domain Search Party members were referred
to as "Annunaki" 178 (Footnote) by the Sumerians, and
"Nephilim", in the Bible. Of course, their true mission
and activities were never disclosed to homo sapiens.
Their activities have been purposefully disguised.
Therefore, the human stories and legends about the
Annunaki, and the other members of The Domain Search
Party have not been understood and were badly
misinterpreted.
In the absence of complete and accurate data, anyone
observing a phenomenon will assume or hypothesize
explanations in an attempt to make sense of the data. 
102
Therefore, although mythology and history may be based
on factual events, they are likewise full of
misunderstood and misinterpreted evaluations of the
data, and embellished with assumptions, theories and
hypotheses which are false.
The space unit of The Domain Expeditionary Force are
shown flying in a "Winged-Disc". 179 (Footnote) This is an
allusion to the spiritual power of the IS-BEs, as well
as to the space craft used by The Domain Search Party.
The Commander of the lost Battalion, as Cyrus II, was an
IS-BE who was regarded as a messiah on Earth by both the
Jews, and the Muslims. In less than 50 years he
established a highly ethical, and humanitarian
philosophy which pervaded all of Western Civilization.
180 (Footnote)
His territorial conquests, organization of people and
monumental building projects were unprecedented before
or since. Such sweeping accomplishments in a short
period of time could only have been achieved by a leader
and a team of trained officers, pilots, engineers and
crew members of a unit of The Domain, acting as a team,
who had been trained and worked together for thousands
of years.
Although we have discovered the location of many of the
IS-BEs in the lost Battalion, The Domain has been unable
to restore their memory and return them to active duty
as yet.
Of course we cannot transport IS-BEs who are inhabiting
biological bodies to the space stations of The Domain
since there is no oxygen in our space craft. Also we do
not maintain life support facilities for biological
entities there. Our only hope has been to locate and
rekindle the awareness, memory and identity of the ISBEs of the Lost Battalion. One day they will be capable
of rejoining us.
200 BCE --
The last remnant of the "Old Empire" pyramid
civilization is at "Teotihuacán" 181 (Footnote). The Aztec
name means “place of the gods” or “where men were
transformed into gods”. Like the astronomical 
103
configuration of the Giza pyramids in Egypt, the entire
complex is a precise scale-model of the solar system
that accurately reflects the orbital distances of the
inner planets, the asteroid belt, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Since the planet Uranus had
only been "discovered" with modern Earth telescopes in
1787, and Pluto not until 1930, it is apparent that the
builders had information from "other sources".
A common element of the Pyramid Civilizations around the
Earth is the constant use of the image of the snake,
dragon, or serpent. This is because the beings who
planted these civilizations here want to create an
illusion that the "gods" are reptilian. This is also a
part of an illusion designed to perpetuate amnesia. The
beings who placed false civilizations on Earth are ISBEs, just like you. Many of the biological bodies
inhabited by IS-BEs in the "Old Empire" are very similar
in appearance to the bodies on Earth. The "gods" are
not reptiles, although they often behave like snakes.
1,034 - 1,124 AD --
The entire Arab world was enslaved by one man: Hasan
ibn-al-Sabbah 182 (Footnote) , the Old Man of the Mountain. He
established the Hashshashin who operated a part of
Mohammedanism which controlled by terror and fear much
of India, Asia Minor and most of the Mediterranean
Basin. They became a priesthood that used an extremely
effective mind-control mechanism and extortion tool that
enabled the "Assassins" to control the civilized world
for several hundred years.
Their method was simple. Young men were kidnapped and
knocked unconscious with hashish. They were taken to a
garden filled with beautiful black-eyed houris in a
harem decorated with rivers of milk and honey. The
young men were told that they were in paradise. They
were promised they could return and live there forever
if they sacrificed themselves as an assassin of whomever
they were commanded to kill. The men were knocked out
again, and shoved out into the world to carry out the
assassination mission.
Meanwhile, the Old Man of the Mountain sent a messenger
to the caliph or, whatever wealthy ruler from whom they
demanded payment, demanding camel-loads of gold, spices, 
104
incense or other valuables. If payment did not arrive
on time, the assassin would be sent to kill the
offending party. There was virtually no defense against
the unknown assailant who wanted nothing more than to
carry out his mission, be killed and return to "heaven".
This is a very crude example of how simple and effective
a brainwashing and mind-control operation can be when it
is used skillfully, and forcefully. It is a small scale
demonstration of how the amnesia mind-control operation
is used against the entire IS-BE population of Earth by
the "Old Empire".
1119 AD --
The Knights Templar 183 (Footnote) was established as a
Christian military unit after the First Crusade but
quickly transformed into the basis for the international
banking system to accumulate money to conduct the agenda
of operatives for vestiges of the "Old Empire" on Earth.
1135 - 1230 AD --
The Domain Expeditionary Force completed the
annihilation of the remaining remnants of the "Old
Empire" space fleet operating in the solar system around
Earth. Unfortunately, their long established thought
control operation remains largely intact.
1307 AD --
The Knights Templar was disbanded by King Philip IV of
France, who was deeply in debt to the Order. 184 (Footnote) He
pressured Pope Clement V to condemn the Order's members,
have them arrested, tortured them into giving false
confessions, and burned them at the stake in an effort
to erase his debt by seizing all of their wealth.
A majority of the Templars fled to Switzerland where
they established an international banking system 185
(Footnote) which secretly controls the economy of Earth.
"Old Empire" operatives act as an unseen influence on
international bankers. 186 (Footnote) The banks are operated
covertly as a on-combatant provocateur to covertly
promote and finance weapons and warfare between the
nations of Earth. Warfare is an internal mechanism of 
105
control over the inmate population. 187 (Footnote)
The purpose of the senseless genocide and carnage of
wars financed by these international banks is to prevent
the IS-BEs of Earth from sharing open communication,
cooperate together in activities that might enable ISBEs to prosper, become enlightened, and escape their
imprisonment."
106
Chapter Ten
A Lesson In Biology
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"My debrief was also tape recorded as a back up and to add clarification to the
stenographic notes. I debriefed immediately after my interview so that everything
that was said was still fresh in my mind.
When I recounted these stories to the gallery stenographer I was still reeling a bit.
The perspective on Earth history from the point of view of The Domain is very
strange, to say the least. I wasn't sure if my uncomfortable feeling came from being
dis-oriented, or if it came from being re-oriented. Either way, I felt unsteady and
confused. Yet, at the same time, there was a ring of truth to it. I was elated and
incredulous at the same time!
The stenographer looked askance at me more than a few times as she recorded the
"history lesson" I passed on to her. I'm sure she thought I was losing my mind!
Maybe she was right. However, if my mind had been filled with hypnotic
suggestions and false memories by the "Old Empire", as Airl suggested, perhaps
losing my mind would be a good idea!
I didn't have much time to ponder my own, personal thoughts about these things at
the time. It was my duty to get all of the information I could from Airl and pass it on
to the stenographer as soon as Airl was finished. My job was not to analyze the
information, just report it as accurately as possible. The analysis would be left to the
men in the gallery, or whomever else was receiving copies of the transcripts.
I also delivered a list of books and materials requested by Airl to the agent in the
gallery room so these could be gathered and delivered to Airl. Each night after I left
Airl, she spent the rest of the night reading or "scanning" the materials which had
been delivered to her. The members of the gallery each received a transcript of the
stenographic dictation to study, each looking for information that was of interest to
them. In the morning after breakfast I reported back to the interview room to
continue my interviews or "lessons" with Airl." 
107
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 28. 7. 1947, 1st Session
"The origins of this universe and life on Earth, as
discussed in the textbooks I have read, are very
inaccurate. Since you serve your government as a
medical personnel, your duties require that you
understand biological entities. So, I am sure that you
will appreciate the value of the material I will share
with you today.
The text of books I have been given on subjects related
to the function of life forms contain information that
is based on false memories, inaccurate observation,
missing data, unproven theories, and superstition.
For example, just a few hundred years ago your
physicians practiced bloodletting 188 (Footnote) as a means to
release supposed ill-humors from the body in an attempt
to relieve or heal a wide variety of physical and mental
afflictions. Although this has been corrected somewhat,
many barbarisms are still being practiced in the name of
medical science.
In addition to the application of incorrect theories
concerning biological engineering, many primary errors
that Earth scientists make are the result of an
ignorance of the nature and relative importance of ISBEs as the source of energy and intelligence which
animate every life form.
Although it is not a priority of The Domain to intervene
in the affairs of Earth, The Domain Communications
Office has authorized me to provide you with some
information in an effort to provide a more accurate and
complete understanding of these things and thereby
enable you to discover more effective solutions to the
unique problems you face on Earth.
The correct information about the origins of biological
entities has been erased from your mind, as well as from 
108
the minds of your mentors. In order to help you regain
your own memory, I will share with you some factual
material concerning the origin of biological entities.
I asked Airl if she was referring to the subject of
evolution. Airl said, "No, not exactly".
You will find "evolution" mentioned in the ancient Vedic
Hymns. 189 (Footnote) The Vedic texts are like folk tales or
common wisdoms and superstitions gathered throughout the
systems of The Domain. These were compiled into verses,
like a book of rhymes. For every statement of truth,
the verses contain as many half-truths, reversals of
truth and fanciful imaginings, blended without
qualification or distinction.
The theory of evolution assumes that the motivational
source of energy that animates every life form does not
exist. It assumes that an inanimate object or a
chemical concoction can suddenly become "alive" or
animate accidentally or spontaneously. Or, perhaps an
electrical discharge into a pool of chemical ooze will
magically spawn a self-animated entity.
There is no evidence whatsoever that this is true,
simply because it is not true. Dr. Frankenstein did not
really resurrect the dead into a marauding monster,
except in the imagination of the IS-BE who wrote a
fictitious story one dark and stormy night. 190 (Footnote)
No Western scientist ever stopped to consider who, what,
where, when or how this animation happens. Complete
ignorance, denial or unawareness of the spirit as the
source of life force required to animate inanimate
objects or cellular tissue is the sole cause of failures
in Western medicine.
In addition, evolution does not occur accidentally. It
requires a great deal of technology which must be
manipulated under the careful supervision of IS-BEs.
Very simple examples are seen in the modification of
farm animals or in the breeding of dogs. However, the
notion that human biological organisms evolved naturally
from earlier ape-like forms is incorrect. No physical
evidence will ever be uncovered to substantiate the
notion that modern humanoid bodies evolved on this
planet. 
109
The reason is simple: the idea that human bodies evolved
spontaneously from the primordial ooze of chemical
interactivity in the dim mists of time is nothing more
than a hypnotic lie instilled by the amnesia operation
to prevent your recollection of the true origins of
Mankind. Factually, humanoid bodies have existed in
various forms throughout the universe for trillions of
years.
This was compounded by the fact that The Vedic Hymns
were brought to Earth 8,200 years ago by The Domain
Expeditionary Force. While they were based in the
Himalaya Mountains, the verses were taught to some of
the local humans who memorized them. However, I should
note that this was not an authorized activity for the
crew of The Domain installation, although I am sure it
seemed like an innocent diversion for them at the time.
The verses were passed along verbally from one
generation to the next for thousands of years in the
foothills and eventually spread throughout India. No
one in The Domain credits any of the material in the
Vedic Hymns as factual material, any more than you would
use "Grimm's Fairy Tales" 191 (Footnote) as a guide for
rearing children. However, on a planet where all of the
IS-BEs have had their memory erased, one can understand
how these tales and fantasies could be taken seriously.
Unfortunately, the humans who learned the Vedic verses
passed them along to others saying that they came from
"the gods". Eventually, the content of the verses were
adopted verbatim as "truth". The euphemistic and
metaphorical content of the Veda were accepted and
practiced as dogmatic fact. The philosophy of the
verses were ignored and the verses became the genesis of
nearly every religion practice on the planet, especially
Hinduism. 192 (Footnote)
As an officer, pilot and engineer of The Domain, I must
always assume a very pragmatic point of view. I could
not be effective or accomplish my missions if I were to
use philosophical dogma or rhetoric as my operations
manual. Therefore, our discussion of history is based
on actual events that occurred long before any IS-BEs
arrived on Earth, and long before the "Old Empire” came 
110
into power. I can relate part of this history from
personal experience:
Many billions of years ago I was a member of a very
large biological laboratory in a galaxy far from this
one. It was called the "Arcadia Regeneration Company".
193 (Footnote) I was a biological engineer working with a
large staff of technicians. It was our business to
manufacture and supply new life forms to uninhabited
planets. There were millions of star systems with
millions of inhabitable planets in the region at that
time.
There were many other biological laboratory companies at
that time also. Each of them specialized in producing
different kinds of life forms, depending on the "class"
of the planet being populated. Over a long span of time
these laboratories developed a vast catalogue of species
throughout the galaxies. The majority of basic genetic
material is common to all species of life. 194 (Footnote)
Therefore, most of their work was concerned with
manipulating alterations of the basic genetic pattern to
produce variations of life forms that would be suitable
inhabitants for various planetary classes.
The "Arcadia Regeneration Company" specialized in
mammals for forested areas and birds for tropical
regions. Our marketing staff negotiated contracts with
various planetary governments and independent buyers
from all over the universe. The technicians created
animals that were compatible with the variations in
climate, atmospheric and terrestrial density and
chemical content. In addition we were paid to integrate
our specimens with biological organisms engineered by
other companies already living on a planet.
In order to do this our staff was in communication with
other companies who created life forms. There were
industry trade shows, publications and a variety of
other information supplied through an association that
coordinated related projects.

As you can imagine, our research required a great deal
of interstellar travel to conduct planetary surveys.
This is when I learned my skills as a pilot. The data
gathered was accumulated in huge computer databases and
evaluated by biological engineers. 195 (Footnote) 
111
A computer is an electronic device that serves as an
artificial "brain" or complex calculating machine. It
is capable of storing information, making computations,
solving problems and performing mechanical functions.
In most of the galactic systems of the universe, very
large computers are commonly used to run the routine
administration, mechanical services and maintenance
activities of an entire planet or planetary system.
Based on the survey data gathered, designs and artistic
renderings were made for new creatures. Some designs
were sold to the highest bidder. Other life forms were
created to meet the customized requests of our clients.
The design and technical specifications were passed
along an assembly line through a series of cellular,
chemical, and mechanical engineers to solve the various
problems. It was their job to integrate all of the
component factors into a workable, functional and
aesthetic finished product.
Prototypes of these creatures were then produced and
tested in artificially created environments.
Imperfections were worked out, modifications made and
eventually the new life form was "endowed" or "animated"
with a life force or spiritual energy before being
introduced into the actual planetary environment for
final testing.
After a new life form was introduced, we monitored the
interaction of these biological organisms with the
planetary environment and with other indigenous
life-forms. Conflicts resulting from the interaction
between incompatible organisms were resolved through
negotiation between ourselves and other companies. The
negotiations usually resulted in compromises requiring
further modification to our creatures or to theirs or
both. This is part of a science or art you call
"Eugenics". 196 (Footnote)
In some cases changes were made in the planetary
environment, but not often, as planet building is much
more complex than making changes to an individual life
form. 
112
Coincidentally, a friend and engineer with whom I used
to work with at the Arcadia Regeneration Company -- a
long time after I left the company -- told me that one
of the projects they contracted to do, in more recent
times, was to deliver life forms to Earth to replenish
them after a war in this region of the galaxy devastated
most of the life on the planets in this region of space.
This would have been about seventy million years ago.
The skill required to modify the planet into an
ecologically interactive environment that will support
billions of diverse species was an immense undertaking.
Specialized consultants from nearly every biotechnology
company in the galaxy were brought in to help with the
project.
What you see now on Earth is the huge variety of life
forms left behind. Your scientists believe that the
fallacious "theory of evolution" is an explanation for
the existence of all the life forms here. The truth is
that all life forms on this and any other planet in this
universe were created by companies like ours.
How else can you explain the millions of completely
divergent and unrelated species of life on the land and
in the oceans of this planet? How else can you explain
the source of spiritual animation which defines every
living creature? To say it is the work of "god", is far
too broad. Every IS-BE has many names and faces in many
times and places. Every IS-BE is a god. When they
inhabit a physical object they are the source of Life.
For example, there are millions of species 197 (Footnote) of
insects. About 350,000 of these are species of beetles.
198 (Footnote) There may be as many as 100 million species of
life forms on Earth at any given time. In addition,
there are many times more extinct species of life on
Earth than there are living life forms. Some of these
will be rediscovered in the fossil or geological records
of Earth.
The current "theory of evolution" of life forms on Earth
does not consider the phenomena of biological diversity.
Evolution by natural selection is science fiction. One
species does not accidentally, or randomly evolve to
become another species, as the Earth textbooks indicate, 
113
without manipulation of genetic material by an IS-BE. 199
(Footnote)
A simple example of IS-BE intervention is the selective
breeding of a species 200 (Footnote) on Earth. Within the past
few hundred years several hundred dog breeds and
hundreds of varieties of pigeons and dozens of Koi fish
have been "evolved" in just a few years, beginning with
only one original breed. Without active intervention by
IS-BEs, biological organisms rarely change.
The development of an animal like the 'duck-billed
platypus' required a lot of very clever engineering to
combine the body of a beaver with the bill of a duck and
make a mammal that lays eggs. Undoubtedly, some wealthy
client placed a "special order" for it as a gift or
curious amusement. I am sure the laboratory of some
biotechnical company worked on it for years to make it a
self-replicating life form!
The notion that the creation of any life form could have
resulted from a coincidental chemical interaction
moldering up from some primordial ooze is beyond
absurdity! Factually, some organisms on Earth, such as
Proteobacteria, 201 (Footnote) are modifications of a Phylum 202
(Footnote) designed primarily for "Star Type 3, Class C"
planets. In other words, The Domain designation for a
planet with an anaerobic atmosphere nearest a large,
intensely hot blue star, 203 (Footnote) such as those in the
constellation of Orion's Belt in this galaxy.
Creating life forms is very complex, highly technical
work for IS-BEs who specialize in this field. Genetic
anomalies are very baffling to Earth biologists who have
had their memory erased. Unfortunately, the false
memory implantations of the "Old Empire" prevent Earth
scientists from observing obvious anomalies.
The greatest technical challenge of biological organisms
was the invention of self-regeneration, or sexual
reproduction. It was invented as the solution to the
problem of having to continually manufacture replacement
creatures for those that had been destroyed and eaten by
other creatures. Planetary governments did not want to
keep buying replacement animals. 
114
The idea was contrived trillions of years ago as a
result of a conference held to resolve arguments between
the disputing vested interests within the biotechnology
industry. The infamous "Council of Yuhmi-Krum" was
responsible for coordinating creature production.
204 (Footnote)
A compromise was reached, after certain members of the
Council were strategically bribed or murdered, to author
an agreement which resulted in the biological phenomenon
which we now call the "food chain".
The idea that a creature would need to consume the body
of another life form as an energy source was offered as
a solution by one of the biggest companies in the
biological engineering business. They specialized in
creating insects and flowering plants.
The connection between the two is obvious. Nearly every
flowering plant requires a symbiotic relationship with
an insect in order to propagate. The reason is obvious:
both the bugs and the flowers were created by the same
company. Unfortunately, this same company also had a
division which created parasites and bacteria.
The name of the company roughly translated into English
would be "Bugs & Blossoms" . They wanted to justify the
fact that the only valid purpose of the parasitic
creatures they manufactured was to aid the decomposition
of organic material. There was a very limited market
for such creatures at that time.
In order to expand their business they hired a big
public relations firm and a powerful group of political
lobbyists to glorify the idea that life forms should
feed from other life forms. They invented a "scientific
theory" to use as a promotion gimmick. The theory was
that all creatures needed to have "food" as a source of
energy. Before that, none of the life forms being
manufactured required any external energy. Animals did
not eat other animals for food, but consumed sunlight,
minerals or vegetable matter only.
Of course, "Bugs & Blossoms" went into the business of
designing and manufacturing carnivores. Before long, so
many animals were being eaten as food that the problem
of replenishing them became very difficult. As a 
115
'solution', "Bugs & Blossoms" proposed, with the help of
some strategically placed bribes in high places, that
other companies begin using 'sexual reproduction' as the
basis for replenishing life-forms. "Bugs & Blossoms"
was the first company to develop blueprints for sexual
reproduction, of course.
As expected, the patent licenses for the biological
engineering process 205 (Footnote) required to implant
stimulus-response mating, cellular division and preprogrammed growth patterns for self-regenerating animals
were owned by "Bugs & Blossoms" too.
Through the next few million years laws were passed that
required that these programs be purchased by the other
biological technology companies. These were required to
be imprinted into the cellular design of all existing
life-forms. It became a very expensive undertaking for
other biotechnology companies to make such an awkward,
and impractical idea work.
This led to the corruption and downfall of the entire
industry. Ultimately, the 'food and sex' idea
completely ruined the bio-technology industry, including
"Bugs & Blossoms". The entire industry faded away as
the market for manufactured life forms disappeared.
Consequently, when a species became extinct, there is no
way to replace them because the technology of creating
new life forms has been lost. Obviously, none of this
technology was ever known on Earth, and probably never
will be.
There are still computer files on some planets far from
here which record the procedures for biological
engineering. Possibly the laboratories and computers
still exist somewhere. However, there is no one around
doing anything with them. Therefore, you can understand
why it is so important for The Domain to protect the
dwindling number of creatures left on Earth.
The core concept behind 'sexual reproduction' technology
was the invention of a chemical/electronic interaction
called "cyclical stimulus-response generators". 206 (Footnote)
This is an programmed genetic mechanism which causes a
seemingly spontaneous, recurring impulse to reproduce.
The same technique was later adapted and applied to
biological flesh bodies, including Homo Sapiens. 
116
Another important mechanism used in the reproductive
process, especially with Homo Sapiens type bodies, is
the implantation of a "chemical-electrical trigger"
mechanism 207 (Footnote) in the body. The "trigger" which
attracts IS-BEs to inhabit a human body, or any kind of
"flesh body", is the use of an artificially imprinted
electronic wave which uses "aesthetic pain" to attract
the IS-BE.
Every trap in the universe, including those used to
capture IS-BEs who remain free, is "baited" with an
aesthetic electronic wave. The sensations caused by the
aesthetic wavelength are more attractive to an IS-BE
than any other sensation. When the electronic waves of
pain and beauty are combined together, this causes the
IS-BE to get "stuck" in the body.
The "reproductive trigger" used for lesser life forms,
such as cattle and other mammals, is triggered by
chemicals emitted from the scent glands, combined with
reproductive chemical-electrical impulses stimulated by
testosterone, or estrogen. 208 (Footnote)
These are also interactive with nutrition levels which
cause the life form to reproduce more when deprived of
food sources. Starvation promoted reproductive activity
as a means of perpetuating survival through future
regenerations, when the current organism fails to
survive. These fundamental principles have been applied
throughout all species of life.
The debilitating impact and addiction to the "sexual
aesthetic-pain" electronic wave 209 (Footnote) is the reason
that the ruling class of The Domain do not inhabit flesh
bodies. This is also why officers of The Domain Forces
only use doll bodies. This wave has proven to be the
most effective trapping device ever created in the
history of the universe, as far as I know.

The civilizations of The Domain and the "Old Empire"
both depend on this device to "recruit" and maintain a
work force of IS-BEs who inhabit flesh bodies on planets
and installations. These IS-BEs are the "working class"
beings who do all of the slavish, manual, undesirable
work on planets. 
117
As I mentioned, there is a very highly regimented and
fixed hierarchy or "class system" for all IS-BEs
throughout the "Old Empire", and The Domain, as follows:
The highest class are "free" IS-BEs. That is, they are
not restricted to the use of any type of body and may
come and go at will, provided that they do not destroy
or interfere with the social, economic or political
structure.
Below this class are many strata of "limited" IS-BEs who
may or may not use a body from time to time.
Limitations are imposed on each IS-BE regarding range of
power, ability and mobility they can exercise.
Below these are the "doll body" classes, to which I
belong. Nearly all space officers and crew members of
space craft are required to travel through intergalactic
space. Therefore, they are each equipped with a body
manufactured from light weight, durable materials.
Various body types have been designed to facilitate
specialized functions. Some bodies have accessories,
such as interchangeable tools or apparatus for
activities such as maintenance, mining, chemical
management, navigation, and so forth. There are many
gradations of this body type which also serve as an
"insignia" of rank.
Below these are the soldier class. The soldiers are
equipped with a myriad of weapons, and specialized
armaments designed to detect, combat and overwhelm any
imaginable foe. Some soldiers are issued mechanical
bodies. Most soldiers are merely remote controlled
robots with no class designation.
The lower classes are limited to "flesh bodies". Of
course, it is not possible for these to travel through
space for obvious reasons. Fundamentally, flesh bodies
are far too fragile to endure the stresses of gravity,
temperature extremes, radiation exposure, atmospheric
chemicals and the vacuum of space. There are also the
obvious logistical inconveniences of food, defecation,
sleep, atmospheric elements, and air pressure required
by flesh bodies, that doll bodies do not require.
Most flesh bodies will suffocate in only a few minutes
without a specific combination of atmospheric chemicals. 
118
After 2 or 3 days the bacteria which live internally and
externally on the body cause severe odors to be emitted.
Odors of any kind are not acceptable in a space vessel.
Flesh can tolerate only a very limited spectrum of
temperatures, whereas in space the contrast of
temperatures may vary hundreds of degrees within
seconds. Of course flesh bodies are utterly useless for
military duty. A single shot from a hand-held,
electronic blast gun instantly turns a flesh body into a
noxious vapor cloud.
IS-BEs who inhabit flesh bodies have lost much of their
native ability and power. Although it is theoretically
possible to regain or rehabilitate these abilities, no
practical means has been discovered or authorized by The
Domain.
Even though space craft of The Domain travel trillions
of "light years" in a single day, 210 (Footnote) the time
required to traverse the space between galaxies is
significant, not to mention the length of time to
complete just one set of mission orders, which may
require thousands of years. Biological flesh bodies
live for only a very short time -- only 60 to 150 years,
at most -- whereas doll bodies can be re-used and
repaired almost indefinitely.
The first development of biological bodies began in this
universe about seventy-four trillion years ago. It
rapidly became a fad for IS-BEs to create and inhabit
various types of bodies for an assortment of nefarious
reasons: especially for amusement, this is to
experience various physical sensations vicariously
through the body.
Since that time there has been a continuing "deevolution" in the relationship of IS-BEs to bodies. As
IS-BEs continued to play around with these bodies,
certain tricks were introduced to cause IS-BEs to get
trapped inside a body so they were unable to leave
again.
This was done primarily by making bodies that appeared
sturdy, but were actually very fragile. An IS-BE, using
their natural power to create energy, accidentally
injured a body when contacting it. The IS-BE was 
119
remorseful about having injured this fragile body. The
next time they encountered a body they began to be
"careful" with them. In so doing, the IS-BE would
withdraw or minimize their own power so as not to injure
the body. A very long and treacherous history of this
kind of trickery, combined with similar misadventures
eventually resulted in a large number of IS-BEs becoming
permanently trapped in bodies.
Of course this became a profitable enterprise for some
IS-BEs who took advantage of this situation to make
slaves of others. The resulting enslavement progressed
over trillions of years, and continues today.
Ultimately the dwindling ability of IS-BEs to maintain a
personal state of operational freedom and ability to
create energy resulted in the vast and carefully guarded
hierarchy or class system. Using bodies as a symbol of
each class is used throughout the "Old Empire", as well
as The Domain.
The vast majority of IS-BEs throughout the galaxies of
this universe inhabit some form of flesh body. The
structure, appearance, operation and habitat of these
bodies vary according to the gravity, atmosphere, and
climatic conditions of the planet they inhabit. Body
types are predetermined largely by the type and size of
the star around which the planet revolves, the distance
from the star, the geological, as well as the
atmospheric components of the planet.
On the average, these stars and planets fall into
gradients of classification which are fairly standard
throughout the universe. For example, Earth is
identified, roughly, as a "Sun Type 12, Class 7 planet".
That is a heavy gravity, nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere
planet, 211 (Footnote) with biological life-forms, in
proximity to a single, yellow, medium-size, lowradiation sun or "Type 12 star". The proper
designations are difficult to translate accurately due
to the extreme limitations of astronomical nomenclature
in the English language.
There are as many varieties of life forms as there are
grains of sands on the beach. You can imagine how many
different creatures and types of bodies have been
manufactured by the millions of companies such as "Bugs 
120
& Blossoms" for all of the myriad planetary systems
during the course of seventy-four trillion years!"
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"When Airl finished telling me this "story", there was a long, silent pause while I
muddled through all this in my mind. Had Airl been reading science fiction books
and fantasy stories during the night? Why would she tell me something so incredibly
far-fetched? If there had not been a 40 inch tall alien, with gray "skin", and three
fingers on each hand and foot sitting directly across from me, I would not have
believed a single word of it!
In retrospect, over the 60 years since Airl gave me this information, Earth doctors
have begun to develop some of the biological engineering technology that Airl told
me about right here on Earth. Heart bypasses, cloning, test tube babies, organ
transplants, plastic surgery, genes, chromosomes, and so forth.
One thing is very sure: I have never looked at a bug or flower the same way since
then, not to mention my religious belief in Genesis."
121
Chapter Eleven
A Lesson In Science
(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"The transcript of this interview is verbatim. There is nothing more I can add to
it. It says everything".
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 29. 7. 1947, 1st Session
"Today Airl told me about some very technical things. I
took a few notes to remind myself, so I can repeat what
she said as closely as possible. She began with an
analogy about scientific knowledge:
Can you imagine how much progress could have been made
on Earth if people like Johannes Gutenberg 212 (Footnote), Sir
Isaac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington
Carver, 213 (Footnote) Nicola Tesla, Jonas Salk, 214 (Footnote) and
Richard Trevithick,215 (Footnote) and many thousands of
similar geniuses and inventors were living today?
Image what technical accomplishments might have been
developed if men like these never died? What if they
were never given amnesia and made to forget everything
they knew? What if they continued to learn and work
forever?
What level of technology and civilization could be
attained if Immortal Spiritual Beings like these were 
122
allowed to continue to create -- in the same place and
at the same time -- for billions or trillions of years?
Essentially, The Domain is one civilization that has
existed for trillions of years with relatively
uninterrupted progress. Knowledge has been accumulated,
refined, and improved upon in nearly every field of
study imaginable -- and beyond imagining.
Originally, the interaction of IS-BE illusions or
inventions created the very fabric of the physical
universe -- the microcosm and the macrocosm. Every
single particle of the universe has been imagined and
brought into existence by an IS-BE. Everything created
from an idea -- a thought with no weight or size or
location in space.
Every speck of dust in space, from the size of the
tiniest subatomic particle, to the size of a sun or a
magelantic cloud the size of many galaxies, was created
from the nothingness of a thought. Even the tiniest,
individual cells were contrived and coordinated to
enable a microbial entity to sense, and navigate through
infinitesimally small spaces. These also came from an
idea thought up by an IS-BE.
You, and every IS-BE on Earth, have participated in the
creation of this universe. Even though you are now
confined to a fragile body made of flesh; you live for
only 65 short rotations of your planet around a star;
you have been given overwhelming electric shock
treatments to wipe out your memory; you must learn
everything all over again each lifetime; in spite of all
these circumstances, you are who you are and will always
be. And, deep down, you still know that your are and
what you know. You are still the essence of you.
How else can one understand the child prodigy? An IS-BE
who plays concertos on a piano at three years of age,
without formal training? Impossible, if they did not
simply remember what they have already learned from
thousands of lives spent in front of a keyboard in times
untold, or on planets far away. They may not know how
they know. They just know.
Humankind has developed more technology in the past 100
years than in the previous 2,000 years. Why? The 
123
answer is simple: the influence of the "Old Empire"
over the mind and over the affairs of Mankind has been
diminished by The Domain.
A renaissance 216 (Footnote) of invention on Earth began in
1,250 AD with the destruction of the "Old Empire" space
fleet in the solar system. During the next 500 years,
Earth may have the potential to regain autonomy and
independence, but only to the degree that humankind can
apply the concentrated genius of the IS-BEs on Earth to
solve the amnesia problem.
However, on a cautionary note, the inventive potential
of the IS-BEs who have been exiled to this planet is
severely compromised by the criminal elements of the
Earth population. Specifically, politicians, warmongers and irresponsible physicists who create
unlimited weapons such as nuclear bombs, chemicals,
diseases and social chaos. These have the potential to
extinguish all life forms on Earth, forever.
Even the relatively small explosions that were tested
and used in the past two years on Earth have the
potential to destroy all of life, if deployed in
sufficient quantities. Larger weapons could consume all
of the oxygen in the global atmosphere in a single
explosion! 217 (Footnote)
Therefore, the most fundamental problems that must be
solved in order to ensure that Earth will not be
destroyed by technology, are social and humanitarian
problems. The greatest scientific minds of Earth, in
spite of mathematical or mechanical genius, have never
addressed these problems.
Therefore, do not look to scientists to save Earth or
the future of humanity. Any so-called "science" that is
solely based on the paradigm 218 (Footnote) that existence is
composed only of energy and objects moving through space
is not a science. Such beings utterly ignore the
creative spark originated by an individual IS-BE and
collective work of the IS-BEs who continually create the
physical universe and all universes. Every science will
remain relatively ineffective or destructive to the
degree that it omits or devaluates the relative
importance of the spiritual spark that ignites all of
creation and life. 
124
Unfortunately this ignorance has been very carefully and
forcefully instilled in human beings by the "Old Empire"
to ensure that IS-BEs on this planet will not be able to
recover their innate ability to create space, energy,
matter and time, or any other component part of
universes. As long as awareness of the immortal,
powerful, spiritual "self" is ignored, humanity will
remain imprisoned until the day of its own, selfdestruction and oblivion.
Do not rely on the dogma of physical sciences to master
the fundamental forces of creation any more than you
would trust the chanted incantations of an incenseburning shaman. The net result of both of these is
entrapment and oblivion. Scientists pretend to observe,
but they only suppose that they see, and call it fact.
Like the blind man, a scientist can not learn to see
until he realizes that he is blind. The "facts" of
Earth science do not include the source of creation.
They include only the result, or byproducts of creation.
The "facts" of science to not include any memory of the
nearly infinite past experience of existence.
The essence of creation and existence cannot be found
through the lens of a microscope or telescope or by any
other measurement of the physical universe. One cannot
comprehend the perfume of a flower or the pain felt by
an abandoned lover with meters and calipers.
Everything you will ever know about the creative force
and ability of a god can be found within you -- an
Immortal Spiritual Being.
How can a blind man teach others to see the nearly
infinite gradients that comprise the spectrum of light?
The notion that one can understand the universe without
understanding the nature of an IS-BE is as absurd as
conceiving that an artist is a speck of paint on his own
canvas. Or, that the lace on a ballet shoe is the
choreographer's vision, or the grace of a dancer, or the
electric excitement of opening night.
Study of the spirit has been booby-trapped by the
thought control operation through religious
superstitions they instill in the minds of men.
Conversely, the study of the spirit and the mind have 
125
been prohibited by science which eliminates anything
that is not measurable in the physical universe.
Science is the religion of matter. It worships matter.
The paradigm of science is that creation is all, and the
creator is nothing. Religion says the creator is all,
and the creation is nothing. These two extremes are the
bars of a prison cell. They prevent observation of all
phenomenon as an interactive whole.

Study of creation without knowing the IS-BE, the source
of creation, is futile. When you sail to the edge of a
universe conceived by science, you fall off the end into
an abyss of dark, dispassionate space and lifeless,
unrelenting force. On Earth, you have been convinced
that the oceans of the mind and spirit are filled with
gruesome, ghoulish monsters that will eat you alive if
you dare to venture beyond the breakwater of
superstition.
The vested interest of the "Old Empire" prison system is
to prevent you from looking at your own soul. They fear
that you will see in your own memory the slave masters
who keep you imprisoned. The prison is made of shadows
in your mind. The shadows are made of lies, and pain,
and loss, and fear.
The true geniuses of civilization are those IS-BEs who
will enable other IS-BEs to recover their memory and
regain self-realization and self-determination. This
issue is not solved through enforcing moral regulation
on behavior, or through the control of beings through
mystery, faith, drugs, guns or any other dogma of a
slave society. And certainly not through the use of
electric shock and hypnotic commands!
The survival of Earth and every being on it depends on
the ability to recover the memory of skills you have
accrued through the trillenia; to recover the essence
of yourself. Such an art, science, or technology has
never been conceived in the "Old Empire". Otherwise,
they would not have resorted to the "solution" that
brought you to your current condition on Earth.
Neither has such technology ever been developed by The
Domain. Until recently, the necessity of rehabilitating
an IS-BE with amnesia has not been needed. Therefore, 
126
no one has ever worked on solving this problem. So far,
unfortunately, The Domain has no solution to offer.
A few officers of The Domain Expeditionary Force have
taken it upon themselves to provide technology to Earth
during their off duty time. These officers leave their
"doll" at the space station and, as an IS-BE, assume or
take over a biological body on Earth. In some cases an
officer can remain on duty while they inhabit and
control other bodies at the same time.
This is a very dangerous and adventurous undertaking.
It requires a very able IS-BE to accomplish such a
mission, and return to base successfully. One officer
who did this recently, while continuing to attend to his
official duties, was known on Earth as the electronics
inventor, Nicola Tesla. 219 (Footnote)
It is my intention, although is not a part of my mission
orders, to assist you in your efforts to advance
scientific and humanitarian progress on Earth. My
intention is to help other IS-BEs to help themselves. In
order to solve the amnesia problem on Earth you will
need much more advanced technology, as well as social
stability to allow enough time for research and
development of techniques to free the IS-BE from the
body, and to free the mind of the IS-BE from amnesia.
Although The Domain has a long term interest in
maintaining Earth as a useful planet, it has no
particular interest in the human population of Earth,
other than its own personnel here. We are interested in
preventing destruction, as well as accelerating the
development of technologies that will sustain the
infrastructures of the global biosphere, hydrosphere and
atmosphere.
To this end, you will discover, on very careful and
thorough examination, that my space craft contains a
wide assortment of technology that does not yet exist on
Earth. If you distribute pieces of this craft to
various scientists for study, they will be able to
reverse engineer 220 (Footnote) some of the technology to the
extent that Earth has the raw materials required to
replicate these components. 
127
Some features will be indecipherable. Other features
cannot be duplicated as Earth does not have the natural
resources required to replicate them. This is
especially true of the metals used to construct the
craft. Not only do these metals not exist on Earth, the
refining process required to produce these metals took
billions of years to develop.
It is also true of the navigation system which requires
an IS-BE whose own personal wavelength has been
specifically attuned to the "neural network" of the
craft. 221 (Footnote) The pilot of the craft must possess a
very high order of energy volition, discipline, training
and intelligence to manipulate such a craft. IS-BEs on
Earth are incapable of this expertise because it
requires the use of an artificial body specifically
created for this purpose.
Certain individual Earth scientists, some of whom are
among the most brilliant minds in the history of the
universe, will have their memory of this technology
jogged when they examine the craft components. Just as
some of the scientists and physicists on Earth have been
able to "remember" how to recreate electric generators,
internal combustion and steam locomotion, refrigeration,
aircraft, antibiotics, and other tools of your
civilization, they will also rediscover other vital
technology in my craft.
The following are the specific systems embodied in my
craft that contain useful components:
1) There is an assortment of microscopic wiring or
fibers 222 (Footnote) within the walls of the craft that
control such things as communications, information
storage, computer function, and automatic navigation.
2) The same wiring is used for light, sub-light and
ultra-light spectrum detection and vision. 223 (Footnote)
3) The fabrics of the interior of the craft 224 (Footnote) are
far superior to any on Earth at this time and have
hundreds or thousands of applications.
4) You will also find mechanisms for creating,
amplifying and channeling light particles or waves as a
form of energy. 225 (Footnote) 
128
As an officer, pilot and engineer of The Domain Forces,
I am not at liberty to discuss or convey the detailed
operation or construction of the craft in any way, other
than what I have just disclosed. However, I am
confident that there are many competent engineers on
Earth who will develop useful technology with these
resources.
I am providing these details to you in the hope that the
greater good of The Domain will be served."
129
Chapter Twelve
A Lesson In Immortality
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"I think the following transcript is pretty much self-explanatory."
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 30. 7. 1947, 1st Session
Immortal Spiritual Beings, which I refer to as "IS-BEs",
for the sake of convenience, are the source and creators
of illusions. Each one, individually and collectively,
in their original, unfettered state of being, are an
eternal, all-powerful, all-knowing entity.
IS-BEs create space by imagining a location. The
intervening distance between themselves and the imagined
location is what we call space. An IS-BE can perceive
the space and objects created by other IS-BEs.
IS-BEs are not physical universe entities. They are a
source of energy and illusion. IS-BEs are not located
in space or time, but can create space, place particles
in space, create energy, and shape particles into
various forms, cause the motion of forms, and animate
forms. Any form that is animated by an IS-BE is called
life.
An IS-BE can decide to agree that they are located in
space or time, and that they, themselves, are an object,
or any other manner of illusion created by themselves or
another or other IS-BEs.
The disadvantage of creating an illusion is that an
illusion must be continually created. If not
continually created, it disappears. Continual creation 
130
of an illusion requires incessant attention to every
detail of the illusion in order to sustain it.
A common denominator of IS-BEs seems to be the desire to
avoid boredom. A spirit only, without interaction with
other IS-BEs, and the unpredictable motion, drama, and
unanticipated intentions and illusions being created by
other IS-BEs, is easily bored.
What if you could imagine anything, perceive everything,
and cause anything to happen, at will? What if you
couldn't do anything else? What if you always knew the
outcome of every game and the answer to every question?
Would you get bored?
The entire back time track of IS-BEs is immeasurable,
nearly infinite in terms of physical universe time.
There is no measurable "beginning" or "end" for an ISBE. They simply exist in an everlasting now.
Another common denominator of IS-BEs is that admiration
of one's own illusions by others is very desirable. If
the desired admiration is not forthcoming, the IS-BE
will keep creating the illusion in an attempt to get
admiration. One could say that the entire physical
universe is made of unadmired illusions.
The origins of this universe began with the creation of
individual, illusionary spaces. These were the "home"
of the IS-BE. Sometimes a universe is a collaborative
creation of illusions by two or more IS-BEs. A
proliferation of IS-BEs, and the universes they create,
sometimes collide or become commingled or merge to an
extent that many IS-BEs shared in the co-creation of a
universe.
IS-BEs diminish their ability in order to have a game to
play. IS-BEs think that any game is better than no
game. They will endure pain, suffering, stupidity,
privation, and all manner of unnecessary and undesirable
conditions, just to play a game. Pretending that one
does not know all, see all and cause all, is a way to
create the conditions necessary for playing a game:
unknowns, freedoms, barriers and/or opponents and goals.
Ultimately, playing a game solves the problem of
boredom. 
131
In this fashion, all of the space, galaxies, suns,
planets, and physical phenomena of this universe,
including life forms, places, and events that have been
created by IS-BEs and sustained by mutual agreement that
these things exist.
There are as many universes as there are IS-BEs to
imagine, build and perceive them, each existing
concurrently within its own continuum. 226 (Footnote) Each
universe is created using its own, unique set of rules,
as imagined, altered, preserved or destroyed by one or
more IS-BEs who created it. Time, energy, objects and
space, as defined in terms of the physical universe, may
or may not exist in other universes. The Domain exists
in such a universe, as well as in the physical universe.
One of the rules of the physical universe is that energy
can be created, but not destroyed. So, the universe
will keep expanding as long as IS-BEs keep adding more
new energy into it. It is nearly infinite. It is like
an automobile assembly line that never stops running and
none of the cars are ever destroyed.
Every IS-BE is basically good. Therefore, an IS-BE does
not enjoy doing things to other IS-BEs which they
themselves do not want to experience. For an IS-BE
there is no inherent standard for what is good or bad,
right or wrong, ugly or beautiful. These ideas are all
based on the opinion of each individual IS-BE.
The closest concept that human beings have to describe
an IS-BE is as a god: all-knowing, all-powerful,
infinite. So, how does a god stop being a god? They
pretend NOT to know. How can you play a game of "hide
and seek" if you always know where the other person is
hiding?
You pretend NOT to know where the other players are
hiding, so you can go off to "seek" them. This is how
games are created. You have forgotten that you are just
"pretending". In so doing, IS-BEs become entrapped and
enslaved inside a maze of their own devising.
How does one create a cage, lock one's own self inside
the cage, throw away the key, and forget there is a key
or a cage, and forget there is an "inside" or "outside",
and even forget there is a self? Create the illusion 
132
that there is no illusion: the entire universe is real,
and that no other universe exists or can be created.
On Earth, the propaganda taught and agreed upon is that
the gods are responsible, and that human beings are not
responsible. You are taught that only a god can
create universes. So, the responsibility for every
action is assigned to another IS-BE or god. Never
oneself.
No human being ever assumes personal responsibility for
the fact that they, themselves -- individually and
collectively -- are gods. This fact alone is the source
of entrapment for every IS-BE.
133
Chapter Thirteen
A Lesson In The Future
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"I think this transcript speaks for itself also. I relayed Airl's exact communication as
faithfully as possible. My superior officers became very alarmed about the possible
military implications of what Airl said in this interview."
(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW)
TOP SECRET
Official Transcript of the U.S. Army Air Force
Roswell Army Air Field, 509th Bomb Group
SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 31. 7. 1947, 1st Session
" 'It is my personal belief that the truth should not be
sacrificed on the altar of political, religious or
economic expediency. 227 (Footnote) As an officer, pilot and
engineer of The Domain it is my duty to protect the
greater good of The Domain and its possessions. However,
we cannot defend ourselves against forces of which we
are not aware.
The isolation of Earth from the rest of civilization
prevents me from discussing many subjects with you at
this time. Security and protocol prevent me from
revealing any but the broadest, general statements about
the plans and activities of The Domain. However, I can
give you some information that you may find useful.
I must return to my assigned duties on the "space
station" now. I have provided as much help as I feel
ethically able to offer, given the requirements and
constraints of my duties as an officer, pilot and
engineer of The Domain Forces. Therefore, I will
depart, as an IS-BE, from Earth within the next 24
hours.' 
134
(EDITOR'S NOTE: The following several paragraphs appear to be personal
comments made by Matilda to the stenographer regarding her interview with
Airl.)
What this means is that Airl will leave her "doll" with
us, as her craft is damaged beyond repair. We can
examine, dissect and study the body at our leisure. She
does not have any further use for it, nor does she have
any personal feelings or attachments to it as others are
readily available for her use.
Airl does not recommend that there is any technology in
the body that Earth scientists will find useful,
however. The technology of the body is simple, yet
vastly beyond the reckoning of our current ability to
analyze or reverse engineer any facet of it. The body
is neither biological or mechanical, but a unique
fabrication a materials and ancient technologies not
found on any Earth-type planet.
As Airl mentioned previously, a very rigid and
distinctive hierarchy of social, economic and cultural
classes exists throughout The Domain which has remained
unvaried and inviolate for many millennia. The body
type and function assigned to an IS-BE officer varies
specifically according to the rank, class, longevity,
training level, command level, service record, and
meritorious citations earned by each individual IS-BE,
as with any other military insignia.
The body used by Airl is specifically designed for an
officer, pilot and engineer of her rank and class. The
bodies of her companions, which were destroyed in the
crash, were not of the same rank or class, but of a
junior rank. Therefore, the appearance, features,
composition and functionality of those bodies were
specialized, and limited to the requirements of their
duties.
The junior officers whose bodies were damaged in the
crash have left their bodies and returned to their
duties on the space station. The damage suffered by
their bodies was due primarily to the fact that they
were officers of lower rank. They used bodies which were
partially biological and therefore far less durable and
resilient than hers. 
135
(EDITOR'S NOTE: At this point, the transcript appears to resume with
statements made by Airl.)
Although The Domain will not hesitate to destroy any
active vestiges of the "Old Empire" operations where
ever they are discovered this is not our primary mission
in this galaxy. I am sure that the "Old Empire" mindcontrol mechanisms can be deactivated and destroyed
eventually. However, it is not possible to estimate how
long this make take, as we do not understand the extent
of this operation at this time.
We do know that the "Old Empire" force screen is vast
enough to cover this end of the galaxy, at least. We
also know from experience that each force generator and
trapping device is very difficult to detect, locate and
destroy. Also, it is not the current mission of The
Domain Expeditionary Force to commit resources to this
endeavor.
The eventual destruction of these devices may make it
possible for your memory to be restored, simply by
virtue of not having it erased after each lifetime.
Fortunately, the memory of an IS-BE cannot be
permanently erased.
There are many other active space civilizations who
maintain various nefarious operations in this area, not
the least of which is dumping unwanted IS-BEs on Earth.
None of these craft are hostile or in violent opposition
to The Domain Forces. They know better than to
challenge us!
For the most part The Domain ignores Earth and its
inhabitants, except to ensure that the resources of the
planet itself are not permanently spoiled. This sector
of the galaxy was annexed by The Domain and is the
possession of The Domain, to do with or dispose of as it
deems best. The moon of Earth and the asteroid belt
have become a permanent base of operations for The
Domain Forces.
Needless to say, any attempt by humans or others to
interfere in the activities of The Domain in this solar
system -- even if it were possible, which it definitely
is not -- will be terminated swiftly. This is not a 
136
serious concern, as I mentioned earlier, since homo
sapiens cannot operate in open space.
Of course we will continue with the next steps of The
Domain Expansion Plan which has remained on schedule for
billions of years. Over the next 5,000 years there will
be increasing traffic and activity of The Domain Forces
as we progress toward the center of this galaxy and
beyond to spread our civilization through the universe.
If humanity is to survive, it must cooperate to find
effective solutions to the difficult conditions of your
existence on Earth. Humanity must rise above its human
form and discover where they are, and that they are ISBEs, and who they really are as IS-BEs in order to
transcend the notion that they are merely biological
bodies. Once these realizations have been made, it may
be possible to escape your current imprisonment.
Otherwise, there will be no future for the IS-BEs on
Earth.
Although there are no active battles or war being waged
between The Domain and the "Old Empire", there still
exists the covert actions of the "Old Empire" taken
against Earth through their thought control operation.
When one knows that these activities exist, the effects
can be observed clearly. The most obvious examples of
these actions against the human race can be seen as
incidents of sudden, inexplicable behavior. A very
recent instance of this occurred in the United States
military just before the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor. 228 (Footnote)
Just three days before the attack, someone in authority
ordered all the ships in Pearl Harbor to go into port
and secure for inspection. The ships were ordered to
take all the ammunition out of their magazines, and
store it below. On the afternoon before attack all of
the admirals and generals were attending parties, even
though two Japanese aircraft carriers were discovered
standing right off Pearl Harbor.
The obvious action to take would have been to contact
Pearl Harbor by telephone to warn them of the danger of
a fight starting and to put the ammunition back and
order the ships to get out of port into open sea. 
137
About six hours before the Japanese attack began, a U.S.
navy ship sank a small Japanese submarine right outside
the harbor. Instead of contacting Pearl Harbor by
telephone to report the incident, a warning message was
put into top secret code, which took about two hours to
encode, and then it took another two hours to decode.
The word of warning to Pearl Harbor did not arrive until
10:00 AM Pearl Harbor time, Sunday -- two hours after
the Japanese attack destroyed the U.S. fleet.
How do things like this happen?
If the men who were responsible for these obviously
disastrous errors were stood up and asked bluntly to
justify their actions and intentions you would find out
that they were quite sincere in their jobs. Ordinarily,
they do the very best they can do for people and
nations. However, all of a sudden, from some
completely unknown and undetectable source enters these
wild, unexplainable situations that just 'can't exist'.
The "Old Empire" thought control operation is run by a
small group of old "baboons" with very small minds.
They are playing insidious games with no purpose and no
goal other than to control and destroy IS-BEs who could
otherwise manage themselves perfectly well, if left
alone.
These types of artificially created incidents are being
forced upon the human race by the operators of the mindcontrol prison system. The prison guards will always
promote and support oppressive or totalitarian
activities of IS-BEs on Earth. Why not keep the inmates
fighting between themselves? Why not empower madmen to
run the governments of Earth? The men who run the
criminal governments of Earth mirror the commands given
them by covert thought-controllers of the "Old Empire".
The human race will continue to shadow box with this for
a long time -- as long as it remains the human race.
Until then, the IS-BEs on Earth will continue to live a
series of consecutive lives, over and over and over.
The same IS-BEs who lived during the rise and fall of
civilizations in India, China, Mesepotamia, Greece, and
Rome are inhabiting bodies in the present time in
America, France, Russia, Africa, and around the world. 
138
In between each lifetime an IS-BE is sent back again, to
begin all over, as though the new life was the only life
they had ever lived. They begin anew in pain, in
misery, and mystery.
Some IS-BEs have been transported to Earth more recently
than others. Some IS-BEs have been on Earth only a few
hundred years, so they have no personal experiences with
the earlier civilizations of Earth. They have no
experiences of having lived on Earth, so could not
remember a previous existence here, even if their memory
was restored. They might, however, remember lives they
lived elsewhere on other planets and in other times.
Others have been here since the first days of Lemuria.
In any case, the IS-BEs of Earth are here forever, until
they can break the amnesia cycle, conquer the electronic
traps set up by their captors and free themselves.
Because The Domain has three thousand of their own ISBEs in captivity on Earth also, they have an interest in
solving this problem. This problem has never been
encountered or effectively solved before in the
universe, as far as they know. They will continue their
efforts to free those IS-BEs from Earth, where and when
it is possible, but it will require time to develop an
unprecedented technology and the diligence to do so.'
(EDITOR'S NOTE: The following statement is a comment by Matilda.)
I think it is Airl's sincere desire, as one IS-BE to
another, that the rest of our eternity will be as
pleasant as possible." 
139
Chapter Fourteen
Airl Reviews The Interview Transcripts
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"Shortly after I finished recounting the previous interview with Airl to the
stenographer, I was summoned urgently to the office of the Commanding Officer of
the base. I was escorted by four heavily armed military policemen. When I arrived,
I was asked to be seated in a very large, make-shift office that had been arranged
with a conference table and chairs. In the office were several dignitaries I had seen
at various times in "the gallery". I recognized a few of them because they were
famous men.
I was introduced to these men, which included:
Army Air Force Secretary Symington, 229 (Footnote) General Nathan Twining,
230 (Footnote) General Jimmy Doolittle , 231 (Footnote) General Vandenberg, 232 (Footnote) and General Norstad. 233 (Footnote)
Much to my surprise Charles Lindbergh 234 (Footnote) was also in the office.
Secretary Symington explained to me that Mr. Lindberg was there as a consultant to
the chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force. There were several other men present in the
room who were not introduced. I assume these men were personal aides to the
officers or agents of some intelligence service.
All of this sudden attention, not only from the Secretary and generals, but from such
world famous people as Mr. Lindbergh, and General Doolittle, made me realize how
critically important my role as an "interpreter" for Airl was, as seen through the eyes
of others. Until this time I was not really aware of this except in an peripheral sense.
I suppose this was because I was so absorbed in details of the extraordinary situation.
Suddenly, I began to grasp the magnitude of my role. I think that the presence of
these men in that meeting was intended, in part, to impress me with this fact!
The Secretary instructed me not to be nervous. He said that I was not in any trouble.
He asked me if I thought the alien would be willing to answer a list of questions they
had prepared. He explained that they were very eager to discover many more details
about Airl, the flying disc, The Domain, and many other subjects that Airl had
disclosed in the interview transcripts. Of course, they were mainly interested in
questions relating to the military security and the construction of the flying disc. 
140
I told them that I was very sure that Airl had not changed her mind about answering
questions, as nothing had changed that would cause her to trust the intentions of the
men in the gallery. I repeated that Airl had communicated everything that she was
willing and at liberty to discuss already.
In spite of this, they insisted that I would ask Airl again if she would answer
questions. And, if the answer was still "NO", I was to ask her if she would be
willing to read the written copies of the transcripts of my interview "translations".
They wanted to know if Airl would verify that my understanding and translation of
our interviews was correct.
Since Airl could read English very fluently, the Secretary asked if they could be
allowed to observe for themselves while Airl read the transcripts, and verify that they
were correct in writing. They wanted her to write on a copy of the transcript whether
the "translations" were correct, or not, and make a note of anything that was not
accurate on the transcripts. Of course, I had no choice but to obey orders and I did
exactly what the Secretary requested.
I was given a copy of the transcripts, with a signature page, which I was to show to
Airl. After Airl completed her review, I was also directed to request that Airl sign
the cover-page, attesting that all of the translations in the transcripts were correct, as
amended by her.
About an hour later I entered the interview room, as instructed, with copies of the
transcripts and signature page to deliver to Airl as the members of the gallery,
including the Generals, (and Mr. Lindberg also, I presume) and others watched
through the glass of the gallery room.
I went to my usual seat, sitting 4 or 5 feet across from Airl. I presented the envelope
of transcripts to Airl, and passed on the instructions I had received from the
Secretary, telepathically. Airl looked at me, and looked at the envelope, without
accepting it.
Airl said: "If you have read them and they are accurate in you own estimation, there
is no need for me to review them also. The translations are correct. You can tell
your commander that you have faithfully conveyed a record of our communication."
I assured Airl that I had read them, and they were exact recordings of everything I
told the transcription typist.
"Will you sign the cover page then?", I asked.
"No, I will not.", said Airl. 
141
"May I ask why not?", I said. I was a little confused as to why she wasn't willing to
do such a simple thing.
"If your commander does not trust his own staff to make an honest and accurate
report to him, what confidence will my signature on the page give him? Why will he
trust an ink mark on a page made by an officer of The Domain, if he does not trust
his own, loyal staff?"
I didn't quite know what to say to that. I couldn't argue with Airl's logic, and I
couldn't force her to sign the document either. I sat in my chair for a minute
wondering what to do next. I thanked Airl and told her I needed to go ask my
superiors for further instructions. I placed the envelope of the transcripts in the
inside breast pocket of my uniform jacket and began to rise from my chair.
At that moment the door from the gallery room slammed open! Five heavily armed
military police rushed into the room! A man in a white laboratory coat followed
closely behind them. He pushed a small cart that carried a box-shaped machine with
a lot of dials on the face of it.
Before I could react, two of the MPs grabbed Airl and held her firmly down in the
overstuffed chair she had been sitting on since the first day of our interviews
together. The two other MPs grabbed my shoulders and pushed me back down on
my chair and held me there. The other MP stood directly in front of Airl, pointing a
rifle directly at her, not more than six inches from her head.
The man in the lab coat quickly wheeled the cart behind Airl's chair. He deftly
placed a circular head band over Airl's head and turned back to the machine on the
cart. Suddenly, he shouted the word "clear!"
The soldiers who were holding Airl released her. At that instant I saw Airl's body
stiffen and shudder. This lasted for about 15 or 20 seconds. The machine operator
turned a knob on the machine and Airl's body slumped back into the chair. After a
few seconds he turned the knob again and Airl's body stiffened as before. He
repeated the same process several more times.
I sat in my chair, being held down all the while by the MPs. And I didn't understand
what was going on. I was terrified and transfixed by what was happening! I couldn't
believe it!
After a few minutes several other men wearing white lab coats entered the room.
They briefly examined Airl who was now slumped listlessly in the chair. They
mumbled a few words to each other. One of the men waved to the gallery window.
A gurney was immediately rolled into the room by two attendants. These men lifted
Airl's limp body onto the gurney, strapped her down across her chest and arms, and
rolled it out of the room. 
142
I was immediately escorted out of the interview room by the MPs and taken directly
to my quarters, where I was locked in my room with the MPs remaining at guard
outside the door.
After about half an hour there was a knock at the door to my quarters. When I
opened it General Twining entered, together with the machine operator in the white
lab coat. The General introduced the man to me as Dr. Wilcox. 235 (Footnote). He
asked me to accompany him and the doctor. We left the room, followed by the MPs.
After several twists and turns through the complex we entered a small room where
Airl had been wheeled on the gurney.
The General told me that Airl and The Domain were considered to be a very great
military threat to the United States. Airl had been "immobilized" so that she could
not depart and return to her base, as she said she would do in the interview. It would
be a very grave risk to national security to allow Airl to report what she observed
during her time at the base. So, it had been determined that decisive action was
needed to prevent this.
The General asked me if I understood why this was necessary. I said that I did,
although I most certainly did not agree that it was the least bit necessary and I
certainly did not agree with the "surprise attack" on Airl and me in the interview
room! However, I said nothing about this to the General because I was very afraid
of what might happen to me and Airl if I protested.
Dr. Wilcox asked me to approach the gurney and stand next to Airl. Airl lay
perfectly still and unmoving on the bed. I could not tell whether she was alive or
dead. Several other men in white lab coats, who I assumed were also doctors, stood
on the opposite side of the bed. They had connected two pieces of monitoring
equipment to Airl's head, arms and chest. One of these devices I recognized from
my training as a surgical nurse as an EEG machine 236 (Footnote) which is used to
detect electrical activity in the brain. The other device was a normal hospital room
vital signs monitor, which I knew would be useless since Airl did not have a
biological body.
Dr. Wilcox explained to me that he had administered a series of "mild" electroshocks
to Airl in an attempt to subdue her long enough to allow the military authorities time
to evaluate the situation and determine what to do with Airl.
He asked me to attempt to communicate with Airl, telepathically.
I tried for several minutes but couldn't sense any communication from Airl. I
couldn't even sense whether Airl was present in the body any longer!
"I think you must have killed her", I said to the doctor. 
143
Dr. Wilcox told me that they would keep Airl under observation and that I would be
asked to return later to try to establish communication with Airl again." 
144
Chapter Fifteen
My Interrogation

 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"The next morning I was escorted from my quarters, under the guard of four MPs, to
the interview room. Airl's overstuffed chair had been removed from the room and
replaced by a small desk and several office chairs. I was asked to sit down and wait
to be interviewed. After a few minutes Dr. Wilcox came into the office together with
another man wearing a plain business suit. The man introduced himself as John
Reid. 237 (Footnote)
Dr. Wilcox explained to me that Mr. Reid had been flown in from Chicago at the
request of my superior officers to conduct a lie detector 238 (Footnote) test on me!
My surprise at this statement was so obvious, that Dr. Wilcox noticed that I was
obviously taken aback, and insulted, at the insinuation that I had ever lied about
anything!
Nonetheless, Mr. Reid began to set up his polygraph device on the desk next to my
chair, while Dr. Wilcox continued to explain, in a calm voice, that the test was being
administered for my own protection. Since all of the interviews with the alien had
been conducted telepathically, and Airl had declined to read and attest that the typed
transcripts were accurate, that the truth and accuracy of the statements contained in
the transcripts depended entirely on my personal word alone. There was no other
reliable way to test the accuracy of the transcripts without submitting me to a battery
of tests and psychological examinations to determine, in the opinion of "experts",
meaning himself, whether the transcripts should be taken seriously, or not.
The tone of his voice said very clearly, "or dismissed as the delusional ranting of a
mere woman!"
Mr. Reid proceeded to strap a rubber tube around my chest, as well as an ordinary
blood-pressure cuff around my upper arm. He then placed electrodes on the fingers
and surfaces of my hands. He explained that he would be very objective during the
interview because he had been thoroughly trained in scientific interrogation. This
training was supposed to make his interrogation free from human error. 
145
Mr. Reid explained to me that, in response to the questions he and Dr. Wilcox were
going to ask me, that actual physiological changes would be transmitted through a
small panel unit. The readings would then be tracked on moving graph paper, which
he placed beside the machine on the desk. The parallel graphs on the paper would
then be correlated and interpreted by Mr. Reid, with the "expert" assistance of Dr.
Wilcox, to determine whether or not I was lying.
Both Mr. Reid and Dr. Wilcox asked me a series of innocuous questions to begin,
which advanced into a more pointed interrogation about my interviews with Airl.
Here is what I remember about the questions:
"What is your name?"
"Matilda O'Donnell", I replied.
"What is your date of birth?"
"June 12th, 1924", I said.
"What is your age?"
"Twenty-three".
"Where were you born?"
"Los Angeles, California", I said.
(And so on, and so forth.)
"Are you able to communicate by telepathy?"
"No. I have never been able to do this with anyone except Airl." I said.
"Were any of the statements you made to the stenographer falsified?
"No", I answered.
"Have you intentionally or unintentionally imagined or fabricated any of the
communication you claimed to have had with the alien?"
"No, of course not", I said.
"Are you intentionally attempting to deceive anyone?"
"No." 
146
"Are you attempting to obstruct this test?"
"No."
"What color are your eyes?"
"Blue".
"Are you a Catholic?"
"Yes."
"Would you tell the same stories to your parish priest in a Catholic church
confessional that you told to the stenographer here at the base?"
"Yes."
"Are you trying to hide anything from us?"
"No. Nothing."
"Do you believe everything the alien communicated to you?"
"Yes."
"Do you consider yourself to be a gullible person?"
"No."
The questions continued in this manner for more than an hour. Finally, I was
unhooked from the polygraph machine and allowed to return to my quarters, still
under guard by the MPs.
Later in the afternoon I returned to the interview room. This time the desk was
replaced by a hospital gurney. Dr. Wilcox was accompanied by a staff nurse this
time. He asked me to lie down on the gurney. He said that he had been requested to
ask me the same series of questions that I answered for the lie detector test.
This time, however, I would respond to the questions under the influence of a "truth
serum", 239 (Footnote) known as sodium pentothal. As a trained surgical nurse, I was
familiar with this barbiturate drug as it was sometimes used as an anesthetic.
Dr. Wilcox asked me if I had any objection to submitting to such a test. I told him
that I had nothing to hide. I cannot recall anything about this interview. I assumed
that when I finished answering the questions I was escorted back to my room by the 
147
MPs, with their assistance this time, as I was too wobbly and woozy from the drug to
navigate by myself. However, I had a very peaceful sleep that night.
Apparently neither of these interrogations yielded any suspicious results as I was not
asked any more questions after that. Thankfully, I was left alone during the rest of
my time at the base." 
148
Chapter Sixteen
Airl Departs
 (MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"I remained at the base, mostly confined to my quarters, for another 3 weeks
after Airl had been "incapacitated" by Dr. Wilcox. Once a day I was escorted to
the room where Airl lay on the bed under continued surveillance by Dr. Wilcox,
and others, I assume. Each time I went to the room, I was asked to try to
communicate with Airl again. Each time there was no response. This saddened
me a great deal. As the days continued I became increasing more certain and
distressed that Airl was "dead", if that is the right word for it.
Every day, I re-read the transcripts of my interviews with Airl, searching for a
clue that might remind me of something or help me in some way to re-establish
communication with Airl. I still had the envelope in my possession with copies
of the transcripts that Airl was asked to sign. To this day, I don't understand
why no one ever asked me to return them. I suppose they forgot about the copy
of the transcripts in all the excitement. I did not offer to return them. I kept
them concealed under the mattress of my bed all the time I remained at the base,
and have kept them with me ever since then. You will be the first person to see
these transcripts.
Since Airl's body was not biological, the doctors could not detect whether the
body was alive or dead unless it moved. Of course I knew that if Airl was not
consciously animating the body as an IS-BE, the body would not move.
I explained this to Dr. Wilcox. I explained this to him several times. Each time
he just gave me a patronizing sort of smile, patted my arm, and thanked me for
trying again.
At the end of the third week I was told by Dr. Wilcox that my services would no
longer be needed because it had been decided by the military to move Airl to a
larger, more secure military medical facility that was better equipped to deal
with the situation. He didn't say anything about where the facility was located.
That was the last time I saw Airl's doll body. 
149
The following day I received written orders, signed by General Twining. The
orders said that I had completed my service to the U.S. military and was
officially discharged from further duty and that I would receive an honorable
discharge and a generous military pension. I would be also be relocated by the
military, and given a new identity with the appropriate documents.
Along with the orders I received a document that I was instructed to read and
sign. It was an oath of secrecy. The language of the document was full of
"legalese", but the point was very clearly made that I was to never, ever discuss
anything whatsoever with anyone whatsoever about anything whatsoever that I
has seen, heard or experienced during my service in the military -- under pain of
death as an Act of Treason against the United States of America!
As it turned out, I was placed into a Federal government witness protection
program 240 (Footnote), except that I would be protected from the government by
the government. In other words, as long as I stayed quiet I could stay alive!
The following morning I was placed aboard a small military transport plane and
flown to a relocation destination. After being shuttled to several locations for
short periods, I eventually I ended up in Glasgow, Montana near Fort Peck.
The night before I was scheduled to board the transport plane, as I lay in bed
contemplating the whole affair and wondering what happened to Airl, and to me,
I suddenly heard Airl's "voice". I sat bolt upright in my bed and turned on the
light on the night stand! I looked around the room frantically for a few seconds.
Then I realized that it was Airl, the IS-BE. Her body was not in the room with
me, of course, and it didn't need to be.
She said "Hello!". The tone of her thought was plain and friendly. It was
unmistakably Airl. I did not have the least doubt about that!
I thought, "Airl? Are you still here?" She answered that she was "here", but
not in a body on Earth. She had returned to her post at The Domain base when
the doctor and MPs attacked us in the interview room. She was pleased to
perceive that I was well, and that I was going to be released unharmed.
I wondered how she escaped from them. I was worried that they might have
injured Airl by the shock machine. Airl said that she was able to leave the body
before the shock was administered and avoided the electric current running
through the body. She wanted to let me know that she was safe and not to worry
about her. I was very relieved, to say the least!
I asked Airl if I would every see her again. Airl reassured me that we are both
IS-BEs. We are not a physical bodies. Now that she had located me in space
and time we would always stay in communication. Airl wished me well and my
communication with her ended for the moment." 
150
Post Script from Mrs. MacElroy
EDITOR' NOTE: The following message was enclosed in a separate
envelope marked "READ ME LAST", together with the original letter, the
transcripts and the other notes of explanation I received in the envelope
from Mrs. MacElroy. This is what the message said:
"The other documents in this envelope are the end of
the story, as far as what happened back in 1947.
However, several months after the government got me
settled at my final relocation destination, I
continued my communication with Airl on a regular
basis.
It has been almost exactly 40 years since the crash
at Roswell. Since then it has become obvious to me
that I have been able to communicate telepathically
with Airl for one reason: I am one of the 3,000
members of the Lost Battalion. At this time, all of
the members of the Lost Battalion have been located
on Earth as a result of The Domain Annunaki Mission
and their use of the "Tree of Life" detection device.
Through my communication with Airl, I have recovered
some of my memory of lives I've spent on Earth over
the past 8,000 years. Most of these memories are not
especially important compared to the long backtrack
of events, but it has been a necessary stepping stone
to regaining my awareness and ability as an IS-BE.
I can also remember some dim patches of my life in
The Domain Expeditionary Force. I was a nurse there
too. For the most part I've been a nurse over and
over and over again down through the ages. I stick
with being a nurse because it is familiar to me. And,
I enjoy the work of helping people, as well as
members of the race of biological beings in The
Domain whose bodies look more like insects than
mammals, especially their hands. Even doll bodies
need some repair once in awhile, too.
As I remember more about my past, I realize that the
rest of my life is in the future. Eternity is not
just in the past. Eternity is in the future. At 
151
this point I am still not able to fully return to The
Domain. I am sentenced to eternal imprisonment, like
all other IS-BEs in the living Hell called Earth,
until we can disable the "Old Empire" force screens.
Because I won't keep my biological body much longer
now, I am intensely aware that very soon I will be
recycled through the amnesia process of the "Old
Empire", and stuck back into another baby body to
start all over again -- without any memory of what
went before.
As you know, members of The Domain Expeditionary
Force have been working to solve this problem for
thousands of years. Airl says that even though The
Domain has located all of the Lost Battalion officers
and crew, the success of freeing them depends on the
IS-BEs who are already on Earth. The Domain Central
Command cannot authorize any personnel or resources,
at this time, to conduct a "rescue mission" as this
in not the primary mission of The Domain
Expeditionary Force in this galaxy.
So, if IS-BEs on Earth are going to escape from this
prison, it will have to be an "inside job", so to
speak. The inmates will have to figure out how to
get themselves out. Various methods of recovering
the memory and ability of IS-BEs have been developed
over the past 10,000 years on Earth, but none have
proven to be consistently effective so far.
Airl mentioned that the most significant breakthrough
was made by Gautama Siddhartha about 2,500 years ago.
However, the original teachings and techniques taught
by The Buddha have been altered or lost over the
millennia since then. The practical techniques of
his philosophy were perverted into robotic religious
rituals by priests as a self-serving instrument of
control or slavery.
However, another major advance occurred recently. An
acquaintance of The Commanding Officer of The Domain
Expeditionary Force Space Station is an IS-BE who had
once been an important engineer and officer in the
"Old Empire" Space Fleet. He become an "untouchable"
himself about 10,000 years ago and was sentenced to
Earth for leading a mutiny against the oppressive 
152
regime of the "Old Empire". The engineer was trained
in Advanced Scientific Improvisation Theory thousands
of years ago. This man has applied his expertise to
helping The Domain solve the apparently unsolvable
problem of rescuing the members of the Lost
Battalion, as well as the IS-BEs on Earth.
Careful observation and experimental analysis of the
mechanics of memory in IS-BEs by he and his wife, who
assisted him, led to the realization that IS-BEs can
recover from amnesia and also regain lost abilities.
Together they discovered and developed effective
methods that they used to rehabilitate their own
memories. They eventually codified their methods so
that others can safely be trained to apply them to
themselves and others, without detection by the "Old
Empire" thought control operators.
Their research also revealed that IS-BEs can occupy
and operate more than one body at the same time --
a fact that previously was thought to be uniquely
limited to officers of The Domain.
One example of this fact is that the engineer, in a
previous lifetime on Earth, was Suleiman The
Magnificent 241 (Footnote). His assistant was a harem girl
who rose up from slavery to become his wife and rule
the Ottoman empire with him. 242 (Footnote) Simultaneously,
she inhabited another body and ruled her own empire
as Queen Elizabeth. 243 (Footnote) As the Queen of England,
she never married, because she was already married to
the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire!
In a later life he was incarnated as Cecil Rhodes.
244 (Footnote). During his life as Rhodes she was, again,
a princess, this time from Poland. 245 (Footnote) As such,
she pursued Rhodes unsuccessfully toward the end of
his life. However, in their next incarnation they met
again, were married, had a family, and again, worked
together successfully all of their lives.

Several other notable examples of this phenomena were
observed. For example, the process of refining steel
was invented by the same IS-BE who inhabited two
bodies simultaneously. One was named Kelly 246 (Footnote)
who lived in Kentucky, and the other was a man named 
153
Bessemer 247 (Footnote) who lived in England. They both
conceived the same process at the same time.
Another example is Alexander Graham Bell 248 (Footnote) the
inventor of the telephone, which was invented by
several others at the same time, including Elisha
Gray. 249 (Footnote) The telephone was conceived
concurrently in several locations around the world
all at once. This was a single IS-BE of such
tremendous energy and ability that he was able to
operate several bodies in several different locations
while conducting complex research work!
Thanks to these revelations, The Domain has been able
to return some of IS-BEs of the Lost Battalion to
active duty on a limited, part-time basis. For
example, two young girls who occupy biological bodies
on Earth are now, at the same time, working as active
members of The Domain Expeditionary Force on the
asteroid space station as operators of a
communication switchboard. These operators relay
messages between The Domain Expeditionary Force and
The Domain Command Headquarters.
Recently, I, myself have been able to resume some of
my own duties for The Domain Expeditionary Force
while continuing to live on Earth. This is not an
easy task however, and can only be done while my
biological body is sleeping.
It makes me very, very happy to know that we may not
have to stay on Earth forever! There is hope of
escape, not just for the Lost Battalion, but for many
other IS-BEs on Earth.
However, all IS-BEs could be helped to become more
aware of the actual situation on Earth through the
information in this envelope. This is why I sent
these letters and transcripts to you. I want you to
get these documents published. I want IS-BEs on
Earth to have a chance to find out what is really
happening on Earth.
Most people will not believe any of it, I'm sure. It
seems too incredible. No "reasonable" person would
ever believe a word of it. However, it only seems
"incredible" to an IS-BE whose memory has been erased 
154
and replaced with false information inside the
electronically controlled illusion of a prison
planet. We must not allow the apparent incredibility
of our situation to prevent us from confronting the
reality of it.
Frankly, "reasons" have nothing to do with reality.
There are no reasons. Things are what they are. If
we don't face the facts of our situation, we're going
to stay under the thumb of the "Old Empire" forever!
The biggest weapon the "Old Empire" has left now is
our ignorance of what they are doing to all the ISBEs on Earth. Disbelief and secrecy are the most
effective weapons they have!
The government agencies that classified the enclosed
transcripts as "TOP SECRET" are run by IS-BEs who are
nothing more than mindless automatons covertly
ordered about through hypnotic commands given by the
"Old Empire" prison operators. They are the
unknowing slaves of unseen slave masters -- and all
the more enslaved by their willingness to be slaves.
Most of the IS-BEs on Earth are good, honest, able
beings: artists, managers, geniuses, free thinkers
and revolutionaries who have harmed no one, really.
They are no threat to anyone except the criminals who
have imprisoned them.
They must find out about the "Old Empire" amnesia and
hypnosis operation. They must remember their own past
lives. The only way this will ever happen is to
communicate, coordinate and fight back. We have to
tell other people and they have to discuss it openly
with each other. Communication is the only effective
weapon against secrecy and oppression.
This is why I am asking you to tell this story.
Please share these transcripts with as many people as
you can. If the people of Earth are told what is
really going on here, perhaps they will begin to
remember who they are, and where they came from.
For now, we can begin our own release and rescue with
words. We can be free again. We can be ourselves
again. Perhaps I will meet you in person, with or
without a body, somewhere in our Eternal Future. 
155
Good Luck To All Of Us,
Matilda O'Donnell MacElroy
-- END OF MRS. MACELROY DOCUMENTS --
156
Appendix: Editor's Footnotes 
157
Literature for Immortal Spiritual Beings
Written by
Lawrence R . Spencer
The Oz Factors
The "Wizard of Oz" as an Analogy to the Mysteries of Life
( www.ozfactors.com )
Pan - God of The Woods
( www.godofthewoods.com )
The Big Bleep
The Mystery of a Different Universe
( www.thebigbleep.com )
Alien Interview
( www.alieninterview.org )
158

1
 "..."War of the Worlds, and The Invasion from Mars"..."
"... the day before Halloween, on Oct. 30, 1938, when millions of Americans tuned in to a
popular radio program that featured plays directed by, and often starring, Orson Welles. The
performance that evening was an adaptation of the science fiction novel The War of the
Worlds, about a Martian invasion of the Earth. But in adapting the book for a radio play,
Welles made an important change: under his direction the play was written and performed
so it would sound like a news broadcast about an invasion from Mars, a technique that,
presumably, was intended to heighten the dramatic effect.
As the play unfolded, dance music was interrupted a number of times by fake news bulletins
reporting that a "huge flaming object" had dropped on a farm near Grovers Mill, New Jersey.
As members of the audience sat on the edge of their collective seat, actors playing news
announcers, officials and other roles one would expect to hear in a news report, described
the landing of an invasion force from Mars and the destruction of the United States. The
broadcast also contained a number of explanations that it was all a radio play, but if
members of the audience missed a brief explanation at the beginning, the next one didn't
arrive until 40 minutes into the program.
At one point in the broadcast, an actor in a studio, playing a newscaster in the field,
described the emergence of one of the aliens from its spacecraft. "Good heavens,
something's wriggling out of the shadow like a gray snake," he said, in an appropriately
dramatic tone of voice. "Now it's another one, and another. They look like tentacles to me.
There, I can see the thing's body. It's large as a bear and it glistens like wet leather. But that
face. It...it's indescribable. I can hardly force myself to keep looking at it. The eyes are black
and gleam like a serpent. The mouth is V-shaped with saliva dripping from its rimless lips
that seem to quiver and pulsate....The thing is raising up. The crowd falls back. They've seen
enough. This is the most extraordinary experience. I can't find words. I'm pulling this
microphone with me as I talk. I'll have to stop the description until I've taken a new position.
Hold on, will you please, I'll be back in a minute."
As it listened to this simulation of a news broadcast the audience concluded that it was
hearing an actual news account of an invasion from Mars. People packed the roads,
hid in cellars, loaded guns, even wrapped their heads in wet towels as protection from
Martian poison gas, in an attempt to defend themselves against aliens, oblivious to
the fact that they were acting out the role of the panic-stricken public that actually
belonged in a radio play.
News of the panic (which was conveyed via genuine news reports) quickly generated
a national scandal. There were calls, which never went anywhere, for government
regulations of broadcasting to ensure that a similar incident wouldn't happen again.
In a prescient column, in the New York Tribune, Dorothy Thompson foresaw that the
broadcast revealed the way politicians could use the power of mass communications
to create theatrical illusions, to manipulate the public."
-- Reference: http://www.transparencynow.com/welles.htm
2
 "...Majestic-12 documents." 
159

"Majestic 12" or "MJ-12". (NOTE: All of the following information and/or assertions
concerning the MJ-12 documents are those of the authors of the following website:
http://www.majesticdocuments.com)
"Operation Majestic-12 was established by special classified presidential order on
September 24, 1947 at the recommendation of Secretary of Defense James Forrestal and
Dr. Vannevar Bush, Chairman of the Joint Research and Development Board. The goal of
the group was to exploit everything they could from recovered alien technology.
Buried in a super-secret "MAJIC EYES ONLY" classification that was above TOP SECRET
— long before the modern top secret codeword special access programs of today — Major
General Leslie R. Groves (who commanded the Manhattan Project to deliver the atomic
bomb) kept just one copy of the details of crashed alien technology in his safe in
Washington, D.C.
Ambitious, elite scientists such as Vannevar Bush, Albert Einstein, and Robert
Oppenheimer, and career military people such as Hoyt Vandenberg, Roscoe Hillenkoetter,
Leslie Groves, and George Marshall, along with a select cast of other experts, feverishly and
secretively labored to understand the alien agenda, technology, and their implications.
Einstein and Oppenheimer were called in to give their opinion, drafting a six-page paper
titled “Relationships With Inhabitants Of Celestial Bodies.” They provided prophetic insight
into our modern nuclear strategies and satellites, and expressed agitated urgency that an
agreement be reached with the President so that scientists could proceed to study the alien
technology.
The extraordinary recovery of fallen airborne objects in the state of New Mexico, between
July 4 – July 6, 1947, caused the Chief of Staff of the Army Air Force’s Interplanetary
Phenomena Unit, Scientific and Technical Branch, Counterintelligence Directorate to initiate
a thorough investigation. The special unit was formed in 1942 in response to two crashes in
the Los Angeles area in late February 1942. The draft summary report begins “At 2332 MST,
3 July 47, radar stations in east Texas and White Sands Proving Ground, N.M. tracked two
unidentified aircraft until they both dropped off radar. Two crash sites have been located
close to the WSPG. Site LZ-1 was located at a ranch near Corona, Approx. 75 miles
northwest of the town of Roswell. Site LZ-2 was located approx. 20 miles southeast of the
town of Socorro, at latitude 33-40-31 and longitude 106-28-29”.
The first-ever-known UFO crash retrieval case occurred in 1941 in Cape Girardeau,
Missouri. This crash kicked off early reverse-engineering work, but it did not create a unified
intelligence effort to exploit possible technological gains apart from the Manhattan Project
uses.
The debris from the primary field of the 1947 crash 20 miles southeast of Socorro, New
Mexico was called ULAT-1 (Unidentified Lenticular Aerodyne Technology), and it excited
metallurgists with its unheard-of tensile and shear strengths. The fusion nuclear (called
neutronic at that time) engine used heavy water and deuterium with an oddly arranged
series of coils, magnets, and electrodes — descriptions that resemble the “cold fusion”
studies of today.
Harry Truman kept the technical briefing documents of September 24, 1947 for further study,
pondering the challenges of creating and funding a secret organization before the CIA 
160

existed (although the Central Intelligence Group or CIG did exist) and before there was a
legal procedure of funding non-war operations.
In April 1954, a group of senior officers of the U.S. intelligence community and the Armed
Forces gathered for one of the most secret and sensational briefings in history. The subject
was Unidentified Flying Objects — not just a discussion of sightings, but how to recover
crashed UFOs, where to ship the parts, and how to deal with the occupants. For example, in
the “Special Operations Manual (SOM1-01) Extraterrestrial Entities Technology Recovery
and Disposal,” MAJESTIC–12 “red teams” mapped out UFO crash retrieval scenarios with
special attention given to press blackouts, body packaging, and live alien transport, isolation,
and custody.
Majestic Documents.com is not another rehash of the famous Roswell story — it contains
over 500 pages (and growing) of newly surfaced documents, many of which date years
before the Roswell crash. Unlike other websites, a central theme of validating authenticity is
woven throughout the site while telling the exciting story of the U.S. government's work on
retrieval and analysis of extraterrestrial hardware and alien life forms from 1941 to present."
-- Reference: http://www.majesticdocuments.com/
3
 "Like Ripley said..."
Robert LeRoy Ripley (December 25, 1893 - May 27, 1949) was a cartoonist, entrepreneur,
and amateur anthropologist who created the world famous Ripley's Believe It or Not!
newspaper panel series, featuring odd but true facts from around the world. Subjects
covered in Ripley's cartoons and text ranged from sports feats to little known facts about
unusual and exotic sites, but what ensured the concept's popularity may have been that
Ripley also included items submitted by readers, who supplied photographs of a wide variety
of small town American trivia, ranging from unusually shaped vegetables to oddly marked
domestic animals, all documented by photographs and then engagingly depicted by Ripley's
prolific pen."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
4
 "...Voltaire..."
"François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), better known by the pen
name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher known
for his wit, philosophical sport, and defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and
the right to a fair trial. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform despite strict
censorship laws and harsh penalties for those who broke them. A satirical polemicist, he
frequently made use of his works to criticize Christian Church dogma and the French
institutions of his day. Many of Voltaire's works and ideas would influence important thinkers
of both the American and French Revolutions."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
5
 "...personal Hell..."
"The modern English word Hell is derived from Old English hel, helle (about 725 AD) and
ultimately from Proto-Germanic halja, meaning "one who covers up or hides something". 
161

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
6
 "...Top Secret"...
"Top Secret is the highest acknowledged level of classified information in many countries,
where it is defined as material that would cause "exceptionally grave damage" to national
security if disclosed. The term top secret can be applied to information, actions,
organizations, projects, etc. of which any knowledge is highly restricted."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
7
 "... self-administered euthanasia...."
"The term euthanasia comes from the greek words "eu" and "thanatos" which combined
means “well-death” or "dying well". Hippocrates mentions euthanasia in the Hippocratic
Oath, which was written between 400 and 300 B.C. The ancient Greeks and Romans
generally did not believe that life needed to be preserved at any cost and were, in
consequence, tolerant of suicide in cases where no relief could be offered to the dying or, in
the case of the Stoics and Epicureans, where a person no longer cared for his life."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
8
 "...County Meath, Ireland..."
"Meath (the "middle") was formed from the eastern part of the province of Midhe - see Kings
of Mide - but now forms part of Leinster. Historically this province of Meath included all of the
current county as well as all of Westmeath and parts of Cavan, Longford, Louth, Offaly,
Dublin and Kildare. The High King of Ireland sat at Tara in Meath. The archaeological
complex of Brú na Bóinne is 5,000 years old and includes the burial sites of Newgrange,
Knowth and Dowth, in the northeast of the county."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
9 "...The Great Mound" at Knowth, and Dowth, the "Fairy Mound of Darkness". These
are sacred "cairns" or massive stone structures that were erected about 3,700 BCE
and engraved with indecipherable hieroglyphs..."
"The astronomical significance of Kerbstone 51, the "Stone of the Seven Suns", at Dowth:
If moonlight were to shine on the back stone of the eastern passage at Knowth, it would
illuminate a map of the moon itself, the world's oldest known depiction of the lunar maria*.
The carvings are about 4800 years old. The next oldest depiction of the maria known to
science is that by Leonardo da Vinci in about 1505 AD.
* Lunar maria (singular: mare, two syllables) are large, dark, basaltic plains on Earth's
Moon, formed by ancient volcanic eruptions. They were dubbed maria, Latin for "seas", by
early astronomers who mistook them for actual seas. They are less reflective than the
"highlands" as a result of their iron-rich compositions, and hence appear dark to the naked
eye. The maria cover about 16% of the lunar surface, mostly on the near-side visible from
Earth. The few maria on the far-side are much smaller, residing mostly in very large craters
where only a small amount of flooding occurred. -- Reference: Wikipedia
The mythology about Dowth speaks of a bull and seven cows, it seems likely that the site
has some connection with the constellation of Taurus, the Bull, which contains the open 
162

cluster the Pleiades, otherwise known as "The Seven Sisters". This constellation was very
important around the year 3000BC, when the Boyne Valley mounds were being constructed,
as it contained the Sun on the Spring Equinox, that very important moment of the year when
the Sun's path along the ecliptic crossed the celestial equator heading northwards. It is the
Sun's position among the zodiac stars at this time which determines the current 'age' – i.e.
the "Age of Taurus".
Another interesting phenomenon which occurs at this time is what is known to astronomers
as a 'heliacal rising' of the Pleiades. This happens when the stars in question rise at the
eastern horizon but are quickly lost in the glare of the rising sun. It is interesting to note that
the Egyptians, and the Dogon tribe in Africa, (See: The Oz Factors) among others, used the
same Dowth-like 'sun-wheel' symbols to signify a heliacal rising.
If these 'sun-wheel' symbols do represent the heliacal rising of the Pleiades, it tells us
something very significant about the Neolithic people – they were aware of the great cycle of
precession, the slow wobble of the Earth's axis which causes the celestial pole to shift over
time, resulting in the Vernal Equinox point, that place where the Sun crosses the celestial
equator, moving backwards, or westwards, through the Zodiac over a huge 25,800-year
period. This Vernal point moves just one degree (about two widths of the full moon) every 72
years, and spends on average 2,150 years in each of the twelve constellations of the
Zodiac."
-- Reference: http://www.mythicalireland.com/ancientsites/dowth/candlelight.html
10 "...In ancient Irish religion and mythology this (Tara) was the sacred place of
dwelling for the "gods"..."
" Sitting on top of the King's Seat (Forradh) of Temair is the most famous of Tara's
monuments - Ireland's ancient coronation stone - the Lia Fail or "Stone of Destiny", which
was brought here according to mythology by the godlike people, the Tuatha Dé Danann, as
one of their sacred objects. It was said to roar when touched by the rightful king of Tara.
A new theory suggests Tara was the ancient capital of the lost kingdom of Atlantis. The
mythical land of Atlantis was Ireland, according to a new book. There are a large number of
monuments and earthen structures on the Hill of Tara. The earliest settlement at the site was
in the Neolithic, and the Mound of the Hostages was constructed in or around 2500BC."
-- Reference: http://www.mythicalireland.com/ancientsites/tara/
11 "...the Military - Industrial Complex that President Eisenhower warned us about in
his farewell address..."
"A military-industrial complex (MIC) is composed of a nation's armed forces, its suppliers
of weapons systems, supplies and services, and its civil government.
The term "MIC" is most often used in reference to the United States, where it gained
popularity after its use in the farewell address of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In the
penultimate draft of the address, Eisenhower initially used the term military-industrialcongressional complex, and thus indicated the essential role that the United States
Congress plays in the propagation of the military industry. But, it is said, that the president 
163

chose to strike the word congressional in order to placate members of the legislative branch
of the federal government.
It is sometimes used more broadly to include the entire network of contracts and flows of
money and resources among individuals as well as institutions of the defense contractors,
The Pentagon, and the Congress and Executive branch. This sector is intrinsically prone to
Principal-agent problem, moral hazard, and rent seeking. Cases of political corruption have
also surfaced with regularity.
President of the United States (and former General of the Army) Dwight D. Eisenhower
later used the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961:
"A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be
mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his
own destruction...
This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in
the American experience. The total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in
every city, every statehouse, every office of the federal government. We recognize the
imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave
implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our
society.
In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted
influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for
the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.
We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic
processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry
can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with
our peaceful methods and goals so that security and liberty may prosper together."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
12 "... Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF)..."
"In May 1946, the Army Air Forces (AAF) gave SAC the responsibility of delivering the
atomic bomb. Only one of the command’s bombardment units, the 509th at Walker Air Force
Base (then Roswell Field) in New Mexico, was trained and ready for the atomic bomb
mission. The 509th Wing, training on the B-29 aircraft, dropped the first atomic bomb on
Japan."
-- Reference: http://www.strategic-air-command.com/bases/Walker_AFB.htm
13 "...July 8, 1947, the Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) issued a press release stating
that personnel from the field's 509th Bomb Group had recovered a crashed "flying
disc" from a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico..."
THE FOLLOWING LIST OF WITNESSES AND TESTIMONY REGARDING THE
"CRASHED FLYING DISC" INCIDENT THAT MRS. MACELROY DESCRIBES IN HER
LETTER: 
164

NOTE: Testimonial, Signed Affidavits, Photos And Other Resource Materials About The
Incident Can Be Viewed At The Following Website:
 -- http://roswellproof.homestead.com/index.html
(Copyright ©2001 by David Rudiak. E-Mail: drudiak@lmi.net )
______________________________________________________________________
"When we look at the contents of the message in conjunction with witness testimony, the
evidence clearly points to an actual flying saucer crash, as astonishing as this conclusion
may seem to many.
This testimony is gone into in much greater detail elsewhere in this Website. It consists
primarily of numerous and consistent descriptions of highly anomalous debris and to a
lesser extent of alien bodies. Here are a few key witnesses:
Major Jesse Marcel: Then the intelligence chief at Roswell and the first to investigate
sheep rancher Mack Brazel's find, Marcel confirmed in a number of interviews 30 years later
that the crash debris had highly anomalous properties and was "not of this Earth." Marcel
also spoke of Ramey's weather balloon cover-up at Fort Worth. Note particularly highly
laudatory post-Roswell evaluations by base commander Col. William Blanchard, Gen.
Ramey, and future USAF Chief of Staff Col. John Ryan.
Lt. Walter Haut: Former Roswell base public information officer who issued the base press
release. Haut's "deathbed" sealed affidavit has just been published. In it he confesses to
seeing the spacecraft and bodies in base Hangar 84/P-3 and tells us the mysterious press
release was General Ramey's idea to divert press and public attention away from the closer
and more important craft/body site.
Sgt Frederick Benthal: Army photographer flown in from Washington D.C., said he
photographed alien bodies in a tent at crash site and saw large quantities of crash debris
being hauled away in trucks.
PFC Elias Benjamin: Roswell MP, said he escorted the alien bodies from the heavily
guarded base Hangar P-3 to the base hospital, and saw a live one being worked on by
doctors; was threatened afterwards if he didn't keep quiet.
1st Lt. Chester P. Barton: A crypto specialist and assigned to an MP unit, Barton said he
was ordered to the crash site 45 minutes north of town to check on the cleanup, saw a
football-field-size burn impact area heavily guarded by MPs, scattered metal debris, was told
radiation was at the site, heard archeologists had first discovered it, and also heard bodies
were taken to base hospital and then to Fort Worth. Because of what he saw, he knew that
the balloon explanation was ridiculous and there had been a cover-up. However, Barton
was unusual in being a flying saucer crash skeptic, instead thinking that it was maybe a B-29
crash and nuclear accident.
Bill Brazel Jr.: Rancher Mack Brazel's son, Bill Brazel independently corroborated many
details of Marcel's testimony, including the strange debris, the large, elongated debris field,
and his father's story of an explosion in the middle of a violent electrical storm.
Louis Rickett: One of the regular Army CIC agents in Marcel's office, Rickett confirmed the
anomalous quality of the debris, a major cleanup operation at Brazel's ranch, high secrecy,
and being involved in a subsequent investigation to determine the trajectory of the craft. He 
165

was also told by others about the shape of the main craft. Like Chester Barton, he placed
the main impact site a 45 minute drive north of Roswell.
Brig. Gen. Arthur Exon: Though not a direct participant, Exon was stationed at Wright
Field at the time, over flew the area soon afterwards, and was later commanding officer of
Wright-Patterson AFB. Exon when first interviewed flatly stated, "Roswell was the recovery
of a craft from space." Among other things, he confirmed the existence of two main crash
sites. Exon also said he heard that bodies were recovered and confirmed the debris was
highly anomalous based on testing done by labs at Wright-Patterson. Exon added that he
was aware of other crash-recoveries that occurred while he was C/O at Wright-Patterson.
Steven Lovekin (served in the White House Army Signal Corp during Eisenhower and
Kennedy administrations, 1959-1961) Although like Exon not a direct participant, Lovekin
said he received 1959 Pentagon briefings and being shown a metallic beam with symbols
from a 1947 N.M. crash (presumably Roswell) plus being told of either 3 or 5 aliens being
recovered, one initially alive. He also said he was shown very compelling photographic
and radar evidence of UFOs. He also testified of the threats against military personnel given
this information if they were to publicly reveal it. Finally, he told of Eisenhower's concern
over losing control of the situation with power falling into the hands of private corporations
given access to the materials.
Brig. Gen. Thomas Dubose: Gen. Ramey's Chief of Staff in 1947, Dubose handled the
high-level phone communications between Roswell, Fort Worth, and Washington. Dubose
went on record many times about the high secrecy involved (including the matter going
directly to the White House), receiving direct orders from Washington to instigate a cover-up,
Gen. Ramey's weather balloon cover story, and a highly secret shipment of debris from
Roswell to Fort Worth, Washington, and Wright Field. Dubose's damning testimony made
him a complete nonentity in the Air Force's 1995 Roswell report, which didn't even bother to
identify him in the photos taken of Gen. Ramey with his weather balloon. (Visit the website
to view Dubose's Air Force biography, his sworn affidavit, and a more detailed discussion of
his testimony which the Air Force was so eager to avoid.)
Sgt. Robert Slusher and PFC Lloyd Thompson: Crew members on a mysterious B-29
flight from Roswell to Fort Worth on July 9, 1947, transporting a large wooden crate in the
bomb bay surrounded by an armed guard. Upon arrival, the plane was met by high brass
and a mortician. This is probably the flight referred to in the Ramey memo that would ship
whatever was "in the 'disc'" to Fort Worth by a B-29 Special Transport plane. New witnesses
to the flight, including daughter of the head security guard, saying that alien bodies were
inside the crate.
Frank Kaufmann: A highly controversial witness claiming to be one of the exclusive
members of a special CIC-team (Army Counter-Intelligence Corp) in charge of the Roswell
recovery operation. Nonetheless, some of Kaufmann's claims seem to be corroborated by
the Ramey message, including the existence of such a team, the recovery of an intact "disk"
with bodies inside about 35 miles north of Roswell base, and the special team being
responsible for the initial Roswell base press release. Kaufmann also testified to knowing of
a wooden crate guarded in a hangar with the bodies packed inside awaiting shipment,
perhaps the same crate independently described by Slusher and Thompson.
Glenn Dennis: A Roswell mortician and another highly controversial witness, Dennis spoke
of receiving strange calls from the base about preservation techniques and child-sized
coffins. Dennis also claimed to be at the Roswell base hospital, seeing unusual debris in the
back of an ambulance including a pod-like object perhaps alluded to in the Ramey message, 
166

and being threatened. He also claimed to know a Roswell nurse who assisted in a
preliminary autopsy at the base hospital and who described the aliens to him.
The nurse subsequently disappeared. However, attempts to identify the mystery nurse have
proven to be a complete failure after Dennis provided a false name. However, also see
some corroborative evidence immediately following Dennis' affidavit, such as David
Wagnon, a medical technician, who remembered the nurse fitting Dennis' description, as did
Pete Anaya, who said the pretty nurse he knew and encountered at the base hangar telling
him of the bodies there subsequently disappeared.
Roswell police chief L. M. Hall stated that Dennis was telling him of calls from the base about
small coffins for the aliens only a few days after the crashed saucer story broke in the
Roswell papers. Similarly, S/Sgt. Milton Sprouse also said he heard of the coffin call from
Dennis and a medic friend told him of the alien bodies and autopsy at the hospital.
The medic and doctors and nurses involved in the autopsy all immediately were
transferred and their fate remained unknown. In addition, other independent witnesses
have provided first and second-hand testimony about small bodies being found with details
very similar to those provided by Dennis, including Walter Haut, Frederick Benthal, Eli
Benjamin, and relatives of "Pappy" Henderson.
Family and friends of Oliver "Pappy" Henderson: Henderson was one of the senior pilots
at Roswell. When the first public stories of a Roswell saucer crash began circulating in
1981, Henderson confided to family and friends of being the pilot who flew bodies of the
aliens and crash wreckage to Wright Field. He also claimed to have seen the craft and
bodies, and provided a description of the aliens.
Sgt. Robert E. Smith: A member of an air transport unit at Roswell, Smith said he helped
load crates filled with debris for transport by C-54's, including one flown by Henderson and
his crew. Smith was also among the witnesses to describe the mysterious "memory foil"
which he said was in the crates. He further described strangers to the base dressed in
plainclothes and flashing ID cards for some unknown project, perhaps part of the special
CIC-team mentioned in the Ramey memo and by Frank Kaufmann. Finally he claimed that
distant cousin of his was with the Secret Service and was there at the base representing
President Truman. (The same name was also provided by Kaufmann.)
S/Sgt. Earl V. Fulford: In the engineering squadron, Fulford said he participated in the large
debris field cleanup guarded by MPs, handled the mysterious "memory foil," saw what may
have been the tarped crash object on a flatbed truck being towed to Hangar 84, and in the
middle of the night was made to load a large wooden crate into an idling C-54.
Earl Zimmerman: Formerly with AFOSI (AF counterintelligence). While in officers' club
heard many rumors about flying saucer crash and of it being investigated under the guise of
an airplane crash. Several times observed Gen. Ramey and Charles Lindbergh being at
base unannounced in connection with this. Like Robert Smith, spoke of seeing an unknown
CIC man being at base. Col. Blanchard told him it was OK. Later worked with astronomer
Dr. Lincoln LaPaz and corroborated story of Roswell CIC man Lewis Rickett that LaPaz
investigated Roswell afterwards with the help of the CIC to try to determine objects
trajectory. Again an airplane crash was the cover story.
Lt. Robert Shirkey: Then the assistant operations officer, Shirkey witnessed the loading of
the 
167

B-29 that took Major Marcel to Fort Worth to see Gen. Ramey. He said he saw boxes of
debris being carried on board, including an I-beam with raised markings and a large piece of
metal, brushed stainless steel in color, obviously not part of a tinfoil radar target. He was
told it was from a flying saucer. Along with witness Robert Porter, he also stated that the
plane's pilot was Deputy Commanding Officer Lt. Col. Payne Jennings, who was now the
Acting C/O with Col. Blanchard officially on leave. Nine days later, Shirkey was abruptly
transferred to the Philippines to a post that didn't exist. Jennings personally flew him to his
next assignment.
Sgt. Robert Porter: Was on Marcel's flight to Fort Worth and was handed wrapped
packages of debris samples. Said that flight was piloted by Deputy base commander
Jennings. He was told on board that the crash material was from a flying saucer. Later, they
told him it was a weather balloon. Said debris was loaded onto another plane.
Art McQuiddy: Former editor of the Roswell Morning Dispatch. Said base commander Col.
Blanchard admitted to authorizing base press release and of strange material being found by
his men.
Judd Roberts: Co-owner of Roswell radio station KGFL owner. Spoke of how they wirerecorded an interview with rancher Mack Brazel for later airing, then withdrew it about
receiving warnings from Washington about losing their license. Testified to seeing a military
cordon around Brazel crash site.
William Woody: Another witness to a military cordon thrown up up north of town along the
main highway, blocking access to the west.
Lydia Sleppy: Albuquerque teletype operator and one of earliest witnesses. Stated that the
story phoned in from field by Roswell radio reporter Johnny McBoyle about seeing the
crashed saucer and hearing of bodies was intercepted and cut-off on the teletype wire by the
FBI.
Loretta Proctor: Neighbor of rancher Mack Brazel. Brazel told her and her husband of
finding strange material before going to Roswell, and showing them a wood-like piece that
couldn't be cut or burned. They advised him to go to Roswell and report it. Brazel was
detained at the base and complained bitterly of his treatment when he returned.
Sally Strickland Tadolini: Another neighbor of Brazel's. Although only 9 years old at the
time, remembered Mack Brazel's grown son Bill Brazel bringing over a piece of metalliclooking debris with memory properties to show to her family (incident corroborated by her
mother). Described it as tough, resembled a smooth "fabric" like silk or satin, and, of course,
unfolded itself to its original shape after being crumpled up. Independently corroborated Bill
Brazel's story of finding material and also Marcel's of a metallic fabric material with memory
properties which he could blow through (therefore not balloon material). Also remembered
the adults talking about Mack Brazel's bad treatment at hands of military.
Dr. Jesse Marcel Jr.: 11-year old son of Major Marcel in 1947, recounts how his father
woke up his mother and himself in the middle of the night when he returned from the debris
field, showing them the pieces of a "flying saucer." Among other material, he distinctly
remembers a small metallic "I-beam" with purplish "hieroglyphics."
____________________________________________________________________
14 "... the Commanding General of the Eighth Air Force..." 
168

"General Roger M. Ramey was a major player in the Roswell Incident, but information on
him is hard to come by. Even though he became a fairly important Air Force general in the
early 1950s, for some reason the Air Force biographical Web page on their generals doesn't
list him.
Ramey was born in 1903 in Sulphur Springs, Texas, but grew up in Denton, Texas, about 40
miles north of Fort Worth. He graduated from North Texas State Teachers College in
Denton and wanted to study medicine. But he won a rodeo competition and "preferred
working on a ranch to books."
 He was the mess sergeant in a local National Guard unit, and the captain insisted young
"Cowboy" Ramey take the competitive examination for entrance to the U.S. Military
Academy, winning the West Point appointment. He entered West Point in 1924.
July 26,1946: Ramey wrote Roswell intelligence chief Major Jesse Marcel a commendation
for his work during Crossroads, citing his important contributions to security, his handling of
complex intelligence matters, and the perfection of his staff briefings. A year later, Marcel
was to handle the initial investigation into the strange crash debris found by rancher Mac
Brazel near Roswell and fly the debris to Fort Worth for examination by Gen. Ramey.
June 30, 1947: Ramey and his intelligence chief were giving press interviews and
debunking the new flying saucer phenomenon.
July 6, 1947: Ramey spent all day attending an air show in his home town of Denton, TX
(and probably visiting relatives). Meanwhile, back in Fort Worth with Ramey away from the
base, his chief of staff, Brig. Gen. Thomas Dubose, said he first learned of the find at
Roswell by phone from SAC acting chief of staff Gen. McMullen. According to Dubose,
McMullen ordered debris samples flown immediately to Washington by "colonel courier," first
stopping in Fort Worth. The whole operation was carried out under the strictest secrecy, said
Dubose. McMullen ordered him not to tell anyone, not even Ramey.
July 8, 1947: The infamous Roswell base flying disk press release and Ramey's subsequent
debunking of it as a weather balloon. According to Dubose, McMullen ordered the cover-up
in another phone call to Dubose from Washington. Both Dubose and Roswell intelligence
chief Jesse Marcel said the weather balloon was not what Marcel brought from Roswell,
being nothing but a cover story to get rid of the press.
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
15 "... U.S. Women's Army Air Force..."
"The Women's Army Corps (WAC) was the women's branch of the US Army. It was created
as an auxiliary unit, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps in 1942, and converted to full status
as the WAC in 1943. About 150,000 American women served in the WAAC and WAC
during World War II. They were the first women other than nurses to serve with the Army."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
16 "...Flight Nurse"... 
169

"The Flight Nurse Badge is issued in two different versions, one for the Navy and the other
for the Air Force. To be awarded the Flight Nurse Badge, a service member must be a
commissioned officer and a Registered Nurse and must also complete training normally
befitting the award of the Aircrew Badge. The Flight Nurse Badge is then presented after a
probationary period of in-flight instruction and observation."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
17 ..."Sheridan Cavitt of the Counter Intelligence Officer"...
(Please see the following Footnote)
18 "... I was asked to accompany Mr. Cavitt, the Counter Intelligence officer, to the
crash site as the driver of his vehicle ...
"Most of the testimony in this (the following) document is from the 1992 book “Crash at
Corona” by Stanton Friedman and Don Berliner, published in the United States by Paragon
House. That book contains lots of other interesting material, including material regarding
another crash site in New Mexico.
Sequence of Events:
On July 2, 1947, during the evening, a flying saucer crashed on the Foster Ranch near
Corona, New Mexico. The crash occurred during a severe thunderstorm. (The military base
nearest the crash site is in Roswell, New Mexico; hence, Roswell is more closely associated
with this event than Corona, even though Corona is closer to the crash site.)
On July 3, 1947, William “Mac” Brazel (rhymes with “frazzle”) and his 7-year-old neighbor
Dee Proctor found the remains of the crashed flying saucer. Brazel was foreman of
the Foster Ranch. The pieces were spread out over a large area, perhaps more than half a
mile long. When Brazel drove Dee back home, he showed a piece of the wreckage to Dee’s
parents, Floyd and Loretta Proctor. They all agreed the piece was unlike anything they had
ever seen.
On July 6, 1947, Brazel showed pieces of the wreckage to Chaves County Sheriff George
Wilcox. Wilcox called Roswell Army Air Field (AAF) and talked to Major Jesse Marcel, the
intelligence officer. Marcel drove to the sheriff’s office and inspected the wreckage. Marcel
reported to his commanding officer, Colonel William “Butch” Blanchard. Blanchard ordered
Marcel to get someone from the Counter Intelligence Corps, and to proceed to the ranch
with Brazel, and to collect as much of the wreckage as they could load into their two
vehicles.
Soon after this, military police arrived at the sheriff’s office, collected the wreckage Brazel
had left there, and delivered the wreckage to Blanchard’s office. The wreckage was then
flown to Eighth Air Force headquarters in Fort Worth, and from there to Washington.
Meanwhile, Marcel and Sheridan Cavitt of the Counter Intelligence Corps drove to the ranch
with Mac Brazel. They arrived late in the evening. They spent the night in sleeping bags in a
small out-building on the ranch, and in the morning proceeded to the crash site.
On July 7, 1947, Marcel and Cavitt collected wreckage from the crash site. After filling
Cavitt’s vehicle with wreckage, Marcel told Cavitt to go on ahead, that Marcel would collect
more wreckage, and they would meet later back at Roswell AAF. Marcel filled his vehicle 
170

with wreckage. On the way back to the air field, Marcel stopped at home to show his wife
and son the strange material he had found.
On July 7, 1947, around 4:00 pm, Lydia Sleppy at Roswell radio station KSWS began
transmitting a story on the teletype machine regarding a crashed flying saucer out on
the Foster Ranch. Transmission was interrupted, seemingly by the FBI.
On July 8, 1947, in the morning, Marcel and Cavitt arrived back at Roswell AAF with two
carloads of wreckage. Marcel accompanied this wreckage, or most it, on a flight to Fort
Worth AAF.
On July 8, 1947, around noon, Colonel Blanchard at Roswell AAF ordered Second
Lieutenant Walter Haut to issue a press release telling the country that the Army had found
the remains of a crashed a flying saucer. Haut was the public information officer for the
509th Bomb Group at Roswell AAF. Haut delivered the press release to Frank Joyce at radio
station KGFL. Joyce waited long enough for Haut to return to the base, then called Haut
there to confirm the story. Joyce then sent the story on the Western Union wire to the
United Press bureau.
On July 8, 1947, in the afternoon, General Clemence McMullen in Washington spoke by
telephone with Colonel (later Brigadier General) Thomas DuBose in Fort Worth, chief of
staff to Eighth Air Force Commander General Roger Ramey. McMullen ordered DuBose to
tell Ramey to quash the flying saucer story by creating a cover story, and to send some of
the crash material immediately to Washington.
On July 8, 1947, in the afternoon, General Roger Ramey held a press conference at Eighth
Air Force headquarters in Fort Worth in which he announced that what had crashed at
Corona was a weather balloon, not a flying saucer. To make this story convincing, he
showed the press the remains of a damaged weather balloon that he claimed was the actual
wreckage from the crash site. (Apparently, the obliging press did not ask why the Army
hurriedly transported weather balloon wreckage to Fort Worth, Texas, site of the press
conference, from the crash site in a remote area of New Mexico.)
The only newspapers that carried the initial flying saucer version of the story were evening
papers from the Midwest to the West, including the Chicago Daily News, the Los Angeles
Herald Express, the San Francisco Examiner, and the Roswell Daily Record. The New York
Times, the Washington Post, and the Chicago Tribune were morning papers and so carried
only the cover-up story the next morning.
At some point, a large group of soldiers were sent to the debris field on the Foster Ranch,
including a lot of MPs whose job was to limit access to the field. A wide search
was launched well beyond the limits of the debris field. Within a day or two, a few miles from
the debris field, the main body of the flying saucer was found, and a mile or two from that
several bodies of small humanoids were found.
The military took Mac Brazel into custody for about a week, during which time he was seen
on the streets of Roswell with a military escort. His behavior aroused the curiosity of
friends when he passed them without any sign of recognition. Following this period of
detention, Brazel repudiated his initial story."
 --- Reference: http://ufo.jack.sk/unidentified-flying-objects/roswell/ 
171

19 "...I discovered that one of the personnel on board the craft had survived the
crash... "
The following is a verbatim copy of the signed Affidavit submitted on 8-7-1991 by
Glenn Dennis, a mortician, in Roswell, N.M. at the time of the incident described in the
letter from Mrs. MacElroy: (PLEASE NOTE: Mrs. MacElroy is NOT the same nurse that
Mr. Dennis mentions in his Affidavit. Although no official identification has been made,
several witnesses have identified "Nurse X" as 1st Lt. Adeline "Eileen" Fanton.)
"AFFIDAVIT OF GLENN DENNIS
(1) My name is Glenn Dennis
(2) My address is: XXXXXXXXXX
(3) I am ( ) employed as: __________________________________ ( ) retired,
(4) In July 1947, I was a mortician, working for the Ballard Funeral Home in Roswell, which
had a contract to provide mortuary services for the Roswell Army Air Field. One afternoon,
around 1:15 or 1:30, I received a call from the base mortuary officer who asked what was the
smallest size hermetically sealed casket that we had in stock. He said, "We need to know
this in case something comes up in the future." He asked how long it would take to get one,
and I assured him I could get one for him the following day. He said he would call back if
they needed one.
(5) About 45 minutes to an hour later, he called back and asked me to describe the
preparation for bodies that had been lying out on the desert for a period of time. Before I
could answer, he said he specifically wanted to know what effect the preparation procedures
would have on the body's chemical compounds, blood and tissues. I explained that our
chemicals were mainly strong solutions of formaldehyde and water, and that the procedure
would probably alter the body's chemical composition. I offered to come out to the base to
assist with any problem he might have, but he reiterated that the information was for future
use. I suggested that if he had such a situation that I would try to freeze the body in dry ice
for storage and transportation.
(6) Approximately a hour or an hour and 15 minutes later, I got a call to transport a
serviceman who had a laceration on his head and perhaps a fractured nose. I gave him first
aid and drove him out to the base. I got there around 5:00 PM.
(7) Although I was a civilian, I usually had free access on the base because they knew me.
I drove the ambulance around to the back of the base infirmary and parked it next to another
ambulance. The door was open and inside I saw some wreckage. There were several
pieces which looked like the bottom of a canoe, about three feet in length. It resembled
stainless steel with a purple hue, as if it had been exposed to high temperature. There was
some strange-looking writing on the material resembling Egyptian hieroglyphics. Also there
were two MPs present.
(8) I checked the airman in and went to the staff lounge to have a Coke. I intended to look
for a nurse, a 2nd Lieutenant, who had been commissioned about three months earlier right
out of college. She was 23 years of age at the time (I was 22). I saw her coming out of one
of the examining rooms with a cloth over her mouth. She said, "My gosh, get out of here or
you're going to be in a lot of trouble." She went into another door where a Captain stood. 
172

He asked me who I was and what I was doing here. I told him, and he instructed me to stay
there. I said, "It looks like you've got a crash; would you like me to get ready?" He told me
to stay right there. Then two MPs came up and began to escort me out of the infirmary.
They said they had orders to follow me out to the funeral home.
(9) We got about 10 or 15 feet when I heard a voice say, "We're not through with that SOB.
Bring him back." There was another Captain, a redhead with the meanest-looking eyes I
had ever seen, who said, "You did not see anything, there was no crash here, and if you say
anything you could get into a lot of trouble." I said, "Hey look mister, I'm a civilian and you
can't do a damn thing to me." He said, "Yes we can; somebody will be picking your bones
out of the sand." There was a black Sergeant with a pad in his hand who said, "He would
make good dog food for our dogs." The Captain said, "Get the SOB out." The MPs followed
me back to the funeral home.
(10) The next day, I tried to call the nurse to see what was going on. About 11:00 AM, she
called the funeral home and said, "I need to talk to you." We agreed to meet at the officers
club. She was very upset. She said, "Before I talk to you, you have to give me a sacred
oath that you will never mention my name, because I could get into a lot of trouble." I
agreed.
(11) She said she had gone to get supplies in a room where two doctors were performing a
prelimary autopsy. The doctors said they needed her to take notes during the procedure.
She said she had never smelled anything so horrible in her life, and the sight was the most
gruesome she had ever seen. She said, "This was something no one has ever seen." As
she spoke, I was concerned that she might go into shock.
(12) She drew me a diagram of the bodies, including an arm with a hand that had only four
fingers; the doctors noted that on the end of the fingers were little pads resembling suction
cups. She said the head was disproportionately large for the body; the eyes were deeply
set; the skulls were flexible; the nose was concave with only two orifices; the mouth was a
fine slit, and the doctors said there was heavy cartilage instead of teeth. The ears were only
small orifices with flaps. They had no hair, and the skin was black--perhaps due to exposure
in the sun. She gave me the drawings.
(13) There were three bodies; two were very mangled and dismembered, as if destroyed by
predators; one was fairly intact. They were three-and-a-half to four feet tall. She told me the
doctors said: "This isn't anything we've ever see before; there's nothing in the medical
textbooks like this." She said she and the doctors became ill. They had to turn off the air
conditioning and were afraid the smell would go through the hospital. They had to move the
operation to an airplane hangar.
(14) I drove her back to the officers' barracks. The next day I called the hospital to see how
she was, and they said she wasn't available. I tried to get her for several days, and finally
got one of the nurses who said the Lieutenant had been transferred out with some other
personnel. About 10 days to two weeks later, I got a letter from her with an APO number.
She indicated we could discuss the incident by letter in the future. I wrote back to her and
about two weeks later the letter came back marked "Return to Sender--DECEASED." Later,
one of the nurses at the base said the rumor was that she and five other nurses had been on
a training mission and had been killed in a plane crash.
(15) Sheriff George Wilcox and my father were very close friends. The Sheriff went to my
folks' house the morning after the events at the base and said to my father, "I don't know
what kind of trouble Glenn's in, but you tell your son that he doesn't know anything and 
173

hasn't seen anything at the base." He added, "They want you and your wife's name, and
they want your and your children's addresses." My father immediately drove to the funeral
home and asked me what kind of trouble I was in. He related the conversation with Sheriff
Wilcox, and so I told him about the events of the previous day. He is the only person to
whom I have told this story until recently.
(16) I had filed away the sketches the nurse gave me that day. Recently, at the request of a
researcher, I tried to locate my personal files at the funeral home, but they had all been
destroyed.
(17) I have not been paid or given anything of value to make this statement, which is the
truth to the best of my recollection.
Signed: Glenn Dennis
Date: 8-7-91"
-- Reference: http://roswellproof.homestead.com/Dennis.html
(Copyright ©2001 by David Rudiak. E-Mail: drudiak@lmi.net )
______________________________________________________________________
20 "...telepathic thought..."
"Telepathy, from the Greek τελε, tele meaning "remote" and πάθεια, patheia meaning "to be
affected by", describes the purported transfer of information on thoughts or feelings between
individuals by means other than the five classical senses. The term was coined in 1882 by
the classical scholar Fredric W. H. Myers, a founder of the Society for Psychical Research,
specifically to replace the earlier expression thought-transference. A person who is able to
make use of telepathy is said to be able to read the minds of others. Telepathy, along with
psychokinesis forms the main branches of parapsychological research, and many studies
seeking to detect and understand telepathy have been done within the field.
Telepathy is a common theme in fiction and science fiction, with many superheroes and
supervillains having telepathic abilities. Such abilities include both sensing the thoughts of
others, and controlling the minds of other people. Transhumanists believe that
technologically enabled telepathy, called "techlepathy", will be the inevitable future of
humanity, and seek to develop practical, safe devices for directly connecting human nervous
systems."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
21 "...I was the only women at the site..."
"Another story about the alien bodies and a vanishing nurse came from Pete and Ruben
Anaya, who said they picked up N.M. Lt. Governor Joseph Montoya outside the large base
hangar. Besides the hangar being heavily guarded by MPs, they said there was a base
nurse (or maybe two different nurses) who came outside the hangar and spoke briefly with
them. Ruben said she told him that the bodies were "not from this world" and then noticed
one of them moving. Ruben said he then went to take a look and also glimpsed two small
bodies from a distance under sheets inside the hangar and one of them moving. He
described the nurse he spoke to as blondish and heavyset. [Note: Of the five nurses that are
pictured in the base yearbook from around June/July 1947, none of them appear blondish or
heavyset, though. 
174

In contrast, Pete Anaya said he knew the nurse he spoke to from the Officer's Club (his
brother Ruben worked there as a cook), had danced with her once the previous Halloween
at a party, said she resembled his wife Mary, and was a beautiful women with beautiful hair.
He wanted to go inside the hangar to see what was going on, and she told him he didn't
want to see anything. After that, he said he never saw her again. (Source: Tim Shawcross,
The Roswell File, 1997)
Former Roswell police chief L.M. Hall remembered Dennis telling him only a few days after
the newspaper stories of the crashed flying saucer, about strange calls from the base for
child-size caskets "to ship or bury those aliens."
Another witness that recently came forth to corroborate parts of Dennis' story was S/Sgt.
Milton Sprouse, then a B-29 crew chief with the 830th Bomb Squadron. Sprouse said he
spoke to Dennis several years later while Dennis handled a funeral for a friend. Dennis told
him he had received a call from the base for five children's caskets for a crash that had
happened 2 or 3 days before. Thus it seems that Dennis' story of the child casket call is not
of recent origin but dates back to the original event itself.
Sprouse said the bodies were taken to a hangar heavily guarded by MPs with machine
guns. He also said he knew something about the autopsy initially described by Dennis. A
fellow staff sergeant in his barracks, who worked as an emergency room medic at the base
hospital, was called out there. When he came back he related that an autopsy on one or two
of the "humanoid bodies" had been carried out by two doctors and two nurses. His friend
said he had seen the bodies. Similar to Dennis' nurse, the sergeant was transferred the
following day and nobody ever found out what became of him.
Sprouse also heard that the doctors and nurses involved with the autopsy were also
transferred and nobody found out what became of them either. Five members of his ground
crew were also sent to the ranch to help clean up the debris field. They told him the material
was "out of this world," including foil that when crumpled returned to its original shape."
-- Reference: (San Diego Union-Tribune story, 10/26/2007; North County Times story,
9/30/2007 --San Diego, Riverside)
22 "...prehensile..."
"The word is derived from the Latin term prehendere, meaning "to grasp." It is the quality of
an organ that has adapted for grasping or holding. Examples of prehensile body parts
include the tails of New World monkeys and opossums, the trunks of elephants, the tongues
of giraffes, the lips of horses and the proboscides of tapir. The hands of primates are all
prehensile to varying degrees, and many species (even a few humans) have prehensile feet
as well. The claws of cats are also prehensile. Many extant lizards have prehensile tails
(geckos, chameleons, and a species of skink). The fossil record shows prehensile tails in
lizards (Simiosauria) going back many million years to the Triassic period .
Prehensility is an evolutionary adaptation that has afforded species a great natural
advantage in manipulating their environment for feeding, digging, and defense. It enables
many animals, such as primates, to use tools in order to complete tasks that would
otherwise be impossible without highly specialized anatomy. For example, chimpanzees
have the ability to use sticks to fish for termites and grubs. However, not all prehensile
organs are applied to tool use- the giraffe tongue, for instance, is instead used in feeding
and self-cleaning behaviors."
175

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
23 "... able to detect waves or particles beyond the visual spectrum of light."
The visible spectrum (or sometimes called the optical spectrum) is the portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (can be detected by) the human eye.
Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light.
A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths in air from about 380 to 750 nm. The
corresponding wavelengths in water and other media are reduced by a factor equal to the
refractive index. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 400-790
terahertz. A light-adapted eye generally has its maximum sensitivity at around 555 nm (540
THz), in the green region of the optical spectrum. The spectrum does not, however, contain
all the corlors that the human eyes and brain can distinguish. Brown, pink, and magenta are
absent, for example, because they need a mix of multiple wavelengths, preferably shades of
red.
Wavelengths visible to the eye also pass through the "optical window", the region of the
electromagnetic spectrum which passes largely unattenuated through the Earth's
atmosphere (although blue light is scattered more than red light, which is the reason the sky
is blue). The response of the human eye is defined by subjective testing, but the
atmospheric windows are defined by physical measurement. The "visible window" is so
called because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum; the near infrared windows
lie just out of human response window, and the Medium Wavelength and Long Wavelength
or Far Infrared are far beyond the human response region.
The eyes of many species perceive wavelengths different from the spectrum visible to the
human eye. For example, many insects, such as bees, can see light in the ultraviolet, which
is useful for finding nectar in flowers. For this reason, plant species whose life cycles are
linked to insect pollination may owe their reproductive success to their appearance in
ultraviolet light, rather than how colorful they appear to our eyes."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
24 "... this may have included the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum..."
"The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. The
"electromagnetic spectrum" (usually just spectrum) of an object is the characteristic
distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that object.
The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the frequencies used for modern radio (at
the long-wavelength end) through gamma radiation (at the short-wavelength end), covering
wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to a fraction the size of an atom. It's thought
that the short wavelength limit is the vicinity of the Planck length, and the long wavelength
limit is the size of the universe itself, although in principle the spectrum is infinite and
continuous."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
25 "... her gaze seemed to penetrate right through me, as though she had "x-ray
vision".
"In fictional stories, X-ray vision has generally been portrayed as the ability to see through
layers of objects at the discretion of the holder of this superpower. People often pretend to 
176

have this ability through the use of X-ray glasses, which are a special type of "joke-around"
or prank-gag toys with the secret of its "x-ray properties" being unknown. The goal is usually
to see through clothing, usually to determine if someone is carrying a concealed weapon, but
sometimes for purpose of seeing a person's private parts. In the non-fictional realm, X-rays
have many practical uses in the fields of science and medicine. While there are devices
currently extant which can "see" through clothing (using terahertz waves), most are quite
bulky. However, there are night vision equipped video cameras that can be modified to see
through clothing at a frequency just below visible light."
-- Source Reference: Wikipedia.org
26 ..."Technically, from a medical standpoint, I would say that Airl's body could not
even be called "alive". "
"The word "organism" may broadly be defined as an assembly of molecules that function as
a more or less stable whole and has the properties of life. However, many sources, lexical
and scientific, add conditions that are problematic to defining the word.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines an organism as "[an] individual animal, plant, or
single-celled life form".
 This definition problematically excludes non-animal and plant multicellular life forms such as some fungi and protista. Less controversially, perhaps, it excludes
viruses and theoretically-possible man-made non-organic life forms.
Chambers Online Reference provides a much broader definition: "any living structure, such
as a plant, animal, fungus or bacterium, capable of growth and reproduction". The definition
"any life form capable of independent reproduction, organic or otherwise" would encompass
all cellular life, as well as the possibility of synthetic life capable of independent reproduction,
but would exclude viruses, which are dependent on the biochemical machinery of a host cell
for reproduction. Some may use a definition that would also include viruses."
-- Source Reference: Wikipedia.org
27 "...in space there is not gravity..."
"The terms gravitation and gravity are mostly interchangeable in everyday use, but in
scientific usage a distinction may be made. "Gravitation" is a general term describing the
attractive influence that all objects with mass exert on each other, while "gravity" specifically
refers to a force that is supposed in some theories (such as Newton's) to be the cause of this
attraction. By contrast, in general relativity gravitation is due to space-time curvatures that
cause inertially moving objects to accelerate towards each other.
Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation is a physical law describing the
gravitational attraction between bodies with mass. It is a part of classical mechanics and was
first formulated in Newton's work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in
1687. In modern language it states the following:
Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force pointing along the line
intersecting both points. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the point masses: 
177

where:
• F is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two point masses,
• G is the gravitational constant,
• m1 is the mass of the first point mass,
• m2 is the mass of the second point mass,
• r is the distance between the two point masses."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
28 "...stenographer..."
"Shorthand is an abbreviated and/or symbolic writing method that increases speed or brevity
of writing as compared to a normal method of writing a language. The process of writing in
shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos (narrow) and graphē (writing). It has
also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys (short) and tachygraphy, from Greek
tachys (swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal.
Many forms of shorthand exist. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or
abbreviations for words and common phrases, which allow someone well trained in the
system to write as quickly as people speak. Shorthand was used more widely in the past,
before the invention of recording and dictation machines."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
29 "... INVESTIGATION OF "BURNING CLOUDS" / RADIATION / EXPLOSIONS..."
"July 16, 1945..." -- The first test of a nuclear device was made in the desert north of
Alamogordo, New Mexico. Roswell, New Mexico is only 117 miles from Alamogordo.
NOTE: In 1932 that British explorers in Model-A Fords first visited this area of western
Egypt, where they discovered a mysterious yellow-green glass scattered across the surface.
Ever since, Libyan Desert Glass has fascinated scientists, who have dreamed up all sorts of
ideas about how it could have formed. It’s too silica rich to be volcanic. In some ways it
resembles the tektites generated by the high pressures associated with asteroid impacts.
Vincenzo de Michele visited the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and noticed that one of King
Tutankhamun’s jeweled breastplates contained a carved scarab that looked suspiciously like
a piece of the glass. A simple optical measurement confirmed the match in 1998. Nuclear
explosions are hot enough to fuse surface materials into glass, much like the first
atomic explosion generated yellow - green glass at the Trinity, New Mexico site in
1945. Many similar sites around the world that are associated with unexplainable
"cataclysmic" events reveal the same yellow - green glass. This "yellow-green glass" has
been discovered in strata of rock which contain dinosaur fossils all over the world.
June 30, 1947 -- "The Evaluation of the Atomic Bomb as a Military Weapon", made by the
Atomic Energy Commission was received by President Truman. With a brilliant flourish of
suicidal logic, that only the military, politicians other lunatics are capable of fathoming, the
recommendation of the Commission, based on explosions of bombs in Alamogordo, New
Mexico, on innocent civilians in two Japanese cities, and on the Marshall Islands, was as
follows: (Seriously, you can't make this shit up, folks!)
"PART III -- Conclusions and Recommendations 
178

Section One - CONCLUSIONS
1. The Board has reached the following major conclusions:
 (1) If used in numbers, atomic bombs not only can nullify any nation's military effort,
but can demolish its social and economic structures and prevent their reestablishment
for long periods of time. With such weapons, especially if employed in conjunction with
other weapons of mass destruction as, for example, pathogenic bacteria, it is quite
possible to depopulate vast areas of the earth's surface, leaving only vestigial remnants
of man's material works.
 (2) The threat of the uncontrolled use of the atomic bomb and of other weapons of
mass destruction is a threat to mankind and to civilization. Only the outlawing of all war
and the setting up on an adequate international control of weapons of mass destruction
can lift this threat from the peoples of the world.
 (3) In the absence of absolute guarantees of abiding peace, the United States has
not alternative but to continue the manufacture and stockpiling of weapons of nuclear
fission and to carry on continuous research and development for their improvement in
the means of their delivery."
(REFERENCE: President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers.
( http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/index.php )
July 8, 1947 -- Alien space craft crashes at Roswell, NM while investigation nuclear testing
in the area.-- The Editor
30 "...trillions..."
One thousand thousand = one million. ( 1,000,000 )
One thousand million = one billion. ( 1,000,000,000 )
One thousand billion = one trillion. ( 1,000,000,000,000 )
"The English names for large numbers are coined from the Latin names for small numbers n
by adding the ending -illion suggested by the name "million." Thus billion and trillion are
coined from the Latin prefixes bi- (n = 2) and tri- (n = 3), respectively.
In recent years, American usage has eroded the European number definitions, particularly in
Britain and to a lesser extent in other countries. This is primarily due to American finance,
because Americans insist that $1,000,000,000 be called a billion dollars. In 1974, the
government of Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced that henceforth "billion" would mean
109
 and not 1012 in official British reports and statistics. Anyone who uses the words "billion"
and "trillion" internationally should make clear which meaning of those words is intended."
-- Reference: Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
31 "...her name was Gertrude something or other..."
This was probably Gertrude R. Schmeidler, who was a notable experimental psychologist
and parapsychologist at the time. She published journal articles and books about how
various factors and traits affect a person's extrasensory perception (ESP) abilities.
Studied the role of women in parapsychology, and formed groups and institutes interested in
the study of ESP, such as the American Society for Psychical Research, the Duke University
Parapsychology Laboratory, and the Parapsychology Foundation, Inc. 
179

Reflected in much of her research is the work for which Schmeidler is most notable, the
development of the metaphor of the sheep and goats. She determined through several
cycles of ESP card-guessing experiments that "sheep" (persons who believed that success
was possible in ESP tasks) scored higher than "goats" (those who rejected the possibility of
success).
-- Reference: http://library.duke.edu/
32 "...Krishnamurti..."
"Jiddu Krishnamurti (May 12, 1895 – February 17, 1986) was born into a Telugu Brahmin
family in Madanapalle, India, and in 1909 met C.W. Leadbeater on the private beach at the
Theosophical Society headquarters at Adyar in Madras (now Chennai), India. He was
subsequently raised under the tutelage of Annie Besant and C.W. Leadbeater, leaders of the
Society at the time, who believed him to be a "vehicle" for an expected "World Teacher". As
a young man, he disavowed this idea and dissolved a world-wide organization (the Order of
the Star) established to support it. He spent the rest of his life traveling the world as an
individual speaker, speaking to large and small groups, as well as with interested individuals.
He was a well-known writer and speaker on fundamental philosophical and spiritual subjects.
His subject matter included (but was not limited to): the purpose of meditation, human
relationships, and how to enact positive change in global society. At the age of 34, he
publicly renounced the fame and messiah status he had gained from being proclaimed the
new incarnation of the Maitreya Buddha by the Theosophical Society, and spent the rest of
his life publishing regularly and holding public talks, mostly in South Asia, Europe and the
United States. At age 90 he addressed the United Nations on the subject of peace and
awareness, and was awarded the 1984 UN Peace Medal."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
33 "...The powers that be..."
"Meaning -- The established government of authority.
Origin -- From the Bible, Romans 13:1 (King James Version): "Let every soul be subject unto
the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: The powers that be are ordained of
God."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
34 "...Columbus..."
"The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicization of the Latin Christophorus
Columbus. Also well known are his name's rendering in modern Italian as Cristoforo
Colombo, in Portuguese as Cristóvão Colombo (formerly Christovam Colom), and in
Spanish as Cristóbal Colón."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
"Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contacts involve the interactions between the indigenous
peoples of the Americas and peoples of other continents – Europe, Africa, Asia, or Oceania
– before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Many such events have been 
180

proposed at various times, based on historical reports, archaeological finds, and cultural
comparisons."
(Please refer to the following website address for details of many other contacts with
the "new world" before Columbus):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact
35 "...unexplored universe..."
That is, "unexplored" by homo sapiens. Much like Columbus, who "discovered" the
Western Hemisphere, which had not yet been explored by Europeans, it had obviously been
explored by the millions of indigenous inhabitants long before Europe existed.
If any of the information in the "Alien Interview" transcripts is factual, it appears that the
universe has been very, very thoroughly explored indeed -- but not be humans.
-- The Editor
36 "...show us on a map of the stars which is the star of your home planet..."
"There are probably more than 100 billion (1011) galaxies in the observable universe. Most
galaxies are 1,000 to 100,000 parsecs (approximately 3.086×1016 m, 3.262 light-years or
19,176,075,967,324.937 miles) in diameter and are usually separated by distances on the
order of millions of parsecs (or megaparsecs). Intergalactic space (the space between
galaxies) is filled with a tenuous gas of an average density less than one atom per cubic
meter.
Beginning in the 1990s, the Hubble Space Telescope yielded improved observations.
Among other things, it established that the missing dark matter in our galaxy cannot solely
consist of inherently faint and small stars. The Hubble Deep Field, an extremely long
exposure of a relatively empty part of the sky, provided evidence that there are (at least)
125 billion galaxies in the universe."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
37 "... a Japanese language specialist from the Navy ..."
"John A. Kneubuhl, was of mixed Samoan/American ancestry, John was an acclaimed
Pacific Island playwright who died in 1992. Born of Samoan, English and German ancestry,
Kneubuhl grew up in his Samoan grandmother's thatched hut until he was 13 years old. He
was educated at Punahou and Yale and wrote plays for the Honolulu Community Theater.
He joined the US Navy in 1942, entering the US Navy Japanese Language School at the
University of Colorado in July 1942 and graduated in August 1943. He served as a Navy
Japanese Language Officer. After the War, he spent 20 years as a TV writer in Hollywood,
writing scripts for the Wild, Wild West, Waterfront, Markham, West Point Story, and other
shows. John wrote the story for the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Bread and
Circuses", although he did not receive screen credit in the finished episode.
Overview: Captain Kirk and his companions are forced to fight in gladiatorial games on a
planet modeled after the Roman Empire."
-- References: Wikipedia.org and
http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:zIAm_bPdRQEJ:ucblibraries.colorado.edu/archives/c
ollections/jlsp/interpreter131.doc+language+expert,+1947&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us.
181

38 "... the Japanese people have a great number of homonyms..."
"In linguistics, a homonym is one of a group of words that share the same spelling and the
same pronunciation but have different meanings. Some sources only require that homonyms
share the same spelling or pronunciation (in addition to having different meanings).
Examples of homonyms are stalk (which can mean either part of a plant or to follow
someone around), bear (animal) and bear (carry), left (opposite of right) and left (past tense
of leave). Some sources also consider the following trio of words to be homonyms, but
others designate them as "only" homophones: to, too and two (actually, to, to, too, too and
two, being "for the purpose of" as in "to make it easier", the opposite of "from", also,
excessively, and "2", respectively). The word "homonym" comes from the conjunction of the
Greek prefix homo- (meaning same) and suffix -onym (meaning name). Thus, it refers to two
or more distinct words sharing the "same name"."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
39 "...standard Chinese characters..."
"A Chinese character or Han character (simplified Chinese: 
; traditional Chinese: 
;
pinyin: Hànzì) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and
formerly Vietnamese. The number of Chinese characters contained in the Kangxi
dictionary is approximately 47,035, although a large number of these are rarely used
variants accumulated throughout history. Studies carried out in China have shown that full
literacy requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters.
In the Chinese writing system, each character corresponds to a single spoken syllable. A
majority of words in all modern varieties of Chinese are poly-syllabic and thus require two or
more characters to write. Cognates in the various Chinese languages/dialects which have
the same or similar meaning but different pronunciations can be written with the same
character. In addition, many Chinese characters were adopted according to their
meaning by the Japanese and Korean languages to represent native words,
disregarding pronunciation altogether."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
40 "...McGuffey's Eclectic Readers..."
"McGuffey's Eclectic Readers were written by William Holmes McGuffey who began
teaching school at the age of 14. He was a professor of ancient languages at Miami
University from 1826 until his resignation in 1836. He then served as president of Cincinnati
College (1836-1839) and Ohio University (1839-1843). Returning to Cincinnati, McGuffey
taught at Woodward College from 1843 until 1845, when he became a professor of moral
philosophy at the University of Virginia. He was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1829.
It was during his years at Miami when McGuffey was approached to write a series of readers
for school children. In addition to the work done on these by William Holmes McGuffey, he
was assisted by his brother, Alexander Hamilton McGuffey, who also compiled a speller and
had sole responsibility for the Fifth Reader. Alexander taught school while working on his law
degree and opened a law office in Cincinnati in 1839. The McGuffey Readers sold over
125,000,000 copies.
McGuffey became a "roving" teacher at the age of 14, beginning with 48 students in a one
room school in Calcutta, Ohio. The size of the class was just one of several challenges faced 
182

by the young McGuffey. In many one-teacher schools, children's ages varied from six to
twenty-one. McGuffey often worked 11 hours a day, 6 days a week in a succession of
frontier schools. He had a remarkable ability to memorize, and could commit to mind entire
books of the Bible.
The first Reader taught reading by using the phonics method, the identification of letters and
their arrangement into words, and aided with slate work. The second Reader came into play
once the student could read, and helped them to understand the meaning of sentences while
providing vivid stories which children could remember. The third Reader taught the
definitions of words, and was written at a level equivalent to the modern 5th or 6th grade.
The fourth Reader was written for the highest levels of ability on the grammar school level,
which students completed with this book.
McGuffey's Readers were among the first textbooks in America that were designed to
become progressively more challenging with each volume. They used word repetition in the
text as a learning tool, which built strong reading skills through challenging reading.
Sounding-out, enunciation and accents were emphasized. Colonial-era texts had offered dull
lists of 20 to 100 new words per page for memorization. In contrast, McGuffey used new
vocabulary words in the context of real literature, gradually introducing new words and
carefully repeating the old.
McGuffey believed that teachers should study the lessons as well as their students and
suggested they read aloud to their classes. He also listed questions after each story for he
believed in order for a teacher to give instruction, one must ask questions. The Readers
emphasized spelling, vocabulary, and formal public speaking, which, in 19th century
America, was a more common requirement than today.
Henry Ford cited McGuffey's Readers as one of his most important childhood
influences. He was an avid fan of McGuffey's Readers first editions, and claimed as an
adult to be able to quote from McGuffey's by memory at great length. Ford republished all six
Readers from the 1857 edition, and distributed complete sets of them, at his own expense,
to schools across the United States.
McGuffey's Readers contain many derogatory references to ethnic and religious minorities.
For example, Native Americans are referred to as "savages". There are those who regard
the references in the book to the Jews and Judaism as anti-Semitic. For instance, in Neil
Baldwin's Henry Ford and the Jews, the author makes the case that Henry Ford's selfavowed anti-Semitism originated with his study of McGuffey's as a schoolboy. Baldwin cites
numerous anti-semitic references to Shylock and to Jews attacking Jesus and Paul. He also
quotes the Fourth Reader to the effect that "Jewish authors were incapable of the diction
and strangers to the morality contained in the gospel." The readers further characterize Jews
as "Christ killers" and labels their reverence of the Old Testament as "superstitious," and
teach that Jews have been rejected by God for being "unfaithful"."
You may download text versions of the McGuffy's Reader from the following website:
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14640
41 "... the phonics method ..."
"Phonics refers to an instructional method for teaching children to read English. Phonics
involves teaching children to connect sounds with letters or groups of letters (e.g., that the 
183

sound /k/ can be represented by c, k, or ck spellings) and teaching them to blend the sounds
of letters together to produce approximate pronunciations of unknown words."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
42 "... brought in a set of the Encyclopedia Britannica..."
"The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., a privately held company. The Britannica has a popular
reputation for summarizing all of human knowledge. To further their education, many have
devoted themselves to reading the entire Britannica, taking anywhere from three to 22 years
to do so. When Fat'h Ali became the Shah of Persia in 1797, he was given a complete set of
the Britannica's 3rd edition, which he read completely; after this feat, he extended his royal
title to include "Most Formidable Lord and Master of the Encyclopædia Britannica." Writer
George Bernard Shaw claimed to have read the complete 9th edition—except for the
science articles—and Richard Evelyn Byrd took the Britannica as reading material for his
five-month stay at the South Pole in 1934.
The articles in the Britannica are aimed at educated adult readers, and written by a staff of
19 full-time editors and over 4,000 expert contributors. It is widely perceived as the most
scholarly of encyclopaedias. Since the 3rd edition, the Britannica has enjoyed a popular and
critical reputation for general excellence. On the release of the 14th edition, Time magazine
dubbed the Britannica the "Patriarch of the Library". In a related advertisement, naturalist
William Beebe was quoted as saying that the Britannica was "beyond comparison because
there is no competitor." References to the Britannica can be found throughout English
literature, most notably in one of Arthur Conan Doyle's favorite Sherlock Holmes stories,
"The Red-Headed League"."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
43 "...her favorite books were Alice's Adventures in Wonderland ..."
"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) is a work of literary nonsense written by
English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, considered a
classic example of the genre and of English literature in general. It tells the story of a girl
named Alice who falls down a rabbit-hole into a fantastic realm populated by peculiar and
anthropomorphic creatures. The tale is filled with allusions to Dodgson's friends (and
enemies), and to the lessons that British schoolchildren were expected to memorize. The
tale plays with logic in ways that have made the story of lasting popularity with adults as well
as children. It is considered to be one of the most characteristic examples of the genre of
literary nonsense, and its narrative course and structure has been enormously influential,
mainly in the fantasy genre."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
44 "...Don Quixote de la Mancha..."
"An early novel written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Cervantes created
a fictional origin for the story based upon a manuscript by the invented Moorish historian,
Cide Hamete Benengeli. The work was published in two volumes: the first in 1605, and the
second in 1614. 
184

The protagonist, Alonso Quixano, is a country gentleman who has read so many stories of
chivalry that he descends into fantasy and becomes convinced he is a knight errant.
Together with his earthy squire Sancho Panza, the self-styled "Don Quixote de la Mancha"
sets out in search of adventure. The "lady" for whom Quixote seeks to toil is Dulcinea del
Toboso, an imaginary object crafted from a neighboring farm girl (her real name is Aldonza
Lorenzo) by the illusion-struck "knight" to be the object of his courtly love. "Dulcinea" is
totally unaware of Quixote's feelings for her, nor does she actually appear in the novel.
Published in two volumes a decade apart, Don Quixote is the most influential work of
literature to emerge from the Spanish Golden Age and perhaps the entire Spanish literary
canon. As a founding work of modern Western literature, it regularly appears at or near the
top of lists of the greatest works of fiction ever published and is the best-selling non-religious,
non-political work of fiction of all time."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
45 "...One Thousand and One Nights..."
"One Thousand and One Nights (Arabic: باتك فلأ ةليل ةليلو - kitāb 'alf laylah wa-laylah;
Persian: رازه و کی بش - ezār-o yak šab) is a collection of stories collected over thousands
of years by various authors, translators and scholars in various countries. These collections
of tales trace their roots back to ancient Arabia and Yemen, ancient India, ancient Persia
(especially the Sassanid Hazār Afsān Persian: رازه ناسفا ,lit. Thousand Tales), ancient
Egypt, ancient Mesopotamian Mythology, ancient Syria, and medieval Arabic folk stories
from the Caliphate era. Though an original manuscript has never been found several
versions date the collection's genesis to somewhere between AD 800-900.
The main frame story concerns a Persian king and his new bride. The king, Shahryar, upon
discovering his former wife's infidelity has her executed and then declares all women to be
unfaithful. He begins to marry a succession of virgins only to execute each one the next
morning. Eventually the vizier cannot find any more virgins. Scheherazade, the vizier's
daughter, offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees. On the night of
their marriage, Scheherazade tells the king a tale, but does not end it. The king is thus
forced to keep her alive in order to hear the conclusion. The next night, as soon as she
finishes the tale, she begins (and only begins) another. So it goes for 1,001 nights.
The tales vary widely: they include historical tales, love stories, tragedies, comedies, poems,
burlesques, various forms of erotica, and Muslim religious legends. Numerous stories depict
djinn, magicians, and legendary places, which are often intermingled with real people and
geography; the historical caliph Harun al-Rashid is a common protagonist, as are his alleged
court poet Abu Nuwas and his vizier, Ja'far al-Barmaki. Sometimes a character in
Scheherazade's tale will begin telling other characters a story of his own, and that story may
have another one told within it, resulting in a richly-layered narrative texture.
The different versions have different individually detailed endings (in some Scheherazade
asks for a pardon, in some the king sees their children and decides not to execute his wife,
in some other things happen that make the king distracted) but they all end with the king
giving his wife a pardon and sparing her life.
The narrator's standards for what constitutes a cliffhanger seem broader than in modern
literature. While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing his life or
another kind of deep trouble, in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration 
185

in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of
Islamic philosophy, and in one case during a detailed description of human anatomy
according to Galen—and in all these cases turns out to be justified in her belief that the
king's curiosity about the sequel would buy her another day of life.
The Indian folklore is represented by certain animal stories, which reflect influence from
ancient Sanskrit fables. The Jataka is a collection of 547 stories, which are for the most part
moral stories with an ethical purpose. The Tale of the Bull and the Ass and the linked Tale of
the Merchant and his Wife are found in the frame stories of both the Jataka and the Arabian
Nights."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
46 "... Adventures of Huckleberry Finn...”
"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) (often shortened to Huck Finn) by Mark Twain. The
book is noted for its innocent young protagonist, its colorful description of people and places
along the Mississippi River, and its sober and often scathing look at entrenched attitudes,
particularly racism. The drifting journey of Huckleberry Finn and his friend, runaway slave
Jim, down the Mississippi River on their raft may be one of the most enduring images of
escape and freedom in all of American literature."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
47 "... Gulliver's Travels ..."
"Gulliver's Travels (1726, amended 1735), officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of
the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several
Ships, is a novel by Jonathan Swift that is both a satire on human nature and a parody of the
"travellers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is Swift's best known full-length work, and a classic of
English literature. The book became tremendously popular as soon as it was published
(John Gay said in a 1726 letter to Swift that "it is universally read, from the cabinet council to
the nursery"), and it is likely that it has never been out of print since then. The book
presents itself as a simple traveller's narrative with the disingenuous title Travels into
Several Remote Nations of the World, its authorship assigned only to "Lemuel Gulliver, first
a surgeon, then a captain of several ships"."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
48 "...Peter Pan..."
Peter Pan is a character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie (1860–
1937). A mischievous boy who flies and magically refuses to grow up, Peter Pan spends his
never-ending childhood adventuring on the small island of Neverland as the leader of his
gang the Lost Boys, interacting with fairies and pirates, and from time to time meeting
ordinary children from the world outside.
Barrie never described Peter's appearance in detail, leaving much of it to the imagination of
the reader and the interpretation of anyone adapting the character. He describes him as a
beautiful boy with a beautiful smile, "clad in skeleton leaves and the juices that flow from
trees". 
186

Peter is mainly an exaggerated stereotype of a boastful and careless boy. He is quick to
point out how great he is. Peter has a nonchalant, devil-may-care attitude, and is fearlessly
cocky when it comes to putting himself in danger. Barrie writes that when Peter thought he
was going to die on Marooner's Rock, he felt scared, yet he felt only one shudder run
through him when any other person would've felt scared up until death. With his blissful
unawareness of the tragedy of death, he says, "To die will be an awfully big adventure".
Peter's archetypal ability is his refusal to grow up. Barrie did not explain how he was able to
do this, leaving the implication that it was by an act of will.
Peter is a skilled swordsman, with the skill to rival even Captain Hook, whose hand he cut off
in a duel. He has remarkably keen vision and hearing. Peter Pan is said to be able to do
almost anything. Peter has an effect on the whole of Neverland and its inhabitants when he
is there. Barrie states that the island wakes up when he returns from his trip to London.
Peter is the leader of the Lost Boys, a band of boys who were lost by their parents, and
came to live in Neverland. He is friends with Tinker Bell, a common fairy who is often
jealously protective of him."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
49 "...The Legend of Sleepy Hollow... "
"A short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey
Crayon, Gent., written while he was living in Birmingham, England, and first published in
1820. With Irving's companion piece "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is
among the earliest American fiction still read today.
The story is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York, in a secluded
glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lanky schoolmaster from
Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the
hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, only daughter of a wealthy farmer. As Crane leaves
a party at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by the Headless
Horseman, supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who lost his head to a cannonball
during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War and who "rides forth to
the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head." Crane disappears from town, leaving Katrina
to marry Brom Bones, who was "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod
was related."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
50 "...Sanskrit of the Vedic Hymns..."
"Sanskrit (संःकृता वाक् sasktā vāk, for short संःकृतम sa् sktam) is a classical
language of South Asia, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and
one of the 23 official languages of India.
Its position in the cultures of South and Southeast Asia is akin to that of Latin and Greek in
Europe and it has evolved into, as well as influenced, many modern-day languages of the
world. It appears in pre-Classical form as Vedic Sanskrit, with the language of the Rigveda
being the oldest and most archaic stage preserved. Dating back to as early as 1500 BCE, 
187

Vedic Sanskrit is the earliest attested Indo-Aryan language, and one of the earliest attested
members of the Indo-European language family.
The corpus of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well
as scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts. Today, Sanskrit continues to be
widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals in the forms of hymns and
mantras. Spoken Sanskrit is still in use in a few traditional institutions in India, and there are
some attempts at revival.
The scope of this article is the Classical Sanskrit language as laid out in the grammar of
Panini, around the 4th century BCE."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
51 "Part of the search required interaction with the human population that inhabited
the adjoining at that time."
-- Editor's Note: (The western borders of Pakistan include the Khyber Pass and Bolan
Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia. The closest civilization using
Sanskrit at the date and nearest the location of "The Domain Base" would have been in the
foothills of the Himalayas. This was the in the area of "Mehrgarh", an early beginning of the
Indus Valley civilization which has been recently excavated.)
"(Bolan Pass (Urdu:  ) is a mountain pass through the Toba Kakar Range of
mountains in western Pakistan, 120 kilometres from the Afghanistan border. Strategically
located, traders, invaders, and nomadic tribes have also used it as a gateway to and from
the South Asia.)
The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar) (Urdu:  ) (altitude:
1,070 m , 3,510 ft) is the mountain pass that links Pakistan and Afghanistan. Throughout
history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and a
strategic military location.
"Mehrgarh is now seen as a precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization. "Discoveries at
Mehrgarh changed the entire concept of the Indus civilization," according to Ahmad Hasan
Dani, professor emeritus of archaeology at Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, "There we
have the whole sequence, right from the beginning of settled village life.
The Kachi plain and in the Bolan basin (are) situated at the Bolan peak pass, one of the
main routes connecting southern Afghanistan, eastern Iran, the Balochistan hills and the
Indus valley. This area of rolling hills is thus located on the western edge of the Indus valley,
where, around 2500 BC, a large urban civilization emerged at the same time as those of
Mesorpotamia and the ancient Egyptian empire. For the first time in the Indian subcontinent,
a continuous sequence of dwelling-sites has been established from 7000 BC to 500 BC. The
chalcolithic people of Mehrgarh also had contacts with contemporaneous cultures in
northern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran and southern central Asia.
in April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early
Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in
Mehrgarh. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in
the early farming cultures of that region. "Here we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from 
188

nine adults discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500 to 9,000
years ago."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
52 "... they reported sighting "vimanas" or space craft in the area.."
"A vimāna (Sanskrit: ǒवमान) is a mythical flying machine, described in the Sanskrit epics.
The predecessors of the flying vimanas of the Sanskrit epics are the flying chariots
employed by various gods in the Vedas.
The first flying vimana mentioned in Hindu mythology:
"The Pushpaka chariot that resembles the Sun and belongs to my brother was
brought by the powerful Ravana; that aerial and excellent car going everywhere at
will .... that car resembling a bright cloud in the sky ... and the King [Rama] got in,
and the excellent car at the command of the Raghira, rose up into the higher
atmosphere.'
The Rigveda does not mention Vimanas, but verses RV 1.164.47-48 have been taken as
evidence for the idea of "mechanical birds":
"Dark the descent: the birds are golden-coloured; up to the heaven they fly robed in
the waters.
Again descend they from the seat of Order, and all the earth is moistened with their
fatness."
"Twelve are the fellies, and the wheel is single; three are the naves. What man hath
understood it?
Therein are set together spokes three hundred and sixty, which in nowise can be
loosened." (trans. Griffith)
In Dayananda Saraswati's "translation", these verses become:
"jumping into space speedily with a craft using fire and water ... containing twelve
stamghas (pillars), one wheel, three machines, 300 pivots, and 60 instruments."
But likelier in the original Indian symbolism when that hymn was composed, the wheel is a
year, the 12 "fellies" are months (lunations), and the 360 spokes are days.
In the Ramayana, the pushpaka ("flowery") vimana of Ravana is described as follows:
"The Pushpaka chariot that resembles the Sun and belongs to my brother was
brought by the powerful Ravana; that aerial and excellent car going everywhere at
will .... that car resembling a bright cloud in the sky ... and the King [Rama] got in,
and the excellent car at the command of the Raghira, rose up into the higher
atmosphere.'
It is the first flying vimana mentioned in Hindu mythology (as distinct from the gods' flying
horse-drawn chariots). 
189

Pushpaka was originally made by Maya for Kubera, the God of wealth, but was later stolen,
along with Lanka, by his half-brother, the demon king Ravana.
One example is that the Asura Maya had a Vimana measuring twelve cubits in
circumference, with four strong wheels. Apart from 'blazing missiles', the poem records the
use of other deadly weapons. 'Indra's Dart' (Indravajrā) operated via a circular 'reflector'.
When switched on, it produced a 'shaft of light' which, when focused on any target,
immediately 'consumed it with its power'.
In one exchange, the hero, Krishna, is pursuing his enemy, Salva, in the sky, when Salva's
Vimana, the Saubha, is made invisible in some way. Undeterred, Krishna immediately fires
off a special weapon: "I quickly laid on an arrow, which killed by seeking out sound".
Many other terrible weapons are described in the Mahabharata, but the most fearsome of all
is the one used against the Vrishis. The narrative records:
"Gurkha flying in his swift and powerful Vimana hurled against the three cities of the
Vrishnis and Andhakas a single projectile charged with all the power of the Universe.
An incandescent column of smoke and fire, as brilliant as ten thousands suns, rose
in all its splendour. It was the unknown weapon, the Iron Thunderbolt, a gigantic
messenger of death which reduced to ashes the entire race of the Vrishnis and
Andhakas."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
53 " I have now scanned all of the books and material you provided me. This has been
processed through the computers of the space station in this region, translated into
my own language and relayed back to me. "
Editors Note -- Apparently Airl is able to "scan" something she sees through the lenses of
her "doll body" eyes, upload the data to a computer on the "space station", have it processed
and downloaded to her? Or, maybe she does it telepathically? This is not clarified
anywhere in the transcripts or notes.
54 "... I was "outside" of my body, looking down from the ceiling..."
"An out-of-body experience (OBE), is an experience that typically involves a sensation of
floating outside of one's body and, in some cases, perceiving one's physical body from a
place outside one's body (autoscopy). About one in ten people has reported having an outof-body experience at some time in their lives. It is claimed that those experiencing an OBE
sometimes observe details which were unknown to them beforehand.
The first extensive scientific study of OBEs was made by Celia Green (1968). She collected
written, first-hand accounts from a total of 400 subjects, recruited by means of appeals in the
mainstream media, and followed up by questionnaire. some 80% reported feeling they were
a ‘disembodied consciousness’, with no external body at all.
Another form of a spontaneous OBE occurs during a near death experience (NDE). The
phenomenology of an NDE usually includes physiological, psychological and transcendental
factors (Parnia, Waller, Yeates & Fenwick, 2001) such as impressions of being outside the
physical body (an out-of-body experience), Typically the experience follows a distinct
progression, starting with the sensation of floating above one's body and seeing the
surrounding area."
190

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
55 ..."the space craft was struck by a bolt of lighting"...
"Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of electricity, which typically occurs during
thunderstorms, and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or dust storms. The leader of a bolt
of lightning can travel at speeds of 60,000 m/s, and can reach temperatures approaching
30,000 °C (54,000 °F), hot enough to fuse soil or sand into glass channels. There are over
16 million lightning storms every year."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
56 ..."electronic wavelength"...
"In physics, wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating wave of a
given frequency. It is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Examples of
wave-like phenomena are light, water waves, and sound waves. In a wave, a property varies
with the position. For example, this property can be the air pressure for a sound wave, or the
magnitude of the electric or the magnetic field for light. The wavelengths of frequencies
audible to the human ear (20 Hz–20 kHz) are between approximately 17 m and 17 mm,
respectively. Visible light ranges from deep red, roughly 700 nm to violet, roughly 400 nm
(430–750 THz). For other examples, see electromagnetic spectrum."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
57 ..."space opera" civilization"...
"It was not until the 1920s that the space opera proper appeared in the pulp magazines
Weird Tales and Amazing Stories. Unlike earlier stories of space adventure, which either
related the invasion of Earth by extraterrestrials, or concentrated on the invention of a space
vehicle by a genius inventor, pure space opera simply took space travel for granted (usually
by setting the story in the far future), skipped the preliminaries, and launched straight into
tales of derring-do among the stars.
The first stories of this type were J. Schlossel's The Second Swarm (Spring 1928) in
Amazing Stories Quarterly and Edmond Hamilton's Crashing Suns (August-September
1928) and The Star Stealers (February 1929) in Weird Tales . Similar stories by other writers
followed through 1929 and 1930; by 1931 the space opera was well-established as a
dominant sub-genre of science fiction.
The transition from the older space-voyage story to the space opera can be seen in the
works of E. E. "Doc" Smith. His first published work, The Skylark of Space (August-October
1928, Amazing Stories), merges the traditional tale of a scientist inventing a space-drive with
planetary romance in the style of Edgar Rice Burroughs; but by the time of the sequel,
Skylark Three (August-October 1930, Amazing Stories) which introduces the space faring
race of the Fenachrone, Smith had moved closer to a space opera mode.
Space opera in its most familiar form was a product of 1930s-40s pulp magazines. Like early
science fiction in general, space opera borrowed much of its style from established
adventure, crime, and thriller genres. Notable influences included stories that described
adventures on exotic or uncivilized frontiers, e.g. the American West, Africa, or the Orient. 
191

The imagined future of space opera included immense space liners, intrepid explorers of
unknown worlds, pirates of the space ways, and tough but incorruptible space police.
E. E. "Doc" Smith's later Lensman Series and the works of Edmond Hamilton, John W.
Campbell, and Jack Williamson in the 1930s and 1940s were popular with readers and much
imitated by other writers. By the early 1940s, the repetitiousness and extravagance of some
of these stories led to objections from some fans."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
58 "...1493 AD -- "The Requirement"...
"The Requirement was published as a papal "bull", issued by the infamous Pope Alexander
VI, (Rodrigo Borgia), Roman Catholic Pope from 1492 until his death, is the most memorable
of the Popes of the Renaissance.
Because of the pre-existence of millions of people living in the Americas in 1493, the King of
Spain, had a small twinge of fear at the prospect that God might become angry at him for all
the murder, theft and mayhem he endorsed in the New World. So, he persuaded Pope
Alexander VI to sanction an official proclamation intended to dissolve the stain of bloody
culpability from the King's own immortal soul. This document, called "The Requirement",
was supposed to be read, whether translated into the native language of the inhabitants or
not, to the citizens of every foreign nation just prior to their conquest. The gist of the
proclamation was to inform the soon to be vanquished that their lands were being "donated"
to Spain.
The Requirement read, in part:
 "I, (name of the Conquistador), servant of the high and mighty Kings of Castile and
Leon, conquerors of barbarian peoples, and being their messenger and Captain, hereby
notify and inform you ... that God Our Lord, One and Eternal, created Heaven and Earth and
a man and a woman from whom you and I and all the multitude begotten from these over the
past five thousand and some years since the world was made ... And so I request and
require you ... to recognize the Church as your Mistress and as Governess of the World and
Universe, and the High Priest, called the Pope, in Her name, and His Majesty (the King of
Spain) in Her place, as Ruler and Lord King ... And if you do not do this ... with the help of
God I shall come mightily against you, and I shall make war on you everywhere and in every
way that I can, and I shall subject you to the yoke and obedience of the Church and His
Majesty, and I shall seize your women and children, and I shall make them slaves, to sell
and dispose of as His Majesty commands, and I shall do all the evil and damage to you that I
am able. And I insist that the deaths and destruction that result from this will be your fault."

One of the first to hear The Requirement were the chiefs of the Maya, whose scale of time
for the creation of life on Earth did not begin a mere 5,000 years earlier, as suggested by the
Pope, rather the Mayan measured original creation in millions of years by the astronomical
calendars they kept, which tracked the solar year accurately to within a few seconds a year.
Their comment upon hearing The Requirement was, "The Holy Father has indeed been
generous with others' property".
The Requirement was originally intended as a response to complaints by Spanish clerics
that the wars against the Native American peoples were unjust. Comparing them to Spain's
wars against the Moors, the clerics claimed that Muslims had knowledge of Christ and
rejected Him, so that waging a Crusade against them was legitimate. In contrast, wars 
192

against the Native Americans, who had never come into contact with Christianity were
unacceptable. The Requirement was intended as a legal loophole to place the native
population in the position of having rejected Christianity. It stated: "We protest that any
deaths that result from this [rejection of Christianity] are your fault…"
Many critics of the conquistadors' policies were appalled by the flippant nature of the
Requirement, and the priest, Bartolomeo de Las Casas, said in response to it that he did not
know whether to laugh or to cry. While the conquistadors were encouraged to use an
interpreter to read the Requirement, this was not absolutely necessary, and in many cases, it
was read out to an uncomprehending populace. In some instances, it was read to barren
beaches and empty villages, long after the natives had fled, to prisoners after they were
captured, or even from the decks of ships once they had just spotted the coast.
Nevertheless, for the conquistadors, it provided a religious justification for attacking and
enslaving the native population, and because of its potential to enrich the coffers of Spain,
the Requirement was not generally questioned."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
The net result of the "discovery" of the "New World" which wasn't really "new" as it had been
around as long as any other continent, and had a larger population than Europe, was as
follows:
1) hundreds of indigenous cultures were eradicated 2) approximately 100 million people
were killed by disease and war brought upon them by "aliens" 3) 100 million people from the
Gold Coast of Africa were enslaved, and/ or murdered by Europeans in an effort to replace
the "labor force" of slaughtered indigenous population of the Western Hemisphere 4) nearly
all of the priceless literature, history, cultural and artistic artifacts of the Western hemisphere
were destroyed 5) most of the gold and gems mined over a period of thousands of years by
indigenous people were stolen and shipped off the a handful of greedy, idiotic, uneducated,
filthy, disease-ridden, superstitious, murderous, thieves in Europe who squandered it on
mindless self-indulgences. -- The Editor
59 "... They are interested primarily in the "low gravity" satellites in this space station
which consists mainly of the dark side of the moon...".
"According to the NASA Astronaut Neil Armstrong the aliens have a base on the Moon and
(the aliens) told us in no uncertain terms to get off and stay off the Moon!
Sound far fetched? Milton Cooper, a Naval Intelligence Officer tells us that not only does the
Alien Moon Base exist but the U.S. Naval Intelligence Community refers to the Alien Moon
Base as "Luna," that there is a huge mining operation going on there, and that is where the
aliens keep their huge mother ships while the trips to Earth are made in smaller "flying
saucers".
LUNA: The Alien base on the far side of the Moon. It was seen and filmed by the Apollo
astronauts. A base, a mining operation using very large machines, and the very large alien
craft described in sighting reports as mother ships exist there. -Milton Cooper
Did Apollo 11 Encounter UFOs on the Moon? from the Book "Above Top Secret" by Timothy
Good. 
193

According to hitherto unconfirmed reports, both Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin saw
UFOs shortly after their historic landing on the Moon in Apollo 11 on 21 July 1969. I
remember hearing one of the astronauts refer to a "light" in or on a carter during the
television transmission, followed by a request from mission control for further information.
Nothing more was heard.
According to a former NASA employee Otto Binder, unnamed radio hams with their own
VHF receiving facilities that bypassed NASA's broadcasting outlets picked up the following
exchange:
NASA: What's there? Mission Control calling Apollo 11...
Apollo: These "Babies" are huge, Sir! Enormous! OH MY GOD! You wouldn't believe it! I'm
telling you there are other spacecraft out there, lined up on the far side of the crater edge!
They're on the Moon watching us!
In 1979, Maurice Chatelain, former chief of NASA Communications Systems confirmed that
Armstrong had indeed reported seeing two UFOs on the rim of a crater. "The encounter was
common knowledge in NASA," he revealed, "but nobody has talked about it until now."
Soviet scientists were allegedly the first to confirm the incident. "According to our
information, the encounter was reported immediately after the landing of the module," said
Dr. Vladimir Azhazha, a physicist and Professor of Mathematics at Moscow University. "Neil
Armstrong relayed the message to Mission Control that two large, mysterious objects were
watching them after having landed near the moon module. But his message was never
heard by the public-because NASA censored it. "
According to another Soviet scientist, Dr. Aleksandr Kazantsev, Buzz Aldrin took color movie
film of the UFOs from inside the module, and continued filming them after he and Armstrong
went outside. Dr. Azhazha claims that the UFOs departed minutes after the astronauts came
out on to the lunar surface.
Maurice Chatelain also confirmed that Apollo 11's radio transmissions were interrupted on
several occasions in order to hide the news from the public. Before dismissing Chatelain's
sensational claims, it is worth noting his impressive background in the aerospace industry
and space program. His first job after moving from France was as an electronics engineer
with Convair, specializing in telecommunications, telemetry, and radar. In 1959 he was in
charge of an electromagnetic research group, developing new radar and
telecommunications systems for Ryan. One of his eleven patents was an automatic flights to
the Moon. Later, at North American Aviation, Chatelain was offered the job of designing and
building the Apollo communications and data-processing systems.
Chatelain claims that "all Apollo and Gemini flights were followed, both at a distance and
sometimes also quite closely, by space vehicles of extraterrestrial origin-flying saucers, or
UFOs, if you want to call them by that name. Every time it occurred, the astronauts informed
Mission Control, who then ordered absolute silence." He goes on to say:
"I think that Walter Schirra aboard Mercury 8 was the first of the astronauts to use the code
name 'Santa Claus' to indicate the presence of flying saucers next to space capsules.
However, his announcements were barely noticed by the general public. 
194

It was a little different when James Lovell on board the Apollo 8 command module came out
from behind the moon and said for everybody to hear:
'PLEASE BE INFORMED THAT THERE IS A SANTA CLAUS.'
Even though this happened on Christmas Day 1968, many people sensed a hidden meaning
in those words."
Rumors persist. NASA may well be a civilian agency, but many of its programs are funded
by the defense budget and most of the astronauts are subject to military security regulations.
Apart from the fact that the National Security Agency screens all films and probably radio
communications as well. We have the statements by Otto Binder, Dr. Garry Henderson and
Maurice Chatelain that the astronauts were under strict orders not to discuss their sightings.
And Gordon Cooper has testified to a United Nations committee that one of the astronauts
actually witnessed a UFO on the ground. If there is no secrecy, why has this sighting not
been made public?
A certain professor, who wished to remain anonymous, was engaged in a discussion with
Neil Armstrong during a NASA symposium.
Professor: What REALLY happened out there with Apollo 11?
Armstrong: It was incredible, of course we had always known there was a possibility, the fact
is, we were warned off! (by the Aliens). There was never any question then of a space
station or a moon city.
Professor: How do you mean "warned off"?
Armstrong: I can't go into details, except to say that their ships were far superior to ours both
in size and technology - Boy, were they big!... and menacing! No, there is no question of a
space station.
Professor: But NASA had other missions after Apollo 11?
Armstrong: Naturally-NASA was committed at that time, and couldn't risk panic on Earth. But
it really was a quick scoop and back again.
Armstrong confirmed that the story was true but refused to go into further detail, beyond
admitting that the CIA was behind the cover-up.
Reasonable activity of an alien civilization showed up unexpectedly close to us. We were not
ready for it psychologically
We still can come across publications trying to find an answer to the question: Are we alone
in the universe? At the same time, presence of reasonable creatures has been detected just
close to our home, in the Moon. However, the discovery was immediately classified as
secret, as it was so much incredible that even could shake the already existing social
principles, reports Russia's newspaper "Vecherny Volgograd."
Here is an extract from the official press-release: 
195

“NASA scientists and engineers participating in exploration of Mars and Moon reported
results of their discoveries at a briefing at the Washington national press club on March 21,
1996. It was announced for the first time that man-caused structures and objects had been
discovered on the Moon.” The scientists spoke rather cautiously and evasively about the
functioning objects, with the exception of UFO. They always mentioned the man-caused
objects as possible, and pointed out the information was still under study, and official results
would be published later.
It was mentioned at the briefing as well that the Soviet Union used to own some photo
materials proving presence of reasonable activity on the Moon. And although it wasn't
identified what kind of reasonable activity it was, thousands of photo-and video materials
photographed from the Apollo and the Clementine space station demonstrated many parts
on the lunar surface where the activity and its traces were perfectly evident. The video films
and photos made by U.S. astronauts during the Apollo program were demonstrated at the
briefing. And people were extremely surprised why the materials hadn't been presented to
the public earlier. And NASA specialists answered: “It was difficult to forecast the reaction of
people to the information that some creatures had been or still were on the Moon. Besides,
there were some other reasons to it, which were beyond NASA.”
Specialist for lunar artifacts Richard Hoagland says that NASA is still trying to veil photo
materials before they are published in public catalogues and files, they do retouching or
partially refocus them while copying. Some investigators, Hoagland is among them, suppose
that an extraterrestrial race had used the Moon as a terminal station during their activity on
the Earth. The suggestions are confirmed by the legends and myths invented by different
nations of our planet.
Ruins of lunar cities stretched along many kilometers, huge transparent domes on massive
basements, numerous tunnels and other constructions make scientists reconsider their
opinions concerning the lunar problems. How the Moon appeared and principles of its
revolving around the Earth still pose a great problem for scientists.
Some partially destroyed objects on the lunar surface can’t be placed among natural
geological formations, as they are of complex organization and geometrical structure. In the
upper part of Rima hadley, not far from the place where the Apollo-15 had landed, a
construction surrounded with a tall D-shaped wall was discovered. As of now, different
artifacts have been discovered in 44 regions.
The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the Houston Planetary Institute and specialists
from the bank of space information are investigating the regions. Mysterious terrace-shaped
excavations of the rock have been discovered near the Tiho crater. The concentric
hexahedral excavations and the tunnel entry at the terrace side cant be results of natural
geological processes; instead, they look very much like open cast mines.
A transparent dome raised above the crater edge was discovered near the crater
Copernicus. The dome is unusual as it is glowing white and blue from inside. A rather
unusual object, which is unusual indeed even for the Moon, was discovered in the upper part
of the Factory area. A disk of about 50 meters in diameter stands on a square basement
surrounded with rhombi walls. In the picture, close to the rhombi, we can also see a dark
round embrasure in the ground, which resembles an entry in an underground caponier.
There is a regular rectangular area between Factory and the crater Copernicus which is 300
meters wide 400 meters long. 
196

Apollo 10 astronauts made a unique picture (AS10-32-4822) of a one-mile long object called
Castle, which is hanging at the height of 14 kilometers and casts a distinct shadow on the
lunar surface. The object seems to be consisting of several cylindrical units and a large
conjunctive unit. Internal porous structure of the Castle is clearly seen in one of the pictures,
which makes an impression that some parts of the object are transparent.
As it turned out at the briefing where many NASA scientists were present, when Richard
Hoagland had requested originals of the Castle pictures for the second time, no pictures
were found there at all. They disappeared even from the list of pictures made by the Apollo
10 crew. Only intermediate pictures of the object were found in the archives, which
unfortunately don't depict the internal structure of the object.
When Apollo-12 crew landed on the lunar surface, they saw that the landing was observed
by a half-transparent pyramidal object. It was hanging just several meters above the lunar
surface and shimmered with all rainbow colors against the black sky.
In 1969, when the film about astronauts traveling to the Sea of Storms was demonstrated
(the astronauts saw the strange objects once again, which were later called “striped
glasses”), NASA finally understood what consequences such kind of control could bring.
Astronaut Mitchell answered the question about his feelings after a successful return the
following: “My neck still aches as I had to constantly turn my head around because we felt
we were not alone there. We had no choice but pray.” Johnston, who worked at the Houston
Space Center and studied photos and video materials done during the Apollo program,
discussed the artifacts with Richard Hoagland and said, the NASA leadership was awfully
annoyed with the great number of anomalous, to put it mildly, objects on the Moon. It was
even said that piloted flights to the Moon could be banned in the programs network.
Investigators are especially interested in ancient structures resembling partially destroyed
cities. The orbital shooting reveals an astonishingly regular geometry of square and
rectangular constructions. They resemble our terrestrial cities seen from the height of 5-8
kilometers. A mission control specialist commented on the pictures: “Our guys observed
ruins of the Lunar cities, transparent pyramids, domes and God knows what else, which are
currently hidden deep inside the NASA safes, and felt like Robinson Crusoe when he
suddenly came across prints of human bare feet on the sand of the desert island.” What do
geologists and scientists say after studying the pictures of lunar cities and other anomalous
objects? They say, such objects can't be natural formations. “We should admit they are
artificial, especially the domes and pyramids.” Reasonable activity of an alien civilization
showed up unexpectedly close to us. We were not ready for it psychologically, and some
people hardly believe they are true even now."
Translated by Maria Gousseva (original source =
http://english.pravda.ru/main/2002/10/05/37771.html)
-- Source: http://www.ufocasebook.com/moon.html
60 "... synthesized from gypsum..."
"Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive evaporite beds in association with
sedimentary rocks. Deposits are known to occur in strata from as early as the Permian age.
Gypsum is deposited in lake and sea water, as well as in hot springs, from volcanic vapors,
and sulfate solutions in veins. Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins is commonly hydrated to 
197

gypsum by groundwater in near surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals
halite and sulfur.
The word gypsum is derived from the aorist form of the Greek verb µαγειρεύω, "to cook",
referring to the burnt or calcined mineral. Because the gypsum from the quarries of the
Montmartre district of Paris has long furnished burnt gypsum used for various purposes, this
material has been called plaster of Paris. It is also used in foot creams, shampoos and many
other hair products.
Because gypsum dissolves over time in water, gypsum is rarely found in the form of sand.
However, the unique conditions of the White Sands National Monument in the US state of
New Mexico have created a 710 km² (275 sq mile) expanse of white gypsum sand, enough
to supply the construction industry with drywall for 1,000 years."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
61 "... electromagnetic force..."
"In physics, the Lorentz force is the force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields.
Lorentz introduced this force in 1892. However, the discovery of the Lorentz force was
before Lorentz's time. In particular, it can be seen at equation (77) in Maxwell's 1861 paper
On Physical Lines of Force. Later, Maxwell listed it as equation "D" of his 1864 paper, A
Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, as one of the eight original Maxwell's
equations. In this paper the equation was written as follows:
where
A is the magnetic vector potential,
φ is the electrostatic potential,
H is the magnetic field H,
µ is magnetic permeability.
Although this equation is obviously a direct precursor of the modern Lorentz force equation,
it actually differs in two respects:
• It does not contain a factor of q, the charge. Maxwell didn't use the concept of
charge. The definition of E used here by Maxwell is unclear. He uses the term
electromotive force. He operated from Faraday's electro-tonic state A, which he
considered to be a momentum in his vortex sea. The closest term that we can trace
to electric charge in Maxwell's papers is the density of free electricity, which appears
to refer to the density of the aethereal medium of his molecular vortices and that
gives rise to the momentum A. Maxwell believed that A was a fundamental quantity
from which electromotive force can be derived.
• The equation here contains the information that what we nowadays call E, which
today can be expressed in terms of scalar and vector potentials according to 
198

The fact that E can be expressed this way is equivalent to one of the four modern
Maxwell's equations, the Maxwell-Faraday equation.
Despite its historical origins in the original set of eight Maxwell's equations, the Lorentz force
is no longer considered to be one of "Maxwell's equations" as the term is currently used (that
is, as reformulated by Heaviside). It now sits adjacent to Maxwell's equations as a separate
and essential law.
Significance of the Lorentz force
While the modern Maxwell's equations describe how electrically charged particles and
objects give rise to electric and magnetic fields, the Lorentz force law completes that picture
by describing the force acting on a moving point charge q in the presence of electromagnetic
fields. The Lorentz force law describes the effect of E and B upon a point charge, but such
electromagnetic forces are not the entire picture. Charged particles are possibly coupled to
other forces, notably gravity and nuclear forces. Thus, Maxwell's equations do not stand
separate from other physical laws, but are coupled to them via the charge and current
densities. The response of a point charge to the Lorentz law is one aspect; the generation of
E and B by currents and charges is another.
In real materials the Lorentz force is inadequate to describe the behavior of charged
particles, both in principle and as a matter of computation. The charged particles in a
material medium both respond to the E and B fields and generate these fields. Complex
transport equations must be solved to determine the time and spatial response of charges,
for example, the Boltzmann equation or the Fokker–Planck equation or the Navier-Stokes
equations. For example, see magnetohydrodynamics, fluid dynamics, electrohydrodynamics,
superconductivity, stellar evolution. An entire physical apparatus for dealing with these
matters has developed. See for example, Green–Kubo relations and Green's function
(many-body theory).
Although one might suggest that these theories are only approximations intended to deal
with large ensembles of "point particles", perhaps a deeper perspective is that the chargebearing particles may respond to forces like gravity, or nuclear forces, or boundary
conditions."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
62 "... quadrillion..."
"Quadrillion may mean either of the two numbers:
1,000,000,000,000,000 (one thousand million million; 1015; SI prefix peta) - increasingly
common meaning in English language usage.
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (1024; SI prefix yotta) -
increasingly rare meaning in English language usage."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org 
199

63 "...points of origin to establish age and duration."
"So far scientists have not found a way to determine the exact age of the Earth directly from
Earth rocks because Earth's oldest rocks have been recycled and destroyed by the process
of plate tectonics. If there are any of Earth's primordial rocks left in their original state, they
have not yet been found. Nevertheless, scientists have been able to determine the probable
age of the Solar System and to calculate an age for the Earth by assuming that the Earth
and the rest of the solid bodies in the Solar System formed at the same time and are,
therefore, of the same age.
The ages of Earth and Moon rocks and of meteorites are measured by the decay of longlived radioactive isotopes of elements that occur naturally in rocks and minerals and that
decay with half lives of 700 million to more than 100 billion years to stable isotopes of other
elements. These dating techniques, which are firmly grounded in physics and are known
collectively as radiometric dating, are used to measure the last time that the rock being
dated was either melted or disturbed sufficiently to rehomogenize its radioactive elements."
-- Reference: http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html
64 "... The physical universe itself is formed from the convergence and amalgamation
of many other individual universes..."
"A creation myth is a supernatural mytho-religious story or explanation that describes the
beginnings of humanity, earth, life, and the universe (cosmogony), usually as a deliberate
act of "creation" by a supreme being. Many accounts of creation share broadly similar
themes. Common motifs include the fractionation of the things of the world from a primordial
chaos; the separation of the mother and father gods; land emerging from an infinite and
timeless ocean; or creation ex nihilo (Latin: out of nothing)."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
65 "... energy and forms can be created, but not destroyed..."
"In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in any
isolated system remains constant but cannot be recreated, although it may change forms,
e.g. friction turns kinetic energy into thermal energy. In thermodynamics, the first law of
thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy for thermodynamic systems,
and is the more encompassing version of the conservation of energy. In short, the law of
conservation of energy states that energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be
changed from one form to another."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
66 "... Tales of magic, sorcery and enchantment, fairy tales and mythology speak of
such things..."
Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a conceptual system that asserts human ability to
control the natural world (including events, objects, people, and physical phenomena)
through mystical, paranormal or supernatural means. The term can also refer to the
practices employed by a person asserting this influence, and to beliefs that explain various 
200

events and phenomena in such terms. In many cultures, magic is under pressure from, and
in competition with, scientific and religious conceptual systems.
Adherents to magic believe that it may work by one or more of the following basic principles:
• Natural forces that cannot be detected by science at present, and in fact may not
be detectable at all. These magical forces are said to exist in addition to and
alongside the four fundamental forces of nature: gravity, electromagnetism, the
strong force and the weak force.
• Intervention of spirits similar to these hypothetical natural forces, but with their
own consciousness and intelligence. Believers in spirits will often describe a whole
cosmos of beings of many different kinds, sometimes organized into a hierarchy.
Aleister Crowley preferred the spelling magick, defining it as "the science and art of causing
change to occur in conformity with the will." By this, he included "mundane" acts of will as
well as ritual magic. In Magick in Theory and Practice, Chapter XIV, Crowley says:
"What is a Magical Operation? It may be defined as any event in nature which is
brought to pass by Will. We must not exclude potato-growing or banking from our
definition. Let us take a very simple example of a Magical Act: that of a man blowing
his nose." "
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
67 "...they will capture other IS-BEs as slaves..."
"The word slave in the English language originates from the Middle English sclave, from the
Old French esclave, the Medieval Latin sclavus, the early Greek sklabos, from sklabenoi,
Slavs, of Slavic origin; akin to Old Russian Slovene, an East Slavic tribe. The term sclavus
originally referred to the Slavs of Eastern and Central Europe, as many of these people had
been captured and then sold as slaves by Otto the Great and his successors. The former
Latin word for "slave" was servus (cf. English serf).
The evidence for slavery predates written records. It can be found in almost all cultures and
continents. Slavery can be traced to the earliest records, such as the Code of Hammurabi in
Mesopotamia (~1800 BC), which refers to slavery as an already established institution. In
important exception occurred under the reign of the Achaemenid Empire in Persia in 500
BC. The forced labor of women in some ancient and modern cultures may also be identified
as slavery. Slavery, in this case, includes sexual services.
Historically, most slaves were captured in wars or kidnapped in isolated raids, but some
persons were sold into slavery by their parents, or by themselves, as a means of surviving
extreme conditions. Most slaves were born into that status, to parents who were enslaved.
Ancient Warfare often resulted in slavery for prisoners and their families, who were either
killed, ransomed or sold as slaves. Captives were often considered the property of those
who captured them and were looked upon as a prize of war. Slavery may originally have
been more humane than simply executing those who would return to fight if they were freed,
but the effect led to widespread enslavement of particular groups of people. Those captured
sometimes differed in ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race from their enslavers, but often
were the same as the captors. The dominant group in an area might take captives and turn
them into slaves with little fear of suffering the like fate. The possibility always existed of 
201

reversals of fortune, as when Seneca warned, at the height of the Roman Empire, when
powerful nations fought among themselves, anyone might find himself enslaved."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
68 "...asteroid belt..."
"The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of
the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called
asteroids or minor planets. More than half the mass within the main belt is contained in the
four largest objects: Ceres, 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, and 10 Hygiea. All of these have mean
diameters of more than 400 km, while Ceres, the main belt's only dwarf planet, is about
950 km in diameter. The remaining bodies range down to the size of a dust particle. The
asteroid material is so thinly distributed that multiple unmanned spacecraft have traversed it
without incident."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
69 "... the Big Dipper constellation..."
"Within Ursa Major the stars of the Big Dipper have Bayer designations in consecutive Greek
alphabetical order from the bowl to the handle.
Proper
Name
Bayer
Designation
Apparent
Magnitude
Distance
(L Yrs)
 Dubhe α
UMa

1.8
 124
 M
era
k
 β
UM
a

2.4

 79
 Phecda γ UMa 2.4 84
 Megrez δ
UMa

3.3
 81
 Ali
oth
 ε
UM
a

1.8

 81
 Mi
zar
 ζ
UM
a

2.1

 78
 Al
kai
d
 η
UM
a

1.9

101
Near Mizar is a star called Alcorr and together they are informally known as the Horse and
Rider. At magnitude 4.1, Alcor would normally be relatively easy to see with the unaided eye,
but its proximity to Mizar renders it more difficult to resolve, and it has served as a traditional
test of sight. In the 17th century, Mizar itself was discovered to be a binary star system — 
202

the first telescopic binary found. The component stars are known as Mizar A and Mizar B. In
1889, Mizar A was discovered to in fact be a binary as well, the first spectroscopic binary
discovered, and with the subsequent discovery that Mizar B itself is also a binary, in total
Mizar currently is known to be at least a quadruple star system."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
70 "... the body of the Archduke of Austria..."
"Franz Ferdinand (December 18, 1863 – June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este,
Prince Imperial of Austria and Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, and from 1896 until
his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo
precipitated the Austrian declaration of war. This caused countries allied with AustriaHungary (the Central Powers) and countries allied with Serbia (the Entente Powers) to
declare war on each other, starting World War I.
In 1889, Franz Ferdinand's life changed dramatically. His cousin Crown Prince Rudolf
committed suicide at his hunting lodge in Mayerling, leaving Franz Ferdinand's father,
Archduke Karl Ludwig, as first in line to the throne. However his father renounced his
succession rights a few days after the Crown Prince's death. Henceforth, Franz Ferdinand
was groomed to succeed.
On June 28, 1914, at approximately 11:15 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in
Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by
Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia and one of several (a few) assassins organized
by The Black Hand (Црна рука/Tsrna Ruka). The event, known as the Assassination in
Sarajevo, triggered World War I.
Franz and Sophie had previously been attacked when a bomb was thrown at their car. It
missed them, but many civilians were injured. Franz and Sophie both insisted on going to
see all those injured at the hospital. As a result of this, Princip saw them and shot Sophie in
the abdomen. Franz was shot in the jugular and was still alive when witnesses arrived to his
aid, but it was too late; he died within minutes.
The assassinations, along with the arms race, nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the
alliance system all contributed to the beginning of World War I, which began less than two
months after Franz Ferdinand's death, with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against
Serbia."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
71 ..."force field"...
"Originally a term coined by Michael Faraday to provide an intuitive paradigm, but theoretical
construct, for the behavior of electromagnetic fields, the term force field refers to the
lines of force one object (the "source object") exerts on another object or a collection
of other objects. An object might be a mass particle or an electric or magnetic
charge, for example. The lines do not have to be straight, in the Euclidean geometry case,
but may be curved. Faraday called these theoretical connections between objects lines of
force because the objects are most directly connected to the source object along this line.
203

Examples of force fields:
• A local Newtonian gravitational field near Earth ground typically consists of a uniform
array of vectors pointing in one direction---downwards, towards the ground; its force
field is represented by the Cartesian vector , where points in a direction away from
the ground, and m refers to the mass, and g refers to the acceleration due to gravity.
• A global Gravitational field consists of a spherical array of vectors pointing towards
the center of gravity. Its classical force field, in spherical coordinates, is represented
by the vector, , which is just Newton's Law of Gravity, with the radial unit vector
pointing towards the origin of the sphere (center of the Earth).
• A conservative Electric field has an electric charge (or a smeared plum pudding of
electric charges) as its source object. In the case of the point charges, the force field
is represented by , where is the position vector that represents the straightest line
between the source charge and the other charge.
• A static Magnetic field has a magnetic charge (a magnetic monopole or a charge
distribution).
• The electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force formula, which in SI units is,
."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
72 "Electroshock..."
"The story of electric shock began in 1938, when Italian psychiatrist Ugo Cerletti visited a
Rome slaughterhouse to see what could be learned from the method that was employed to
butcher hogs. In Cerletti's own words, "As soon as the hogs were clamped by the [electric]
tongs, they fell unconscious, stiffened, then after a few seconds they were shaken by
convulsions.... During this period of unconsciousness (epileptic coma), the butcher stabbed
and bled the animals without difficulty....
"At this point I felt we could venture to experiment on man, and I instructed my assistants to
be on the alert for the selection of a suitable subject."
Cerletti's first victim was provided by the local police - a man described by Cerletti as "lucid
and well-oriented." After surviving the first blast without losing consciousness, the victim
overheard Cerletti discussing a second application with a higher voltage. He begged Cerletti,
"Non una seconda! Mortifierel" ("Not another one! It will kill me!")
Ignoring the objections of his assistants, Cerletti increased the voltage and duration and fired
again. With the "successful" electrically induced convulsion of his victim, Ugo Cerletti
brought about the application of hog-slaughtering skills to humans, creating one of the most
brutal techniques of psychiatry.
*Electric shock is also called electro-convulsive "therapy" or treatment (ECT), electroshock
therapy or electric shock treatment (EST), electrostimulation, and electrolytic therapy (ELT).
All are euphemistic terms for the same process: sending a searing blast of electricity through
the brain in order to alter behavior." (Reference: http://www.sntp.net/ect/ect3.htm)
Today Electroshock therapy (ECT) is most often used as a treatment for severe major
depression which has not responded to other treatment, and is also used in the treatment of
mania, catatonia, schizophrenia and other disorders. It first gained widespread use as a form 
204

of treatment in the 1940s and 50s. Today, an estimated 1 million people worldwide receive
ECT every year, usually in a course of 6-12 treatments administered 2 or 3 times a week.
Electroconvulsive therapy has "side-effects" which include confusion and memory loss for
events around the time period of treatment. ECT have been shown to cause persistent
memory loss. It is the effects of ECT on long-term memory that give rise to much of the
concern surrounding its use. The acute effects of ECT include amnesia.
Registered nurse Barbara C. Cody reports in a letter to the Washington Post that her life
"was forever changed by 13 outpatient ECTs I received in 1983. Shock 'therapy' totally and
permanently disabled me. "EEGs [electroencephalograms] verify the extensive damage
shock did to my brain. Fifteen to 20 years of my life were simply erased; only small bits
and pieces have returned. I was also left with short-term memory impairment and serious
cognitive deficits. "Shock 'therapy' took my past, my college education, my musical
abilities, even the knowledge that my children were, in fact, my children."
Ernest Hemingway, American author, committed suicide shortly after Electric Shock
treatment at the Menninger Clinic in 1961. He is reported to have said to his biographer,
"Well, what is the sense of ruining my head and erasing my memory, which is my
capital, and putting me out of business? It was a brilliant cure but we lost the
patient...."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
73 "...electric voltage..."
"The general public may consider household mains circuits (100–250 V AC), which carry the
highest voltages they normally encounter, to be high voltage. For example, an installer of
heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment may be licensed to install 24 Volt control
circuits, but may not be permitted to connect the 240 volt power circuits of the equipment.
Voltages over approximately 50 volts can usually cause dangerous amounts of
current to flow through a human being touching two points of a circuit.
Voltages of greater than 50 V are capable of producing heart fibrillation if they produce
electric currents in body tissues which happen to pass through the chest area. The
electrocution danger is mostly determined by the low conductivity of dry human skin. If skin
is wet, or if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to electrodes which penetrate the
skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal if contacted."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
74 "...Post hypnotic suggestions..."
"The ability of a human to be induced into a form of behavior or thinking pattern after coming
out of the hypnotic state. Post hypnotic suggestions are administered by the hypnotist
and may optionally include a time scope. An altered sense of perception or behavioral
pattern may be "programmed" into the person under hypnosis. Certain sequences of
events may be set as triggers to enter or exit the post-hypnotic pattern. The behavior
patterns resemble conditioned reflexes, though administered without classical behavior
alteration techniques. 
205

Examples:
Any number, color, object, etc. may be induced to be ignored by the patient after full
consciousness. A certain keyword starts the suggestion and a different word ends it. The
patient will not know nor use the item to be ignored. He/she may state that the sea is
colored red, if suggested to ignore the color blue. A count of eleven may be achieved if
asked to count ones fingers if a number -say 5- is suggested to be ignored. Thus the patient
counts 1-2-3-4-6-7-8-9-10-11
Different type of behavior patterns may be induced such as forcing the patient to recite a
certain sentence whenever anyone says out loud the special keyword. The patient is
fully aware of the conditioned action but it is very difficult, if not impossible, to restrain from
doing it. Sweating, loss of coordination and full lack of concentration plagues the
patient until he/she performs the programmed action.
An object may be set to be perceived as invisible and it will be fully ignored and evaded
during the period of suggestion. Experiments may be performed with a coffee mug, induced
to be invisible. If the mug is put on top of a page with writing, the patient will only read the
parts not covered by the mug. Even though the sentences may make no sense, nothing is
seemingly wrong to the suspected. It is difficult to suggest an object be invisible, yet stay
tactile. Usually the object is completely ignored by all senses. Thus, the mug in the
example will reportedly not exist, even when the patient is touching it.
Stage hypnotists will sometimes perform shows in which they hypnotize participants to think
they are some celebrity and behave exactly like them. John Mohl, stage hypnotist and
member of The National Guild of Hypnotists, says that he has often hypnotized people to
become someone else! Mohl noticed that adults often became a celebrity while Middle or
High School students usually become something much more creative or imaginative."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
75 "... Untouchables..."
"In the Indian caste system, a Dalit, often called an untouchable, or an outcaste, is a
person who according to traditional Hindu belief does not have any "varnas". Varna refers to
the Hindu belief that most humans were supposedly created from different parts of the body
of the divinity Purusha. The part from which a varna was supposedly created defines a
person's social status with regard to issues such as whom they may marry and which
professions they may hold. Dalits fall outside the varnas system and have historically been
prevented from doing any but the most menial jobs. (However, a distinction must be made
between lower-caste people and Pariahs.) Included are leather-workers (called chamar),
carcass handlers (called mahar),poor farmers and landless labourers, night soil scavengers
(called bhangi or chura), street handicrafters, folk artists, street cleaners, dhobi, etc.
Traditionally, they were treated as pariahs in South Asian society and isolated in their own
communities, to the point that even their shadows were avoided by the upper castes.
Discrimination against Dalits still exists in rural areas in the private sphere, in ritual matters
such as access to eating places and water sources. It has largely disappeared, however, in
urban areas and in the public sphere, in rights of movement and access to schools. The
earliest rejection of discrimination, at least in spiritual matters, was made as far back as the 
206

Bhagavada Gita, which says that no person, no matter what, is barred from enlightenment
There are an estimated 160 million Dalits in India."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
"Human rights abuses against these people, known as Dalits, are legion. A random sampling
of headlines in mainstream Indian newspapers tells their story: "Dalit boy beaten to death for
plucking flowers"; "Dalit tortured by cops for three days"; "Dalit 'witch' paraded naked in
Bihar"; "Dalit killed in lock-up at Kurnool"; "7 Dalits burnt alive in caste clash"; "5 Dalits
lynched in Haryana"; "Dalit woman gang-raped, paraded naked"; "Police egged on mob to
lynch Dalits".
"Dalits are not allowed to drink from the same wells, attend the same temples, wear shoes in
the presence of an upper caste, or drink from the same cups in tea stalls," said Smita
Narula, a senior researcher with Human Rights Watch, and author of Broken People: Caste
Violence Against India's "Untouchables." Human Rights Watch is a worldwide activist
organization based in New York. India's Untouchables are relegated to the lowest jobs, and
live in constant fear of being publicly humiliated, paraded naked, beaten, and raped with
impunity by upper-caste Hindus seeking to keep them in their place. Merely walking through
an upper-caste neighborhood is a life-threatening offense. Nearly 90 percent of all the poor
Indians and 95 percent of all the illiterate Indians are Dalits."
Reference:
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0602_030602_untouchables.html
76 "...political prisoners..."
"A political prisoner is someone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house
arrest, for his/her involvement in political activity.
political prisoners are arrested and tried with a veneer of legality, where false criminal
charges, manufactured evidence, and unfair trials are used to disguise the fact that an
individual is a political prisoner. This is common in situations which may otherwise be
decried nationally and internationally as a human rights violation and suppression of a
political dissident. A political prisoner can also be someone that has been denied bail
unfairly, denied parole when it would reasonably have been given to a prisoner charged with
a comparable crime, or special powers may be invoked by the judiciary.
Particularly in this latter situation, whether an individual is regarded as a political prisoner
may depend upon subjective political perspective or interpretation of the evidence.
Governments typically reject assertions that they hold political prisoners.
Examples:
In the Soviet Union, dubious psychiatric diagnoses were sometimes used to confine
political prisoners. In Nazi Germany, "Night and Fog" prisoners were among the first victims
of fascist repression. In North Korea, entire families are jailed if one family member is
suspected of anti-government sentiments."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
77 "... His commanding officer ordered that a battle cruiser be dispatched..." 
207

Editor's Note: The only Wikipedia.org reference to the term "battle cruiser" is a US or
British Navy ships. Another interesting and entertaining reference is as follows:
"The Honorverse is the semi-official name for the setting of a military science fiction
series of stories by David Weber featuring Honor Harrington, the Nelsonesque heroine in a
series reminiscent of C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower book series. The books are
popular in the United States and new releases regularly make The New York Times Best
Seller list.
The following list refers to starship classes within different areas of Honorverse:
These starship classes are in the People's Republic of Haven:
• Cimeterres-class: LAC
• Program 13-class: LAC
• Bastogne-class: destroyer
• City-class: destroyer
• Desforge-class: destroyer
• Frigate-class l: light cruiser
• Conqueror-class: light cruiser
• Charles Wade Pope-class: light cruiser
• Brillance-class: light cruiser
• Mars-A-class: heavy cruiser
• Mars-B-class: heavy cruiser
• Scimitar-class: heavy cruiser
• Sword-class: heavy cruiser
• Tiger-class: battlecruiser
• Warlord-class: battlecruiser
• Sultan-class: battlecruiser
• Triumphant-class: battleship
• Nouveau Paris-class: dreadnought - Formally thought to be the New Boston-class
• Rousseau-class: dreadnought
• DuQuesne-class: superdreadnought
• Sovereign of Space-class: pod-superdreadnaught
• Temeraire-class: pod-superdreadnaught
• Astra-class: LAC Carrier
• Aviary-class: LAC Carrier"
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
78 "...a few hundred miles north of the equator on Mars in the Cydonia region."
This statement was made by Airl in 1947. The following photographs of this area were not
taken by NASA satellites in the 1970s!
( The following internet links shows maps of a complex of artificial looking structures which
some people have referred to a the "Pyramid Complex, The Face on Mars, and other
geological features that are strikingly similar to symbols and architecture found in
Mesoamerican and Egyptian pyramid civilizations. Notice how the "pyramids and face
structures look as though they have been partially destroyed! Had there been an "Old 
208

Empire" base at this location, which was destroyed by a cruiser attack from The Domain
Force, it base would have been significantly damaged. )
http://www.greatdreams.com/cydonia.htm
http://www.qtm.net/~geibdan/cydonia.html
"In addition, a team of scientists from the United States Geological Survey reported at the
recent annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston, Texas, that images
taken by NASA’s Mars-orbiting spacecraft Mars Odyssey show what appear to be cave
entrances where primitive life forms – “past or present microbial life” – could have been
sheltered, and where water could exist in liquid form.
A more detailed perusal of the report reveals that the spacecraft actually photographed, in
both visual and infrared, puzzling dark circular structures associated with these caves -
structures ranging in size from 100 to 250 meters (330 to 825 feet). Picking up the hardlynoticed story in its June 2007 issue, the prestigious journal Scientific American has now
provided additional information: Seven such “football size” caverns were identified; they are
425 feet deep. "
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
79 "... mind control..."
"Mind control (or "brainwashing") refers to a broad range of psychological tactics able to
subvert an individual's control of his own thinking, behavior, emotions, or decisions. The
concept is closely related to hypnosis, but differs in practical approach.
William Sargant connected Pavlov’s findings (the Russian researcher who experimented on
stimulus-response mechanism with dogs) to the ways people learned and internalized belief
systems. Conditioned behavior patterns could be changed by stimulated stresses beyond a
dog’s capacity for response, in essence causing a breakdown. This could also be caused by
intense signals, longer than normal waiting periods, rotating positive and negative signals
and changing a dog’s physical condition, as through illness. Depending on the dog’s initial
personality, this could possibly cause a new belief system to be held tenaciously. Sargant
also connected Pavlov’s findings to the mechanisms of brain-washing....
"Though men are not dogs, they should humbly try to remember how much they
resemble dogs in their brain functions, and not boast themselves as demigods. They
are gifted with religious and social apprehensions, and they are gifted with the power
of reason; but all these faculties are physiologically entailed to the brain. Therefore
the brain should not be abused by having forced upon it any religious or political
mystique that stunts the reason, or any form of crude rationalism that stunts the
religious sense." (p. 274)
Psychologist Margaret Singer describes six conditions which would create an
atmosphere in which thought reform is possible. Singer states that these conditions
involve no need for physical coercion or violence.
• Keep the victim unaware of what is going on and how he is being changed a step at
a time. 
209

• Control the victim's social and/or physical environment; especially control the
victim's time.
• Systematically create a sense of powerlessness in the victim. This is accomplished
by getting victims away from their normal social support group for a period of time
and into an environment where the majority of people are already group members.
o The victims serve as models of the attitudes and behaviors of the group and
speak an in-group language.
o Strip victims of their main occupation (quit jobs, drop out of school) or
source of income or have them turn over their income (or the majority of) to
the group.
o Once stripped of your usual support network, your confidence in your own
perception erodes.
o As your sense of powerlessness increases, your good judgment and
understanding of the world are diminished. (ordinary view of reality is
destabilized)
o As group attacks your previous worldview, it causes you distress and inner
confusion; yet you are not allowed to speak about this confusion or object to
it -- leadership suppresses questions and counters resistance.
o This process is sped up if you are kept tired.
• Manipulate a system of rewards, punishments and experiences in such a way as to
inhibit behavior that reflects the victim's former social identity.
o Manipulation of experiences can be accomplished through various methods
of trance induction, including leaders using such techniques as paced
speaking patterns, guided imagery, chanting, long prayer sessions or
lectures, and lengthy meditation sessions.
o Your old beliefs and patterns of behavior are defined as irrelevant or evil.
Leadership wants these old patterns eliminated, so the victims must
suppress them.
o Victims get positive feedback for conforming to the group's beliefs and
behaviors and negative feedback for old beliefs and behavior.
• Manipulate a system of rewards, punishments, and experiences in order to promote
learning the group's ideology or belief system and group-approved behaviors.
o Good behavior, demonstrating an understanding and acceptance of the
group's beliefs, and compliance are rewarded while questioning, expressing
doubts or criticizing are met with disapproval, redress and possible rejection.
If one expresses a question, he or she is made to feel that there is
something inherently wrong with them to be questioning.
o The only feedback victims get is from the group, they become totally
dependent upon the rewards given by those who control the environment.
o Victims must learn varying amounts of new information about the beliefs of
the group and the behaviors expected by the group.
o The more complicated and filled with contradictions the new system is and
the more difficult it is to learn, the more effective the conversion process will
be.
o Esteem and affection from peers is very important to new recruits. Approval
comes from having the new victim's behaviors and thought patterns conform
to the models (victims). Victims' relationship with peers is threatened
whenever they fail to learn or display new behaviors. Over time, the easy
solution to the insecurity generated by the difficulties of learning the new
system is to inhibit any display of doubts -- new recruits simply acquiesce,
affirm and act as if they do understand and accept the new ideology. 
210

• Put forth a closed system of logic and an authoritarian structure that permits no
feedback and refuses to be modified except by leadership approval or executive
order.
o The group has a top-down, pyramid structure. The leaders must have verbal
ways of never losing.
o Victims are not allowed to question, criticize or complain -- if they do, the
leaders allege that the victim is defective -- not the organization or the
beliefs.
o The individual is always wrong -- the system, its leaders and its belief are
always right.
o Remolding of the individual victim happens in a closed system. As victims
learn to modify their behavior in order to be accepted in this closed system,
they change -- begin to speak the language -- which serves to further isolate
them from their prior beliefs and behaviors."
Social psychology tactics
A contemporary view of mind control sees it as an intensified and persistent use of well
researched social psychology principles like compliance, conformity, persuasion,
dissonance, reactance, framing or emotional manipulation.
One of the most notable proponents of such theories is social psychologist Philip Zimbardo,
former president of the American Psychological Association:
"I conceive of mind control as a phenomena encompassing all the ways in
which personal, social and institutional forces are exerted to induce
compliance, conformity, belief, attitude, and value change in others.
"Mind control is the process by which individual or collective freedom of
choice and action is compromised by agents or agencies that modify or
distort perception, motivation, affect, cognition and/or behavioral outcomes. It
is neither magical nor mystical, but a process that involves a set of basic
social psychological principles."
In Influence, Science and Practice, social psychologist Robert Cialdini argues that mind
control is possible through the covert exploitation of the unconscious rules that
underlie and facilitate healthy human social interactions. He states that common social rules
can be used to prey upon the unwary, and he titles them as follows:
• "Reciprocation: The Old Give and Take...and Take"
• "Commitment and Consistency: Hobgoblins of the Mind"
• "Social Proof: Truths Are Us"
• "Liking: The Friendly Thief"
• "Authority: Directed Deference"
• "Scarcity: The Rule of the Few"
Using these six broad categories, he offers specific examples of both mild and extreme mind
control (both one on one and in groups), notes the conditions under which each social rule is
most easily exploited for false ends, and offers suggestions on how to resist such methods."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
211

80 "... remote thought control..."
EDITOR'S NOTE: If "hypersonic sound" (see reference below) can already be used
on Earth, which has been using electricity for only 150 years, imagine a technology
that has been refined over millions of years, that could transmit thoughts that are
precisely targeted to an individual person across millions of miles of space.
"The lunatic is in my head," sang Pink Floyd on their landmark "Dark Side of the Moon"
album released 35 years ago. "There's someone in my head but it's not me."
In 2008, there is a chance that the voice inside your head may be trying to sell you
something. Advertisers are using a new acoustic technology to project advertising slogans
directly into your head. And not everyone is happy about the aural intrusion.
In fact, the space between your ears may be the newest battleground in the conflict
between privacy and technology. The technique is called hypersonic sound and it was
created by inventor Woody Norris. Hypersonic sound (HSS) projection enables sound to
be directed precisely to one individual without any spillover.
In tandem with an ultrasonic emitter and a signal processor/amplifier, HSS projects a column
of modulated ultrasonic frequencies into the air. The ultrasonic frequencies are inaudible by
themselves, but the interaction of the frequencies with the air create sounds that can be
heard by anyone inside the column. Hypersonic sound can direct sound as precisely as a
laser beam can direct light.
One only needs to be standing in the path of an HSS beam in order to hear the sound.
However, the sensation to those hearing is that the sound is being projected from inside their
skull.
Pretty cool, thinks inventor Norris. Or pretty creepy if you don't know what's going on. It is
already being done from a billboard on Prince Street in New York City.
Advertising for a television show called "Paranormal State," which airs on the Arts and
Entertainment Network (A&E), has been sent through HSS to unsuspecting pedestrians who
trigger a sensor as they stroll by. The sound that is emitted can be heard only by them.
Science and technology writer Clive Thompson, has written about the Prince Street billboard
for Wired magazine. He experienced HSS himself, writing that it felt "creepy" to hear a
woman's voice whisper, "Who's there? Who's there?"
It used to be that we could at least be guaranteed privacy in the space between our ears.
That is no longer true, thanks to the invention of "in-head advertising."
The freedom to think our own thoughts without artificial manipulation from outside
sources may be our latest civil rights battle."
By RUTH N. GELLER
HumanistNetworkNews.org
April 2, 2008
-- Reference: http://humaniststudies.org/enews/?id=342&showAll=true
81 "... the remote mind-control operation..." 
212

"One of the earliest examples of remote control was developed in 1893 by Nikola Tesla,
and described in his patent, U.S. Patent 613,809 , named "Method of an Apparatus for
Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles".
"In 1903, Leonardo Torres Quevedo presented the Telekino at the Paris Academy of
Science, accompanied by a brief, and making an experimental demonstration. In the same
year, he obtained a patent in France, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States. The
Telekino consisted of a robot that executed commands transmitted by electromagnetic
waves. It constituted the world's first apparatus for radio control and was a pioneer in the
field of remote control. In 1906, in the presence of the king and before a great crowd, Torres
successfully demonstrated the invention in the port of Bilbao, guiding a boat from the shore.
Later, he would try to apply the Telekino to projectiles and torpedoes, but had to abandon
the project for lack of financing.
The first remote-controlled model airplane flew in 1932, and the use of remote control
technology for military purposes was worked intensively during the Second World War,
one result of this being the German Wasserfall missile."
Remote control technology is also used in space travel, for instance the Russian
Lunokhod vehicles were remote-controlled from the ground. Direct remote control of
space vehicles at greater distances from the earth is not practical due to increasing signal
delay times."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
82 "... mind control..."
Editor's Note: The most famously publicized evidence of the use of mind-control
operations is the CIA project, "MK-ULTRA":
"Project MK-ULTRA, or MKULTRA, was the code name for a covert CIA mind-control and
chemical interrogation research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence, that
began in the early 1950s and continued at least through the late 1960s. There is much
published evidence that the project involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as
well as other methodology, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function.
Project MK-ULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress,
through investigations by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known
as the Rockefeller Commission. Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA
Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed in 1973.
Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been abandoned, 14-year
CIA veteran Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinely conducts
disinformation campaigns and that CIA mind control research continued. In a 1977 interview,
Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA was abandoned a 'cover story.'.
On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator Ted Kennedy said:
The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were
involved in an 'extensive testing and experimentation' program which included covert drug 
213

tests on unwitting citizens 'at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign.'
Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to 'unwitting subjects in social
situations.' At least one death, that of Dr. [Frank] Olson, resulted from these activities. The
Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing
the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers.
A precursor of the MK-ULTRA program began in 1945 when the Joint Intelligence Objectives
Agency was established and given direct responsibility for Operation Paperclip. Operation
Paperclip was a program to recruit former Nazi spies, scientists and experts in torture
and brain washing, some of whom had just been identified and prosecuted as war criminals
during the Nuremberg Trials.
Several secret U.S. government projects grew out of Operation Paperclip. These projects
included Project CHATTER (established 1947), and Project BLUEBIRD (established 1950),
which was later renamed to Project ARTICHOKE in 1951. Their purpose was to study mindcontrol, interrogation, behavior modification and related topics.
Headed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the MK-ULTRA project was started on the order of CIA
director Allen Dulles on April 13, 1953, largely in response to Soviet, Chinese, and North
Korean use of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea. The CIA wanted to
use similar methods on their own captives. The CIA was also interested in being able to
manipulate foreign leaders with such techniques, and would later invent several schemes to
drug Fidel Castro.
Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or consent. In some
cases, academic researchers being funded through grants from CIA front organizations were
unaware that their work was being used for these purposes.
In 1964, the project was renamed MK-SEARCH. The project attempted to produce a perfect
truth drug for use in interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and
generally to explore any other possibilities of mind control.
An MK-ULTRA program tagged "Operation Teapot" involved the testing of pregnant women
with radiation, among other things. Also under this program, U.S. army soldiers were dosed
with LSD to study the effects of panic.
Another MK-ULTRA effort, Subproject 54, was the Navy's top secret "Perfect Concussion"
program, which used sub aural frequency blasts to erase memory. During this program
LSD's corollary effect on controlled and channeled mass panic was discovered.
MK-ULTRA head Sidney Gottlieb was involved with both Operation Teapot and Subproject
54. The U.S. government officially denied involvement until 1995 when an official apology
was issued to the pregnant women and to the affected U.S. army soldiers. However no
apologies were offered to the affected U.S. Navy soldiers or to a group of Oregon prison
inmates, whose testicles were irradiated without their knowledge. Compensation for medical
treatment resulting from these experiments has been disputed and remains tied up in
arbitration more than 40 years after the fact. Since 1995, most of the associated files have
been reclassified as Top Secret. 
214

Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by order of then CIA
Director Richard Helms, it has been difficult, if not impossible, for investigators to gain a
complete understanding of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects
sponsored by MK Ultra and related CIA programs.
Aims
The Agency poured millions of dollars into studies probing dozens of methods of
influencing and controlling the mind. One 1955 MK-ULTRA document gives an indication
of the size and range of the effort; this document refers to the study of an assortment of
mind-altering substances described as follows:
1. Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point
where the recipient would be discredited in public.
2. Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception.
3. Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
4. Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
5. Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a
reversible way so that they may be used for malingering, etc.
6. Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise
enhance its usefulness.
7. Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation,
torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called "brain-washing".
8. Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding
and during their use.
9. Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time
and capable of surreptitious use.
10. Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs, acute
anemia, etc.
11. Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-down.
12. Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tendency of the
recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced.
13. A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that the individual under
its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning.
14. Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men
when administered in undetectable amounts.
15. Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing
faculties, preferably without permanent effects.
16. A knockout pill which can surreptitiously be administered in drinks, food, cigarettes,
as an aerosol, etc., which will be safe to use, provide a maximum of amnesia, and
be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis.
17. A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which
in very small amounts will make it impossible for a man to perform any physical
activity whatsoever.
Historians have learned that creating a "Manchurian Candidate" subject through
"mind control" techniques was undoubtedly a goal of MK-ULTRA and related CIA
projects. 
215

Budget
A secretive arrangement granted a percentage of the CIA budget. The MK-ULTRA
director was granted six percent of the CIA operating budget in 1953, without oversight or
accounting.
Experiments
CIA documents suggest that "chemical, biological and radiological" means were investigated
for the purpose of mind control as part of MK-ULTRA.
Drugs
LSD
Early efforts focused on LSD, which later came to dominate many of MK-ULTRA's programs.
Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors,
other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general
public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered
without the subject's knowledge and informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code
that the U.S. agreed to follow after WWII.
Efforts to "recruit" subjects were often illegal, even discounting the fact that drugs were being
administered (though actual use of LSD, for example, was legal in the United States until
October 6, 1966). In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a
selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men were
dosed with LSD, and the brothels were equipped with one-way mirrors and the "sessions"
were filmed for later viewing and study.
Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in many of these cases, the subjects
appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. In one case, volunteers
were given LSD for 77 consecutive days.
LSD was eventually dismissed by MK-ULTRA's researchers as too unpredictable in its
effects. Although useful information was sometimes obtained through questioning subjects
on LSD, not uncommonly the most marked effect would be the subject's absolute and utter
certainty that they were able to withstand any form of interrogation attempt, even physical
torture.
Other drugs
Another technique investigated was connecting a barbiturate IV into one arm and an
amphetamine IV into the other. The barbiturates were released into the subject first, and as
soon as the subject began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. The subject
would begin babbling incoherently at this point, and it was sometimes possible to ask
questions and get useful answers.
Other experiments involved heroin, morphine, temazepam (used under code name MKSEARCH), mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol, and sodium pentothal. 
216

Hypnosis
Declassified MK-ULTRA documents indicate hypnosis was studied in the early 1950s.
Experimental goals included: the creation of "hypnotically induced anxieties," "hypnotically
increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter," studying hypnosis and
polygraph examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex
arrangements of physical objects," and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility
to hypnosis."
Canadian experiments
The experiments were exported to Canada when the CIA recruited Scottish psychiatrist
Donald Ewen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which the CIA found
particularly interesting. Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by erasing
existing memories and completely rebuilding the psyche. He commuted from Albany, New
York to Montreal every week to work at the Allan Memorial Institute of McGill University and
was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKULTRA experiments there.
In addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs as well as
electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "driving"
experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to
three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements.
His experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the institute for minor
problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum depression, many of whom suffered
permanently from his actions. His treatments resulted in victims' incontinence, amnesia,
forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their
parents. His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist Dr William Sargant
at St Thomas' Hospital, London, and Belmont Hospital, Surrey, who also experimented
extensively and very damagingly on his patients without their consent and was equally
involved with the Intelligence Services.
It was during this era that Cameron became known worldwide as the first chairman of
the World Psychiatric Association as well as president of the American and Canadian
psychiatric associations. Cameron had also been a member of the Nuremberg medical
tribunal only a decade earlier.
Revelation
In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to
this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full
investigation of MK-ULTRA all but impossible.
In December 1974, The New York Times reported that the CIA had conducted illegal
domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. That report
prompted investigations by the U.S. Congress, in the form of the Church Committee, and by
a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into domestic
activities of the CIA, the FBI, and intelligence-related agencies of the military.
In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential
Rockefeller Commission report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA
and the Department of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting and 
217

cognizant human subjects as part of an extensive program to influence and control
human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline
and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at
least one subject had died after administration of LSD.
The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank
Church, concluded that "[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the
subjects". The committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers ...
call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for experiments."
In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in 1984 on a
CBC news show, The Fifth Estate. It was learned that not only had the CIA funded Dr.
Cameron's efforts, but perhaps even more shockingly, the Canadian government was
fully aware of this, and had later provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the
experiments. This revelation largely derailed efforts by the victims to sue the CIA as their
U.S. counterparts had, and the Canadian government eventually settled out of court for
$100,000 to each of the 127 victims.
U.S. General Accounting Office Report
The U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated
that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies studied thousands
of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances.
The quote from the study:
... Working with the CIA, the Department of Defense gave hallucinogenic drugs to thousands
of "volunteer" soldiers in the 1950's and 1960's. In addition to LSD, the Army also tested
quinuclidinyl benzilate, a hallucinogen code-named BZ. Many of these tests were conducted
under the so-called MKULTRA program, established to counter perceived Soviet and
Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Between 1953 and 1964, the program
consisted of 149 projects involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human
subjects...
Extent of participation
44 American colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical
companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics (in addition to those associated with
universities), and 3 prisons are known to have participated in MKULTRA.
Famous subjects
Considerable evidence supports the contention that Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski
participated in CIA-sponsored MK-ULTRA experiments conducted at Harvard University by
Henry A. Murray, a professor in Social Relations, from the fall of 1959 through the spring of
1962. Kaczynski was a precocious, though impressionable, sixteen-year-old when he began
his participation; his assigned code name was "Lawful." He emerged, years later, as a
terrorist and has been sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
"Merry Prankster" Ken Kesey, author of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, volunteered for
MK-ULTRA experiments while a student at Stanford University. Kesey's ingestion of LSD 
218

during these experiments led directly to his widespread promotion of the drug and the
subsequent development of hippie culture."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
83 ..."Dark Ages"...
"It is generally accepted that the concept (Dark Ages)was created by Petrarch in the 1330s.
Writing of those who had come before him, he said, "Amidst the errors there shone forth
men of genius, no less keen were their eyes, although they were surrounded by darkness
and dense gloom." Christian writers had traditional metaphors of "light versus darkness" to
describe "good versus evil". Petrarch was the first to co-opt the metaphor and give it secular
meaning by reversing its application. Classical Antiquity, so long considered the "dark" age
for its lack of Christianity, was now seen by Petrarch as the age of "light" because of its
cultural achievements, while Petrarch's time, lacking such cultural achievements, was seen
as the age of darkness.
As an Italian, Petrarch saw the Roman Empire and the classical period as expressions of
Italian greatness. He spent much of his time traveling through Europe rediscovering and
republishing the classic Latin and Greek texts. He wanted to restore the classical Latin
language to its former purity. Humanists saw the preceding 900-year period as a time of
stagnation. They saw history unfolding, not along the religious outline of St. Augustine's Six
Ages of the World, but in cultural (or secular) terms through the progressive developments of
classical ideals, literature, and art.
Petrarch wrote that history had had two periods: the classic period of the Greeks and
Romans, followed by a time of darkness, in which he saw himself as still living. Humanists
believed one day the Roman Empire would rise again and restore classic cultural purity, and
so by the late 14th and early 15th century, humanists such as Leonardo Bruni believed they
had attained this new age, and that a third, Modern Age had begun. The age before their
own, which Petrarch had labeled dark, thus became a "middle" age between the classic and
the modern."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
84 "... the basic laws of physics..."
"The early modern period is seen as a flowering of the Renaissance, in what is often known
as the "Scientific Revolution", viewed as a foundation of modern science. Historians like
Howard Margolis hold that the Scientific Revolution began in 1543, when Nicolaus
Copernicus received the first copy of his De Revolutionibus, printed in Nuremberg
(Nürnberg) by Johannes Petreius. Most of its contents had been written years prior, but the
publication had been delayed. Copernicus died soon after receiving the copy.
Further significant advances were made over the following century by Galileo Galilei,
Christiaan Huygens, Johannes Kepler, and Blaise Pascal. During the early seventeenth
century, Galileo made extensive use of experimentation to validate physical theories, which
is the key idea in the modern scientific method. Galileo formulated and successfully tested
several results in dynamics, in particular the Law of Inertia. In Galileo's Two New Sciences,
a dialogue between the characters Simplicio and Salviati discuss the motion of a ship (as a
moving frame) and how that ship's cargo is indifferent to its motion. Huygens used the
motion of a boat along a Dutch canal to illustrate an early form of the conservation of
momentum. 
219

The scientific revolution is considered to have culminated with the publication of the
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by the mathematician, physicist,
alchemist and inventor Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727). In 1687, Newton published the
Principia, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of
motion, from which arise classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which
describes the fundamental force of gravity. Both theories agreed well with experiment. The
Principia also included several theories in fluid dynamics.
After Newton defined classical mechanics, the next great field of inquiry within physics was
the nature of electricity."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
85 "...electricity..."
"Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for over two millennia until
1600, when the English physician William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and
magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing
amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ηλεκτρον
[elektron], the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects
after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity",
which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of
1646.
Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F.
du Fay. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity,
selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a
metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened
sky. He observed a succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand,
showing that lightning was indeed electrical in nature.
In 1791 Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity
was the medium by which nerve cells passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's
battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided
scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines
previously used. André-Marie Ampère discovered the relationship between electricity and
magnetism in 1820; Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm
mathematically analyzed the electrical circuit in 1827.
While it had been the early nineteenth century that had seen rapid progress in electrical
science, the late nineteenth century would see the greatest progress in electrical
engineering. Through such people as Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse,
Ernst Werner von Siemens, Alexander Graham Bell and Lord Kelvin, electricity was turned
from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force for
the Second Industrial Revolution."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
86 "... Sir Isaac Newton..."
"Sir Isaac Newton (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) was an English physicist,
mathematician, astronomer, theologian, natural philosopher, and alchemist. His treatise 
220

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in 1687, and said to be the
greatest single work in the history of science, described universal gravitation and the
three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics, which dominated
the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries and is the basis
for modern engineering. He showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial
bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency
between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing
the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the scientific revolution.
In mechanics, Newton enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and
angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and developed a
theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into a
visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of
sound.
In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the
calculus. He also demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, developed the socalled "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to
the study of power series.
In a 2005 poll of the Royal Society of who had the greatest effect on the history of
science, Newton was deemed much more influential than Albert Einstein."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
87 "...between lifetimes."
"Dr. Carl Sagan was a noted scientist, teacher and skeptic. Sagan was a founding member
of a group that set out to debunk unscientific claims, and wrote the book The DemonHaunted World in which he said that there were several areas in parapsychology which
deserved serious study:
"At the time of writing there are three claims in the ESP field which, in my opinion,
deserve serious study: (1) that by thought alone humans can (barely) affect random
number generators in computers; (2) that people under mild sensory deprivation can receive
thoughts or images "projected" at them; and (3) that young children sometimes report the
details of a previous life, which upon checking turn out to be accurate and which they
could not have known about in any way other than reincarnation. I pick these claims
not because I think they're likely to be valid (I don't), but as examples of contentions
that might be true."
"University of Virginia psychiatrists Dr. Jim Tucker and Professor Ian Stevenson have
published books and peer-reviewed research papers about their work in examining cases of
early childhood past life memories and birthmarks. The most detailed collections of personal
reports in favor of reincarnation have been published by Professor Ian Stevenson, in books
such as Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation.
Stevenson has spent over 40 years devoted to the study of children who have spoken about
past lives. In each case, Stevenson methodically documents the child's statements. Then,
he identifies the deceased person the child allegedly identifies with, and verifies the facts of
the deceased person's life that match the child's memory. Stevenson believes that his
meticulous methods rule out all possible "normal" explanations for the child’s 
221

memories. However, it should be noted that a significant proportion of the University of
Virginia's reported cases of reincarnation originate in Eastern societies, where dominant
religions often permit the concept of reincarnation. In India — where this phenomenon is
quite common — if a child from a poor family claims to be the reincarnated person from a
rich family, this can lead to the child to be adopted by that family, a motive that has led to
children making fraudulent reincarnation claims.
Stevenson has said about the 2500 cases of children who appeared to remember past lives,
which he and his associates investigated:
"My conclusion so far is that reincarnation is not the only explanation for these cases, but
that it is the best explanation we have for the stronger cases, by which I mean those in
which a child makes a considerable number (say 20 or 30) of correct statements about
another person who lives in a family that lives quite remote from his own and with which his
family has had no prior contacts. When we talk about remoteness, we don't necessarily just
mean physical distance. We know that two families can live only 10 kilometers apart and yet
they can be very remote because they belong to different economic and social classes."
Professor Stevenson has also matched birthmarks and birth defects to wounds and
scars on the deceased, verified by medical records such as autopsy photographs.
Stevenson's research into birthmarks and congenital defects has particular importance for
the demonstration of reincarnation, since it furnishes objective and graphic evidence of
reincarnation, superior to the (often fragmentary) memories and reports of the children and
adults questioned, which even if verified afterwards probably cannot be assigned the same."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
88 "... lost civilizations of Atlantis..."
The following website has most of the popular information about Atlantis:
http://www.lost-civilizations.net/atlantis.html
89 "... and Lemuria..."
"The rise and fall of the Lemurian civilization cannot be accurately documented, though
many have gone in quest of this mythological continent. Lost civilizations have been known
to rise and fall - or just appear and disappear without explanation. As with Atlantis one can
only speculate as to what happened, based on archaeological evidence, legends, theories
pieced together by researchers, and for some, metaphysical channelings.
The exact location of Lemuria varies with different researchers and authors, though it is part
of the mysteries of the Pacific region flowing into the American continent, just as Atlantis is
linked to the Atlantic land areas that stretch to the Mediterranean Sea. Wherever you believe
the location of Lemuria to be, it is linked with the Ring of Fire. This area has become active
with a Tsunami in December 26, 2004, powerful earthquakes and volcanoes that continue,
after being dormant for many years. It would seem that the legends of ancient Lemuria
speak to us once again with warning signs - as they supposedly did to the Lemurians -
before the continent - or group of islands - fell into the sea. 
222

The fate of Lemuria, also known as Pacifica, Mu, and what Cayce called Zu or Oz, is not
unlike that proposed for Atlantis. It is much like the destiny of humanity foreseen in our
timeline by prophets of old and modern-day clairvoyants. The legends are all the same ... a
thriving, advanced culture that suddenly manifested out of nowhere. Their origins and
downfall are linked to destruction when their continent sank beneath the 'sea' due to natural
cataclysms and human imbalance."
-- Reference: http://www.crystalinks.com/lemuria.html
90 "...polar shift"...
"In 1852, mathematician Joseph Adhemar suggested that the accumulation of thick ice at
the poles periodically caused the earth to flip and the equator to move to where the poles
were. An early mention of a shifting of the Earth's axis can be found in an 1872 article
entitled "Chronologie historique des Mexicains" which interpreted ancient Mexican myths as
evidence for four periods of global cataclysms that had begun around 10,500 B.C.
The novel Geyserland: Empiricisms in Social Reform. Being Data and Observations
Recorded by the Late Mark Stubble, M.D., Ph.D. (1908) by Richard Hatfield used the device
of a fictional study to locate a blissful nation of pure Communism at the North Pole on the
island of Atlantis. This fictional Utopia was destroyed by a pole shift set in 9262 B.C.
Hugh Auchincloss Brown, an electrical engineer, advanced a theory of catastrophic pole shift
influenced by Adhemar's earlier model. Brown also argued that accumulation of ice at the
poles caused recurring tipping of the axis. identifying cycles of approximately 7 millennia.
Charles Hapgood is now perhaps the best remembered early proponent, from in his books
The Earth's Shifting Crust (1958) (which includes a foreword by Albert Einstein) and
Path of the Pole (1970). Hapgood, building on Adhemar's much earlier model, speculated
that the ice mass at one or both poles over-accumulates and destabilizes the earth's
rotational balance, causing slippage of all or much of earth's outer crust around the earth's
core, which retains its axial orientation. Based on his own research, he argued that each
shift took approximately five thousand years, followed by 20 to 30 thousand year periods
with no polar movements. Also, in his calculations, the area of movement never covered
more than 40 degrees. His examples of recent locations for the North Pole include the
Yukon Territory, Hudson Bay, and in the Atlantic Ocean between Iceland and Norway.
This is an example of slow pole shift motion, which displays the most minor alterations and
no destruction. A more dramatic view assumes more rapid changes, with dramatic
alterations of geography and localized areas of destruction due to earthquakes and
tsunamis. Several recent books propose changes that take place in weeks, days, or even
hours, resulting in a variety of doomsday scenarios.
Regardless of speed, the results of a shift occurring results in major climate changes for
most of the earth's surface, as areas that were formerly equatorial become temperate, and
areas that were temperate become either more equatorial or more arctic.
Hapgood wrote to Canadian librarian, Rand Flem-Ath, encouraging him in his pursuit of
scientific evidence to back Hapgood's claim and in his expansion of the theory. Flem-Ath
published the results of this work in 1995 in When the Sky Fell co-written with his wife, Rose. 
223

Other theories which are not dependent upon polar ice masses include those involving:
• a high-velocity asteroid or comet which hits Earth at such an angle that the
lithosphere moves independent of the mantle
• a high-velocity asteroid or comet which hits Earth at such an angle that the entire
planet shifts axis.
• an unusually magnetic celestial object which passes close enough to Earth to
temporarily reorient the magnetic field, which then “drags” the lithosphere about a
new axis of rotation. Eventually, the sun's magnetic field again determines the
Earth's, after the intruding celestial object “returns” to a location from which it cannot
influence Earth.
• perturbations of the topography of the core-mantle boundary, perhaps induced by
differential core rotation and shift of its axial rotation vector, leading to CMB mass
redistributions. See, e.g., Bowin.
• mass redistributions in the mantle from mantle avalanches or other deformations.
See, e.g., Ladbury, and Steinberger and O'Connell."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
91 "... Totalitarian..."
"Totalitarianism is a concept used in political science that describes a state that regulates
nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. Totalitarian regimes or movements
maintain themselves in political power by means of secret police, propaganda disseminated
through the state-controlled mass media, personality cults, regulation and restriction of free
discussion and criticism, single-party states, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread
use of terror tactics.
Many consider the first totalitarian regimes to have begun in the 20th century, which include
the communist regimes of the Soviet Union and Cuba, as well as totalitarianism of Nazi
Germany, Fascist Italy, Spain under Franco, Portugal under Salazar, as well as others.
However some argue that totalitarianism has existed centuries prior, such as in ancient
China under the political leadership of Prime Minister Li Si who helped the Qin dynasty unify
China. Li Si adopted the political philosophy of Legalism as the ruling philosophical thought
of China and restricted political activities and destroyed all literature and killed scholars who
did not support Legalism. Totalitarianism was also used by the Spartan state in Ancient
Greece. Its “educational system” was part of the totalitarian military society. The oligarchy
running the state machine dictated every aspect of life, including the rearing of children."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
92 "...planetary governments, regulated by a brutal social, economic, and political
hierarchy..."
"A hierarchy (in Greek: hieros, 'sacred', and arkho, 'rule') is a system of ranking and
organizing things or people, where each element of the system (except for the top element)
is a subordinate to a single other element.
A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or horizontally.
The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate
superior or to one of one's subordinates, although a system that is largely hierarchical can
also incorporate other organizational patterns. Indirect hierarchical links can extend 
224

"vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction. All parts of the
hierarchy which are not vertically linked to one another can nevertheless be "horizontally"
linked by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then
down again. This is akin to two co-workers, neither of whom is the other's boss, but both of
whose chains of command will eventually meet."
Many human organizations, such as governments, educational institutions, businesses,
churches, armies and political movements are hierarchical organizations, at least officially;
commonly seniors, called "bosses", have more power than their subordinates. Thus the
relationship defining this hierarchy is "commands" or "has power over". Some analysts
question whether power "actually" works in the way the traditional organizational chart
indicates, however. This view tends to emphasize the significance of the informal
organization."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
93 "...royal monarch as its figurehead."
"In politics, a figurehead, by metaphor with the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing
ship, is a person who holds an important title or office yet executes little actual power.
Common figureheads include constitutional monarchs, such as the Emperor of Japan, or
presidents in parliamentary democracies, such as the President of Israel.
While the authority of a figurehead is generally symbolic, respect and access to high levels
of government can give them significant influence on some events. An example would be
Emperor Hirohito's involvement in World War II. In parliamentary systems, presidents are
figureheads at times of peace (delegated such powers as convening or dismissing the
national legislature), but at wartime they are often commanders in chief.
Sometimes a figurehead can be exploited in times of emergency. For example, Indian Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi used the figurehead President of India to issue unilateral decrees that
allowed her to bypass parliament when it no longer supported her.
The word can also have more sinister overtones, and refer to a powerless leader who should
be exercising full authority, yet is actually being controlled by a more powerful figure behind
the throne.
The tendency of this word to drift, like many words that are in a strong process of changed
meanings, into the pejorative is beginning to make it unsuitable to apply to a head of state
with limited constitutional authority, such that its use may become increasingly inappropriate
in referring to monarchs and presidents in parliamentary systems."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
94 "... united by a egalitarian esprit de corps..."
"Esprit de corps, when discussing the morale of a group, is an intangible term used for
the capacity of people to maintain belief in an institution or a goal, or even in oneself
and others. According to Alexander H. Leighton, "morale is the capacity of a group of
people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common
purpose".
225

Egalitarian, (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that
holds that all people should be treated as equals from birth. Generally it applies to being
held equal under the law, the church, and society at large. In actual practice, one may be
considered an egalitarian in most areas listed above, even if not subscribing to equality in
every possible area of individual difference. For example, one might support equal rights in
race matters but not in gender issues, or vice versa."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
95 "... Many of the IS-BEs on Earth are here because they are violently opposed to
totalitarian governments..."
-- Editor's Note: Coincidentally, or perhaps NOT coincidentally, almost one year after this
interview, the novel "1984" by George Orwell, which was published in June of 1948. The
state of the U.S. government has grown to mirror many of the features described by Orwell
in the book, "Nineteen Eighty-Four". It is easy to speculate that Orwell may have been
"influenced" by an IS-BE of The Domain while writing this book. Or, at the very least, he was
one of the IS-BEs sentenced to Earth because he is one of "... the IS-BEs on Earth are
here because they are violently opposed to totalitarian governments...".
The following description of the basis for Orwell's "1984" are taken verbatim from
Wikipedia.org. It is a very close description of the "Old Empire" government:
"Much of Oceanic society is based upon Stalin's Soviet Union. The "Two Minutes' Hate"
was the ritual demonization of State enemies and rivals; Big Brother resembles Joseph
Stalin; the Party's archenemy, Emmanuel Goldstein, resembles Leon Trotsky (both are
Jewish, both have the same physiognomy, and Trotsky's real surname was 'Bronstein').
Another suggested inspiration for Goldstein is Emma Goldman, the famous Anarchist figure.
Doctored photography is a propaganda technique and the creation of unpersons in the
story, analogous to Stalin's enemies being made nonpersons and being erased from
official photographic records; the police treatment of several characters recalls the
Moscow Trials of the Great Purge."
There a very many interesting parallels between the concepts discussed by Orwell in
"1984", and the description of the "Old Empire" government and the Earth prison
planet activities in the transcripts of the "Alien Interviews" with Airl.
For example, a few of these are parallels cited in the following excerpt from the
internet encyclopedia, Wikipedia.org:
"The Thought Police capture Winston and Julia in their sanctuary bedroom and they are
separately interrogated at the Ministry of Love, where the regime's opponents are tortured
and killed, but sometimes released (to be executed at a later date); Charrington, the shop
keeper who rented them the room reveals himself an officer of the Thought Police. In the
Ministry of Love torture chamber, O'Brien tells Smith that he will be cured of his hatred
for the Party. During a session, he explains to Winston that torture's purpose is to alter
his way of thinking, not to extract a fake confession, adding that once cured — accepting
reality as the Party describes — he then will be executed; electroshock torture will
achieve that, continuing until O'Brien decides Winston is cured."
For complete comparative analysis, read the book, "1984" or read the entire reference to the
book on the internet at Wikipedia.org, excerpted below:
226

"Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984), by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur
Blair), is an English dystopian novel about life in a dictatorship as lived by Winston Smith, an
intellectual worker at the Ministry of Truth, and his degradation when he runs afoul of the
totalitarian government of Oceania, the state in which he lives in the year 1984.
Orwell's influences
In the essay Why I Write, Orwell explains that all the serious work he wrote since the
Spanish Civil War in 1936 was "written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for
democratic socialism." Therefore, Nineteen Eighty-Four is an anti-totalitarian cautionary tale
about the betrayal of a revolution by its defenders. He already had stated distrust of
totalitarianism and betrayed revolutions in Homage to Catalonia and Animal Farm. Coming
Up For Air, at points, celebrates the personal and political freedoms lost in Nineteen EightyFour.
The novel's title, its terms and its language (Newspeak), and its author's surname are
bywords for personal privacy lost to national state security. The adjective "Orwellian"
denotes totalitarian action and organization; the phrase: Big Brother is Watching You
connotes pervasive, invasive surveillance. The following quotation has become famous:
War is Peace
Freedom is Slavery
Ignorance is Strength
Although the novel has been banned or challenged in some countries, it, along with Brave
New World, by Aldous Huxley, and Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, is among literature's
most famous dystopias. In 2005, Time magazine listed it among the best one hundred
English-language novels published since 1923.
Nineteen Eighty-Four introduces Oceania, one of the world's three intercontinental
totalitarian super-states. The story occurs in London, the "chief city of Airstrip One", itself a
province of Oceania that "had been called England or Britain". Posters of "Big Brother", the
Party leader, with the caption BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, dominate the city
landscapes; two-way television (the telescreen) dominates the private and public spaces of
the populace.
Oceania's people are in three classes — (i) the Inner Party, (ii) the Outer Party, and (iii) the
"Proles". This government, the Party, controls them via the Ministry of Truth (MiniTru), where
Winston Smith, the protagonist, works; he is a member of the Outer Party. His job in MiniTru
is the continual rewriting and altering of history so that the government is always right and
correct: destroying evidence, amending newspaper articles, deleting the existence of people
identified as "unpersons".
The story begins on April 4, 1984: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were
striking thirteen." The date is questionable, because it is what Winston Smith perceives. In
the story's course, he concludes it as irrelevant, because the State can arbitrarily alter it; the
year 1984 and its world are transmutable.
The novel does not render the world's full history to 1984. Indeed, because the book
Winston reads is given to him by a Party member, it is possible that the book itself is meant
to be a deception, and the history of the world of 1984 is somewhat different. Winston's 
227

recollections, and what he reads in The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, by
Emmanuel Goldstein, reveal that after the Second World War, the United Kingdom fell to
civil war, becoming part of Oceania. Simultaneously, the Soviet Union encompassed
mainland Europe, forming Eurasia; the third super state, Eastasia, comprises the east Asian
countries around China and Japan.
There was an atomic war, fought mainly in Europe, western Russia, and North America. It is
unclear what occurred first: the civil war wherein the Party assumed power or the United
States' annexation of the British Empire or the war during which Colchester was bombed.
During the Second World War, George Orwell repeatedly said that British democracy, as it
existed before 1939, would not survive the war; the question being: Would it end via Fascist
coup d'état (from above) or via Socialist revolution (from below)? During the war, Orwell
admitted events proved him wrong: "What really matters is that I fell into the trap of
assuming that 'the war and the revolution are inseparable' "
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
96 "... Wars are fought with electronic cannon."...
"I have not thought it hazardous to predict, that wars in the future will be waged by
electrical means." -- Nikola Tesla, 1915
Tesla made some remarkable claims concerning a "teleforce" weapon. The press called it a
"peace ray" or death ray. In total, the components and methods included:
1. An apparatus for producing manifestations of energy in free air instead of in a high
vacuum as in the past. This, according to Tesla in 1934, was accomplished.
2. A mechanism for generating tremendous electrical force. This, according to Tesla,
was also accomplished.
3. A means of intensifying and amplifying the force developed by the second
mechanism.
4. A new method for producing a tremendous electrical repelling force. This would be
the projector, or gun, of the invention.
Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon between the early 1900s till the time of
his death. In 1937, Tesla composed a treatise entitled "The Art of Projecting Concentrated
Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media" concerning charged particle beams.
Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a
"superweapon that would put an end to all war". This treatise of the particle beam is currently
in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. It described an open ended vacuum tube
with a gas jet seal that allowed particles to exit, a method of charging particles to millions of
volts, and a method of creating and directing nondispersive particle streams (through
electrostatic repulsion).
Records of his indicate that it was based on a narrow stream of atomic clusters of liquid
mercury or tungsten accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying
transformer). Tesla gave the following description concerning the particle gun's operation:
[The nozzle would] send concentrated beams of particles through the free air, of such
tremendous energy that they will bring down a fleet of 10,000 enemy airplanes at a distance
of 200 miles from a defending nation's border and will cause armies to drop dead in their
tracks."
228

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
97 "... like the Axis powers..."
"The Axis powers, also interpreted as Axis alliance, Axis nations, Axis countries or
sometimes just the Axis were those countries opposed to the Allies during World War II. The
three major Axis powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan were part of a
military alliance on the signing of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940, which officially
founded the Axis powers. At their zenith, the Axis powers ruled empires that dominated large
parts of Europe, Africa, East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, but World War II
ended with their total defeat. Like the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, and some
nations entered and later left the Axis during the course of the war.
The term was first used by Benito Mussolini, in November 1936, when he spoke of a RomeBerlin axis arising out of the treaty of friendship signed between Italy and Germany on
October 25, 1936. Mussolini declared that the two countries would form an "axis" around
which the other states of Europe would revolve. This treaty was forged when Italy, originally
opposed to Germany, was faced with opposition to its war in Abyssinia from the League of
Nations and received support from Germany. Later, in May 1939, this relationship
transformed into an alliance, called by Mussolini the "Pact of Steel"."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
98 "...Vedic Hymns..."
The Vedas are very exhaustive scriptures. Each veda contains several sections and
thousands of hymns. Some of the Vedic hymns, especially the hymns of the Rig veda, are
considered to be at least 6000-8000 years old. The Vedas are believed to be revealed
scriptures, because they are considered to be divine in origin. Since they were not written by
any human beings but were only heard in deep meditative states, they are commonly
referred a "those that were heard".
Here is one of the most famous hymns from the Rig Vega: :The Hymn of Creation"
"A time is envisioned when the world was not, only a watery chaos (the dark,
"indistinguishable sea") and a warm cosmic breath, which could give an impetus of life.
Notice how thought gives rise to desire (when something is thought of it can then be desired)
and desire links non-being to being (we desire what is not but then try to bring it about that it
is). Yet the whole process is shrouded in mystery.
Where do the gods fit in this creation scheme?
The non-existent was not; the existent was not at that time. The atmosphere was not nor the
heavens which are beyond. What was concealed? Where? In whose protection? Was it
water? An unfathomable abyss?
There was neither death nor immortality then. There was not distinction of day or night. That
alone breathed windless by its own power. Other than that there was not anything else.
Darkness was hidden by darkness in the beginning. All this was an indistinguishable sea.
That which becomes, that which was enveloped by the void, that alone was born through the
power of heat. 
229

Upon that desire arose in the beginning. This was the first discharge of thought. Sages
discovered this link of the existent to the nonexistent, having searched in the heart with
wisdom.
Their line [of vision] was extended across; what was below, what was above? There were
impregnators, there were powers: inherent power below, impulses above.
Who knows truly? Who here will declare whence it arose, whence this creation? The gods
are subsequent to the creation of this. Who, then, knows whence it has come into being?
Whence this creation has come into being; whether it was made or not; he in the highest
heaven is its surveyor. Surely he knows, or perhaps he knows not."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
99 "... the Aryan people..."
"The Vedic term arya- in its earliest attestations has a meaning of "stranger", but
"stranger" in the sense of "potential guest". The Sanskrit lexicon defines Arya as
mahākula kulīnārya "being of a noble family", sabhya "having gentle or refined
behavior and demeanor", sajjana "being well-born and respectable", and sādhava
"being virtuous, honourable, or righteous". Arya, is a title of honor and respect given
to certain people for noble behavior.
The Aryan race was a term used in the early 20th century by European racial theorists who
believed strongly in the division of humanity into biologically distinct races with differing
characteristics. Such writers believed that the Proto-Indo-Europeans constituted a specific
race that had expanded across parts of Europe, Iran and small parts of northern India. This
usage tends to merge the Sanskrit meaning of "noble" or "elevated" with the idea of
distinctive behavioral and ancestral ethnicity marked by language distribution.
Nazism portrayed their interpretation of an "Aryan race" as the only race capable of, or with
an interest in, creating and maintaining culture and civilizations, while other races are merely
capable of conversion, or destruction of culture. These arguments derived from late
nineteenth century racial hierarchies. Some Nazis were also influenced by Madame
Blavatsky's The Secret Doctrine (1888) where she postulates "Aryans" as the fifth of her
"Root Races", dating them to about a million years ago, tracing them to Atlantis,
Because of historical racist use of Aryan, and especially use of Aryan race in connection with
the propaganda of Nazism, the word is sometimes avoided in the West as being tainted, in
the same manner as the swastika symbol. Currently, India and Iran are the only countries
to use the word Aryan in a demographic denomination."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
100 "... the Vedic Hymns..."
"The term veda means "knowledge, (sacred) lore" embraces a body of writings the origin
of which is ascribed to divine revelation (shruti, literally "hearing"), and which forms the
foundation of the Brahmanical system of religious belief. This sacred canon is divided into
three or (according to a later scheme) four co-ordinate collections, likewise called Veda: 
230

 (I) the Rig-veda, or lore of praise (or hymns); (2) the Samaveda, or lore of tunes (or
chants); (3) the Yajurveda, or lore of prayer (or sacrificial formulas); and (4) the Atharvaveda,
or lore of the Atharvans. Each of these four Vedas consists primarily of a collection
(samihita) of sacred, mostly poetical, texts of a devotional nature, called mantra. This entire
body of texts (and particularly the first three collections) is also frequently referred to as the
trayi vidya, or threefold wisdom, of hymns (rik), tune or chant (saman), and prayer (yajus),
the fourth Veda, if at all included, being in that case classed together with the Rik."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
101 "...Vishnu..."
"Vishnu is the All-Pervading essence of all beings, the master of and beyond the past,
present and future, the creator and destroyer of all existences, one who supports, sustains
and governs the Universe and originates and develops all elements within. In the Rigveda,
Vishnu is mentioned 93 times.
The traditional Sanskrit explanation of the name Viu involves the root viś, meaning "to
settle, to enter", or "to pervade", and a suffix nu, translating to approximately "the AllPervading One".
He has nine avatars, or 'incarnations' (which) are described as having occurred in the past,
with one still to happen at the end of Kali Yuga. The Bhagavad Gita mentions their purpose
as being to vanquish negative forces."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
102 "...past lives."
A "past lives" scenario automatically infers a "future life" in the context of an amnesia and
prison planet operation. This implies the phenomenon of reincarnation:
"Reincarnation literally "to be made flesh again", is a doctrine or metaphysical belief that
some essential part of a living being (in some variations only human beings) survives death
to be reborn in a new body. This essential part is often referred to as the spirit or soul, the
"higher" or "true" self, "divine spark", or "I". According to such beliefs, a new personality is
developed during each life in the physical world, but some part of the self remains constant
throughout the successive lives.
Belief in reincarnation is an ancient phenomenon. This doctrine is a central tenet within the
majority of Indian religious traditions, such as Hinduism (including Yoga, Vaishnavism, and
Shaivism), Jainism, and Sikhism. The idea was also entertained by some Ancient Greek
philosophers. Many modern Pagans also believe in reincarnation as do some New Age
movements, along with followers of Spiritism, practitioners of certain African traditions, and
students of esoteric philosophies such as Kabbalah, Sufism and Gnostic and Esoteric
Christianity. The Buddhist concept of Rebirth although often referred to as reincarnation
differs significantly from the Hindu-based traditions and New Age movements in that there is
no "self" (or eternal soul) to reincarnate.
During recent decades, a significant minority of people in the West have developed a belief
in reincarnation. Notable exceptions include Henry Ford and General George Patton. 
231

Henry Ford was convinced he had lived before, most recently as a soldier killed at the battle
of Gettysburg. A quote from the San Francisco Examiner from August 26, 1928 described
Ford's beliefs:
"I adopted the theory of Reincarnation when I was twenty-six. Religion offered
nothing to the point. Even work could not give me complete satisfaction. Work is
futile if we cannot utilize the experience we collect in one life in the next. When I
discovered Reincarnation it was as if I had found a universal plan I realized that
there was a chance to work out my ideas. Time was no longer limited. I was no
longer a slave to the hands of the clock. Genius is experience. Some seem to think
that it is a gift or talent, but it is the fruit of long experience in many lives. Some are
older souls than others, and so they know more. The discovery of Reincarnation put
my mind at ease. If you preserve a record of this conversation, write it so that it puts
men’s minds at ease. I would like to communicate to others the calmness that the
long view of life gives to us."
General George S. Patton was a staunch believer in reincarnation and, along with many
other members of his family, often claimed to have seen vivid, lifelike visions of his
ancestors. In particular, Patton believed he was a reincarnation of Carthaginian General
Hannibal.
The most detailed collections of personal reports in favor of reincarnation have been
published by Professor Ian Stevenson, from the University of Virginia, in books such as
Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation.
Stevenson spent over 40 years devoted to the study of children who have apparently spoken
about a past life. In each case, Professor Stevenson methodically documented the child's
statements. Then he identified the deceased person the child allegedly identified with, and
verified the facts of the deceased person's life that matched the child's memory. He also
matched birthmarks and birth defects to wounds and scars on the deceased, verified by
medical records such as autopsy photographs.
In a fairly typical case, a boy in Beirut spoke of being a 25-year-old mechanic, thrown to his
death from a speeding car on a beach road. According to multiple witnesses, the boy
provided the name of the driver, the exact location of the crash, the names of the mechanic's
sisters and parents and cousins, and the people he went hunting with -- all of which turned
out to match the life of a man who had died several years before the boy was born, and who
had no apparent connection to the boy's family.
Stevenson believed that his strict methods ruled out all possible "normal" explanations for
the child’s memories. However, it should be noted that a significant majority of Professor
Stevenson's reported cases of reincarnation originate in Eastern societies, where dominant
religions often permit the concept of reincarnation. Following this type of criticism, Stevenson
published a book on European cases suggestive of reincarnation."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
103 "...Moses..."
"The cartouche of Akhenaten's god and heavenly father, the Aten, bore the name Imram. In
the Bible, Moses is referred to as the son of Amram, the Hebrew equivalent. 
232

The name of the Egyptian deity Aten transliterates into the Hebrew word Adon. Adon,
which is translated by English Bibles as "the Lord" (and Adonai, translated as "my Lord") is
used along with Jehovah (Yhwh) in the Bible as the exclusive personal names of God.
Moreover, in ancient times, the name Jehovah (Yhwh) was written, but never spoken.
Whenever the written name Jehovah (Yhwh) was to be read out loud, Adon (Aten) was
voiced instead. The written form of Adon is infrequent, however, its limited usage is
significant, especially in the first six books of the Bible (See under "LORD" in Strong's
Exhaustive Concordance), where it is reserved for the following applications alone: Moses
addresses God using the title Adon/Aten (Exodus 4:10,13; 5:22; 34:9; Numbers 14:17;
Deuteronomy 3:23; 7:26; 10:17); Moses, himself, is addressed both by Aaron
(Ex.32:22; Num.12:11) and by Joshua (Numbers 11:28) using the title Adon/Aten; and
Joshua also addresses God using the title Adon/Aten (Joshua 5:14 b; 7:7). As
mentioned above, there is an established relationship between the literature of the Egyptian
18th Dynasty and the Bible. Psalm 104 is an embellishment of the Hymn to the Aten which
was found by archaeologists at the city of Akhetaten."
http://www.domainofman.com/ankhemmaat/moses.html
"Recent and non-Biblical view places Moses as a noble in the court of the Pharaoh
Akhenaten. A significant number of scholars, from Sigmund Freud to Joseph Campbell,
suggest that Moses may have fled Egypt after Akhenaten's death (ca. 1334 BC) when many
of the pharaoh's monotheistic reforms were being violently reversed. The principal ideas
behind this theory are: the monotheistic religion of Akhenaten being a possible
predecessor to Moses' monotheism, and the "Amarna Letters", written by nobles to
Akhenaten, which describe raiding bands of "Habiru" attacking the Egyptian territories in
Mesopotamia."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
104 "...Amenhotep III..."
"Amenhotep III, meaning Amun is Satisfied was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth
dynasty. According to different authors, he ruled Egypt from June 1391 BC-December 1353
BCE or June 1388 BCE to December 1351 BC/1350 BCE after his father Thutmose IV died.
Amenhotep III was the son of Thutmose IV by Mutemwia, a minor wife of Amenhotep's
father. Amenhotep III fathered two sons with his Great Royal Wife Tiye, a great queen
known as the progenitor of monotheism via the Crown Prince Tuthmose who predeceased
his father, and his second son, Akhenaten, who ultimately succeeded him to the throne."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
105 "...Akhenaten..."
"Akhenaten, meaning Effective spirit of Aten, first known as Amenhotep IV (sometimes read
as Amenophis IV and meaning Amun is Satisfied) before his first year, was a Pharaoh of the
Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He is especially noted for attempting to compel the Egyptian
population in the monotheistic worship of Aten, although there are doubts as to how
successful he was at this.
Amenhotep IV succeeded his father after Amenhotep III's death at the end of his 38-year
reign, possibly after a coregency lasting between either 1 to 2 or 12 years. Suggested dates
for Akhenaten's reign (subject to the debates surrounding Egyptian chronology) are from
1353 BCE - 1336 BCE or 1351 BCE – 1334 BCE Akhenaten's chief wife was Nefertiti. 
233

His religious reformation appears to have begun with his decision to celebrate a Sed festival
in his third regnal year – a highly unusual step, since a Sed-festival, a sort of royal jubilee
intended to reinforce the Pharaoh's divine powers of kingship, was traditionally held in the
thirtieth year of a Pharaoh's reign.
Year eight marked the beginning of construction on his new capital, Akhetaten ('Horizon of
Aten'), at the site known today as Amarna. In the same year, Amenhotep IV officially
changed his name to Akhenaten ('Effective Spirit of Aten') as evidence of his shifting
religious perspective. Very soon afterward he centralized Egyptian religious practices in
Akhenaten, though construction of the city seems to have continued for several more years.
In honor of Aten, Akhenaten also oversaw the construction of some of the most massive
temple complexes in ancient Egypt, including one at Karnak, close to the old temple of
Amun. In these new temples, Aten was worshipped in the open sunlight, rather than in dark
temple enclosures, as had been the previous custom. Akhenaten is also believed to have
composed the Great Hymn to the Aten.
Initially, Akhenaten presented Aten as a variant of the familiar supreme deity Amun-Ra (itself
the result of an earlier rise to prominence of the cult of Amun, resulting in Amun becoming
merged with the sun god Ra), in an attempt to put his ideas in a familiar Egyptian religious
context. However, by Year 9 of his reign Akhenaten declared that Aten was not merely the
supreme god, but the only god, and that he, Akhenaten, was the only intermediary between
Aten and his people. He ordered the defacing of Amun's temples throughout Egypt, and in a
number of instances inscriptions of the plural 'gods' were also removed.
Aten's name is also written differently after Year 9, to emphasize the radicalism of the new
regime, which included a ban on idols, with the exception of a rayed solar disc, in which the
rays (commonly depicted ending in hands) appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten,
who by then was evidently considered not merely a sun god, but rather a universal deity. It is
important to note, however, that representations of the Aten were always accompanied with
a sort of "hieroglyphic footnote", stating that the representation of the sun as Allencompassing Creator was to be taken as just that: a representation of something that, by
its very nature as something transcending creation, cannot be fully or adequately
represented by any one part of that creation."
This Amarna period is also associated with a serious outbreak of a pandemic, possibly the
plague, or polio, or perhaps the world's first recorded outbreak of influenza, which came from
Egypt and spread throughout the Middle East, killing Suppiluliuma I, the Hittite King.
Influenza is a disease associated with the close proximity of water fowl, pigs and humans,
and its origin as a pandemic disease may be due to the development of agricultural systems
that allow the mixing of these animals and their wastes.
Some of the first archaeological evidence for this agricultural system is during the Amarna
period of Ancient Egypt, and the pandemic that followed this period throughout the Ancient
Near East may have been the earliest recorded outbreak of influenza. However, the precise
nature of this Egyptian plague remains unknown and Asia has also been suggested
as a possible site of origin of pandemic influenza in humans. The prevalence of disease
may help explain the rapidity with which the site of Akhetaten was subsequently abandoned.
It may also explain why later generations considered the gods to have turned against
the Amarna monarchs. The black plague has also been suggested due to the fact that at
Amarna the traces of the plague have been found."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org 
234

106 "... Nefertiti...
"Nefertiti (pronounced at the time something like *nafrati
ta) (c. 1370 BCE - c. 1330 BCE)
was the Great Royal Wife (or chief consort/wife) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. She
was the mother-in-law and probable stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Nefertiti may
have also ruled as pharaoh in her own right under the name Neferneferuaten briefly after her
husband's death and before the accession of Tutankhamun, although this identification is
doubted by the latest research. Her name roughly translates to "the beautiful (or perfect) one
has arrived". She also shares her name with a type of elongated gold bead, called "nefer",
that she was often portrayed as wearing. She was made famous by her bust, now in Berlin's
Altes Museum.
Nefertiti's parentage is not known with certainty, but it is now generally believed that she was
the daughter of AY later to be pharaoh. Another theory that gained some support identified
Nefertiti with the Mitanni princess Tadukhipa. The name Nimerithin has been mentioned in
older scrolls, as an alternative name, but this has not yet been officially confirmed. It has
also been suggested that Nefertiti was a daughter or relative of Amenhotep III, or of the high
Theban nobility. Another theory places Nefertiti as the daughter of Sitamun, half-sister of
Amenhotep III. Queen Iaret was Sitamun's mother. Iaret held important hereditary titles that
ceased to exist after the ascension of Amenhotep III. Sitamun is elevated to Great Royal
Wife beside Tiye but there is no indication that she ever had children and if so with whom.
There is some evidence based upon the titles of each of these women that suggests that
they were somehow related to one another in her family... Her name means "beautiful one".
Nefertiti only worshiped one god by the name of Aten. Depending on which reconstruction of
the genealogy of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs is followed, her husband Akhenaten may
have been the father or half-brother of the Pharaoh Tutankhaten (later called Tutankhamen).
She had six known daughters with the Pharaoh Akhenaten. This is a list with suggested
years of birth:
• Meritaten: Before year one or the very beginning of year one.(1356 BC).
• Meketaten: Year 1 or three (1349 BC).
• Ankhesenpaaten, later queen of Tutankhamun
• Neferneferuaten Tasherit: Year 6 (1344 BC)
• Neferneferure: Year 9 (1341 BC).
• Setepenre: Year 11 (1339 BC)."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
107 "... Tutankhamun..."
"He was the son of Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, and his minor wife Queen
Kiya. Queen Kiya's title was "Greatly Beloved Wife of Akhenaten" so it is possible that she
could have borne him an heir. Supporting this theory, images on the tomb wall in the tomb of
Akhenaten show a royal fan bearer standing next to Kiya's death bed, fanning what is either
a princess or more likely a wet nurse holding a baby, which would indicate that the wet nurse
was holding the boy-king-to-be.
Tutankhamun was only nine or ten years old when he became pharaoh, and reigned for
approximately ten years, making him nineteen years old at death. In historical terms
Tutankhamun significance stems from his rejection of the radical religious innovations 
235

introduced by his predecessor Akenhaten and that his tomb, uniquely, in the Valley of the
Kings was discovered almost completely intact -- the most complete ancient Egyptian tomb
ever found. As Tutankhamun began his reign at such an early age, his vizier and eventual
successor Ay was probably making most of the important political decisions during
Tutankhamun's reign."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
108 ..."Brothers of the Snake"...
"It cannot be overemphasized that the serpent or snake plays no role in the teachings or
ritual of regular Freemasonry. Its introduction as a fastener for masonic aprons is easily seen
as the work of regalia manufacturers. That said, the symbolic usages of the snake are of
interest to students of religion, esoterica, and of history.
On the other hand, George Oliver writes that the serpent is a "significant symbol in
Freemasonry : Moses' rod changed into a serpent, "The serpentine emblem of Masonry... is
a bright symbol of Hope; for the promised Deliverer will open the gates of Heaven to his
faithful followers by bruising its head, and they shall enter triumphantly, trampling on its
prostrate body." "A striking emblem of Christianity triumphant; and bearing an undoubted
reference to the promise made to Adam after his unhappy fall." In mainstream Christian
beliefs, the snake represents temptation and evil: the snake is the servant of Satan. But it
has also had its more positive significance.
In ancient Egyptian mythology the world was created by four powers, one of which was the
sun god Amun-Ra who took the form of a snake and emerged from the water to
inseminated the cosmic egg, the kneph, which was created by the other gods. In another
story, a god named Hathor transformed himself into a poisonous snake called Agep and
killed Seth. He also guarded the wheat fields where the spirit of Horus was said to live,
bringing the sheaf of wheat to be regarded as the symbol of rebirth. W. Bro. H. Meij suggests
that this is the root of the masonic usage of an ear of corn in the Fellowcraft degree.
In Greek mythology Zeus freed two eagles which met at the centre of the world, sometimes
called the navel of the earth, which is guarded by a snake called Pytho. The symbol Serpens
Candivorens, a snake biting its tail, represents the unending cycle of nature between
destruction, and new creation, life and death. The Greeks called this figure Ouroboros.
Chinese mythology maintained that the world was surrounded by two entwined snakes,
which symbolized the power and wisdom of the creator. In another legend the Buddha was
attacked by a snake which bound itself seven times around his waist. Due to the inner
strength of the Buddha, the snake could not kill him but instead became his follower.
Astrologers, or those interested in the historical development of astrology, will point out that
some systems include a thirteenth sign of the zodiac known as Ophiuchus Serpentarius, the
Serpent Holder. This constellation lies between Sagittarius and Libra, somewhat over
Scorpio. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries this constellation was called Alpheichius.
Known as the "God of Invocation", this house was named after the legendary healer,
Ophiuchus (Asclepius). The two serpents in his hands later replaced the twin ribbons around
the caduceus which became a symbol for physicians."
-- Reference: freemasonry.bcy.ca/symbolism/serpent.html 
236

109 "...assassinated by the Priests of Amen..."
"The High Priest of Amun or First Prophet of Amun was the highest ranking priest in the
priesthood of the ancient Egyptian god Amun.
"Maya" was the High Priest of Amen until year 4 of Akhenaten. Redford speculates that
Maya is short for Ptahmose and that Ptahmose served from the end of the reign of
Amenhotep III until the beginning of the time of Akhenaten.
"Parennefer" was the High Priest of Amen during the reigns of Tutankhamen and
Horemheb."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
110 "...Moses..."
"(The Exodus of Hebrew slave from Egypt, led by Moses) may have occurred around 1400s
BC, since the Amarna letters, written ca. forty years later to Pharaohs Amenhotep III and
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) indicate that Canaan was being invaded by the "Habiru" —
whom some scholars in the 1950s to 1970s interpret to mean "Hebrews".
Exodus 34:29-35 tells that after meeting with God the skin of Moses' face became radiant,
frightening the Israelites and leading Moses to wear a veil. Jonathan Kirsch, in his book
Moses: A Life, thought that, since he subsequently had to wear a veil to hide it, Moses' face
was disfigured by a sort of "divine radiation burn".
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
111 .. Yahweh..."
"The cartouche of Akhenaten's god and heavenly father, the Aten, bore the name Imram. In
the Bible, Moses is referred to as the son of Amram, the Hebrew equivalent. The name of
the Egyptian deity Aten transliterates into the Hebrew word Adon. Adon, which is
translated by English Bibles as "the Lord" (and Adonai, translated as "my Lord") is used
along with Jehovah (Yhwh) in the Bible as the exclusive personal names of God. Moreover,
in ancient times, the name Jehovah (Yhwh) was written, but never spoken. Whenever the
written name Jehovah (Yhwh) was to be read out loud, Adon (Aten) was voiced instead. The
written form of Adon is infrequent, however, its limited usage is significant, especially in the
first six books of the Bible (See under "LORD" in Strong's Exhaustive Concordance), where
it is reserved for the following applications alone: Moses addresses God using the title
Adon/Aten (Exodus 4:10,13; 5:22; 34:9; Numbers 14:17; Deuteronomy 3:23; 7:26;
10:17); Moses, himself, is addressed both by Aaron (Ex.32:22; Num.12:11) and by
Joshua (Numbers 11:28) using the title Adon/Aten; and Joshua also addresses God
using the title Adon/Aten (Joshua 5:14 b; 7:7). As mentioned above, there is an
established relationship between the literature of the Egyptian 18th Dynasty and the Bible.
Psalm 104 is an embellishment of the Hymn to the Aten which was found by archaeologists
at the city of Akhetaten."
-- Reference: http://www.domainofman.com/ankhemmaat/moses.html
"Yahweh is an English rendition of הוהי ,the name of the God of Israel. During the
Babylonian captivity, the Hebrew language spoken by the Jews was replaced by the 
237

Aramaic language of their Babylonian captors, which was closely related to Hebrew and,
while sharing many vocabulary words in common, contained some words that sounded the
same or similar but had other meanings. In Aramaic, the Hebrew word for “blaspheme” used
in Leviticus 24:16, “Anyone who blasphemes the name of YHWH must be put to death”
carried the meaning of “pronounce” rather than “blaspheme”.
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
112 "...Torah...decoded..."
"The Bible Code is a best-selling controversial book by Michael Drosnin, first published in
1997. A sequel, The Bible Code II, was published in 2002 and also reached best-seller
status.
Drosnin describes an alleged "Bible code", in which messages are encoded in the Hebrew
bible. The messages are purported to be hidden in the Torah, and can be deciphered by
placing the letters of various Torah passages at equal intervals in a text that has been
formatted to fit inside a graph.
Drosnin suggests that the Code was written by extraterrestrial life (which he claims also
brought the DNA of the human genetic code to Earth). Drosnin elaborates on this theory in
The Bible Code II, suggesting that the alien who brought the code left the key to the code in
a steel obelisk. Drosnin attempted to find this obelisk, which he believes is buried near the
Dead Sea. Drosnin's book is based on the technique described in the paper "Equidistant
Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis" by Professor Eliyahu Rips of the Hebrew
University in Israel with Doron Witztum and Yoav Rosenberg."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
113 "... Buddha ..."
"The following points are the a few of the fundamentals of the teachings attributed to
Gautama Buddha:
 The Four Noble Truths: that suffering is an inherent part of existence; that the origin
of suffering is ignorance and the main symptoms of that ignorance are attachment and
craving; that attachment and craving can be ceased; and that following the Noble Eightfold
Path will lead to the cessation of attachment and craving and therefore suffering.
 The Noble Eightfold Path: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right
action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
 Dependent origination: that any phenomenon 'exists' only because of the ‘existence’
of other phenomena in a complex web of cause and effect covering time past, present and
future.
 Because all things are thus conditioned and transient (anicca), they have no real
independent identity (anatta).
 Anicca (Sanskrit: anitya): That all things are impermanent.
 Anatta (Sanskrit: anātman): That the perception of a constant "self" is an illusion.
 Dukkha (Sanskrit: dukha): That all beings suffer from all situations due to unclear
mind.
According to tradition, the Buddha emphasized ethics and correct understanding. He
questioned the average person's notions of divinity and salvation. He stated that gods are
subjected to karma themselves; and the Buddha is solely a guide and teacher for the 
238

sentient beings who must tread the path of Nirvāa themselves to attain the spiritual
awakening called bodhi and see truth and reality as it is. The Buddhist system of insight and
meditation practice is not believed to have been revealed divinely, but by the understanding
of the true nature of the mind, which must be discovered by personally treading a spiritual
path guided by the Buddha's teachings."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
114 "... Laozi..."
"The Daodejing, often called simply the Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or
Tao) as the mystical source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent,
immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. According to the
Daodejing, humans have no special place within the Dao, being just one of its many ("ten
thousand") manifestations. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their
own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Dao. The
Daodejing intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Dao.
Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as
inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.
Wu wei, literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the Daodejing. The
concept of wu wei is very complex and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in
English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the
theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the
moment."
Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to
selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws
and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices,
such as the "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found
in the Zhuangzi.
Taoism is a religion addressing the quest of immortality."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
115 "...Zoroaster..."
"The best known (Zoroastrians were the) Magi, the "Wise Men from the East" in the Bible,
(who brought gifts to Bethlehem) and whose graves Marco Polo claimed to have seen in
what is today the district of Saveh, near Tehran, Iran. In English, the term is the origin of
the words magic and magician.
"Many traits of Zoroastrianism can be traced back to the culture and beliefs of the protoIndo-Iranian period, and Zoroastrianism consequently shares some elements with the
historical Vedic religion that also has its origins in that era.
Central to Zoroastrianism is the emphasis on moral choice, to choose between the
responsibility and duty for which one is in the mortal world, or to give up this duty and
so facilitate the work of druj. Similarly, predestination is rejected in Zoroastrian teaching.
Humans bear responsibility for all situations they are in, and in the way they act to one
another. Reward, punishment, happiness and grief all depend on how individuals live
their life.
239

In Zoroastrianism, good transpires for those who do righteous deeds. Those who do evil
have themselves to blame for their ruin. Zoroastrian morality is then to be summed up in the
simple phrase, "good thoughts, good words, good deeds".
There is one universal and transcendental God, Ahura Mazda, the one uncreated creator
and to whom all worship is ultimately directed.
Ahura Mazda's creation — evident as truth and order — is the antithesis of chaos, falsehood
and disorder. The resulting conflict involves the entire universe, including humanity, which
has an active role to play in the conflict.
Active participation in life through good thoughts, good words and good deeds is necessary
to ensure happiness and to keep the chaos at bay. This active participation is a central
element in Zoroaster's concept of free will."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
116 "The land masses continually crack, crumble and drift."
"Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων, tektōn "builder" or "mason") is a theory of geology that
has been developed to explain the observed evidence for large scale motions of the Earth's
lithosphere. The theory encompassed and superseded the older theory of continental drift
from the first half of the 20th century and the concept of seafloor spreading developed during
the 1960s.
The outermost part of the Earth's interior is made up of two layers: above is the lithosphere,
comprising the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle. Below the lithosphere lies
the asthenosphere. Although solid, the asthenosphere has relatively low viscosity and shear
strength and can flow like a liquid on geological time scales. The deeper mantle below the
asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is, however, not because of cooler temperatures but
due to high pressure.
The lithosphere is broken up into what are called tectonic plates — in the case of Earth,
there are seven major and many minor plates. The lithospheric plates ride on the
asthenosphere. These plates move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate
boundaries: convergent or collision boundaries, divergent or spreading boundaries, and
transform boundaries. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench
formation occur along plate boundaries. The lateral movement of the plates is typically at
speeds of 5 - 10 centimeters / yr."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
117 " The magnetic poles of the planet shift radically about once every 20,000 years".
"The pole shift theory is a hypothesis that the axis of rotation of a planet has not always
been at its present-day locations or that the axis will not persist there; in other words, that its
physical poles had been or will be shifted. Pole shift theory is almost always discussed in the
context of Earth, but other solar system bodies may have experienced axial reorientation
during their existences. 
240

Pole shift theories are not to be confused with plate tectonics, the well-accepted geological
theory that the Earth's surface consists of solid plates which shift over a fluid asthenosphere;
nor with continental drift, the corollary to plate tectonics which maintains that locations of the
continents have moved slowly over the face of the earth, resulting in the gradual emerging
and breakup of continents and oceans over hundreds of millions of years.
Pole shift theories are also not to be confused with Geomagnetic reversal, the periodic
reversal of the earth's magnetic field (effectively switching the north and south magnetic
poles). Geomagnetic reversal has more acceptance in the scientific community than pole
shift theories."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
118 " This operation is managed by the secret police..."
"Secret police (sometimes political police) are a police organization which operates in
secrecy to maintain national security against internal threats to the state. Secret police
forces are typically associated with totalitarian regimes, as they are often used to
maintain the political power of the state rather than uphold the rule of law. Secret police are
law enforcement organizations officially endowed with authority superior to civil police forces,
operating outside the normal boundaries of the law, and they are often accountable only
to the executive branch of the government. They operate entirely or partially in secrecy;
i.e., most or all of their operations are obscure and hidden from the general public and from
all government officials, except for the topmost executive officials. Secret police
organizations have often been used as an instrument of political repression. States
where the secret police wield significant power are sometimes referred to as police states.
Secret police differ from the domestic security agencies in modern liberal democracies,
because domestic security agencies are generally subject to government regulation,
reporting requirements, and other accountability measures. Despite such oversight, there
still exists the possibility of domestic-security agencies acting unlawfully and taking on some
characteristics of secret police.
Secret police not only have the traditional police authority to arrest and detain, but in some
cases they are given unsupervised control of the length of detention, assigned to implement
punishments independent of the public judiciary, and allowed to administer those
punishments without external review. The tactics of investigation and intimidation used by
secret police enable them to accrue so much power that they usually operate with little or no
practical restraint. Secret-police organizations employ internal spies and civilian
informants to find protest leaders or dissidents, and they may also employ agents
provocateurs to incite political opponents to perform illegal acts against the government,
whereupon such opponents may be arrested. Secret police may open mail, tap telephone
lines, use various techniques to trick, blackmail, or coerce relatives or friends of a
suspect into providing information. The secret police are renowned for raiding homes
between midnight and dawn, to apprehend people suspected of dissent.
People apprehended by the secret police are often arbitrarily arrested and detained
without due process. While in detention, arrestees may be tortured or subjected to
inhumane treatment. Suspects may not receive a public trial, and instead may be convicted
in a kangaroo court-style show trial, or by a secret tribunal.
Secret police have been used by many types of governments. Secret police forces in
dictatorships and totalitarian states usually use violence and acts of terror to 
241

suppress political opposition and dissent, and may use death squads to carry out
assassinations and "disappearances". Although secret police normally do not exist in
democratic states there are different varieties of democracy and, in times of emergency or
war, a democracy may lawfully grant its policing and security services additional or sweeping
powers, which may be seen or construed as a secret police."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
119 "...using false provocation operations to disguise their activities..."
"False flag operations are covert operations conducted by governments,
corporations, or other organizations, which are designed to appear as if they are
being carried out by other entities. The name is derived from the military concept of flying
false colors; that is, flying the flag of a country other than one's own. False flag operations
are not limited to war and counter-insurgency operations, and have been used in peacetime; for example, during Italy's strategy of tension.
During the Italian strategy of tension in which several bombings in the 1970s, attributed to
far-left organizations, were in fact carried out by far-right organizations cooperating with the
Italian secret services (see Operation Gladio, 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing, 1972 Peteano
attack by Vincenzo Vinciguerra, 1973 assassination attempt of former Interior Minister
Mariano Rumor, 1980 Bologna massacre, etc. and various investigations, for example by
Guido Salvini). In France, the Masada Action and Defense Movement, supposedly a Zionist
group, was really a neo-fascist terrorist group which hoped to increase tension between
Arabs and Jews in France.
False flag tactics were also employed during the Algerian civil war, starting in the mid-1994.
Death squads composed of DRS(Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité) security
forces disguised themselves as Islamist terrorists and committed false flag terror attacks.
Such groups included the OJAL (Organisation of Young Free Algerians) or the OSSRA
(Secret Organisation for the safeguard of the Algerian Republic) According to Roger Faligot
and Pascal Kropp (1999), the OJAL reminded of "the Organization of the French Algerian
Resistance (ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists created in December 1956 by the DST
(Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire / Territorial Surveillance Directorate) whose
mission was to carry out terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political
compromise."
On the night of Feb. 27, 1933 the Reichstag building was set on fire. At the urging of
Hitler, Hindenburg responded the next day by issuing an emergency decree “for the
Protection of the people and the State,” which stated: “Restrictions on personal
liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom of the press; on
the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal,
telegraphic and telephonic communications and warrants for house searches, orders
for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the
legal limits otherwise prescribed.” After 74 years, the question of who actually started the
Reichstag fire is still unknown and occasionally debated.
There are various 9/11 conspiracy theories (and a very large body of hard evidence -
Editor) which say the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US were a false flag
operation."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org 
242

120 "... mind-control methods developed by government psychiatrists..."
"William Sargant was a consultant to the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI5/MI6). In
1953 he associated with Frank Olson, Deputy Acting Head of Special Operations for the
CIA, investigating the use of mind-bending drugs at the Biological Warfare Centre at Porton
Down.
In 1944 he collaborated with Slater in writing An Introduction to Physical Methods of
Treatment in Psychiatry, a textbook on biological psychiatry that included lobotomy
and shock therapy and remained in print for three decades.
William Sargant was a pioneer in methods of placing false memories into patients. He
attested at the 1977 U.S. Senate hearing, "that the therapist should deliberately distort
the facts of the patient's life-experience to achieve heightened emotional response
and abreaction. In the drunken state of narcoanalysis patients are prone to accept the
therapist's false constructions."
In 1957 William Sargant published one of the first books on the psychology of brainwashing,
Battle for the Mind. William Sargant connected Pavlov’s findings to the ways people learned
and internalized belief systems. Conditioned behavior patterns could be changed by
stimulated stresses beyond a dog’s capacity for response, in essence causing a breakdown.
This could also be caused by intense signals, longer than normal waiting periods, rotating
positive and negative signals and changing a dog’s physical condition, as through illness.
Depending on the dog’s initial personality, this could possibly cause a new belief system to
be held tenaciously. Sargant also connected Pavlov’s findings to the mechanisms of brainwashing in religion and politics.
Sargant and Dr Ewen Cameron of Project MKULTRA notoriety, were friends and
colleagues who shared and exchanged views and information on brainwashing and depatterning techniques and their mutual researches in this area. Both men had extensive CIA
and British Secret Intelligence Service connections.
The aim of Cameron, Sargant and the CIA’s researches was to find a way to obliterate
the memories of an allied spy ('de-patterning') and implant false memories at a deep
level so that if that spy was captured in his adoptive country, he would be incapable under
duress or even torture of revealing his true American/British allegiance. He would only be
able to reveal the falsely implanted memories that supported his assumed persona.
This concept became termed 'The Manchurian Candidate' after the novel. The extensive
use of 'heroic' doses of Electron Convulsive Shock Treatment combined with Deep
Sleep Treatment (narcosis), anti-depressants, tape-loops, insulin coma therapy, and other
drugs in this context, was designed to induce catastrophic memory loss which would
then supposedly be replaced with false memories and ideas (via tape loops, hypnosis,
LSD or conversations while the person was drugged).
In addition to LSD, Cameron also experimented with various paralytic drugs, as well
as electroconvulsive therapy at 30 to 40 times the normal power. His "driving"
experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced coma for months on end
(up to three in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements.
His experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the institute for minor
problems such as anxiety disorders and post-partum depression, many of whom suffered
permanently from his actions."
243

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
121 ..."Earth is a "ghetto" planet..."
"Ghetto" is also used figuratively to indicate geographic areas with a concentration of any
type of person.
Ghetto is formed in three ways:
• As ports of entry for racial minorities, and immigrant racial minorities.
• When the majority uses compulsion (typically violence, hostility, or legal barriers) to
force minorities into particular areas.
• When the majority is willing and able to pay more than the minority to live with its
own kind.
During World War II ghettos in occupied Europe 1939-1944 were established by the Nazis to
confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern
Europe turning them into de-facto concentration camps and death camps in the
Holocaust."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
122 "... Holocaust..."
"The Holocaust (from the Greek λόκαυστον (holókauston): holos, "completely" and
kaustos, "burnt"), is the term generally used to describe the killing of approximately six
million European Jews during World War II, as part of a program of deliberate extermination
planned and executed by the National Socialist (Nazi) regime in Germany led by Adolf Hitler.
Other groups were persecuted and killed by the regime, including the Roma; Soviets,
particularly prisoners of war; ethnic Poles; other Slavic people; the disabled; gay
men; and political and religious dissidents.
The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the
Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II.
Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until
they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in
eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political
opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being
transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived
the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Every arm of Germany's
bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what
one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal state."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
123 "..."final solution"..."
"Holocaust documenters argue that the medicalization of social problems and systematic
euthanasia of people in German mental institutions in the 1930s provided the institutional, 
244

procedural, and doctrinal origins of the mass murder of the 1940s. The Nuremberg Trials
convicted a number of psychiatrists who held key positions in Nazi regimes."
-- Reference: Lapon, Lenny (1986). Mass Murderers in White Coats : Psychiatric Genocide
in Nazi Germany and the United States.
The tie between Hitler and the eugenic psychiatrists was so close that much of Mein
Kampf is literally indistinguishable in language and in tone from the major
international journals and psychiatric textbooks of the time. To quote from a few of
many such passages in Mein Kampf:
"To demand that defective people be prevented from propagating equally defective
 offspring is a demand for the clearest reason and, if systematically executed,
 represents the most humane act of mankind ..."
 "Those who are physically and mentally unhealthy and unworthy must not
 perpetuate their ;suffering in the bodies of their children ..."
 "A prevention of the faculty and opportunity to procreate on the part of the physically
 degenerate and the mentally sick ... would not only free humanity from an
 immeasurable misfortune but would lead to a recovery which today seems scarcely
 conceivable."
Hitler received support from psychiatrists and social scientists around the world after
he took power. Many articles in the world's leading medical journals monitored and heaped
praise on Hitler's eugenic legislation and policies.
Records uncovered by Abrams at the hospital confirm that the extermination had begun as
a part of a national psychiatric program before Hitler took on the systematic murder of
the Jews. Hundreds of patients had been shipped off to psychiatric extermination centers
prior to the end of 1941, when the national program was largely abandoned and local state
mental hospitals took over "the action" on their own.
The psychiatric extermination program was not a hidden, secret shame of psychiatry - at
least, not at the start. It was organized by leading professors of psychiatry and directors
of mental hospitals through a series of national meetings and workshops. So-called
euthanasia forms were circulated to individual hospitals, and final approval of each death
was then given in Berlin by a committee of the nation's outstanding psychiatrists. By
January 1940 patients were being shipped to six special extermination centers staffed by
psychiatrists.
In late 1941, public outrage and lack of enthusiasm from Hitler pushed the program
underground, but between 100,000 and 200,000 German mental patients had been
killed. From then on, individual institutions, such as that at Kaufbeuren, continued to act on
their own, even admitting new patients for the purpose of murdering them. At the end of the
war, many large institutions were entirely empty, and estimates from various war-crime
tribunals, including Nuremberg, estimate the number of dead to be between 250,000 and
300,000, mostly inmates of psychiatric hospitals and homes for the retarded...
Psychiatrist Frederic Wertham, by no means a radical critic of his profession, deserves
the credit for being the first to describe the role of psychiatry in Nazi Germany: ... 
245

"The tragedy is that the PSYCHIATRISTS did not have to have an order. They acted on
their own. They were not carrying out a death sentence pronounced by somebody
else. They were the legislators who laid down the rules for deciding who was to die;
they were the administrators who worked out the procedures, provided the patients
and the places, and decided the methods of killing; they pronounced a sentence of
life or death in each individual case; they were the executioners who carried the
sentences out or -- without being coerced to do so -- surrendered their patients to be
killed in other institutions; they supervised and often watched the slow deaths..."
By November 1, 1941, the first extermination camps were being built: first Belzec, then
Sobibor, Treblinka, Chełmno and Majdanek, and finally Auschwitz-Birkenau.
At first, vague plans were made in Nazi Germany to deport all European Jews to
Madagascar. Adolf Eichmann, in particular, supported this option before the Wannsee
Conference of 1942, where he was made privy to the exact details of the "Final Solution".
SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated:
"However cruel and tragic each individual case may be, this method is still the mildest and
best, if one rejects the Bolshevik method of physical extermination of a people out of inner
conviction as un-German and impossible."
The original plan was to use the Royal Navy after Britain's defeat to exile all of Europe's
Jews to Madagascar. However, since the British were not defeated as anticipated by the
Nazis, the Madagascar Plan had to be abandoned.
The extermination process in Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka was similar to the method used
in the six extermination camps in Germany and Austria, but hugely scaled up for killing
whole transports of people at a time.
Victims would hand over their valuables, which became property of the German
Reichsbank. They then undressed, and their clothes were searched for jewelry and
other valuables. Victims were then marched into the gas chamber and packed tightly
to minimize the available fresh air. An engine created carbon monoxide gas which
was then discharged through gas pipes, killing the occupants. Their corpses were
cremated after any gold dental fillings were removed. The mass murder was carefully
tracked and documented.
For example, the intercepted Höfle Telegram sent by SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle
on January 11, 1943 to SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann in Berlin listed
1,274,166 total arrivals to the four camps of Aktion Reinhard through the end of 1942,
as well as the total arrivals by camp for the last two weeks of 1942.
The structure of all camps was nearly identical. From the reception area with ramp and
undressing barracks, the Jews entered a narrow, camouflaged path (called sluice or tube) to
the extermination area with gas chambers, pits and cremation grids. The SS and Trawnikis
stayed in a separate area. Barbed wire fences, partially camouflaged with pine branches,
surrounded the camp and separated the different parts. Unlike Auschwitz, no electric fences
were used. Wooden watchtowers guarded the camp. 
246

Approximately 2 million Jews lost their lives in Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka and Majdanek in
the course of Operation Reinhard. Approximately 178,045,960 German Reichsmark worth of
Jewish property (today's value: around 700,000,000 $US or 550,000,000 Euros) was stolen.
This money went not only to German authorities, but also to single individuals (SS and police
men, camp guards, non-Jewish inhabitants of towns and villages with ghettos or adjacent
camps)."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
124 "... the "Old Empire", whose headquarters located near one of the "tail stars" in
the Ursa Major (Big Dipper)..."
The "Tail Stars" of Ursa Major are Alcor, Alioth, and Alkaid."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
125 "... radioactivity..."
"Nuclear weapons emit large amounts of electromagnetic radiation as visible, infrared, and
ultraviolet light. The chief hazards are burns and eye injuries. On clear days, these injuries
can occur well beyond blast ranges. The light is so powerful that it can start fires that spread
rapidly in the debris left by a blast. The range of thermal effects increases markedly with
weapon yield. Thermal radiation accounts for between 35-45% of the energy released in the
explosion, depending on the yield of the device.
The first atomic bomb actually used in war time was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th,
1945 killing between 130,000 and 150,000 people by the end of that year. Those who
survived the bombing are rapidly aging now after struggling for many years.
In Hiroshima, a tremendous fire storm developed within 20 minutes after detonation and
destroyed many more buildings and homes. A fire storm has gale force winds blowing in
towards the center of the fire from all points of the compass.
Mr. Hiroshi Sawachika was 28 years old when the bomb was dropped. He was an army
doctor stationed at the army headquarters in Ujina. When he was exposed, he was inside
the building at the headquarters, 4.1 km from the hypocenter. Being rather far from the
hypocenter, he was not seriously injured. Afterwards, he was very busy getting medical
treatment to the survivors.
INTERVIEWER: How many patients did you treat on August 6?
ANSWER: Well, at least 2 or 3 thousand on that very day if you include those patients whom
I gave directions to. I felt that as if once that day started, it never ended. I had to keep on
and on treating the patients forever. It was the longest day of my life. Later on, when I had
time to reflect on that day, I came to realize that we, doctors learned a lot through the
experience, through the suffering of all those people. It's true that the lack of medical
knowledge, medical facilities, integrated organization and so on prevented us from giving
sufficient medical treatment. Still there was a lot for us, medical doctors to learn on that day.
I learned that the nuclear weapons which gnaw the minds and bodies of human beings
should never be used. Even the slightest idea using nuclear arms should be completely
exterminated the minds of human beings. Otherwise, we will repeat the same tragedy. And
we will never stop being ashamed of ourselves."
247

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
126 "...Atlanta..."
"Atlantis was a continent. Its capital was called by the same name or by that of Poseidonis,
and was located on an island next to its coast. After this continent sunk under the seas, only
the peaks of its loftiest mountains remained above the water, forming what the ancients later
knew as the Islands of the Blest, and which we know as those of Indonesia.
Atlantis created a worldwide empire, and had colonies the world over. These colonies, as
usual, attempted to duplicate the motherland, as colonists are wont to do. Atlantis and
Lemuria have been grossly distorted and misplaced by all sorts of investigators in what
concerns both their epochs and their sizes and locations. Indeed, Atlantis and Lemuria
coexisted side by side, at more or less the same date.
More exactly, Lemuria was the archetypal Atlantis, the same as Eden or Paradise, the site of
origin of both Mankind and Civilization. From there, the Lemurian Atlanteans colonized the
nearby region of India, which became its "twin" and partner. In mythical terms, we can say
that Lemuria-Indonesia was the Mother, and that Atlantis-India was the Father of all the
other civilizations.
Our Atlantean heritage also encompasses the arts and techniques such as Agriculture and
Animal Domestication, the greatest inventions ever. Without the domesticated plants and
animals — most or all of which originated in Atlantis, and often embody an advanced use of
genetic engineering — Civilization could never have developed at all. Besides these, a
series of inventions of mysterious origins, who came to us from the dawn of time, are also
owed to Atlantis and Lemuria: metallurgy, stone masonry and sculpture, paper, the alphabet,
medicinal drugs, gunpowder, weaving, and so on."
Reference: http://www.atlan.org/
127 "...Lemur..."
"Lemuria is the name of a hypothetical "lost land" variously located in the Indian and Pacific
Oceans. Its 19th century origins lie in attempts to account for discontinuities in
biogeography. Though Lemuria has passed out of the realm of conventional science, it has
been adopted by occult writers, as well as some Tamil writers of India. Accounts of Lemuria
differ according to the requirements of their contexts, but all share a common belief that a
continent existed in ancient times and sank beneath the ocean as a result of geological
change, often cataclysmic.
Lemuria entered the lexicon of the Occult through the works of Madame Blavatsky, who
claimed in the 1880s to have been shown an ancient, pre-Atlantean Book of Dzyan by the
Mahatmas. Kumari Kandam is a sunken kingdom sometimes compared with Lemuria.
According to these modernist interpretations of motifs in classical Tamil literature — the
epics Cilappatikaram and Manimekalai that describe the submerged city of Puhar — the
Dravidians originally came from land south of the present day coast of South India that
became submerged by successive floods. There are various claims from Tamil authors that
there was a large land mass connecting Australia and the present day Tamil Nadu coast.
It is interesting to note that Madame Blavatsky described the Lemurians (her third root race)
as being colored black and described the Negroid race, the Dravidians and the Australoids,
Papuans and Melanesians as being descended from them.
248

prior to the acceptance of continental drift, biologists frequently postulated submerged land
masses in order to account for populations of land-based species now separated by barriers
of water. Similarly, geologists tried to account for striking resemblances of rock formations
on different continents. The first systematic attempt was made by Melchior Neumayr in his
book Erdgeschichte in 1887. Many hypothetical submerged land bridges and continents
were proposed during the 19th century, in order to account for the present distribution of
species.
As Lemuria gained some acceptance within the scientific community, it began to appear in
the works of other scholars. Ernst Haeckel, a German Darwinian taxonomist, proposed
Lemuria as an explanation for the absence of "missing link" fossil records. According to
another source, Haeckel put forward this thesis prior to Sclater (but without using the name
'Lemuria'). Locating the origins of the human species on this lost continent, he claimed the
fossil record could not be found because it had sunk beneath the sea.
Other scientists hypothesized that Lemuria had extended across parts of the Pacific oceans,
explaining distributions of species across Asia and the Americas.
The Lemuria theory disappeared completely from conventional scientific consideration after
the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift were accepted by the larger scientific
community. According to the theory of plate tectonics (which is nowadays the only accepted
paradigm in geology), Madagascar and India were indeed once part of the same landmass
(thus accounting for geological resemblances), but plate movement caused India to break
away millions of years ago, and move to its present location. The original landmass broke
apart - it did not sink beneath the sea level."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
128 ..."Lake Toba in Sumatra"...
The Toba eruption (the Toba event) occurred at what is now Lake Toba about 67,500 to
75,500 years ago. It had an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8 (described as "megacolossal"), making it possibly the largest explosive volcanic eruption within the last twentyfive million years. The total amount of erupted material was about 2800 cubic km (670 cubic
miles) — around 2,000 km³ of ignimbrite that flowed over the ground and around 800 km³
that fell as ash, with the wind blowing most of it to the west.
By contrast, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens ejected around 1.2 cubic km of material,
whilst the largest volcanic eruption in historic times, at Mount Tambora in 1815, emitted the
equivalent of around 100 cubic kilometers of dense rock and created the "Year Without a
Summer" as far away as North America."
The Toba eruption was the latest of a series of at least three calderra-forming eruptions
which have occurred at the volcano. Earlier calderas were formed around 700,000 and
840,000 years ago.
To give an idea of its magnitude, consider that although the eruption took place in Indonesia,
it deposited an ash layer approximately 15 cm (6 in) thick over the entire Indian
subcontinent; at one site in central India, the Toba ash layer today is up to 6 m (20 feet)
thick and parts of Malaysia were covered with 9 m of ashfall. In addition it has been
calculated that 1010 metric tons of sulphuric acid was ejected into the atmosphere by
the event, causing acid rain fallout."
249

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
129 "...Mt. Krakatoa..."
"Mt. Krakatoa is a volcanic island in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra in
Indonesia. The name is used for the island group, the main island (also called Rakata), and
the volcano as a whole. It has erupted repeatedly, massively, and with disastrous
consequences throughout recorded history. The best known eruption culminated in a series
of massive explosions on August 26-27 1883, which was among the most violent volcanic
events in modern times. With a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 6, it was equivalent to 200
megatonnes of TNT — about 13,000 times the yield of the Little Boy bomb (13 to 16 KT),
which devastated Hiroshima, Japan.
The 1883 eruption ejected more than 25 cubic kilometres of rock, ash, and pumice, and
generated the loudest sound historically reported: the cataclysmic explosion was distinctly
heard as far away as Perth in Australia approx. 1,930 miles (3,110 km), and the island of
Rodrigues near Mauritius approx. 3,000 miles (5,000 km). Near Krakatoa, according to
official records, 165 villages and towns were destroyed and 132 seriously damaged, at least
36,417 (official toll) people died, and many thousands were injured by the eruption, mostly
from the tsunamis which followed the explosion.
The eruption destroyed two thirds of the island of Krakatoa. Eruptions at the volcano since
1927 have built a new island in the same location, called Anak Krakatau (child of Krakatoa)."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
130 "... colossal volcanic explosion..."
"A supervolcano is a volcano that produces the largest and most voluminous kinds of
eruption on Earth. The explosivity of such eruptions varies, but the volume of ejected tephra
is enough to radically alter the landscape and severely affect global climate for years,
with cataclysmic consequences for life VEI-8 volcanic events have included eruptions at the
following locations. Estimates of the volume of erupted material are given in parentheses.
• Lake Taupo, North Island, New Zealand - Oruanui eruption 26,500 years ago (1,170
km³)
• Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia - 75,000 years ago (2,800 km³)
• Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming, United States - 2.2 million years ago (2,500 km³)
and 640,000 years ago (1,000 km³)
• La Garita Caldera, Colorado, United States - Source of the truly enormous eruption
of the Fish Canyon Tuff 27.8 million years ago (~5,000 km³)
The Lake Toba eruption plunged the Earth into a volcanic winter, eradicating an
estimated 60% of the human population (although humans managed to survive, even
in the vicinity of the volcano), and was responsible for the formation of sulfuric acid in
the atmosphere.
Many other supermassive eruptions have also occurred in the geological past."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org 
250

131 "... due to atmospheric pollution as well as an extensive period during which
radiation from the sun is deflected back into space, and cause global cooling..."
"Nuclear winter is a hypothetical global climate condition that is predicted to be a possible
outcome of a large-scale nuclear war. It is thought that severely cold weather can be caused
by detonating large numbers of nuclear weapons, especially over flammable targets such as
cities, where large amounts of smoke and soot would be injected into the Earth's
stratosphere. The term has also been applied to one of the after-effects of an
supervolcano eruption.
A global average surface cooling of –7°C to –8°C persists for years, and after a decade the
cooling is still –4°C (Fig. 2). Considering that the global average cooling at the depth of the
last ice age 18,000 yr ago was about –5°C, this would be a climate change unprecedented in
speed and amplitude in the history of the human race. The temperature changes are largest
over land ... Cooling of more than –20°C occurs over large areas of North America and of
more than –30°C over much of Eurasia, including all agricultural regions."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
132 "...The global cataclysm that destroyed the dinosaurs..."
"In the past 600 million years there have been five major mass extinctions that on
average extinguished half of all species. The largest mass extinction to have affected life
on Earth was in the Permian-Triassic, which ended the Permian period 250 million years ago
and killed off 90% of all species. The last such mass extinction led to the demise of the
dinosaurs and has been found to have coincided with a large asteroid impact; this is the
Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event. There is no solid evidence of impacts leading to the
four other major mass extinctions, though a recent report from Ohio State scientists stated
that they have located a 483-km diameter impact crater beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet
which may date back about 250 million years, based on gravity measurements, which might
associate it with the Permian-Triassic extinction event.
In 1980, physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and nuclear chemists
Frank Asaro and Helen V. Michael from the University of California, Berkeley discovered
unusually high concentrations of iridium, an element that is rare in the Earth's crust but
relatively abundant in many meteorites. From the amount and distribution of iridium present
in the 65 million year old "iridium layer", the Alvarez team later estimated that an asteroid of
10–14 kilometers must have collided with the earth. This iridium layer at the K–T boundary
has been found worldwide at 100 different sites. Multidirectionally shocked quartz
(coesite), which is only known to form as the result of large impacts or atomic bomb
explosions, has also been found in the same layer at more than 30 sites. Soot and ash at
levels tens of thousands times normal levels were found with the above."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
"The geologic record of terminal Cretaceous environmental events indicates that iridium and
other associated elements were not deposited instantaneously but during a time interval
spanning some 10,000 to 100,000 years. The available geologic evidence favors a mantle
rather than meteoritic origin for these elements. These results are in accord with the scenario
of a series of intense eruptive volcanic events occurring during a relatively short geologic
time interval and not with the scenario of a single large asteroid impact event." 
251

-- Reference: Article: Terminal Cretaceous Environmental Events
Charles B. Officer 1
 and Charles L. Drake 2

 1 Research professor in the Earth Sciences Department, Dartmouth College,
Hanover, New Hampshire 03755. 2
 Professor in the Earth Sciences Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New
Hampshire 03755.
133 "Atomic explosions cause atmospheric fallout much like that of volcanic
eruptions."
"Oct. 26, 2007 -- New evidence dug from the shores of the Bay of Bengal supports the
radical idea that it was a series of monumental volcanic eruptions that wiped out the
dinosaurs, not a meteor impact in the Gulf of Mexico. The discovery confirms two important
things, said Keller: First, that the most massive Deccan eruption and the K-T mass extinction
happened at the same time. Second, that the later, final eruption is timed right to have
slowed the recovery of many living things. This latter matter of the slow recovery has long
been a mystery to paleontologists, she said."
-- Reference: http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/10/26/dinosaur-volcano.html
"A new statistical study of mass extinctions throughout the history of life on Earth is backing
up the idea that no single meteor, volcanic eruption or other lone gunman is ever to blame,
even in the case of the Cretaceous-Tertiary event that brought the end of dinosaurs 65
million years ago.
Instead, the worst die-offs happen when some sort of interminable, multi-generational
pressure on life is combined with a few powerful blows. It's what is now being called the
press/pulse theory of mass extinctions.
The theory "is essentially a more eloquent way of saying what I and many other
paleontologists have been saying for many years," said Gerta Keller of Princeton University.
"Namely that the impact-kill hypothesis is all wrong. Impacts alone could not have been the
killing mechanism for the K-T or any of the other major mass extinctions."
In the late Cretaceous case massive volcanism — the Deccan Traps eruption in India — and
attendant climate change, coincided with an impact that pushed highly stressed biota over
the brink."
-- Reference: http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/10/20/extinction_pla.html
134 "... Rwenzori Mountains..."
"The highest Rwenzoris are permanently snow-capped, and they, along with Mount
Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya are the only such in Africa. The Ruwenzoris are often
identified with the "Mountains of the Moon" mentioned by Ptolemy. The Ruwenzori are
known for their vegetation, ranging from tropical rainforest through alpine meadows to snow;
and for their animal population, including forest elephants, several primate species and
many endemic birds." 
252

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
135 ..." Pyrenees Mountains"...
"The Pyrenees are named after Pyrene (fire in Greek) who was the daughter of Bebryx and
was raped by Herakles. Terrified at giving birth to a serpent, she fled to the mountains
and was either buried or eaten by wild animals. Herodotus located this legend in his map
of the Oikumene as early as 450 BC."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
136 "... steppes of Mongolia..."
"In the chaos of the late twelfth century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in
uniting the Mongol tribes between Manchuria and the Altai Mountains. In 1206, he took the
title Genghis Khan, and he and his successors began expanding the Mongol Empire into
the largest contiguous land empire in world history, going as far northwest as the
Kievan Rus, and as far south as northern Vietnam, Tibet, Iran."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
137 ..."plunder their possessions."
"Looting, sacking, plundering, despoiling, or pillaging is the indiscriminate taking of
goods by force as part of a military or political victory, or during a catastrophe or riot, such as
during war, natural disaster, or rioting. The term is also used in a broader (some would argue
metaphorical) sense, to describe egregious instances of theft and embezzlement, such as
the "plundering" of private or public assets by corrupt or overly greedy corporate executives
or government authorities. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as loot,
plunder, or pillage.
Looting originally referred primarily to the plundering of villages and cities not only by
victorious troops during warfare, but also by civilian members of the community. For
example, see War and Peace, which describes widespread looting by Moscow's citizens
before Napoleon's troops enter the town, and looting by French troops elsewhere; also note
the looting of art treasures by the Nazis during WWII."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
138 "...Tiahuanaco..."
For more detailed information about the archaeology of this site, visit the following websites:
http://www.sacredsites.com/americas/bolivia/tiahuanaco.html
http://www.viewzone.com/tia.html
http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_6.htm
139 "...the shift of the poles of the planet...".
"Charles Hapgood first came to public attention in the mid-1950s with his theory of earth
crust displacement, a radical geological idea which attracted the curiosity and support of 
253

Albert Einstein. The Einstein-Hapgood correspondence is a forgotten page in the history of
science. Rose and I obtained these letters (ten from Einstein to Hapgood) from Albert
Einstein's Archives in the Fall of 1995. They show, for the first time, just how extensively
Albert Einstein was involved in assisting Charles Hapgood in the development of the theory.
This correspondence is detailed in The Atlantis Blueprint. Here is a brief summary:
In his second reply (24 November 1952) to Hapgood, Einstein wrote that the idea of earth
crust displacement should not be ruled out "apriori" just because it didn't fit with what we
wanted to believe about the earth's past. What was needed, Einstein claimed, was solid
"geological and paleontological facts."
For six months, Hapgood gathered geological evidence to support the idea of an earth crust
displacement. On the 3rd of May 1953 he forwarded thirty-eight pages of this evidence to
Einstein. Central to his argument was Hapgood's evidence that Lesser Antarctica was icefree at the same time that North America lay smothered in ice. Einstein responded (8 May
1953):
"I find your arguments very impressive and have the impression that your hypothesis is
correct. One can hardly doubt that significant shifts of the crust have taken place repeatedly
and within a short time."
He urged Hapgood to follow up on evidence of "earth fractures". A month later (11 June 1953) Hapgood sent Einstein forty-two pages of evidence on earth fractures and
the evolution of the ice sheets.
Einstein wrote (17 December 1953) Hapgood urging him to address the "centrifugal
momentum" problem. Hapgood responded with four pages on this problem and thirty-seven
pages of "paleontological evidence" including the frozen mammoths of Arctic Siberia.
Einstein was now convinced. On the 18th of May 1954, Einstein wrote a very favorable
foreword for Hapgood's book EARTH'S SHIFTING CRUST: A KEY TO SOME BASIC
PROBLEMS OF EARTH SCIENCE (published in 1958 by Pantheon Books, New York). The
Foreword begins:
"I frequently receive communications from people who wish to consult me concerning their
unpublished ideas. It goes without saying that these ideas are very seldom possessed of
scientific validity. The very first communication, however, that I received from Mr. Hapgood
electrified me. His idea is original, of great simplicity, and - if it continues to prove itself of
great importance to everything that is related to the history of the earth's surface. ... I think
that this rather astonishing, even fascinating, idea deserves the serious attention of anyone
who concerns himself with the theory of the earth's development."
-- Reference: When the Sky Fell, Rand and Rose Flemth-Ath
140 "The alignment of the Pyramids of Giza on the ground matches perfectly the
alignment of the constellation of Orion as seen in the sky from Giza...".
"(Robert) Bauval is specifically known for the Orion Correlation Theory (OCT). This proposes
a relationship between the fourth dynasty Egyptian pyramids of the Giza Plateau and the
alignment of certain stars in the constellation of Orion.
One night, while working in Saudi Arabia, he took his family and a friend's family up into the
sand dunes of the Arabian desert for a camping expedition. His friend pointed out Orion, and
mentioned that Mintaka, the smaller more easterly of the stars making up Orion's belt was 
254

offset slightly from the others. Bauval then made a connection between the layout of the
three main stars in Orion's belt and the layout of the three main pyramids in the Giza
necropolis."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
141 "... Heliopolis..."
"Heliopolis has been occupied since the Predynastic Period, with extensive building
campaigns during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. Today, unfortunately, it is mostly
destroyed, its temples and other buildings having been used for the construction of medieval
Cairo; most information about it comes from textual sources.
According to Diodorus Siculus Heliopolis was built by Actis, one of the sons of Helios and
Rhode, who named the city after his father. While all Greek cities were destroyed during the
flood, the Egyptian cities including Heliopolis survived. The chief deity of Heliopolis was the
god Atum, who was worshipped in the primary temple.
The city was also the original source of the worship of the Ennead pantheon, although in
later times, as Horus gained in prominence, worship focused on the synchrentistic solar deity
Ra-harakhty (literally Ra, (who is) Horus of the Two Horizons).
During the Amarna Period, Pharoah Akhenaten introduced monotheistic worship of Aten, the
deified solar disc. As the capital of Egypt for a period of time, grain was stored in Heliopolis
for the winter months, when many people would descend on the town to be fed, leading to it
gaining the title place of bread. The Book of the Dead goes further and describes how
Heliopolis was the place of multiplying bread, recounting a myth in which Horus feeds the
masses there with only 7 loaves, which is the basis of the Bible New Testament parable."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
142 "...Nephilim..."
"The Nephilim were an antediluvian race (pre-flood) race which are referred to in the Bible
as giants.". -- Reference: http://www.nwcreation.net/nephilim.html
"Genesis 6:4 states "The Nephilim were on the earth in those days --and also afterwards--
when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. They were
the heroes of old, men of renown." The Nephilim were a race of giants that were produced
by the sexual union of the sons of God (presumably fallen angels) and the daughters of men.
Translated from the Hebrew texts, "Nephilim" means "fallen ones." They were renowned for
their strength, prowess, and a great capacity for sinfulness.
The origination of the Nephilim begins with a story of the fallen angels. Shemhazai, an angel
of high rank, led a sect of angels in a descent to earth to instruct humans in righteousness.
The tutelage went on for a few centuries, but soon the angels pined for the human females.
After lusting, the fallen angels instructed the women in magic and conjuring, mated with
them, and produced hybrid offspring: the Nephilim.
The Nephilim were gigantic in stature. Their strength was prodigious and their appetites
immense. Upon devouring all of humankind's resources, they began to consume humans 
255

themselves. The Nephilim attacked and oppressed humans and were the cause of massive
destruction on the earth.
Two texts of central import to the story of the Nephilim, the Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls,
mention several names for the Nephilim. The diverse kinds of these giants are cited in
several passages. They are variously referred to as Emim, or "Terrors" (Gen. 14:5; Deut.
2:10), Rephaim, or "Weakeners" or "Dead Ones" (2 Sam. 23:13; 1 Chron. 11:15), Gibborim,
or "Giant Heroes" (Job 16:4), Zamzummim, or "Achievers" (Deut. 2:10), Anakim, or "Longnecked" (Deut. 2:10; Josh. 11:22, 14:15), and Awwim or "Devastators" and "Serpents."
Other giants are mentioned in these texts as well, such as Goliath (2 Sam. 21:19), a giant
with twelve fingers and twelve toes who is mentioned as one of the Rephaim (2 Sam. 21:20),
and a tall Egyptian (1 Chron. 11:23). The passage of Numbers 13:26-33 recounts the
Nephilim of Canaan that Joshua and the other Hebrew spies saw. Furthermore, according to
Judaic lore, a certain one of the Nephilim, Arba, built a city, Kiriath Arba, which was named
for its builder and is now known as Hebron.
The wickedness of the Nephilim carried with it a heavy toll. Genesis 6:5 alludes to the
corruption that the Nephilim had caused amongst humans and themselves: "The Lord saw
how great man's wickedness on the earth had become..." Their evil rebellion had incurred
both the wrath and grief of God. God instructed the angel Gabriel to ignite a civil war among
the Nephilim. He also chose Enoch, a righteous man, to inform the fallen angels of the
judgment pronounced on them and their children. God did not allow the fallen angels any
peace, for they could not lift their eyes to heaven and were later to be chained. The end of
the Nephilim came about in the war incited by Gabriel, in which the giants eventually
annihilated each other."
-- Reference: http://www.pantheon.org/articles/n/nephilim.html
143 "...used cutting tools of highly concentrated light waves and electronic energy..."
"A laser is an electronic-optical device that emits coherent light radiation. The term "laser" is
an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A typical laser emits
light in a narrow, low-divergence monochromatic (single-coloured, if the laser is operating in
the visible spectrum), beam with a well-defined wavelength. In this way, laser light is in
contrast to a light source such as the incandescent light bulb, which emits light over a wide
area and over a wide spectrum of wavelengths.
The first working laser was demonstrated in May 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes
Research Laboratories. Recently, lasers have become a multi-billion dollar industry. The
most widespread use of lasers is in optical storage devices such as compact disc and DVD
players, in which the laser (a few millimeters in size) scans the surface of the disc. Other
common applications of lasers are bar code readers, laser printers and laser pointers.
In industry, lasers are used for cutting steel and other metals and for inscribing patterns
(such as the letters on computer keyboards). Lasers are also commonly used in various
fields in science, especially spectroscopy, typically because of their well-defined wavelength
or short pulse duration in the case of pulsed lasers. Lasers are used by the military for range
finding, target identification and illumination for weapons delivery. Lasers used in medicine
are used for internal surgery and cosmetic applications.
Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to cut materials, and is usually used in
industrial manufacturing. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high power laser, 
256

by computer, at the material to be cut. The material then either melts, burns, vaporizes
away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving an edge with a high quality surface finish.
Industrial laser cutters are used to cut flat-sheet material as well as structural and piping
materials. Some 6-axis lasers can perform cutting operations on parts that have been preformed by casting or machining."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
144 "... Baalbek..."
"The great mystery of the ruins of Baalbek, and indeed one of the greatest mysteries of the
ancient world, concerns the massive foundation stones beneath the Roman Temple of
Jupiter. The courtyard of the Jupiter temple is situated upon a platform, called the Grand
Terrace, which consists of a huge outer wall and a filling of massive stones. The lower
courses of the outer wall are formed of huge, finely crafted and precisely positioned blocks.
They range in size from thirty to thirty three feet in length, fourteen feet in height and ten feet
in depth, and weigh approximately 450 tons each. Nine of these blocks are visible on the
north side of the temple, nine on the south, and six on the west (others may exist but
archaeological excavations have thus far not dug beneath all the sections of the Grand
Terrace). Above the six blocks on the western side are three even larger stones, called the
Trilithon, whose weight exceeds 1000 tons each. These great stones vary in size between
sixty-three and sixty-five feet in length, with a height of fourteen feet six inches and a depth
of twelve feet.
Another even larger stone lies in a limestone quarry a quarter of a mile from the Baalbek
complex. Weighing an estimated 1200 tons, it is sixty-nine feet by sixteen feet by thirteen
feet ten inches, making it the single largest piece of stonework ever crafted in the world.
Called the Hajar el Gouble, the Stone of the South, or the Hajar el Hibla, the Stone of the
Pregnant Woman, it lays at a raised angle with the lowest part of its base still attached to the
quarry rock as though it were almost ready to be cut free and transported to its presumed
location next to the other stones of the Trilithon.
Why these stones are such an enigma to contemporary scientists, both engineers and
archaeologists alike, is that their method of quarrying, transportation and precision
placement is beyond the technological ability of any known ancient or modern builders.
Various ‘scholars’, uncomfortable with the notion that ancient cultures might have developed
knowledge superior to modern science, have decided that the massive Baalbek stones were
laboriously dragged from the nearby quarries to the temple site. While carved images in the
temples of Egypt and Mesopotamia do indeed give evidence of this method of block
transportation - using ropes, wooden rollers and thousands of laborers - the dragged blocks
are known to have been only 1/10th the size and weight of the Baalbek stones and to have
been moved along flat surfaces with wide movement paths. The route to the site of Baalbek,
however, is up hill, over rough and winding terrain, and there is no evidence whatsoever of a
flat hauling surface having been created in ancient times.
Next there is the problem of how the mammoth blocks, once they were brought to the site,
were lifted and precisely placed in position. It has been theorized that the stones were raised
using a complex array of scaffolding, ramps and pulleys which was powered by large
numbers of humans and animals working in unison. An historical example of this method has
been suggested as the solution for the Baalbek enigma. The Renaissance architect
Domenico Fontana, when erecting a 327-ton Egyptian obelisk in front of St Peter's Basilica
in Rome, used 40 huge pulleys, which necessitated a combined force of 800 men and 140
horses. The area where this obelisk was erected, however, was a great open space that 
257

could easily accommodate all the lifting apparatus and the men and horses pulling on the
ropes. No such space is available in the spatial context of how the Baalbek stones were
placed. Hills slope away from where lifting apparatus would need to have been placed and
no evidence has been found of a flat and structurally firm surface having been constructed
(and then mysteriously removed after the lifting was done). Furthermore, not just one obelisk
was erected but rather a series of giant stones were precisely put in place side-by-side. Due
to the positioning of these stones, there is simply no conceivable place where a huge pulley
apparatus could have been stationed."
References: (both of the following websites have excellent photos of the area)
http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/lebanon/baalbek.htm
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_baalbek_1.htm
145 "...The Domain took over the planet Venus..."
"The second-closest planet to the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days. It is the brightest
natural object in the night sky, except for the Moon, reaching an apparent magnitude of −4.6.
Because Venus is an inferior planet, from Earth it never appears to venture far from the Sun:
its elongation reaches a maximum of 47.8°. Venus reaches its maximum brightness shortly
before sunrise or shortly after sunset, for which reason it is often called the Morning Star or
the Evening Star.
Classified as a terrestrial planet, it is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet", for the two are
similar in size, gravity, and bulk composition. Venus is covered with an opaque layer of
highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in
visible light; this was a subject of great speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by
planetary science in the twentieth century. Venus has the densest atmosphere of all the
terrestrial planets, consisting mostly of carbon dioxide, as it has no carbon cycle to lock
carbon back into rocks and surface features, nor organic life to absorb it in biomass. It has
become so hot that the earth-like oceans the young Venus is believed to have possessed
have totally evaporated, leaving a dusty dry desert scape with many slab-like rocks. The
evaporated water vapor has dissociated and hydrogen has escaped into interplanetary
space. The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that of the Earth,
the great majority of it carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
Venus's surface has been mapped in detail only in the last 20 years; Project Magellan listed
about a thousand meteor craters, a surprisingly low number compared to Earth. It shows
evidence of being geologically very young with extensive volcanism, and the sulfur in the
atmosphere is taken by some experts to show many of its volcanoes are still active today,
but it is an enigma as to why no evidence of lava flow accompanies any of the visible
caldera."
As one of the brightest objects in the sky, Venus has been known since prehistoric times
and as such has gained an entrenched position in human culture. The Babylonians named
the planet Ishtar, the personification of womanhood, and goddess of love.
In western astrology, derived from its historical connotation with goddesses of femininity and
love, Venus is held to influence those aspects of human life. In Indian Vedic astrology,
Venus is known as Shukra, meaning "clear, pure" or "brightness, clearness" in Sanskrit. 
258

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
146 "... There are a few life forms on Earth that can endure an atmospheric
environment like Venus..."
"There are many different classes of extremophiles, each corresponding to the way its
environmental niche. Many extremophiles fall under multiple categories. For example:
• Acidophile: An organism with an optimum pH level at or below pH 3.
• Alkaliphile: An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 9 or above.
• Endolith: An organism that lives in microscopic spaces within rocks, such as pores
between aggregate grains. These may also be called cryptoendoliths. This term also
includes organisms populating fissures, aquifers, and faults filled with groundwater
in the deep subsurface.
• Halophile: An organism requiring at least 2M of salt, NaCl, for growth.
• Hyperthermophile: An organism that can thrive at temperatures between 80-121 °C,
such as those found in hydrothermal systems.
• Hypolith: An organism that lives inside rocks in cold deserts.
• Lithoautotroph: An organism (usually bacteria) whose sole source of carbon is
carbon dioxide and exergonic inorganic oxidation (chemolithotrophs) such as
Nitrosomonas europaea. These organisms are capable of deriving energy from
reduced mineral compounds like pyrites, and are active in geochemical cycling and
the weathering of parent bedrock to form soil.
• Metalotolerant: capable of tolerating high levels of dissolved heavy metals in
solution, such as copper, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc. Examples include
Ferroplasma sp. and Ralstonia metallidurans.
• Oligotroph: An organism capable of growth in nutritionally limited environments.
• Osmophile: An organism capable of growth in environments with a high sugar
concentration.
• Piezophile: An organism that lives optimally at high hydrostatic pressure. Common
in the deep terrestrial subsurface, as well as in oceanic trenches.
• Polyextremophile: An organism that qualifies as an extremophiles under more than
one category.
• Psychrophile/Cryophile: An organism that grows better at temperatures of 15 °C or
lower. Common in cold soils, permafrost, polar ice, cold ocean water, and in/under
alpine snowpack.
• Radioresistant: resistant to high levels of ionizing radiation, most commonly
ultraviolet radiation but also includes organisms capable of resisting nuclear
radiation.
• Thermophile: An organism that can thrive at temperatures between 60-80 °C.
• Xerophile: An organism that can grow in extremely dry, desiccating conditions. This
type is exemplified by the soil microbes of the Atacama Desert.
Relative to the majority of the deep sea extremophiles, the areas around submarine
hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities
fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids, supporting diverse organisms, including
giant tube worms, clams, and shrimp.
The water emerges from a hydrothermal vent at temperatures ranging up to 400°C,
compared to a typical 2°C for the surrounding deep ocean water. The high pressure at these
depths significantly expands the thermal range at which water remains liquid, and so the 
259

water doesn't boil. Water at a depth of 3,000 m and a temperature of 407°C becomes
supercritical
One community has been discovered dubbed 'Eel City', which consists predominantly of
eels. Though eels are not uncommon, as mentioned earlier invertebrates typically dominate
hydrothermal vents. Eel City is located near Nafanua volcanic cone, American Samoa.
Other examples of the unique fauna who inhabit this ecosystem are a snail armored with
scales made up of iron and organic materials, and the Pompeii worm (Alvinella Pompejana),
which is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 80°C (176°F). Over 300 new
species have been discovered at hydrothermal vents.
Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiter's moon Europa, and ancient
hydrothermal vents have been speculated to exist on Mars."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
147 "... asteroid belt..."
"The asteroid belt is the region of the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of
the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called
asteroids or minor plarnets. The asteroid belt region is also termed the main belt to
distinguish it from other concentrations of minor planets within the Solar System, such as the
Kuiper belt and scattered disk.
More than half the mass within the main belt is contained in the four largest objects: Ceres,
4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, and 10 Hygiea. All of these have mean diameters of more than 400 km,
while Ceres, the main belt's only dwarf planet, is about 950 km in diameter. The remaining
bodies range down to the size of a dust particle. The asteroid material is so thinly
distributed that multiple unmanned spacecraft have traversed it without incident."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
148 "... Tiahuanaco..."
"Tiwanaku monumental architecture is characterized by large stones of exceptional
workmanship. In contrast to the masonry style of the later Inca, Tiwanaku stone
architecture usually employs rectangular ashlar blocks laid in regular courses, and
monumental structures were frequently fitted with elaborate drainage systems.
Bronze or copper "double-T" clamps were often used to anchor large blocks in place.
The stone used to build Tiwanaku was quarried and then transported 40 km or more
to the city. They were moved without the aid of the wheel, though much of the distance was
over water.
The community grew to urban proportions (in antiquity) becoming an important regional
power in the southern Andes. Satellite imaging was used recently to map the extent of
fossilized suka kollus across the three primary valleys of Tiwanaku, arriving at populationcarrying capacity estimates of anywhere between 285,000 and 1,482,000 people.
They worshipped many gods, and one of the most important gods was Viracocha, the
god of action, shaper of many worlds, and destroyer of many worlds. He created 
260

people, with two servants, on a great piece of rock. Then he drew sections on the rock
and sent his servants to name the tribes in those areas. In Tiwanaku he created the people
out of rock and brought life to them through the earth. The Tiwanaku believed that
Viracocha created giants to move the massive stones that comprise much of their
archeology, but then grew unhappy with the giants and created a flood to destroy them."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
149 "...Ollantaytambo..."
"Ollantaytambo is a town in southern Peru, located in the district of Ollantaytambo, province
of Urubamba, Cusco region. It is approximately 60 km to the northwest of the city of Cusco,
situated at an altitude of 2792 meters above sea level.
The city of Ollantaytambo is best known for its ruins, and for the spot where the Inca
emperor Manco Inca was able to defeat the Spanish in a set-piece battle. The finely cut
rocks and plantation terraces were very large obstacles for the Conquistadors to
surpass, and the fortress was also used by Manco to conduct successful attacks on
Francisco Pizarro and other Conquistadors who were based in Lima."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
150 "... Machupiccu ..."
Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Picchu, "Old Peak") is a pre-Columbian Inca site located
2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the
Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco. Often referred to as
"The Lost City of the Incas", Machu Picchu is probably the most familiar symbol of the Inca
Empire.
One theory maintains that Machu Picchu was an Inca "llacta": a settlement built to control
the economy of the conquered regions. It may also have been built as a prison for the
selective few who had commited such henous crimes against the Inca society. Research
conducted by scholars, such as John Rowe and Richard Burger, has convinced most
archaeologists that rather than a defensive retreat, Machu Picchu was an estate of the Inca
emperor, Pachacuti. In addition, Johan Reinhard presented evidence that the site was
selected based on its position relative to sacred landscape features. One such example is its
mountains, which are purported to be in alignment with key astronomical events.
Shamanic legends say that if you're a sensitive person and you rub your forehead against
the world-famous Intihuatana Stone you will see the spirit world. The Intihuatana stone is
one of the many ritual stones in South America. They are arranged so they point directly at
the sun during the winter solstice. The Spanish did not find Machu Picchu until the 20th
century so the Intihuatana Stone was not destroyed like many other ritual stones. It is also
called "The Hitching Point of the Sun" because it was supposed to hold the sun in it's place.
It is (as they said before) believed to be an astronomic clock built by the Incas."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
151 "... Pachacamac ..." 
261

"The temple of Pachacamac is an archaeological site 40 km southeast of Lima, Peru in the
Valley of the Lurín River. It had at least one pyramid. They used Pachacamac as primarily
a religious site for the veneration of the Pacha Kamaq creator god. The Ichma joined the
Inca empire and Pachacamac became an important administrative center.
However the Inca maintained it as a religious shrine and allowed the Pachacamac priests to
continue functioning independently of the Inca priesthood. This included the oracle, whom
the Inca presumably consulted. The Inca built five additional buildings, including a temple to
the Sun on the main square."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
152 "... an electronic, light-wave emitting stone cutter and carving tools..."
"There are various laser cutting tools depending on the type of finished product that you
prefer. Laser cutter routers that are computer-driven can cut each letter precisely, capturing
every detail of the selected style. The said manufacturing systems are useful in cutting out
symbols and logos in a cost effective manner.
Laser that is in a solid state uses one crystal rod with flat and parallel ends. Both ends have
surfaces that have the ability to reflect. A light source that has high density and a flash tube
surrounds the crystal.
When power is given by the network of pulse-forming, an intense light pulse called photon is
released in one of the rod crystals. The light released is one wavelength and allows for
minimum divergence.
A hundred percent of laser light is reflected on the rear mirror while thirty to fifty percent will
pass through the mirror then to the shutter assembly to the angled mirror before going down
through the lens and then to the work piece.
The laser light beam is not only coherent but also has high energy content. When it is
focused on the surface, the laser light creates heat used for welding, drilling, and cutting.
The laser beam and the work piece is manipulated through the use of robotics. It can be
adjusted to different sizes and heat intensity. The smaller laser is used for drilling, cutting,
and welding while the larger machines are used in off giving heat."
-- Reference: http://ezinearticles.com/?Laser-Cutting-Tools&id=352889
153 "The "great" pyramid..."
"A total of over 2,300,000 blocks of limestone and granite were used in its construction with
the average block weighing 2.5 tons and none weighing less than 2 tons. The large blocks
used in the ceiling of the King's Chamber weigh as much as 9 tons.
• Construction date (Estimated): 2589 B.C..
• Construction time (Estimated): 20 years.
• Total weight (Estimated): 6.5 million tons.
• The estimated total weight of the structure is 6.5 million tons! 
262

• The base of the pyramid covers 13 acres, 568,500 square feet and the length of
each side was originally 754 feet, but is now 745 feet.
• The original height was 481 feet tall, but is now only 449 feet.
The distance when Earth is closest to Sun (perihelion) is 147x106
 km, which is translated
into royal cubits 280x109
, hinting at the height of the Great pyramid, 280 royal cubits.
The earth/moon relationship is the only one in our solar system that contains this unique
golden section ratio that "squares the circle". Along with this is the phenomenon that the
moon and the sun appear to be the same size, most clearly noticed during an eclipse. This
too is true only from earth's vantage point…No other planet/moon relationship in our solar
system can make this claim.
Although the problem of squaring the circle was proven mathematically impossible in the
19th century (as pi, being irrational, cannot be exactly measured), the Earth, the moon, and
the Great Pyramid, are all coming about as close as you can get to the solution!
If the base of the Great Pyramid is equated with the diameter of the earth, then the radius of
the moon can be generated by subtracting the radius of the earth from the height of the
pyramid.
The height of the Great Pyramid times 2π exactly equals the perimeter of the pyramid. This
proportions result from elegant design of the pyramid with the height equal two diameters of
a circle and the base equal to the circumference of the circle.
The Pyramid of the Sun and the Great Pyramid of Egypt are almost or very nearly equal
to one another in base perimeter. The Pyramid of the Sun is "almost" half the height of the
Great Pyramid. There is a slight difference. The Great Pyramid is 1.03 - times larger than the
base of the Pyramid of the Sun. Conversely, the base of the Pyramid of the Sun is 97% of
the Great Pyramid's base."
-- Reference: http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_2.htm
154 "... Pyramid texts."
"The Pyramid Texts are a collection of ancient Egyptian religious texts from the time of the
Old Kingdom, mostly inscriptions on the walls of tombs in pyramids. They depict the
Egyptian view of the afterlife, and the ascent into the sky of the divine Pharaoh after death.
They were written upwards of five thousand years ago; thus, they are some of the oldest
known writings in the world.
The Pyramid Texts are also the oldest collection of religious spells known to us from ancient
Egypt. This collection forms the basis of much of the later religious theology and literature of
ancient Egypt. The passages were eventually separated and categorized, as well as
illustrated and eventually evolved into the Book of the Dead, or more properly, The Book of
the Coming forth by Day.
It is difficult to date the Pyramid Texts. Their origins have aroused much speculation
regarding their origin because they emerge, as a fully-fledged collection of mortuary texts,
without any precedent in the archaeological record. The fact that the texts are made up of
distinct utterances which do not have a strict narrative sequence linking them together has
led scholars to believe that many of them were not composed specifically for the purpose of 
263

being inscribed in the pyramids but may have had earlier uses. In fact, spells such as
Utterances 273-4, called the Cannibal Hymn, and which only appears in the Pyramids of
Unas and Teti, refer to aspects of the funerary cult that seem to no longer been in practice at
the time the pyramids were built.
Early analysts attempted to date the text as early as possible; even from the predynastic
period. A very early dating of these texts remains a strong possibility, though today, scholars
place the text's origins with the date of the monuments where they reside. In reality, we have
very little idea of the date of their initial invention, perhaps other than the antiquated
language employed."
-- Reference: http://www.crystalinks.com/pyramidtext.html
155 "The great pyramid was located precisely at the exact center of all of the land
masses of Earth..."
"The Great Pyramid (the Pyramid of Khufu, or Cheops in Greek) at Gizeh, Egypt,
demonstrates the remarkable character of its placement on the face of the Earth. The
Pyramid lies in the center of gravity of the continents. It also lies in the exact center of all the
land area of the world, dividing the earth's land mass into approximately equal quarters.
The north-south axis (31 degrees east of Greenwich) is the longest land meridian, and the
east-west axis (30 degrees north) is the longest land parallel on the globe. There is
obviously only one place that these longest land-lines of the terrestrial earth can cross, and it
is at the Great Pyramid!"
-- Reference: http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_2.htm
156 "...stars in the constellation of Orion's Belt (Ainitak), Sirius, Alpha Draconis and
Beta Ursa Minor..."
"The Hall of Truth in Light" (in the Great Pyramid) are an extension of the upward passage
way (which) opens as a Grand Gallery. Other interior features include: a Great Step; a lower
Queen's chamber; an upper King's chamber with an open tomb which was never used for
burial; and, two passage ways which actually pinpoint Sirius and Ainitak in the "belt" of the
Orion Constellation -- the other two precisely point to Thuban in the Draco Constellation
which was the old North Star at the time of the Pyramid's supposed construction and the
present North Star.
-- Reference: http://www.geocities.com/regkeith/rkeith5a.htm
Big Dipper Constellation stars include:
Dubhe
Merak
Phecda
Megrez
Alioth
Mizar
Alkaid 
264

Alnitak is a double star system. Alnitak A is a blue O9.7Ib supergiant star about 15 times the
diameter of the sun, at least 11,000 times more luminous than the sun.
Thuban is another name for the star is Adib from the Arabic Al Dhi'bah, "The Hyenas". A
number of stars in the constellation of Draco. According to Allen, seamen were accustomed
to call Thuban "The Dragon's Tail." Thuban is a white A0III giant having a luminosity about
260 times that of the sun. Spectral analysis indicates that Thuban has a companion star
orbiting with a 51.4 day period.
Sirius is also known colloquially as the "Dog Star", reflecting its prominence in its
constellation, Canis Major. It is the subject of more mythological and folkloric tales than any
other star apart from the sun. The heliacal rising of Sirius marked the flooding of the Nile in
Ancient Egypt and the 'Dog Days' of summer
Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky with a visual apparent magnitude of −1.47, almost
twice as bright as Canopus, the next brightest star. What appears as a single star to the
naked eye is actually a binary star system, consisting of Sirius A, and a faint white dwarf
companion of spectral type DA2, termed Sirius B.
Sirius is bright due to both its intrinsic luminosity and its closeness to the Sun. At a distance
of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 light-years), the Sirius system is one of our near neighbors. Sirius A is
about twice as massive as the Sun and has an absolute visual magnitude of 1.42. It is 25
times more luminous than the Sun.
Sirius is recorded in the earliest astronomical records, known in Ancient Egypt as Sopdet
(Greek: Sothis). During the era of the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians based their calendar on
the heliacal rising of Sirius, namely the day it becomes visible just before sunrise after
moving far enough away from the glare of the sun. This occurred just before the annual
flooding of the Nile and the summer solstice, after a 70 day absence from the skies. The
hieroglyph for Sothis features a star and a triangle. Sothis was identified with the great
goddess Isis who formed a part of a trinity with her husband Osiris and their son Horus,
while the 70 day period symbolized the passing of Isis and Osiris though the duat (Egyptian
underworld).
North Star, also known as the Pole Star, is the star that lies closest in the sky to the north
celestial pole, and which appears directly overhead to an observer at the Earth's North Pole.
The current North Star is Polaris, which lies about two-thirds of a degree from the pole at the
end of the "handle" of the Little Dipper asterism in the constellation Ursa Minor. Polaris has a
visual magnitude of 1.97 (second magnitude). (Some people mistakenly think that Polaris is
the brightest star in the night sky. This title belongs to Sirius, and there are many others
stars also brighter than Polaris.)
Due to the precession of the equinoxes the direction of the Earth's axis is very slowly but
continuously changing, and as the projection of the Earth's axis moves around the celestial
sphere over the millennia, the role of North Star passes from one star to another. Since the
precession of the equinoxes is so slow, a single star typically holds that title for many
centuries.
In 3000 BC the faint star Thuban in the constellation Draco was the North Star. At
magnitude 3.67 (fourth magnitude) it is only one-fifth as bright as Polaris, the current North
Star (situated 430 light-years away). 
265

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
157 "...Pan, God of The Woods..."
-- Reference: For more detailed information about the IS-BE know as Pan, please read the
book "Pan, God of The Woods" by Lawrence R. Spencer ( www.godofthewoods.com )
158 " The human pharaoh moved the Capital city of Egypt from Memphis to
Heracleopolis".
"Heracleopolis was the main city of Egypt during a turbulent time in our history, the First
Intermediate Period. Details are not clear, but apparently when the VIth dynasty ended, the
rulers who followed were too weak to rule the whole land. Akhtoy, the local nomarch,
declared independence from Memphis, and when the last Memphite pharaoh died childless,
he declared himself god-king of the Two Lands and founder of the IXth dynasty. All of Middle
Egypt and part of the eastern Nile Delta submitted to Akhtoy's authority. Akhmin, in the 9th
nome, became the southern boundary between those who supported Akhtoy and those who
opposed him.
In Upper Egypt there were at least three governors who refused to acknowledge the new
order: those of Thinis, Wast (Thebes) and Nekhen (Hierakonopolis). For a long time they
fought among themselves, because chaos always reigns where there is no central authority.
Finally one of them, Inyotef II of Wast, prevailed against the others; the nomarchs of Asyut
now became the defenders of the dignity of the Heracleopolitan kings. The IXth dynasty was
succeeded by the Xth at home, and for more than sixty years the line was held at Akhmin,
despite frequent raids from both sides. Finally the grandson of Inyotef, Mentuhotep II,
captured Asyut; once that happened he quickly marched downstream and overthrew the Xth
dynasty. That marked the reunification of Egypt and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom.
Heracleopolis was never as important afterwards, though it marked the site of a key fortress
in the XXIInd dynasty, built by the second son of Osorkon II."
-- Reference: http://members.tripod.com/~Raseneb/Akhtoy.htm
159 "... when Atlantis fell..."
"Plato's reference to Egypt as the source of the Atlantis myth, via Solon. The Egyptians
called Atlantis Kepchu, which also happens to be their name for the people of Crete. It is
speculated that survivors of the Minoan volcanic disaster asked Egypt for help, since they
were the only other civilization with high culture at the time.
Plato described quarries on the island of Atlantis where "rocks of white, black, and red" were
extracted from the hills and used to construct a great island city. The description matches
the rocks found on Santorini.
The island-city of Atlantis was described as being laid out in a series of concentric circles of
land and water, each one connected to the sea by a deep canal. Docks for a huge number of
ships, and a causeway for unloading cargo of said ships, also was described. Unearthed
frescos from the island have depicted Santorini with a configuration that can be interpreted in
this way. It also shows a huge city on the island, theorized by archaeologists to represent the
center of the caldera. 
266

At Akrotiri there are multi-story buildings. This city may have had the earliest form of town
planning (structured assembly of interconnecting roads and paths) ever discovered, again,
with fresh running water and toilets in each house leading to a sewer system. Many such
sites now have been unearthed, both on Crete and Santorini."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org (See "Santorini")
160 "... the Egyptians., who called "Atlantis" Kepchu, which also happens to be their
name for the people of Crete."
"Minoan civilization disappeared suddenly, at the height of its wealth and power. This also
was similar to Plato's description of the fate of the "Atlanteans". Scientists theorize that
multiple tsunamis hit the island of Crete, circa 1500 BC, which came from the direction of the
island of Santorini (then called Thera) about 100 miles from Crete.
Santorini is the site of a massive caldera with an island at its center. Vulcanologists have
determined this ill-fated island was engulfed by the terrible ca. 1500 BC eruption and
collapse of the Stroggilí volcano there, which affected the entire eastern Mediterranean, as
far away as the Near East—possibly the most powerful eruption in recorded history, ejecting
approximately 30 km³ (7 cu miles) of magma, up to 36 km (23 miles) high. Volcanic events of
this magnitude are known to generate tsunamis."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
161 "... the exact geodetic center of Egypt..."
"Five years into the co-regency, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten and left
Thebes to establish a new Egyptian capital city, which he called Akhetaten (meaning the
resting place or horizon of the Aten). The change in name indicated that he no longer
considered himself to be the son of the god Amun, but of Aten. On the monuments marking
the four corners of the new city, Akhenaten referred to the hateful words spoken about him
and his forefathers by the priests of Amun. Obviously, he had hoped that the city of
Akhetaten would be his resting place as well.
At the city of Akhetaten, the ancient religion of the Aten received a make-over. Aten temple
design, ritual, and symbolism (by a falcon-headed man and a sun disc referred to as ReHerakhty) derived originally from the traditional solar god Ra whose center of worship had
been from very ancient times at Memphis and On (Heliopolis). By the end of the coregency,
the falcon-man had been removed from the Aten's symbol. The Aten had in essence
become a god without human or animal image. The disc of the sun was now considered to
be the single physical representation of the invisible and eternal god, Ra, and a deity in its
own right. (The sun disc was used later as a royal "lamelech" seal by the Kings of Judah).
The cartouche of Akhenaten's god and heavenly father, the Aten, bore the name Imram. In
the Bible, Moses is referred to as the son of Amram, the Hebrew equivalent.
The name of the Egyptian deity Aten transliterates into the Hebrew word Adon. Adon,
which is translated by English Bibles as "the Lord" (and Adonai, translated as "my Lord") is
used along with Jehovah (Yhwh) in the Bible as the exclusive personal names of God.
Moreover, in ancient times, the name Jehovah (Yhwh) was written, but never spoken.
Whenever the written name Jehovah (Yhwh) was to be read out loud, Adon (Aten) was
voiced instead. The written form of Adon is infrequent, however, its limited usage is
significant, especially in the first six books of the Bible (See under "LORD" in Strong's 
267

Exhaustive Concordance), where it is reserved for the following applications alone: Moses
addresses God using the title Adon/Aten (Exodus 4:10,13; 5:22; 34:9; Numbers 14:17;
Deuteronomy 3:23; 7:26; 10:17); Moses, himself, is addressed both by Aaron
(Ex.32:22; Num.12:11) and by Joshua (Numbers 11:28) using the title Adon/Aten; and
Joshua also addresses God using the title Adon/Aten (Joshua 5:14 b; 7:7). As
mentioned above, there is an established relationship between the literature of the Egyptian
18th Dynasty and the Bible. Psalm 104 is an embellishment of the Hymn to the Aten which
was found by archaeologists at the city of Akhetaten.
The religious reforms of Akhenaten included the rejection of traditional Egyptian magic and
astrology associated with the cult of Amun, and the rejection of the cult of Osiris with its
version of belief in eternal judgment and the afterlife as well. The site chosen for the new
capital of Egypt further demonstrated Akhenaten's desire for a new balance as it was
located at the exact geodetic center of the country."
-- Reference: http://www.domainofman.com/ankhemmaat/moses.html
162 "... the destruction of Troy as the finale of the Trojan War."
"In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans
after Paris of Troy stole Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war is
among the most important events in Greek mythology, and was narrated in many works of
Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. The Iliad relates a part of the
last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus,
one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which
has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy
and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera and Aphrodite, after
Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the
Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". The goddesses went to Paris, who judged that
Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen,
the most beautiful of all women, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon,
king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of
Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years. After the deaths of many heroes,
including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to
the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans and desecrated the
temples, thus earning the gods' wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes
and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to
Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to Italy.
The Ancient Greeks thought the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in
the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern day Turkey near
the Dardanelles. By modern times both the war and the city were widely believed to be nonhistorical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a
site in this area which he identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars
The Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th
centuries BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which
roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org 
268

163 "Homer, the blind Greek poet..."
"Homer (ancient Greek: µηρος, Homēros) was an ancient Greek (Ionian) epic poet,
traditionally considered the author of the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. No reliable
biographical information about Homer survives from classical antiquity. The cardinal
qualities of the style of Homer have been well articulated by Matthew Arnold: "the translator
of Homer," he says, "should above all be penetrated by a sense of the four qualities of his
author: that he is eminently rapid; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution
of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words; that he
is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas;
and finally, that he is eminently noble".

The language used by Homer is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from
certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the
language of epic poetry, typically in dactylic hexameter.
A number of traditions hold that he was blind (perhaps because, in the Aeolian dialect of
Cyme, homēros bore this meaning) and that he was born on the island of Chios, at Smyrna
or elsewhere in Ionia, where various cities vied in claiming him as one of their native sons.
The characterization of Homer as a blind bard is supported by a possibly self-referential
passage in the Odyssey in which a shipwrecked Odysseus listens to the tales of a blind bard
named Demodocus while in the court of the Phaeacian king."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
164 "Solon, a wise man from Greece reported the existence of Atlantis.."
"Solon was a famous Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and Lyric poet. The travel writer,
Pausanias, listed Solon among the Seven Sages of the ancient world. Solon has acquired a
place in history and in folklore through his efforts to legislate against political, economic and
moral decline in archaic Athens. Some of his reforms failed in the short term, yet he is often
credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
After he had finished reforming the country, Solon traveled abroad. His first stop was Egypt.
There he visited Heliopolis, where he discussed philosophy with an Egyptian expert on the
subject, Psenophis. Subsequently, at Sais, he visited Neith's temple and received from
the priests there an account of the history of Atlantis. Solon wrote out this history as
a poem, to which Plato subsequently made references in his dialogues Timaios and
Critias. Next Solon sailed to Cyprus, where he oversaw the construction of a new capital for
a local king, in gratitude for which the king named it Soloi."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
165 " Zoroaster..."
"Zoroaster, the prophet and poet sees the universe as the cosmic struggle between aša
“truth” and druj “lie.” The cardinal concept of aša - which is highly nuanced and only vaguely
translatable - is at the foundation of all other Zoroastrian doctrine, including that of Ahura
Mazda (who is aša), creation (that is aša), existence (that is aša) and Free Will, which is
arguably Zoroaster’s greatest contribution to religious philosophy. The purpose of
humankind, like that of all other creation, is to sustain aša. For humankind, this occurs
through active participation in life and the exercise of good thoughts, words and deeds. 
269

The name Zoroaster was famous in classical antiquity, and a number of different Zoroasters
- all described as having occult powers - appear in historiographic accounts.
In Pliny’s Natural History, Zoroaster is said to have laughed on the day of his birth. He lived
in the wilderness and enjoyed exploring it from a young age. Plutarch compares him with
Lycurgus and Numa Pompilius (Numa, 4). Plutarch, drawing partly on Theopompus, speaks
of Zoroaster in Isis and Osiris: In this work, the prophet is empowered by trust in his God and
the protection of his allies. He faces outward opposition and unbelief, and inward doubt.
The works of Zoroaster had a significant influence on Greek philosophy and Roman
philosophy. The ancient Greek writer Eudoxus of Cnidus and the Latin writer Pliny the Elder
praised Zoroaster’s philosophy as “the most famous and most useful.” Plato learnt of
Zoroaster’s philosophy through Eudoxus and incorporated some of it into his own Platonic
realism. In the third century BC, however, Colotes accused Plato’s The Republic of
plagiarizing parts of (what is attributed to) Zoroaster’s On Nature, such as the Myth of Er.
Plato’s contemporary, Heraclides Ponticus, wrote a text called Zoroaster based on
Zoroaster’s philosophy in order to express his disagreement with Plato on natural
philosophy.
Zoroaster was mentioned by the nineteenth-century poet William Butler Yeats. His wife and
he were said to have claimed to have contacted Zoroaster through “automatic writing.”
The 2005 edition of the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy places Zoroaster first in a
chronology of philosophers."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
166 "... an IS-BE called Ahura Mazda."
"Ahura Mazda (Ahura Mazdā) is the Avestan language name for a divinity exalted by
Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator, hence God. He is the nameless "Father Asura",
that is, Varuna of the Rigveda. In this view, Zoroastrian mazda is the equivalent of the Vedic
medhira, described in Rigveda 8.6.10 as the "(revealed) insight into the cosmic order".
Ahura Mazda is seen as the Ahura par excellence, superior to both *vouruna and *mitra, and
the nameless "Father Asura" of the Rigveda and is a distinct divinity. The Zoroastrian faith
is thus described by its adherents as Mazdayasna, the worship of Mazda. In the Avesta,
"Ahura Mazda is the highest object of worship".
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
167 "Laozi, a philosopher who wrote a small book called "The Way"..."
"According to tradition, it was written around 6th century BC by the Taoist sage Laozi (or Lao
Tzu, "Old Master"), a record-keeper at the Zhou Dynasty court, by whose name the text is
known in China. Tao Te Ching is a Chinese classic text. Its name comes from the opening
words of its two sections: 
 dào "way," and  dé "virtue".
This ancient book is also central in Chinese religion, not only for Taoism (Dàojiāo 
) but
Chinese Buddhism, which when first introduced into China was largely interpreted through
the use of Taoist words and concepts. Many Chinese artists, including poets, painters, 
270

calligraphers, and even gardeners have used the Tao Te Ching as a source of inspiration. Its
influence has also spread widely outside East Asia, aided by hundreds of translations into
Western languages."
Tao is nameless. (Tao) goes beyond distinctions, and transcends language.
Laozi describes a state of existence before time or space:
"The Way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;
The names that can be named are not unvarying names.
It was from the Nameless that heaven and Earth sprang;
The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures.
Each after its kind."
"The Spirit never dies.
It is the Mysterious Female.
The doorway of the Mysterious Female
Is the base from which Heaven and Earth sprang.
It is there within us, all the while;
Draw upon it as you will.
It never runs dry.
We put spokes together and call it a wheel;
But it is on the space where there is nothing that the value of the wheel depends.
We turn clay to make a vessel;
But it is on the space where there is nothing that the value of the vessel depends.
We pierce doors and windows to make a house;
And it is on these spaces where there is nothing that the value of the house
depends.
Therefore just as we take advantage of what is,
 we should recognize the value of what is not.
Knowing others is wisdom;
Knowing the self is enlightenment.
Mastering others requires force;
Mastering the self requires strength;
He who knows he has enough is rich.
Perseverance is a sign of will power.
He who stays where he is, endures.
To die but not to perish is to be eternally present."
Many believe the Tao Te Ching contains universal truths that have been independently
recognized in other philosophies, both religious and secular."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
168 "...Genesis..."
"Genesis (Greek: "birth", "origin") is the first book of the Bible of Judaism and of Christianity,
and the first of five books of the Pentateuch or Torah.
"1 Now it came about, when men began to multiply on the face of the land, and daughters
were born to them, 
271

2 that the "sons of God" saw that the daughters of men were beautiful; and they took wives
for themselves, whomever they chose.
3 Then Yaweh said, “My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh;
nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years.”
4 The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the "sons of God"
came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty
men who were of old, men of renown.
5 Then Yaweh saw that the wickedness of man was great on the earth, and that every intent
of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually."
-- Reference: http://bible.cc/genesis/6-4.htm
169 "... Omphalos stones..."
"An omphalos is an ancient religious stone artifact, or baetylusr. In Greek, the word
omphalos means "navel" (compare the name of Queen Omphale). According to the ancient
Greeks, Zeus sent out two eagles to fly across the world to meet at its center, the "navel" of
the world. Omphalos stones used to denote this point were erected in several areas
surrounding the Mediterranean Sea; the most famous of those was at the oracle in Delphi.
Most accounts locate the Omphalos in the temple adyton near the Pythia. The stone itself
(which may have been a copy) has a carving of a knotted net covering its surface, and has a
hollow centre, which widens towards its base
The Omphalos at Delphi came to be identified as the stone which Rhea wrapped in
swaddling clothes, pretending it was Zeus. This was to deceive Cronus, his father, who
swallowed his children so they could not grow up and depose him as he had deposed his
own father, Uranus. Omphalos stones were said to allow direct communication with
"the gods".
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
170 "...Python, the serpent..."
"In Greek mythology Python, serpent, was the earth-dragon of Delphi, always represented
in sculpture and vase-paintings as a serpent. She resided at the Delphic oracle, which
existed in the cult center for her mother, Gaia, Earth, Pytho being the place name. The site
was considered the center of the earth, represented by a stone, the omphalos or navel,
which Python guarded. Pytho became the enemy of the later Olympian deity Apollo, who
slew her and remade her former home and the oracle, the most famous in Classical Greece,
as his own. Many pictures show the serpent Python guarding the Omphalos, the sacred
navel-stone and mid-point of the earth, which stood in Apollo's temple".
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
171 "...Cyrus II of Persia..."
Cyrus the Great (c. 590 BC or 576 — August 529 BC or 530 BC), also known as Cyrus II
of Persia and Cyrus the Elder, was a Persian emperor. He was the founder of the Persian 
272

Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. The empire expanded under his rule, eventually
conquering most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia, from Egypt and the
Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, to create the largest state the world
had yet seen.
During his twenty-nine year reign, Cyrus fought against some of the greatest states of his
time, including the Median Empire, the Lydian Empire, and the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, as he himself died in battle, fighting the Massagetae along
the Syr Darya in August 530 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who
managed to conquer Egypt during his short rule.
Beyond his nation, Cyrus left a lasting legacy on Jewish religion (through his Edict of
Restoration), politics, and military strategy, as well as on both Eastern and Western
civilization.
The only known example of his religious policy is his treatment of the Jews in Babylon. The
Bible records that a remnant of the Jewish population returned to the Promised Land from
Babylon, following an edict from Cyrus to rebuild the temple. This edict is fully reproduced in
the Book of Ezra. As a result of Cyrus' policies, the Jews honored him as a dignified
and righteous king. He is the only Gentile to be designated as a messiah, a divinelyappointed king, in the Tanakh (Isaiah 45:1-6).
Some contemporary Muslim scholars have suggested that the Qur'anic figure of DhulQarnayn is Cyrus the Great. This theory was proposed by Sunni scholar Abul Kalam Azad
and endorsed by Shi'a scholars Allameh Tabatabaei, in his Tafsir al-Mizan and Makarem
Shirazi and Sunni scholar Abul Ala Maududi.
During his reign, Cyrus maintained control over a vast region of conquered kingdoms,
achieved partly through retaining and expanding Median satrapies. Cyrus' conquests
began a new era in the age of empire building, where a vast superstate, comprising
many dozens of countries, races, religions, and languages, were ruled under a single
administration headed by a central government.
In 1992, he was ranked #87 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history.
On December 10, 2003, in her acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize, Shirin Ebadi evoked
Cyrus, saying:
"I am an Iranian, a descendant of Cyrus the Great. This emperor proclaimed at the
pinnacle of power 2,500 years ago that he 'would not reign over the people if they did
not wish it.' He promised not to force any person to change his religion and faith and
guaranteed freedom for all. The Charter of Cyrus the Great should be studied in the
history of human rights."
Many of the forefathers of the United States of America sought inspiration from Cyrus the
Great through works such as Cyropaedia. Thomas Jefferson, for example, had two personal
copies of the book, "which was a mandatory read for statesmen alongside Machiavelli's The
Prince."
In a recent segment of ABC's Nightline with Ted Koppel, Ted Koppel mentioned Cyrus the
Great, when he was talking about the new documentary film being made in his honor, and
had this to say of him: 
273

“Cyrus the Great is genuinely one of history's towering figures. America's own
founders such as Thomas Jefferson were influenced by Cyrus the Great in the field of
Human Rights.”
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
172 "... unique system of organization used by Cyrus II..."
"During his reign, Cyrus maintained control over a vast region of conquered kingdoms,
achieved partly through retaining and expanding Median satrapies. Further organization of
newly conquered territories into provinces ruled by vassal kings called satraps, was
continued by Cyrus' successor Darius the Great. Cyrus' empire demanded only tribute
and conscripts from many parts of the realm.
Cyrus was distinguished equally as a statesman and as a soldier. By pursuing a
policy of generosity instead of repression, and by favoring local religions, he was able
to make his newly conquered subjects into enthusiastic supporters. Due in part to the
political infrastructure he created, the Achaemenid empire endured long after his demise.
The rise of Persia under Cyrus's rule had a profound impact on the course of world
history. Persian philosophy, literature and religion all played dominant roles in world
events for the next millennia. Despite the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century CE
by the Islamic Caliphate (Arab Empire), Persia continued to exercise enormous influence
in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
173 "... tree of life...."
"Trees of life appear in folklore, culture and fiction, often relating to immortality. These
often hold cultural and religious significance to the peoples for whom they appear.
The Sumerian (or Persian) Tree of Life was represented by a series of nodes and crisscrossing lines. It was an important religious symbol among these peoples, often attended
to by Eagle Headed Gods & Priests, or the King himself.
• In Chinese mythology a carving of a Tree of Life depicts a phoenix and a dragon -
in Chinese mythology the dragon often represents immortality. There is also the
Taoist story of a tree that produces a peach every three thousand years. The one
who eats the fruit receives immortality.
• An archaeological discovery in the 1990s was of a sacrificial pit at Sanxingdui in
Sechuan, China. Dating from about 1200 BCE, it contained 3 bronze trees, one
of them 4 meters high. At the base was a dragon, and fruit hanging from the lower
branches. At the top is a strange bird-like (phoenix) creature with claws. Also from
Sechuan, from the late Han dynasty (c 25 - 220 CE) is another tree of life. The
ceramic base is guarded by a horned beast with wings. The leaves of the tree are
coins and people.
• In Egyptian mythology, in the Ennead system of Heliopolis, the first couple, apart
from Shu & Tefnut (moisture & dryness) and Geb & Nuit (earth & sky), are Isis &
Osiris. They were said to have emerged from the acacia tree of Saosis, which the
Egyptians considered the tree of life, referring to it as the "tree in which life
and death are enclosed". 
274

• The Egyptian's Holy Sycamore also stood on the threshold of life and death,
connecting the two worlds.
• In Germanic paganism, trees played a prominent role, appearing in various
aspects of surviving texts and possibly in the name of gods.
• The tree of life appears in Norse religion as Yggdrasil, the world tree, a massive
tree with extensive lore surrounding it. Perhaps related to the Yggdrasil, accounts
have survived of Germanic Tribes honouring sacred trees within their societies.
• In Norse Mythology it is the golden apples from Iðunn's tree that provides
immortality for the gods.
• The Tree of Life is mentioned in the Books of Genesis, in which it has the
potential to grant immortality to Adam and Eve. (However, it is not immediately
obvious, nor is it universally accepted, that the Book of Genesis account and the
Book of Revelation account speak of the same Tree of Life.)
• A Tree of Life, in the form of ten interconnected nodes, is an important part of
the Kabbalah. As such, it resembles the ten Sephirot.
• The Tree of Life appears in the Book of Mormon in a revelation to Lehi (see 1 Nephi
8:10-12). It is symbolic of the love of God (see 1 Nephi 11:21-23), and sometimes
understood as salvation and post-mortal existence.
• Etz Chaim, Hebrew for "Tree of Life", is a common term used in Judaism. The
expression, found in the Book of Proverbs, is figuratively applied to the Torah itself.
• Among pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures, the concept of "world trees" is a
prevalent motif in Mesoamerican mythical cosmologies and iconography. World
trees embodied the four cardinal directions, which represented also the fourfold
nature of a central world tree, a symbolic axis mundi connecting the planes of
the Underworld and the sky with that of the terrestrial world.
• Depictions of world trees, both in their directional and central aspects, are found in
the art and mythological traditions of cultures such as the Maya, Aztec,
Izapan, Mixtec, Olmec, and others, dating to at least the Mid/Late Formative
periods of Mesoamerican chronology.
• Directional world trees are also associated with the four Year bearers in
Mesoamerican calendars, and the directional colors and deities.
• World trees are frequently depicted with birds in their branches, and their roots
extending into earth or water (sometimes atop a "water-monster", symbolic of
the underworld).
• The central world tree has also been interpreted as a representation of the band
of the Milky Way. Fragment of a bronze helmet from Urartu, with the "Tree of Life"
depicted.
• In ancient Armrenia around 13th to 6th century BC, the Tree of Life was a
religious symbol, drawn onto the exterior walls of fortresses and carved on the
armour of warriors. The branches of the tree were equally divided on the right and
left sides of the stem, with each branch having one leaf, and one leaf on the apex of
the tree. Servants (some winged) stood on each side of the tree with one of their
hands up as if they are taking care of it. This tree can be found on numerous Urartu
artifacts, such as paintings on the walls of the Erebuni fortress in Yerevan, Armenia.
• The symbolism of the tree is mentioned in the 135th hymn of the 10th book of
Rig-Veda, and in the 15th chapter of Bhagavad-gita (1-4).
• In the Japanese religion of Shinto, trees were marked with sacred paper
symbolizing lightning bolts, as trees were thought to be sacred. This was 
275

propagated by the fact that after they passed (died), ancestors and animals
were often portrayed as branches on the tree.
• The Book of One Thousand and One Nights has a story, 'The Tale of Buluqiya',
in which the hero searches for immortality and finds a paradise with jewelencrusted trees. Nearby is a Fountain of Youth guarded by Al-Khidr. Unable to
defeat the guard, Buluqiya has to return empty-handed.
• The Epic of Gilgamesh is a similar quest for immortality. In Mesopotamian
mythology, Etana searches for a 'plant of birth' to provide him with a son. This has
a solid provenance of antiquity, being found in cylinder seals from Akkad (2390 -
2249 BCE).
• One of the earliest forms of ancient Greek religion has its origins associated with
tree cults.
In mystical traditions of world religions, sacred texts are read for metaphorical content
concerning the relationship between states of mind and the external experience of
reality. As such, the tree is a manifestation/causal symbol - the Tree of Life representing
the coveted state of eternal aliveness or fulfillment, not immortality of the body or
soul. In such a state, physical death (which cannot be overcome) is nevertheless a
choice, and direct experience of the perfect goodness/divine reality/god is not only
possible, but ever present.
Once the ego (surface consciousness) experiences shame, having been tempted to absorb
or believe in duality (such as eating of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil), we are
protected from living eternally in that limiting, fallen, experience by the cherubim guarding
the gate of return to paradise. The cherubim are symbolic of the perfect knowledge of
self or true nature, with the power of purification and return to being."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
174 "... the carvings show cone-shaped instruments, and electronic detection devices
which are stylized as baskets or water buckets, being carried by eagle headed,
winged beings...."
EDITOR'S NOTE: Excellent photographs of these can be viewed at the following website:
http://www.crystalinks.com/godswaterbuckets.html
175 "... faravahar..."
"The faravahar or farohar (transliteration varies) is one of the best-known symbols of
Zoroastrianism.
The winged disc has a long history in the art and culture of the ancient Near and Middle
East. Historically, the symbol is influenced by the "winged sun" hieroglyph appearing on
Bronze Age royal seals. While the symbol is currently thought to represent a Fravashi (c.
a guardian angel) and from which it derives its name, what it represented in the minds of
those who adapted it from earlier Mesopotamian and Egyptian reliefs is unclear. Because
the symbol first appears on royal inscriptions, it is also thought to represent the 'Divine
Royal Glory' (khvarenah), or the Fravashi of the king, or represented the divine mandate
that was the foundation of a king's authority. 
276

This relationship between the name of the symbol and the class of divine entities reflects
the current belief that the symbol represents a Fravashi. However, there is no physical
description of the Fravashis in the Avesta and in Avestan the entities are
grammatically feminine.
Prior to the reign of Darius I, the symbol did not have a human form above the wings.
In present-day Zoroastrianism, the faravahar is said to be a reminder of one's purpose in
life, which is to live in such a way that the soul progresses towards frasho-kereti, or
union with Ahura Mazda."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
176 "...Oannes..."
"Oannes was the name given by the Babylonian writer Berossus in the 3rd century BC to a
mythical being who taught mankind wisdom. Berossus describes Oannes as having the body
of a fish but underneath the figure of a man. He is described as dwelling in the Persian Gulf,
and rising out of the waters in the daytime and furnishing mankind instruction in writing, the
arts and the various sciences.
Once thought to be based on the ancient Babylonian god Ea, it is now known that Oannes is
in fact based on Uan (Adapa) - the first of the seven antediluvian sages or Abgallu (in
Sumerian Ab=water, Gal=Great, Lu=man), who were sent by Ea to deliver the arts of
civilization to mankind in ancient Sumerian mythology, at Eridu, the oldest city of Sumer."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
177 "Some members of the lost Battalion have been found in the oceans inhabiting the
bodies of dolphins or whales."
Dolphins have long played a role in human culture. Dolphins are common in Greek
mythology and there are many coins from the time which feature a man or boy riding on the
back of a dolphin. The Ancient Greeks treated them with welcome; a ship spotting dolphins
riding in their wake was considered a good omen for a smooth voyage. Dolphins also seem
to have been important to the Minoans, judging by artistic evidence from the ruined
palace at Knossos. In Hindu mythology, the Ganges River Dolphin is associated with
Ganga, the deity of the Ganges river.
Dolphins are often regarded as one of Earth's most intelligent animals, though it is hard
to say just how intelligent dolphins are, as comparisons of species' relative intelligence
are complicated by differences in sensory apparatus, response modes, and nature of
cognition. Furthermore, the difficulty and expense of doing experimental work with large
aquatics means that some tests which could yield meaningful results still have not been
carried out, or have been carried out with inadequate sample size and methodology. Dolphin
behavior has been studied extensively by humans however, both in captivity and in the wild."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
178 "... The Anunnaki..."
"The Anunnaki are a group of Sumerian and Akkadian deities related to, and in some cases
overlapping with, the Annuna (the 'Fifty Great Gods') and the Igigi (minor gods), 
277

meaning something to the effect of 'those of royal blood' or 'princely offspring' or
"heaven and earth".
The Annunaki appear in the Babylonian creation myth, Enuma Elish. In the late version
magnifying Marduk, after the creation of mankind, Marduk divides the Anunnaki and
assigns them to their proper stations, three hundred in heaven, three hundred on the
earth. The Anunnaki were the High Council of the Gods, and Anu's companions. They
were distributed through the Earth and the Underworld."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
179 "... flying on a "Winged-Disc". "
"The winged sun is a symbol associated with divinity, royalty and power in the Ancient
Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia). The symbol has also been found in
the records of ancient cultures residing in various regions of South America as well as
Australia.
In Ancient Egypt, the symbol is attested from the Old Kingdom (Sneferu, 26th century BC),
often flanked on either side with a uraeus. In early Egyptian religion, the symbol Behedeti
represented Horus of Edfu, later identified with Ra-Harachte. It is sometimes depicted on the
neck of Apis, the bull of Ptah. As time passed (according to interpretation) all of the
subordinated gods of Egypt were considered to be aspects of the sun god, including e.g.
Khepri.
From roughly 2000 BC, the symbol spread to the Levant and to Mesopotamia. It appears in
reliefs with Assyrian rulers and in Hieroglyphic Anatolian as a symbol for royalty,
transcribed as literally, "his own self, the Sun". From ca. the 8th century BC, it appears on
Hebrew seals, by now as a generic symbol for "power". The symbol evolved into the
Faravahar (the "visual aspect of Ahura Mazda") in Zoroastrian Persia."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
180 "... he established a high standard of ethical, and humanitarian philosophy..."
"Up to the time of the conquest of Media by Cyrus the Great, Median emperors ruled their
conquered territories as provinces, through client kings and governors. One of the keys to
the Achaemenid success (as with most enduring great empires) was their open
attitude to the culture and religion of the conquered people, so ironically the Persian
culture was the one most affected as the Great King endeavored to melt elements
from all his subjects into a new imperial style."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
181 "... Teotihuacan..."
"Several authors, including Zecharia Sitchin and Graham Hancock, have repeated each
other’s argument that there are major correspondences between the pyramids of Gizeh and
those of Teotihuacan. The Pyramid of the Sun is 225m wide and 65 m high, constructed out
of five successive layers of mud. Its ascent is via 242 stairs. The floor plan is rather close to
that of the Pyramid of Khufu at Gizeh. The Pyramid of the Moon is much smaller: 42 m high
and 150 m wide, yet its summit is as high as that of Sun, because it sits on the site’s highest 
278

point. This feature can also be seen in Gizeh, where Khufu’s and Khafre’s pyramid reach an
equal height, even though one is taller than the other.
The most obvious comparison, however, is that the layout of both the three pyramids at
Gizeh and the three main structures of Teotihuacan represent the Belt of Orion. The Pyramid
of the Moon compares with the smallest pyramid on the plateau, the Sun Pyramid with
Khafre and the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, which has the largest ground plan, but never was
built into a full pyramid, compares with that of Khufu.
Though there are individual differences, I would suggest that the same ingredients have
been used, answering to the same general ground plan: to represent the Belt of Orion, which
in ancient Egypt was the symbol of Horus (not Osiris as Adrian Gilbert and Robert Bauval
have argued) and in the Mayan culture was part of the creation mythology. Local legends
stated that the complex was built to transform men into gods. For sure, an “alien space
station” could be an interpretation of that, but it is clear that the answer needs to be located
in the domain of religion.
On May 17, ca. 150 AD, the Pleiades rose just before the Sun in the predawn skies. This
synchronization, known as the heliacal rising of the Pleiades, only lasted approx. 100 year. It
is now suggested that it was this event that was at the origin of Teotihuacan. The sun and
the Pleiades are important in the religious rituals. The Sun-Pleiades zenith conjunction
marked what is known as the New Fire ceremony. Bernardino de Sahugun’s Aztec
informants stated that the ceremony occurred at the end of every 52 year Calendar Round.
The Aztecs and their predecessors had carefully observed the Pleiades, and on the
expected night they were supposed to pass through the zenith, precisely at midnight, when
the ceremony was performed."
-- Reference: http://www.philipcoppens.com/orionimage.html
182 "... al-Hassan ibn-al-Sabbah..."
"The story is that al-Hassan ibn-al-Sabbah used hashish to enlist the aid of young men into
his private army known as assassins (aschishin - or follower of Hassan). One of the primary
sources for this information comes from the writings of Marco Polo who visited the area in
1273, almost 150 years after the reign of Al-Hassan.
There are many conflicting facts and sources for this information.
In the early 11th century, al-Hassan became the head of the Persian sect of the Ismailians, a
rather obscure party of fanatics which gained local power under his guidance. In 1090, alHassan and his followers seized the castle of Alamut, in the province of Rudbar, which lies in
the mountainous region south of the Caspian Sea. It was from this mountain home that he
obtained evil celebrity among the Crusaders as "the old man of the mountains", and spread
terror through the Mohammedan world.
In the account given by Marco Polo in "The Adventures [or Travels] of Marco Polo" it is told
that "The Old Man kept at his court such boys of twelve years old as seemed to him destined
to become courageous men. When the Old Man sent them into the garden in groups of four,
ten or twenty, he gave them hashish to drink. They slept for three days, then they were
carried sleeping into the garden where he had them awakened. 
279

"When these young men woke, and found themselves in the garden with all these marvelous
things, they truly believed themselves to be in paradise. And these damsels were always
with them in songs and great entertainments; they; received everything they asked for, so
that they would never have left that garden of their own will."
-- Reference: http://www.alamut.com/subj/ideologies/alamut/etymolAss.html
183 "... Knights Templar..."
"The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon commonly known as
the Knights Templar were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders.
The organization existed for approximately two centuries in the Middle Ages. It was founded
in the aftermath of the First Crusade of 1096 to ensure the safety of the many Europeans
who made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem after its conquest.
Around 1119, two veterans of the First Crusade, the French knight Hugues de Payens and
his relative Godfrey de Saint-Omer, proposed the creation of a monastic order for the
protection of the pilgrims. King Baldwin II of Jerusalem agreed to their request, and gave
them space for a headquarters on the Temple Mount, in the captured Al Aqsa Mosque. The
Temple Mount had a mystique, because it was above what was believed to be the ruins of
the Temple of Solomon. The Crusaders therefore referred to the Al Aqsa Mosque as
Solomon's Temple, and it was from this location that the Order took the name of Poor
Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon, or "Templar" knights. The Order, with about
nine knights, had few financial resources and relied on donations to survive. Their emblem
was of two knights riding on a single horse, emphasizing the Order's poverty.
The Templars' impoverished status did not last long. They had a powerful advocate in
Bernard of Clairvaux, a leading Church figure and a nephew of one of the founding knights.
He spoke and wrote persuasively on their behalf, and in 1129 at the Council of Troyes, the
Order was officially endorsed by the Church. With this formal blessing, the Templars became
a favored charity across Europe, receiving money, land, businesses, and noble-born sons
from families who were eager to help with the fight in the Holy Land. Another major benefit
came in 1139, when Pope Innocent II's papal bull Omne Datum Optimum exempted the
Order from obedience to local laws. This ruling meant that the Templars could pass freely
through all borders, were not required to pay any taxes, and were exempt from all
authority except that of the Pope.
With its clear mission and ample resources, the Order grew rapidly. Templars were often the
advance force in key battles of the Crusades, as the knights on their heavily armed
warhorses would set out to gallop full speed at the enemy, in an attempt to break opposition
lines. One of their most famous victories was in 1177 during the Battle of Montgisard, where
some 500 Templar knights helped to defeat Saladin's army of more than 26,000 soldiers.
Although the primary mission of the Order was military, relatively few members were
combatants. The others acted in support positions to assist the knights and to
manage the financial infrastructure. The Templar Order, though its members were
sworn to individual poverty, was given control of wealth beyond direct donations. A
nobleman who was interested in participating in the Crusades might place all his
assets under Templar management while he was away. Accumulating wealth in this
manner across Europe and the Outremer, the Order in 1150 began generating letters of
credit for pilgrims journeying to the Holy Land: pilgrims deposited their valuables with a
local Templar preceptory before embarking, received an encrypted document indicating 
280

the value of their deposit, then used that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to retrieve
their funds. This innovative arrangement may have been the first formal system to
support the use of cheques; it improved the safety of pilgrims by making them less
attractive targets for thieves, and also contributed to the Templar coffers.
Based on this mix of donations and business dealing, the Templar established financial
networks across the whole of Christendom. They acquired large tracts of land, both in
Europe and the Middle East; they bought and managed farms and vineyards; they built
churches and castles; they were involved in manufacturing, import and export; they had their
own fleet of ships; and at one point they even owned the entire island of Cyrprus. The
Templar arguably qualifies as the world's first multinational corporation."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
184 " The Knights Templar were disbanded by King Philip IV of France, who was
deeply in debt to the Order."
"King Philip was already deeply in debt to the Templars from his war with the English and
decided to seize upon the rumors for his own purposes. He began pressuring the Church to
take action against the Order, as a way of freeing himself from his debts.
On Friday October 13, 1307 (a date linked with the origin of the Friday the 13th
superstition), Philip ordered de Molay and scores of other French Templars to be
simultaneously arrested. The Templars were charged with numerous heresies and tortured
to extract false confessions of blasphemy. The confessions, despite having been obtained
under duress, caused a scandal in Paris. After more bullying from Philip, Pope Clement then
issued the bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae on November 22, 1307, which instructed all
Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets.
Pope Clement called for papal hearings to determine the Templars' guilt or innocence, and
once freed of the Inquisitors' torture, many Templars recanted their confessions. Some had
sufficient legal experience to defend themselves in the trials, but in 1310 Philip blocked this
attempt, using the previously forced confessions to have dozens of Templars burned at the
stake in Paris.
With the last of the Order's leaders gone, the remaining Templars around Europe were
either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation (with virtually none convicted),
absorbed into other military orders such as the Knights Hospitaller, or pensioned and
allowed to live out their days peacefully. Some may have fled to other territories outside
Papal control, such as excommunicated Scotland or to Switzerland.
It is estimated that at the Order's peak there were between 15,000 and 20,000
Templars, of whom about a tenth were actual knights."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
185 "The Templars fled to Switzerland where they established an international banking
system..." 
281

"Banking in Switzerland is characterized by stability, privacy and protection of clients'
assets and information. The country's tradition of bank secrecy, which dates to the
Middle Ages.
According to the CIA World Factbook, Switzerland is "a major international financial
centre vulnerable to the layering and integration stages of money laundering; despite
significant legislation and reporting requirements, secrecy rules persist and
nonresidents are permitted to conduct business through offshore entities and various
intermediaries..."
In 1998, an international panel of historians released a study that claimed a significant
amount of gold had been stolen from Holocaust victims, as well as the treasuries of
conquered countries, and deposited in the Swiss National Bank. The panel found that,
despite evidence of theft and wrongful acquisition of the gold, the SNB continued to accept
the deposits. In 2000, a United States District Court judge approved a US$1.85 billion
settlement between several Swiss banks and Holocaust victims."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
186 "A primary influence of "Old Empire" operatives is on international bankers..."
EDITOR'S NOTE: The most famous example of this kind of activity is the "Bilderberg
Conference". See the following reference to this organization from Wikipedia.org:
"The Bilderberg Group or Bilderberg conference is an unofficial annual invitation-only
conference of around 130 guests, most of whom are persons of influence in the fields of
business, media and politics.
The elite group meets annually at luxury hotels or resorts throughout the world — normally
in Europe — and once every four years in the United States or Canada. It has an office in
Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands. The 2007 conference took place from May 31 to June 3
at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Istanbul, Turkey.
Attendees of Bilderberg include central bankers, defense experts, mass media press
barons, government ministers, prime ministers, royalty, international financiers and
political leaders from Europe and North America.
Some of the Western world's leading financiers and foreign policy strategists attend
Bilderberg. Donald Rumsfeld is an active Bilderberger, as is Peter Sutherland from Ireland,
a former European Union commissioner and chairman of Goldman Sachs and of British
Petroleum. Rumsfeld and Sutherland served together in 2000 on the board of the
Swedish/Swiss engineering company ABB. Former U.S. Deputy Defense Secretary and
former World Bank head Paul Wolfowitz is also a member. The group's current chairman
is Etienne Davignon, the Belgian businessman and politician.
Critics say the Bilderberg Group promotes the careers of politicians whose views are
representative of the interests of multinational corporations, at the expense of
democracy.
The group's secrecy and its connections to power elites has provided fodder for many who
believe that the group is part of a conspiracy to create a New World Order. 
282

Radio host Alex Jones promotes the theory that the group intends to dissolve the
sovereignty of the United States and other countries into a supra-national structure similar to
the European Union. Madrid-based author Daniel Estulin claims that the long-term purpose
of Bilderberg is to "Build a One-World Empire". He states the group "is not the end but the
means to a future One World Government". Another opponent of the group, Tony Gosling,
has registered the domain name Bilderberg.org, largely hosting material critical of
Bilderberg.
Reporter Jonathan Duffy, writing in BBC News Online Magazine states "In the void created
by such aloofness, an extraordinary conspiracy theory has grown up around the group that
alleges the fate of the world is largely decided by Bilderberg."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
187 " A primary influence of "Old Empire" operatives on international bankers is to act
as an unseen, non-combatant provocateur who covertly promote and finance
weapons and warfare..."
(EDITOR'S NOTE: An excellent modern example of this activity has been documented in
the World War II financing of Nazis by (Prescott Bush, Director of Union Banking
Corp.) the patriarch of President George Bush and his son, President George W.
Bush.:
"On October 20, 1942, the U.S. government ordered the seizure of Nazi German banking
operations in New York City that were being conducted by Prescott Bush, the father of
former president George Herbert Walker Bush.
Harriman Bank was the main Wall Street connection for several German companies and the
varied U.S. financial interests of Fritz Thyssen. Thyssen had been an early financial backer
of the Nazi party until 1938, but by 1939 had fled Germany and was bitterly denouncing
Hitler. He was later jailed by the Nazis for his opposition to the regime. Business
transactions with Germany were not illegal when Hitler declared war on the United States on
December 11, 1941, but, six days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin
Delano Roosevelt signed the Trading With the Enemy Act after it had been made public that
U.S. companies were doing business with the declared enemy of the United States.
On October 20, 1942, the U.S. government ordered the seizure of German banking
operations in New York City. Roosevelt's Alien Property Custodian, Leo T. Crowley, signed
Vesting Order Number 248 seizing Bush's property under the Trading with the Enemy Act.
The order cited only the Union Banking Corporation (UBC), of which Bush was a director
and held one share, which had connections with a Dutch bank owned by Thyssen.
Fox News has reported that recently declassified material reveals that the 4,000 Union
Banking shares owned by the Dutch bank were registered in the names of the seven U.S.
directors, according to a document signed by Homer Jones, chief of the division of
investigation and research of the Office of Alien Property Custodian, a World War II-era
agency. By 1941 Thyssen no longer had control over his banking empire, which was in the
hands of the Nazi government.
• E. Roland Harriman – 3991 shares (managed and under voting control of
Prescott Bush)
• Cornelis Lievense – 4 shares (He was the New York banker of the Nazi Party) 
283

• Harold D. Pennington – 1 share (Employed by Prescott Bush at Brown Brothers
Harriman)
• Ray Morris – 1 share (a business partner of the Bush and Harriman families)
• Prescott S. Bush – 1 share (director of UBC, which was co-founded and
sponsored by his father-in-law George Walker; senior managing partner for E.
Roland Harriman and Averell Harriman)
• H.J. Kouwenhoven – 1 share (organized UBC for Von Thyssen, managed UBC in
Nazi occupied Netherlands)
• Johann G. Groeninger – 1 share (German Industrial Executive, a not unimportant
member of the Nazi party)
Both E. Roland Harriman and Prescott Bush were members of Skull and Bones as well
as being members of the board of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co..
The Harriman business interests seized under the act in October and November 1942
included:
• Union Banking Corporation (UBC) (for Thyssen and Brown Brothers Harriman). The
President of UBC at that time was George Herbert Walker, Bush's father-in-law.
• Dutch-American Trading Corporation (with Harriman)
• the Seamless Steel Equipment Corporation (with Harriman)
• Silesian-American Corporation (this company was partially owned by a German
entity; during the war the Germans tried to take full control of Silesian-American. In
response to that, the American government seized German owned minority shares
in the company, leaving the U.S. partners to carry on the business.)
The assets were held by the government for the duration of the war, then returned afterward.
UBC was dissolved in 1951. Bush was on the board of directors of UBC and held one
share in the company. For it, he was reimbursed $1,500,000.(a huge amount of money
at the time - but there is no documentary evidence to support this claim) These
supposed assets were later used to launch Bush family investments in the Texas
energy industry.
Toby Rogers has claimed that Bush's connections to Silesian businesses (with Thyssen and
Flick) make him complicit with the mining operations in Nazi-occupied Poland which used
slave labor out of Oświęcim, where the Auschwitz concentration camp was later constructed.
The New York Herald-Tribune referred to Thyssen as "Hitler's Angel" and mentioned
Bush as an employee of the investment banking firm Thyssen used in the United
States. Some records in the National Archives, including the Harriman papers, document
the continued relationship of Brown Brothers Harriman with Thyssen and some of his
German investments up until his 1951 death. Investigator John Loftus has said, "As a
former federal prosecutor, I would make a case for Prescott Bush, his father-in-law
(George Walker) and Averell Harriman [to be prosecuted] for giving aid and comfort to
the enemy. They remained on the boards of these companies knowing that they were
of financial benefit to the nation of Germany."
Two former slave laborers from Poland have filed suit in London against the
government of the United States and the heirs of Prescott Bush in the amount of $40
billion. A class-action lawsuit filed in the U.S. in 2001 was dismissed based on the principle
of state sovereignty. 
284

Prescott Bush connection to the Merchants of Death industry came from his father Samuel
P. Bush who worked for Buckeye Steel Castings Company which manufactured railway
parts for the railroad industry and barrels for guns and casings for shells for Remington
Arms."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
There are also many well documented books which detail the relationship between
Swiss Banks the Nazi war machine:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume VI: The Global War (Germany and the
Second World War by Horst Boog, Werner Rahn, and Reinhard Stumpf
The complicity of the Swiss banks and government in funding the Nazi regime was
known at the end of World War II. Read the details on the following website:
http://www.religioustolerance.org/holo_apol.htm
"The Secret War Against the Jews, Unholy Trinity (By Mark Aarons, John Loftus) tells
one of the darkest tales of World War II. After the war had ended, fearing a surge of Soviet
growth, the Papacy entered into an espionage alliance with British and American intelligence
agents. Subsuming justice to the nascent Cold War ideology, these three powers ferreted
Nazi criminals out of Europe so that they could be used in the supposedly greater fight
against Communism. The Vatica's Nazi smuggling network was penetrated by Prince Anton
Turkul, the great Soviet double agent who turned the operations into a sting for his masters
in the Kremlin. Unholy Trinity exposes Turkul's "Red Nazi" operation for the first time and
shows how Kim Philby, the infamous British-Soviet double agent, and his network were
nearly sacrificed to preserve Turkul's Vatican operation. Exploring the Vatican's role in aiding
Nazi criminals to escape punishment for their crimes, this book, originally published in 1991,
first revealed the Vatican--Swiss bank connection to Nazi gold and documented the hidden
links to Western investors in Nazi Germany. Since 1991, major revelations about the role of
Swiss banks have confirmed Unholy Trinity's expose of the flight of the Nazi's stolen
treasures; the new introduction and new final chapters, written by Aarons and Loftus for this
edition, bring the book completely up to date and show how the media have missed the vital
Vatican connection in the Swiss-bank story. Among other things, the authors demonstrate
that U.S. and British code-breakers were fully aware of the Holocaust as early as 1941 but
lied to the Western press; that the code-breakers bugged the Swiss banks and then buried
secrets of Nazi gold transfers to protect U.S. intelligence chief Allen Dulles; and that the
Australian, British, and Canadian governments are still waging a campaign to keep their
citizens ignorant about the Nazi war criminals living among them. Covers all these topics and
more, Unholy Trinity is the definitive history of a series of profoundly disturbing cover-ups
involving the Holy See, Allen Dulles, the Swiss banks, and the remnants of the Third Reich."
-- Reference:
http://books.google.com/books?id=HXxew8zc1GQC&vq=secret+war+funding,+Swiss+Banks
&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
Otto Nathan (1893-1987) was an economist who taught at Princeton University (1933-35),
New York University (1935-42), Vassar College (1942-44), and Howard University (1946-
52). Dr. Nathan was a close friend of Albert Einstein for many years and was designated by
Einstein as co-trustee of his literary estate with Helen Dukas. Otto Nathan was the author of
the following books which detail the Swiss Banks involvement in WW II: 
285

Nazi War Finance and Banking Our Economy in War. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1944. Paperback: ASIN B000J0VXBG.
The Nazi Economic System: Germany's Mobilization for War. New York: Russell &
Russell, 1971. Hardcover textbook: ISBN 0-846-21501-2, ISBN 978-0-84621-501-1"
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
188 "...Bloodletting..."
"Bloodletting is one of the oldest medical practices, having been practiced among diverse
ancient peoples, including the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Mayans, and
the Aztecs. In Greece, bloodletting was in use around the time of Hippocrates, who mentions
bloodletting but in general relied on dietary techniques. Erasistratus, however, theorized that
many diseases were caused by plethoras, or overabundances, in the blood, and advised
that these plethoras be treated, initially, by exercise, sweating, reduced food intake, and
vomiting. Herophilus advocated bloodletting. Archagathus, one of the first Greek physicians
to practice in Rome, practiced bloodletting extensively and gained a most sanguinary
reputation.
The popularity of bloodletting in Greece was reinforced by the ideas of Galen, after he
discovered the veins and arteries were filled with blood, not air as was commonly believed at
the time. There were two key concepts in his system of bloodletting. The first was that blood
was created and then used up, it did not circulate and so it could 'stagnate' in the
extremities. The second was that humoral balance was the basis of illness or health, the four
humours being blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile, relating to the four Greek classical
elements of air, water, earth and fire. Galen believed that blood was the dominant humour
and the one in most need of control. In order to balance the humours, a physician would
either remove 'excess' blood (plethora) from the patient or give them an emetic to induce
vomiting, or a diuretic to induce urination.
Bloodletting was especially popular in the young United States of America, where Benjamin
Rush (a signatory of the Declaration of Independence) saw the state of the arteries as the
key to disease, recommending levels of blood-letting that were high, even for the time.
George Washington was treated in this manner following a horseback riding accident:
almost 4 pounds (1.7 litres) of blood was withdrawn, contributing to his death by throat
infection in 1799."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
189 "... you will find "evolution" mentioned in the ancient Vedic Hymns..."
"The Vedas are very exhaustive scriptures. Each Veda contains several sections and
thousands of hymns. Some of the Vedic hymns, especially the hymns of the Rig Veda, are
considered to be at least 6000-8000 years old.
The Vedas are believed to be revealed scriptures, because they are considered to be
divine in origin. Since they were not written by any human beings but were only heard
in deep meditative states, they are commonly referred as srutis or those that were heard."
-- Reference: http://www.hinduwebsite.com/vedicsection/vedichymns.asp
286

"The Vedas (Sanskrit véda वेद "knowledge") are a large corpus of texts originating in Ancient
India. They form the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest sacred texts of
Hinduism. According to Hindu tradition, the Vedas are "not human compositions", being
supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called śruti ("what is heard"). Vedic
mantras are recited at Hindu prayers, religious functions and other auspicious occasions.
Philosophies and sects that developed in the Indian subcontinent have taken differing
positions on the Vedas. Schools of Indian philosophy which cite the Vedas as their scriptural
authority are classified as "orthodox" (āstika). Other traditions, notably Buddhism and
Jainism, though they are (like the vedanta) similarly concerned with liberation did not regard
the Vedas as divine ordinances but rather human expositions of the sphere of higher
spiritual knowledge, hence not sacrosanct."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
190 "... the IS-BE who wrote a fictitious story one dark and stormy night..."
Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by the British author Mary
Shelley. Shelley wrote the novel when she was 18 years old. The first edition was
published anonymously in London in 1818. Shelley's name appears on the revised third
edition, published in 1831. The title of the novel refers to a scientist, Victor Frankenstein,
who learns how to create life and creates a being in the likeness of man, but larger than
average and more powerful.
The story has had an influence across literature and popular culture and spawned a
complete genre of horror stories and films. It is arguably considered the first fully
realized science fiction novel. The novel raises many issues that can be linked to
today's society.
During the rainy summer of 1816, the "Year Without a Summer," the world was locked
in a long cold volcanic winter caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815. Mary
Wollstonecraft Godwin, age 19, and her lover (and later husband) Percy Bysshe Shelley,
visited Lord Byron at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland. The weather was
consistently too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had
planned, so the group retired indoors until almost dawn talking about science and the
supernatural. After reading Fantasmagoriana, an anthology of German ghost stories,
they challenged one another to each compose a story of their own, the contest being
won by whoever wrote the scariest tale.
Mary conceived an idea after she fell into a waking dream or nightmare during which
she saw "the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put
together." Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the vampire legends he heard
while travelling the Balkans, and from this Polidori created The Vampyre (1819), the
progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre. Two legendary horror tales originated from
this one circumstance.
Radu Florescu, in his book In Search of Frankenstein, argued that Mary and Percy Shelley
visited Castle Frankenstein on their way to Switzerland, near Darmstadt along the Rhine,
where a notorious alchemist named Konrad Dippel had experimented with human bodies."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org 
287

191 "...Grimm's Fairy Tales..."
"The world famous collection of German origin fairy tales Kinder- und Hausmärchen (KHM;
English: Children's and Household Tales), commonly known as Grimm's Fairy Tales, was
first published in 1812 by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, the Brothers Grimm. The brothers
developed an interest in ancient fairy tales. They started to collect and write down tales that
they alleged had been handed down for generations. On December 20, 1812 they published
the first volume of the first edition, containing 86 stories; the second volume of 70 stories
followed in 1814.
The first volumes were much criticized because, although they were called "Children's
Tales", they were not regarded as suitable for children, both for the scholarly information
included and the subject matter. Many changes through the editions—such as turning the
wicked mother of the first edition in Snow White and Hansel and Gretel to a stepmother,
were probably made with an eye to such suitability. They removed sexual references, such
as Rapunzel's betraying the prince by asking why her clothing no longer fit, and so revealing
her pregnancy, but in many respects, violence, particularly when punishing villains, was
increased.
The influence of these books was widespread. It ranks behind only the Bible and the works
of William Shakespeare in sales. W. H. Auden praised it, during World War II, as one of the
founding works of Western culture. The tales themselves have been put to many uses. The
Nazis praised them as folkish tales showing children with sound racial instincts seeking
racially pure marriage partners, and so strongly that the Allied forces warned against them.
Writers about the Holocaust have combined the tales with their memoirs."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
192 "...Hinduism..."
"Hinduism is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma, a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal
path" or "the eternal law".
Hinduism is the world's oldest major religion that is still practiced. Its earliest origins can be
traced to the ancient Vedic civilization. A conglomerate of diverse beliefs and traditions,
Hinduism has no single founder. It is the world's third largest religion following Christianity
and Islam, with approximately a billion adherents, of whom about 905 million live in India and
Nepal.
Hinduism is an extremely diverse religion. Although some tenets of the faith are accepted by
most Hindus, scholars have found it difficult to identify any doctrines with universal
acceptance among all denominations. Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include Dharma
(ethics/duties), Samsāra (The continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth), Karma (action
and subsequent reaction), Moksha (liberation from samsara), and the various Yogas (paths
or practices).
Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning monotheism, polytheism,
panentheism, pantheism, monism and atheism. It is sometimes referred to as henotheistic
(devotion to a single God while accepting the existence of other gods), but any such term is
an oversimplification of the complexities and variations of belief. 
288

Most Hindus believe that the spirit or soul—the true "self" of every person, called the
ātman—is eternal."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
193 "... Arcadia Regeneration Company".
"One of the birthplaces reported for Zeus is Mount Lycaeum in Arcadia. Lycaon, a
cannibalistic Pelasgian king, was transformed into a werewolf by Zeus. Lycaon's daughter
was Callisto. It was also said to have been the birthplace of Zeus' son, Hermes.
Arcadia remained a rustic, secluded area, and its inhabitants became proverbial as primitive
herdsmen leading simple pastoral unsophisticated yet happy lives, to the point that Arcadia
may refer to some imaginary idyllic paradise.
The Latin phrase Et in Arcadia ego which is usually interpreted to mean "I am also in
Arcadia" or "I am even in Arcadia" is an example of memento mori, a cautionary
reminder of the transitory nature of life and the inevitability of death. The phrase is
most often associated with a 1647 painting by Nicolas Poussin, also known as "The
Arcadian Shepherds". In the painting the phrase appears as an inscription on a tomb
discovered by youthful figures in classical garb. It has been suggested that the phrase is an
anagram for the Latin phrase "I! Tego arcana Dei", which translates to "Begone! I keep
God's secrets."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
194 "... the majority of basic genetic material is common to all species..."
"The Genetic Core of the Universal Ancestor
J. Kirk Harris, Scott T. Kelley,1
 George B. Spiegelman,3
 and Norman R. Pace1
1 Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado 80309-0347, USA; 2
 Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; 3 Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
Molecular analysis of conserved sequences in the ribosomal RNAs of modern organisms
reveals a three-domain phylogeny that converges in a universal ancestor for all life.
We used the Clusters of Orthologous Groups database and information from published
genomes to search for other universally conserved genes that have the same phylogenetic
pattern as ribosomal RNA, and therefore constitute the ancestral genetic core of cells.
Our analyses identified a small set of genes that can be traced back to the universal
ancestor and have coevolved since that time.
As indicated by earlier studies, almost all of these genes are involved with the transfer of
genetic information, and most of them directly interact with the ribosome. Other universal
genes have either undergone lateral transfer in the past, or have diverged so much in
sequence that their distant past could not be resolved. The nature of the conserved genes
suggests innovations that may have been essential to the divergence of the three
domains of life. The analysis also identified several genes of unknown function with 
289

phylogenies that track with the ribosomal RNA genes. The products of these genes are likely
to play fundamental roles in cellular processes."
-- Reference: http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/GR-6528v1?etoc
195 "... biological engineers..."
"Biomedical engineering is an application of engineering principles and design to
challenges in human health and medicine. Bioengineering is related to Biological
Engineering, the latter including applications of engineering principles to the full spectrum of
living systems, from microbes and plants to ecosystems. Bioengineering exploits new
developments in molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, and neurosciences as well
as sensing, electronics, and imaging, and applies them to the design of medical devices,
diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, and other important medical needs.
Bioengineering couples engineering expertise with knowledge in biological sciences such as
genetics, molecular biology, protein chemistry, cytology, neurobiology, immunology,
physiology, and pharmacology. Bioengineers work closely with, but are not limited to,
medical doctors and other health professionals to develop technical solutions to current and
emerging health concerns.
Bioengineering is not limited to the medical field. Bioengineers have the ability to exploit new
opportunities and solve problems within the domain of complex systems. They have a great
understanding of living systems as complex systems which can be applied to many fields
including entrepreneurship."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
196 "... Imperfections were worked out, modifications made and eventually the new
animal was introduced into the actual planetary environment for final testing. "
"The basic ideals of Eugenics can be found from the beginnings of Western civilization. The
philosophy was most famously expounded by Plato, who believed human reproduction
should be monitored and controlled by the state. The basic eugenic principle from Plato’s
The Republic was, “The best men must have intercourse with the best women as frequently
as possible, and the opposite is true of the very inferior.
However, Plato understood this form of government control would not be readily accepted,
and proposed the truth be concealed from the public via a fixed lottery. Mates, in Plato’s
Republic, would be chosen by a “marriage number” in which the quality of the individual
would be quantitatively analyzed, and persons of high numbers would be allowed to
procreate with other persons of high numbers. In theory, this would lead to predictable
results and the improvement of the human race. However, Plato acknowledged the failure of
the “marriage number” since “gold soul” persons could still produce “bronze soul” children.
This might have been one of the earliest attempts to mathematically analyze genetic
inheritance, which was not perfected until the development of Mendelian genetics and the
mapping of the human genome.
Other ancient civilizations, such as Rome and Sparta, practiced infanticide as a form of
phenotypic selection. In Sparta, newborns were inspected by the city's elders, who decided
the fate of the infant. If the child was deemed incapable of living, it was usually thrown from
the Taygetus mountain. It was more common for girls than boys to be killed this way. Trials 
290

for babies which included bathing them in wine and exposing them to the elements. To
Sparta, this would ensure only the strongest survived and procreated. Adolf Hitler
considered Sparta to be the first "Völkisch State," and much like Ernst Haeckel before him,
praised Sparta due to its primitive form of eugenics practice of selective infanticide policy
which was applied on deformed children.
The 12 Tables of Roman Law, established early in the formation of the Roman Republic,
stated in the fourth table that deformed children would be put to death. In addition, patriarchs
in Roman society were given the right to "discard" infants at their discretion. This was often
done by drowning undesired newborns in the Tiber River.
Sir Francis Galton initially developed the ideas of eugenics using social statistics. Sir
Francis Galton systematized these ideas and practices according to new knowledge about
the evolution of man and animals provided by the theory of his cousin Charles Darwin during
the 1860s and 1870s. After reading Darwin's Origin of Species, Galton built upon Darwin's
ideas whereby the mechanisms of natural selection were potentially thwarted by human
civilization. He reasoned that, since many human societies sought to protect the
underprivileged and weak, those societies were at odds with the natural selection
responsible for extinction of the weakest; and only by changing these social policies could
society be saved from a "reversion towards mediocrity," a phrase he first coined in statistics
and which later changed to the now common "regression towards the mean."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
197 "...species..."
"In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic
rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and
producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or
differing measures are often used, such as based on similarity of DNA or morphology.
Presence of specific locally-adapted traits may further subdivide species into subspecies.
The commonly used names for plant and animal taxa sometimes correspond to species: for
example, "lion," "walrus," and "Camphor tree," each refers to a species. In other cases
common names do not: for example, "deer" refers to a family of 34 species, including Eld's
Deer, Red Deer and Wapiti (Elk). The last two species were once considered a single
species, illustrating how species boundaries may change with increased scientific
knowledge.
Each species is placed within a single genus. This is a hypothesis that the species is more
closely related to other species within its genus than to species of other genera. All species
are given a binomial name consisting of the generic name and specific name (or specific
epithet). For example, Pinus palustris (commonly known as the Longleaf Pine).
A usable definition of the word "species" and reliable methods of identifying particular
species are essential for stating and testing biological theories and for measuring
biodiversity. Traditionally, multiple examples of a proposed species must be studied for
unifying characters before it can be regarded as a species. Extinct species known only from
fossils are generally difficult to give precise taxonomic rankings to. A species which has
been described scientifically can be referred to by its binomial names.
Nevertheless, as Charles Darwin remarked, 
291

'I look at the term species as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a
set of individuals closely resembling each other .... it does not essentially differ from
the term variety, which is given to less distinct and more fluctuating forms. The term
variety, again in comparison with mere individual difference, is also applied
arbitrarily, and for mere convenience sake.'
Because of the difficulties with both defining and tallying the total numbers of different
species in the world, it is estimated that there are anywhere between 2 million and 100
million different species."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
198 "...species of beetle..."
"Beetles are a group of insects which have the largest number of species. They are placed
in the order Coleoptera, which means "sheathed wing" and contains more described species
than in any other order in the animal kingdom, constituting about twenty-five percent of all
known life-forms. Forty percent of all described insect species are beetles (about 350,000
species), and new species are frequently discovered. Estimates put the total number of
species, described and undescribed, at between 5 and 8 million.
Beetles can be found in almost all habitats, but are not known to occur in the sea or in the
polar regions. They interact with their ecosystems in several ways. They often feed on plants
and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. Some species
are prey of various animals including birds and mammals. Certain species are agricultural
pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the boll weevil
Anthonomus grandis, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and the mungbean or
cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, while other species of beetles are important
controls of agricultural pests. For example, coccinellidae ("ladybirds" or "ladybugs") consume
aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
199 "One species does not evolve to become another species, as the Earth textbooks
indicate, without the intervention and manipulation of genetic material by an IS-BE."
"Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification /
manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms applied to the direct manipulation of an
organism's genes. Genetic engineering is not to be confused with traditional breeding where
the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly. Genetic engineering uses the techniques of
molecular cloning and transformation. Genetic engineering endeavors have found some
success in improving crop technology, the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through
the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in Chinese hamster ovary
cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the oncomouse (cancer
mouse) for research.
Since a protein sequence is specified by a segment of DNA called a gene, novel versions of
that protein can be produced by changing the DNA sequence of the gene. The companies
that own the modified genome are able to patent it. In the case of basic crops, the
companies gain control of foodstuffs, controlling food production on a large scale and
reducing agrobidiversity to a few varieties. The only apparent interest in promoting this
tecnology appears to be purely economic, despite the claims of seed companies such as 
292

Monsanto and Novartis to solve the world food scarcity. It is now popularly understood that it
is not the lack of food on a wholewide scale that is the main problem, but its distribution,
aggravated by prohibitive tariffs by rich nations. Genetically modified crops do not reduce
hunger. The majority of genetically crops are destined for animal food to meet the high
demand for meat in developed countries. No genetic modification have yet to serve the
needs of mankind despite all the promises in this direction.
However, even with regard to this technology's great potential, some people have raised
concerns about the introduction of genetically engineered plants and animals into the
environment and the potential dangers of human consumption of GM foods. They say that
these organisms have the potential to spread their modified genes into native populations
thereby disrupting natural ecosystems. This has already happened."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
200 "...genetic manipulation of a species..."
"How much genetic variation is there? Historical debate: Classical school held that there
was very little genetic variation, most individuals were homozygous for a "wild-type" allele.
Rare heterozygous loci due to recurrent mutation; natural selection purges populations of
their "load" of mutations. Balance school held that many loci will be heterozygous in natural
populations and heterozygotes maintained by "balancing selection" (heterozygote
advantage). Selection thus plays a role in maintaining variation.
How do we measure variation? To show that there is a genetic basis to a continuously
varying character one can study 1) resemblance among relatives: look at the offspring of
individuals from parents in different parts of the distribution; can estimate heritability (more
later). 2) artificial selection: pigeons and dogs show that there is variation present; does
not tell how much variation."
-- Reference: http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/5.Geno.Pheno.HTML
201 "... Proteobacteria..."
"The Proteobacteria are a major group (phylum) of bacteria. They include a wide variety of
pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable
genera. Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen
fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, and is
named for the Greek god Proteus (also the name of a bacterial genus within the
Proteobacteria), who could change his shape, because of the great diversity of forms found
in this group.
All Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, with an outer membrane mainly composed of
lipopolysaccharides. Many move about using flagella, but some are non-motile or rely on
bacterial gliding. The last include the myxobacteria, a unique group of bacteria that can
aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. There is also a wide variety in the types of
metabolism. Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic and heterotrophic, but
there are numerous exceptions. A variety of genera, which are not closely related to each
other, convert energy from light through photosynthesis. These are called purple bacteria,
referring to their mostly reddish pigmentation."
293

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
202 "...Phylum..."
"In biological taxonomy, a 'phylum' is a taxonomic rank at the level below Class and above
Kingdom. "Phylum" is adopted from the Greek φυλαί phylai, the clan-based voting groups in
Greek city-states."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
203 "...intensely hot blue star..."
"Blue stars are very hot and very luminous; in fact, most of their output is in the ultraviolet
range. These are the rarest of all main sequence stars, constituting as few as 1 in 3,000,000
in the solar neighborhood. (Blue) stars shine with a power over a million times our Sun's
output. Examples: Zeta Orionis, Zeta Puppis, Lambda Orionis, Delta Orionis"..
Reference: Wikipedia.org
204 "... responsible for coordinating creature production..."
Editor"s Note: For detailed information on the organization that controls the World
Congress of the Biotechnology Industry, visit their website at http://www.bio.org .
Here is a statement from their website about who they are and what they do:
"BIO is the world's largest biotechnology organization, providing advocacy, business
development and communications services for more than 1,150 members worldwide. Our
mission is to be the champion of biotechnology and the advocate for our member
organizations—both large and small.
BIO members are involved in the research and development of innovative healthcare,
agricultural, industrial and environmental biotechnology technologies. Corporate members
range from entrepreneurial companies developing a first product to Fortune 100
multinationals. We also represent state and regional biotech associations, service
providers to the industry and academic centers. Visit the BIO Member Directory to
browse BIO members and Web site links as well as BIO state and international affiliates. "
-- Reference: http://bio.org/aboutbio/
205 "... patent licenses for the biological engineering process ..."
"A biological patent is a patent relating to an invention or discovery in biology.
The 1970’s marked the first time when scientists patented methods on their biotechnological
inventions with recombinant DNA. It wasn’t until 1980 that patents for whole-scale living
organisms was permitted. In Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the Supreme Court overturned a
previous precedent allowing the patentability of living matter. The subject for this
particular case was a bacterium that was specifically modified to help clean-up and degrade
oil spills. 
294

Since legal changes have occurred starting in 1980, there has been a general trend of
patenting inventions on living matter. More knowledge and data has become available in
recent years that have never before been available. However, for us to get to the point
where it is making a significant difference in peoples’ lives, a tidy sum of money needs to be
invested. Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in recent years have found out how
lucrative biological research can be. These firms foster many research opportunities
by funding made possible only through the private sector.
Patents have provided an impetus for research to be pursued in that the end goal of money
can be envisioned by companies with the funding cash. Especially during the genomic era,
more patents were issued. Companies and organizations like the University of California
were patenting whole genomes.
In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming
primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled "Primate Embryonic Stem
Cells" (Patent 5,843,780). On 13 March 2001, a second patent (6,200,806) was issued with
the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells.
Recently, there has been a slowdown and backlash against patenting biological
material worldwide.
Some feel that the increase in patenting biological information leads to inefficiency in
research. Many scientists are coming up against patent thickets, which are masses of
information that they must obtain permission (and often pay large fees to utilize)
before they can ever work with the information.
Michael Heller and Rebecca Eisenberg (2005) explain that there is a recent trend of
patenting more and more steps along the research path. This creates a "tragedy of the
anticommons," whereby "each upstream patent allows its owner to set up another tollbooth
on the road to product development, adding to the cost and slowing the pace of downstream
. . . innovation". A report shows that notwithstanding escalating funding, in the past halfdecade biomedical innovation has slowed markedly. The number of drugs approved by the
Food and Drug Administration has fallen below previous eras. The technologies approved, it
continues, are less influential than previous innovations approved. The current trend of
patenting what previously were thought of as basic science insights have raised the financial
bar for other scientists wanting to use such insight. The overall trend of more patents may be
slowing innovation.
However, others point out that patents are necessary for research. Without them, scientists
would keep secret all discoveries for fear of colleagues and others stealing their
ideas. There would also be little incentive for large-scale investments from the private
sector.
Reference: Wikipedia.org
206 "..."cyclical stimulus-response generators".
"Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is an instinctive behavioral sequence that is indivisible
and runs to completion. Fixed action patterns are invariant and are produced by a
neural network known as the innate releasing mechanism in response to an external
sensory stimulus known as a sign stimulus or releaser. 
295

A mating dance may be used as an example. Many species of birds engage in a specific
series of elaborate movements, usually by a brightly colored male. How well they perform
the "dance" is then used by females of the species to judge their fitness as a potential mate.
The key stimulus is typically the presence of the female.
Although fixed action patterns are most common in animals with simpler cognitive
capabilities, humans also demonstrate fixed action patterns. For example, infants grasp
strongly with their hands as a response to tactile stimulus."
Reference: Wikipedia.org
207 "...chemical-electrical trigger" mechanism..."
"A taxis (plural taxes) is an innate behavioural response by an organism to a stimulus. A
taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus)
in that the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from
the stimulus. It also differs from a kinesis, a non-directional change in activity in response to
a stimulus that results in the illusion of directed motion due to different rates of activity
depending on stimulus intensity.
For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglena move towards a light source. Here
the directional stimulus is light, and the orientation movement is towards the light. This
reaction or behaviour is a positive one to light and specifically termed "positive phototaxis",
since phototaxis is a response to a light stimulus, and the organism is moving towards the
stimulus. If the organism moves away from the stimulus, then the taxis is negative. Many
types of taxis have been identified and named using prefices to specify the stimulus that
elicits the response. These include anemotaxis (stimulation by wind), barotaxis (pressure),
chemotaxis (chemicals), galvanotaxis (electrical current), geotaxis (gravity), hydrotaxis
(moisture), phototaxis (light), rheotaxis (fluid flow), thermotaxis (temperature changes)
and thigmotaxis (physical contact).
Chemotaxis is a migratory response elicited by chemicals. Unicellular (e.g. protozoa) or
multicellular (e.g. worms) organisms are targets of the substances. A concentration gradient
of chemicals developed in a fluid phase guides the vectorial movement of responder cells or
organisms.
Electrotaxis is directional movement of motile cells in response to a electric field. It
has been suggested that by detecting and orientating themselves toward the electric fields.
This notion is based on 1) the existence of measurable electric fields that naturally occur
during wound healing, development and regeneration; and 2) cells in cultures respond to
applied electric fields by directional cell."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
208 "... reproductive chemical-electrical impulses stimulated by testosterone or
estrogen."
"Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. In mammals, testosterone is
primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts
are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an
anabolic steroid. 
296

The period of the early 1930’s to the 1950’s has been called “The Golden Age of Steroid
Chemistry”, and work during this period progressed quickly. Research in this golden age
proved that this newly synthesized compound — testosterone — or rather family of
compounds (for many derivatives were developed in the 1940’s, 50’s and 60’s), was a potent
multiplier of muscle, strength, and wellbeing
In both men and women, testosterone plays a key role in health and well-being as well
as in sexual functioning.
The human hormone testosterone is produced in greater amounts by males, and less by
females. The human hormone estrogen is produced in greater amounts by females,
and less by males. On average, an adult human male body produces about forty to
sixty times more testosterone than an adult female body.
Testosterone causes the appearance of masculine traits (i.e deepening voice, pubic and
facial hairs, muscular build, etc.) Like men, women rely on testosterone to maintain libido,
bone density and muscle mass throughout their lives."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
209 "The debilitating impact and addiction to the "sexual aesthetic-pain" electronic
wave..."
"The term Sexual addiction is used to describe the behavior of a person who has an
unusually intense sex drive or obsession with sex. Sexual addiction, also called sexual
compulsion is a form of psychological addiction.
The behavior of sex addicts is comparable to behavior of alcoholics and addicts, where sex
functions like a drug. A common definition of alcoholism is that a person has a pathological
relationship with this mood altering drug. It provides a quick mood change, works every time
and the user loses control over their compulsion. Like alcoholics, sex addicts' lives rotate
around the constant desire for their "drug" of choice."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
210 "...space craft of The Domain travel trillions of light-years in a single day..." --
Using the Julian Calendar year (not Gregorian) of 365.25 days, or exactly 31,557,600
seconds, gives the light-year an exact value of 9,460,730,472,580,800 meters. ( A meter =
3.281 feet or 39.37 inches.)
The distance to the nearest star from Earth is 4.24 light years!
Distances measured in fractions of a light-year usually involve objects within a star system.
Distances measured in light-years include distances between nearby stars, such as those in
the same spiral arm or globular cluster.
One kilolight-year, abbreviated "kly", is one thousand light-years, or about 307 parsecs.
Kilolight-years are typically used to measure distances between parts of a galaxy. 
297

One megalight-year, abbreviated "Mly", is one million light-years, or about 306,600 parsecs.
Megalight-years are typically used to measure distances between neighboring galaxies and
galaxy clusters.
One gigalight-year, abbreviation "Gly", is one billion light-years — one of the largest distance
measures used. One gigalight-year is about 306.6 million parsecs.
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
211 "... a heavy gravity, nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere planet..."
"The Earth's atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by
the Earth's gravity. It contains roughly (by molar content/volume) 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95%
oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable
amount (average around 1%) of water vapor. This mixture of gases is commonly known as
air. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and
reducing temperature extremes between day and night.
There is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. It slowly becomes
thinner and fades into space. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass is within 11 km of the
planetary surface. In the United States, people who travel above an altitude of 80.5 km (50
statute miles) are designated astronauts. An altitude of 120 km (~75 miles or 400,000 ft)
marks the boundary where atmospheric effects become noticeable during re-entry. The
Kármán line, at 100 km (62 miles or 328,000 ft), is also frequently regarded as the boundary
between atmosphere and outer space.
The atmosphere of Mars is relatively thin, and the atmospheric pressure on the surface
varies from around 30 Pa (0.03 kPa) on Olympus Mons's peak to over 1155 Pa (1.155 kPa)
in the depths of Hellas Planitia, with a mean surface level pressure of 600 Pa (0.6 kPa),
compared to Earth's 101.3 kPa. However, the scale height of the atmosphere is about
11 km, somewhat higher than Earth's 6 km. The atmosphere on Mars consists of 95%
carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and contains traces of oxygen, water, and
methane. The atmosphere is quite dusty, giving the Martian sky a tawny color when seen
from the surface; data from the Mars Exploration Rovers indicates the suspended dust
particles are roughly 1.5 micrometres across.
The atmosphere of Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is much denser and hotter than
that of Earth. The surface temperature and pressure on Venus are 740 K (467°C) and
93 bar, respectively. The Venusian atmosphere supports thick persistent clouds made of
sulfuric acid, which make optical observations of the surface impossible. The information
about surface features on Venus has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging conducted
from the ground and Venera 15-16 and by Magellan space probes. The main atmosphereric
gases on Venus are carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which make up 96.5% and 3.5% of all
molecules. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.
The atmosphere of Venus is in state of a vigorous circulation and super-rotation. The whole
atmosphere circles the planet in just four days (super-rotation), which is a short time
compared with the sideral rotational period of 243 days. The winds supporting super-rotation
blow as fast as 100 m/s. Near the poles of Venus anticyclonic structures called polar
vortexes are located. In them the air moves downward. Each vortex is double eyed and
shows a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds. 
298

Only the ionosphere and thin induced magnetosphere separate venusian atmosphere from
the space. They shield the atmosphere from the solar wind, which usually does not
penetrate deep into it. However they are incapable of preventing the loss of water, which is
continuously blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail.
Despite the harsh conditions on the surface, at about a 50 km to 65 km level above the
surface of the planet the atmospheric pressure and temperature is nearly the same as that of
the Earth, making its upper atmosphere the most Earth-like area in the Solar System, even
more so than the surface of Mars. Due to the similarity in pressure, temperature and the fact
that breathable air (21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen) is a lifting gas on Venus in the same way
that helium is a lifting gas on Earth."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
212 "...Johannes Gutenberg..."
"Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (c. 1400 – February 3, 1468) was a
German goldsmith and printer, who is credited with inventing movable type printing in
Europe (c. 1439) and mechanical printing globally. His major work, the Gutenberg Bible, also
known as the 42-line bible, has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality.
Although Gutenberg was financially unsuccessful in his lifetime, the printing technologies
spread quickly, and news and books began to travel across Europe much faster than before.
It fed the growing Renaissance, and since it greatly facilitated scientific publishing, it was a
major catalyst for the later scientific revolution. Gutenberg is thought to have said: "Give me
26 soldiers of lead and I shall conquer the world."
Printing was also a factor in the Reformation: Martin Luther found that the 95 Theses, which
he posted on the door of his church, were printed and circulated widely; subsequently he
also issued broadsheets outlining his anti-indulgences position (ironically, indulgences were
one of the first items Gutenberg had printed). The broadsheet evolved into newspapers and
defined the mass media we know today."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
213 "...George Washington Carver..."
"George Washington Carver (July 12, 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American botanical
researcher and agronomy educator who worked in agricultural extension at the Tuskegee
Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, teaching former slaves farming techniques for selfsufficiency.
George Washington Carver reputedly discovered three hundred uses for peanuts and
hundreds more uses for soybeans, pecans and sweet potatoes. Among the listed items that
he suggested to southern farmers to help them economically were adhesives, axle grease,
bleach, buttermilk, chili sauce, fuel briquettes, ink, instant coffee, linoleum, mayonnaise,
meat tenderizer, metal polish, paper, plastic, pavement, shaving cream, shoe polish,
synthetic rubber, talcum powder and wood stain. Three patents (one for cosmetics, and two
for paints and stains) were issued to George Washington Carver in the years 1925 to 1927;
however, they were not commercially successful in the end. Aside from these patents and
some recipes for food, he left no formulas or procedures for making his products. He did not
keep a laboratory notebook.
299

Carver's most important accomplishments were in areas other than industrial products from
peanuts, including agricultural extension education, improvement of racial relations,
mentoring children, poetry, painting, religion, advocacy of sustainable agriculture and
appreciation of plants and nature. He served as a valuable role model for African-Americans
and an example of the importance of hard work, a positive attitude and a good education.
His humility, humanitarianism, good nature, frugality and lack of economic materialism have
also been widely admired.
One of his most important roles was that the fame of his achievements and many talents
undermined the widespread stereotype of the time that the black race was intellectually
inferior to the white race. In 1941, "Time" magazine dubbed him a "Black Leonardo".
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
214 "...Jonas Salk..."
"Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American biologist and
physician best known for the research and development of the first effective polio vaccine.
While being interviewed by Edward R. Murrow on "See It Now" in 1955, Salk was asked:
"Who owns the patent on this vaccine?" Surprised by the question's assumption of the
requirement of a profit-motive for his creation, he responded: "There is no patent. Could you
patent the sun?"
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
215 "...Richard Trevithick..."
" Richard Trevithick (born April 13, 1771 in Cornwall - died April 22, 1833 in Kent) was an
English inventor, mining engineer and builder of the first working railway steam locomotive."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
216 "... Renaissance..."
The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from
re- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th
through the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the
rest of western Europe. It encompassed a revival of learning based on classical sources, the
development of linear perspective in painting, and educational reform. The Renaissance saw
developments in most intellectual pursuits, but is perhaps best known for its artistic aspect
and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who have
inspired the term "Renaissance men".
However, it was not until the nineteenth century that the French word Renaissance
achieved popularity in describing the cultural movement that began in the late 13th
century" (1200 AD - 1300 AD).
The term was first used retrospectively by the Italian artist and critic Giorgio Vasari (1511-
1574) in his book The Lives of the Artists (published 1550). In the book Vasari was
attempting to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of gothic art: the arts 
300

had fallen into decay with the collapse of the Roman Empire and only the Tuscan artists,
beginning with Cimabue (1240-1301) and Giotto (1267-1337) began to reverse this
decline in the arts. According to Vasari, antique art was central to the rebirth of Italian art.
During the 12th century in Europe, there was a radical change in the rate of new inventions
and innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production and economic
growth. In less than a century, there were more inventions developed and applied usefully
than in the previous thousand years of human history all over the globe. The period saw
major technological advances, including the adoption or invention of printing, gunpowder,
spectacles, a better clock, the astrolabe, and greatly improved ships. The latter two
advances made possible the dawn of the Age of Exploration.
Alfred Crosby described some of this technological revolution in The Measure of
Reality : Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600 and other major historians of
technology have also noted it.
• The earliest written record of a windmill is from Yorkshire, England, dated 1185.
• Paper manufacture began in Italy around 1270.
• The spinning wheel was brought to Europe (probably from India) in the 13th century.
• The magnetic compass aided navigation, first reaching Europe some time in the late
12th century.
• Eyeglasses were invented in Italy in the late 1280s.
• The astrolabe returned to Europe via Islamic Spain.
• Leonardo of Pisa introduces Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe with his book Liber
Abaci in 1202.
• The West's oldest known depiction of a stern-mounted rudder can be found on
church carvings dating to around 1180."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
217 "... explosions that were tested and used in the past two years on Earth have the
potential to destroy all of life..."
"A doomsday device is a hypothetical construction — usually a weapon — which could
destroy all life on the Earth, or destroy the Earth itself (bringing "doomsday", a term used for
the end of planet Earth).
Doomsday devices have been present in literature and art especially in the 20th century,
when advances in science and technology allowed humans to imagine a definite and
plausible way of actively destroying the world or all life on it (or at least human life). Many
classics in the genre of science fiction take up the theme in this respect, especially The
Purple Cloud (1901) by M. P. Shiel in which the accidental release of a gas kills all people on
the planet.
After the advent of nuclear weapons, especially hydrogen bombs, they have usually been
the dominant components of fictional doomsday devices. RAND strategist Herman Kahn
proposed a "Doomsday Machine" in the 1950s which would consist of a computer linked to a
stockpile of hydrogen bombs, programmed to detonate them all and bathe the planet in
nuclear fallout at the signal of an impending nuclear attack from another nation. Such a
scheme, fictional as it was, epitomized for many the extremes of the suicidal logic behind the
strategy of mutually assured destruction, and it was famously parodied in the Stanley 
301

Kubrick film from 1964, Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the
Bomb. It is also a main topic of the movie Beneath the Planet of the Apes, in parallel with the
species extermination theme. Most such models either rely on the fact that hydrogen bombs
can be made arbitrarily large (see Teller-Ulam design) or that they can be "salted" with
materials designed to create long-lasting and hazardous fallout (e.g.; a cobalt bomb).
There are many unconfirmed, anecdotal reports of a Soviet doomsday device involving a
200-megaton hydrogen bomb sheathed in (or, alternately, "salted" with) a highly radioactive
material, usually said to be cobalt, of sufficient quantity to saturate the earth's atmosphere
with deadly fallout should the device be detonated. Details regarding this device vary
according to the source, but enough similarities in the dozens of different stories exist to
suggest at least some basis in truth. According to various sources, at some point between
1967 and 1985, the device was designed but never constructed; built but never activated;
built and activated, but dismantled at the end of the cold war; or designed and constructed in
such a manner that it can never be de-activated, and is still in existence today. Tales of its
location and means of operation are equally diverse: it was in an underground bunker west
of Moscow, Siberia, the Ukraine, etc.; it was installed on a special rocket booster that would
deliver it to the upper atmosphere upon activation; it was actually a series of bombs placed
at intervals along the western border of the USSR; it was to be detonated upon command
from the Kremlin, automatically by a special computer, a seismic trigger, or upon detection of
incoming missiles. Many more versions exist, such as one with the device being
permanently installed in the hold of an unmarked tramp freighter, steaming randomly from
port to port in the North Sea."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
218 "... paradigm..."
"Historian of science Thomas Kuhn gave this word its contemporary meaning when he
adopted it to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline during a particular
period of time. Kuhn himself came to prefer the terms exemplar and normal science, which
have more exact philosophical meanings. However, in his book The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as:
• what is to be observed and scrutinized
• the kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in
relation to this subject
• how these questions are to be structured
• how the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted
Alternatively, the Oxford English Dictionary defines paradigm as "a pattern or model, an
exemplar."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
219 "...Nicola Tesla..."
"Nikola Tesla (10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was an inventor, physicist, mechanical
engineer, and electrical engineer. Born in Smiljan, Croatian Krajina, Military Frontier, he was
an ethnic Serb subject of the Austrian Empire and later became an American citizen. Tesla
is best known for his many revolutionary contributions to the discipline of electricity and
magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th century. Tesla's patents and theoretical work 
302

formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power (AC) systems, including the
polyphase power distribution systems and the AC motor, with which he helped usher in the
Second Industrial Revolution. Contemporary biographers of Tesla have deemed him "the
man who invented the twentieth century" and "the patron saint of modern electricity."
After his demonstration of wireless communication (radio) in 1893 and after being the victor
in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as America's greatest electrical engineer.
Much of his early work pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries
were of groundbreaking importance. During this period, in the United States, Tesla's fame
rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture but due to his
eccentric personality and unbelievable and sometimes bizarre claims about possible
scientific and technological developments, Tesla was ultimately ostracized and regarded as
a "mad scientist". Never having put much focus on his finances, Tesla died impoverished at
the age of 86.
Aside from his work on electromagnetism and engineering, Tesla is said to have
contributed in varying degrees to the establishment of robotics, remote control, radar
and computer science, and to the expansion of ballistics, nuclear physics, and
theoretical physics. In 1943, the Supreme Court of the United States credited him as
being the inventor of the radio."
He performed several experiments prior to Roentgen's discovery (including photographing
the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Roentgen) but didn't make his findings
widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue lab fire of March 1895.
A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that
depends upon the electrical conductivity was proposed in which transmission in various
natural mediums with current that passes between the two point are used to power devices.
In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power
ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the
transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual lightning rods, the
electrolaser electroshock weapon, and has been proposed for disabling vehicles.
Tesla demonstrated "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends
upon electrical conductivity as early as 1891. The Tesla effect (named in honor of Tesla) is
the archaic term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement
of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor)
Tesla also investigated harvesting energy that is present throughout space. He
believed that it was just merely a question of time when men will succeed in attaching their
machinery to the very wheelwork of nature, stating: Ere many generations pass, our
machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe. —"Experiments
With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency" (February 1892)
Tesla began to theorize about electricity and magnetism's power to warp, or rather change,
space and time and the procedure by which man could forcibly control this power. Near the
end of his life, Tesla was fascinated with the idea of light as both a particle and a wave, a
fundamental proposition already incorporated into quantum physics. This field of inquiry led
to the idea of creating a "wall of light" by manipulating electromagnetic waves in a
certain pattern. This mysterious wall of light would enable time, space, gravity and matter to
be altered at will, and engendered an array of Tesla proposals that seem to leap
straight out of science fiction, including anti-gravity airships, teleportation, and time
travel. 
303

The single strangest invention Tesla ever proposed was probably the "thought
photography" machine. He reasoned that a thought formed in the mind created a
corresponding image in the retina, and the electrical data of this neural transmission could
be read and recorded in a machine. The stored information could then be processed through
an artificial optic nerve and played back as visual patterns on a viewscreen.
Another of Tesla's theorized inventions is commonly referred to as Tesla's Flying Machine,
which appears to resemble an ion-propelled aircraft. Tesla claimed that one of his life
goals was to create a flying machine that would run without the use of an airplane
engine, wings, ailerons, propellers, or an onboard fuel source. Initially, Tesla pondered
about the idea of a flying craft that would fly using an electric motor powered by grounded
base stations. As time progressed, Tesla suggested that perhaps such an aircraft could be
run entirely electro-mechanically. The theorized appearance would typically take the
form of a cigar or saucer.
In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla observed unusual signals that he later thought may
have been evidence of extraterrestrial radio communications coming from Venus or
Mars. He noticed repetitive signals from his receiver which were substantially different from
the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the
signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla had mentioned
before this event and many times after that he thought his inventions could be used to
talk with other planets. There have even been claims that he invented a "Teslascope" for
just such a purpose.
"I hold that space cannot be curved, for the simple reason that it can have no
properties. It might as well be said that God has properties. He has not, but only
attributes and these are of our own making. Of properties we can only speak when dealing
with matter filling the space. To say that in the presence of large bodies space becomes
curved is equivalent to stating that something can act upon nothing. I, for one, refuse to
subscribe to such a view." -- New York Herald Tribune, September 11, 1932
Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, calling it :
"...[a] magnificent mathematical garb which fascinates, dazzles and makes people blind to
the underlying errors. The theory is like a beggar clothed in purple whom ignorant people
take for a king..., its exponents are brilliant men but they are metaphysicists rather than
scientists... " -- New York Times, July 11, 1935, p 23, c.8
"Nikola Tesla invented the 20th and 21st Century. A 'discoverer of new principles,' Tesla was
the sole inventor of the alternating poly-phase current generators that light up every town in
the world today. He was the original inventor of the radio, and placed his ideas in print and
demonstrated them before the public 5 years before Marconi. By the turn of the century, he
had discussed the feasibility of television; he created an atom smasher capable of
evaporating rubies and diamonds; he built wireless neon lamps that gave off more light than
today's conventional bulbs provide; he built precursors to the electron microscope, the laser
and X-ray photographs. He sent his shadowgraphs to the discoverer of X-rays in 1895 as
soon a Roentgen published his famous pictures. Tesla also created Kirlian-like
photographs 75 years before they became famous. All of this took place before 1900!'
Tesla, and not Edison, invented the poly-phase alternators that power our modern
civilization; and it was Tesla who was eventually awarded Marconi's wireless patents long
after Tesla and Marconi were both dead. In all, Tesla contributed over 1200 patents, and we 
304

are currently using only some 200 of them. Near everyone remembers the Tesla Coil, but
how many remember that he demonstrated wireless transmission of electric power prior to
1900?
When offered to share the Nobel Prize with Edison for their electrical inventions, Tesla
turned the prestigious award down! Edison never received the Nobel Prize.
Tesla is quoted as saying:
'In the dark I had the sense of a bat, and could detect the presence of an object at a
distance of 12 feet away by a peculiar creepy sensation on the forehead...'
'In Budapest, I could hear the ticking of a watch with 3 rooms between me and the
timepiece. A fly alighting on a table in the room would cause a dull thud in my ear. A
carriage passing at a distance of a few miles fairly shook my whole body. The whistle
of a locomotive 20 or 30 miles away made the bench or chair on which I sat vibrate so
strongly that the pain was unbearable. The ground under my feet trembled
continuously...'
Tesla said in an 1892 lecture :
'Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at
any point of the universe. Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or
kinetic? If static, our hopes are in vain; if kinetic - and this we know it is, for certain - then it is
a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very
wheelwork of nature.'
-- Reference: http://www.world-mysteries.com/dougy.htm
220 "... will be able to "reverse engineer" the technology..."
"After joining the Army in 1942, Philip Corso served in Army Intelligence in Europe. In 1945,
Corso arranged for the safe passage of 10,000 Jewish WWII refugees out of Rome to
Palestine. During the Korean War (1950-1953), Corso performed Intelligence duties under
General Douglas MacArthur as Chief of the Special Projects branch of the Intelligence
Division, Far East Command. One of his primary duties was to keep track of enemy prisoner
of war (POW) camps in North Korea. Corso was in charge of investigating the estimated
number of U.S. and other United Nations POWs held at each camp and their treatment. At
later held congressional hearings of the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs,
Philip Corso would provide testimony that many hundreds of American POW's were
abandoned at these camps.
Corso was on the staff of President Eisenhower's National Security Council for four years
(1953-1957). In 1961, he became Chief of the Pentagon's Foreign Technology desk in Army
Research and Development, working under Lt. Gen. Arthur Trudeau. When he left military
intelligence in 1963, Corso became a key aide to Senator Strom Thurmond. In 1964, Corso
was assigned to Warren Commission member Senator Richard Russell Jr. as an investigator
into the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Philip Corso relates in his book The Day After Roswell (co-author William J. Birnes) how he
stewarded extraterrestrial artifacts recovered from a crash at Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. 
305

According to Corso, the reverse engineering of these artifacts indirectly led to the
development of accelerated particle beam devices, fiber optics, lasers, integrated
circuit chips and Kevlar material.
In 1947, according to Corso, a covert government group (see Majestic 12) was assembled
under the leadership of the first Director of Central Intelligence , Adm. Roscoe H.
Hillenkoetter. Among its tasks was to collect all information on extraterrestrial spacecraft.
The US administration simultaneously discounted the existence of flying saucers in the eyes
of the public, Corso says. Corso further relates that the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), or
Star Wars, was meant to achieve the capability of killing the electronic guidance systems of
incoming enemy warheads and disabling enemy spacecraft, including those of
extraterrestrial origin."
--- Reference: Wikipedia.org
221 "... attuned to the "neural network" of the craft."
"Traditionally, the term Neural Networks had been used to refer to a network or circuit of
biological neurons. The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks,
which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes. Thus the term 'Neural Network' has two
distinct usages:
1) Biological neural networks are made up of real biological neurons that are
connected or functionally-related in the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous
system. In the field of neuroscience, they are often identified as groups of neurons that
perform a specific physiological function in laboratory analysis.
2) Artificial neural networks are made up of interconnecting artificial neurons
(programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons). Artificial neural
networks may either be used to gain an understanding of biological neural networks, or
for solving artificial intelligence problems without necessarily creating a model of a real
biological system."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
222 "...microscopic wiring or fibers..."
The transistor was invented in 1947. It was considered a revolution. Small, fast, reliable
and effective, it quickly replaced the vacuum tube. Freed from the limitations of the vacuum
tube, engineers finally could begin to realize the electrical constructions of their dreams.
It seems that the integrated circuit was destined to be invented. Two separate inventors,
unaware of each other's activities, invented almost identical integrated circuits or ICs at
nearly the same time.
Jack Kilby, an engineer with a background in ceramic-based silk screen circuit boards and
transistor-based hearing aids, started working for Texas Instruments in 1958. A year earlier,
research engineer Robert Noyce had co-founded the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation.
From 1958 to 1959, both electrical engineers were working on an answer to the same
dilemma: how to make more of less. 
306

Although the first integrated circuit was pretty crude and had some problems, the idea was
groundbreaking. By making all the parts out of the same block of material and adding the
metal needed to connect them as a layer on top of it, there was no more need for individual
discrete components. No more wires and components had to be assembled manually. The
circuits could be made smaller and the manufacturing process could be automated.
Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments) is probably most famous for his invention of the integrated
circuit, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 2000. After his success
with the integrated circuit Kilby stayed with Texas Instruments and, among other things, he
led the team that invented the hand-held calculator.
Jack Kilby now holds patents on over sixty inventions and is also well known as the inventor
of the portable calculator (1967). In 1970 he was awarded the National Medal of Science.
Robert Noyce, with sixteen patents to his name, founded Intel, the company responsible for
the invention of the microprocessor, in 1968. But for both men the invention of the integrated
circuit stands historically as one of the most important innovations of mankind. Almost all
modern products use chip technology.
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
223 "...wiring is used for light, sub-light and ultra-light spectrum detection and vision."
An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length. Fiber
optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and
application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communication,
which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates than other forms
of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along
them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers are
also used to form sensors, and in a variety of other applications.
In 1952, physicist Narinder Singh Kapany conducted experiments that led to the invention of
optical fiber, based on Tyndall's earlier studies; modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber
is coated with a transparent cladding to offer a more suitable refractive index, appeared later
in the decade.
In 1991, the emerging field of photonic crystals led to the development of photonic crystal
fiber (Science (2003), vol 299, page 358), which guides light by means of diffraction from a
periodic structure, rather than total internal reflection. The first photonic crystal fibers
became commercially available in 1996. Photonic crystal fibers can be designed to carry
higher power than conventional fiber, and their wavelength dependent properties can be
manipulated to improve their performance in certain applications."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
224 "... fabrics of the interior of the craft..."
"Technical textiles is the term given to textile products manufactured for non aesthetic
purposes, where function is the primary criterion. This is a large and growing sector and
supports a vast array of other industries.
It has been heard that soon textiles will be merged with electronics in all areas. In future
wearable computers would be launched, these will not be like advance wrist watches etc, 
307

they will contain IC s in fabric to develop fabric keyboards and other wearable computer
devices. These types of products are known as Interactive electronic textiles (IET).
Research to support IET development is being conducted in many universities. Growing
consumer interest in mobile, electronic devises will initiate the demand for IET products.
Technical textiles include textile structures for autmotive applications, medical textiles
(e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop
protection), protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire figther clothing,
against molten metals for welders, stab protection and bulletproof vests), spacesuits
(astronauts)."
Biotextiles are structures composed of textile fibers designed for use in specific biological
environments where their performance depends on biocompatibility and biostability with cells
and biological fluids. Biotextiles include implantible devices such as surgical sutures, hernia
repair fabrics, arterial grafts, artificial skin and parts of artificial hearts. They were first
created 30 years ago (1978) by Dr. Martin W. King, a professor in North Carolina State
University’s College of Textiles.
Medical textiles are a broader group which also includes bandages, wound dressings,
hospital linen, preventive clothing etc. Antiseptic biotextiles are textiles used in fighting
against cutaneous bacterial proliferation. Zeolite and triclosan are at the present time the
most used molecules. This original property allows to inhibits the development of odors or
bacterial proliferation in the diabetic foot."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
225 "... mechanisms for creating, amplifying and channeling light particles or waves
as a form of energy."
In 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in
hydrogen spectra and made the first demonstration of stimulated emission. In 1950, Alfred
Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of optical pumping.
The work of Schawlow and Townes, however, can be traced back to the 1940sand early
50s* and their interest in the field of microwave spectroscopy, which had emerged as a
powerful tool for puzzling out the characteristics of a wide variety of molecules.
The invention of the laser, which stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation, can be dated to 1958 with the publication of the scientific paper, Infrared and
Optical Masers, by Arthur L. Schawlow, then a Bell Labs researcher, and Charles H.
Townes, a consultant to Bell Labs. That paper, published in Physical Review, the journal of
the American Physical Society, launched a new scientific field and opened the door to a
multibillion-dollar industry.
Many different materials can be used as lasers. Some, like the ruby laser, emit short pulses
of laser light. Others, like helium-neon gas lasers or liquid dye lasers emit a continuous
beam of light.
*NOTE: According to the book, "The Day After Roswell", reports about microwave and light
projecting components from the Roswell "flying disc", technology were "leaked" to Bell
Laboratories through the Pentagon. 
308

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
226 " There are as many universes as there are IS-BEs to imagine and perceive them,
existing concurrently within it's own continuum."
The multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes
(including our universe) that together comprise all of reality. The different universes within
the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes. The structure of the multiverse, the
nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent
universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered.
Multiverses have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, philosophy,
theology, and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy.
The specific term "multiverse," which was coined by William James, was popularized by
science fiction author Michael Moorcock. In these contexts, parallel universes are also
called "alternative universes," "quantum universes," "parallel worlds," "alternate realities,"
"alternative timelines," etc.
A multiverse of a somewhat different kind has been envisaged within the 11-dimensional
extension of string theory known as M-theory. In M-theory our universe and others are
created by collisions between membranes in an 11-dimensional space. This is unlike the
universes in the "quantum multiverse".
The string landscape theory asserts that a different universe exists for each of the very large
ensemble of solutions generated when ten dimensional string theory is reduced to the fourdimensional low-energy world we see.
"A common feature of all four multiverse levels is that the simplest and arguably most
elegant theory involves parallel universes by default. To deny the existence of those
universes, one needs to complicate the theory by adding experimentally unsupported
processes and ad hoc postulates: finite space, wave function collapse and ontological
asymmetry. Our judgment therefore comes down to which we find more wasteful and
inelegant: many worlds or many words."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
227 "...political, religious or economic expediency."
The common denominator of politics, religion and economics is that they are each based on
vested interests. -- The Editor
See the definition of "vested interest":
"1) a survival or non-survival plan or agenda which has been "clothed" to make it seem like
something other than what it actually is.
2) any person, group or entity which prevents or controls communication to serve their own
purposes, (plans or agenda)."
-- Reference: English language Dictionary
 
309

228 "... just before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor..."
"The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack against the United States' naval base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by the Japanese navy, at 0800 hours on the morning of Sunday,
December 7, 1941, resulting in the United States becoming involved in World War II.
Hostilities between the U.S. and Japan were expected by many observers, including
President Roosevelt, who read a decrypted Japanese message (on December 1st, 1941)
and told his assistant Harry Hopkins, "This means war."
At 03:42 Hawaiian Time, hours before commanding Admiral Chuichi Nagumo began
launching strike aircraft, the minesweeper USS Condor spotted a midget submarine outside
the harbor entrance and alerted destroyer USS Ward. Ward was initially unsuccessful in
locating the target. Hours later, Ward fired America's first shots in the Pacific theater of WWII
when she attacked and sank a midget submarine, perhaps the same one, at 06:37.
Closer to the moment of the attack, the attacking planes were detected and tracked as they
approached by an Army radar installation being operated that morning as a mostly unofficial
training exercise. The Opana Point radar station, operated by two enlisted men (Pvts.
Lockard and Elliot) plotted the approaching force, and their relief team plotted them returning
to the carriers. The initial radar returns were thought, by the ill-trained junior officer (Lt.
Kermit A. Tyler) in charge at the barely operational warning information center at Pearl
Harbor, to be a flight of American bombers expected from the mainland. In fact those
bombers did arrive, from a somewhat different bearing in the middle of the attack.
Additionally, Japanese submarines were sighted and attacked (by USS Ward) outside the
harbor entrance a few hours before the attack commenced, and at least one was sunk—all
before the planes came within even radar range. This might have provided enough notice to
disperse aircraft and fly off reconnaissance, except, yet again, reactions of the duty officers
were tardy. It has been argued failure to follow up on DF bearings saved USS Enterprise. If
she had been correctly directed, she might have run into the six carrier Japanese strike
force.
After the attack, the search for the attack force was concentrated south of Pearl Harbor,
continuing the confusion and ineffectiveness of the American response.
Another issue in the debate is the fact neither Admiral Kimmel nor General Short ever faced
court martial. It is alleged this was to avoid disclosing information conspirators would not
want to see made public. When asked, Kimmel replied, "Will historians know more later?
Kimmel's reply to this was: ' ... I'll tell you what I believe. I think that most of the incriminating
records have been destroyed. ... I doubt if the truth will ever emerge.' ...".
 It is equally,
probably more, likely this was done to avoid disclosing the fact Japanese codes were being
read, given there was a war on."
-- Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_debate
229 "...General Symington,"...
His first positions were chairman of the Surplus Property Board (1945), administrator of the
Property Administration (1945–1946) and Assistant Secretary of War for Air (1946–1947).
On September 18, 1947, the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force was created and 
310

Symington became the first Secretary. Symington once formally requested a report from
military sources regarding the possible existence of subterranean super humans.
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
230 "...General Nathan Twining, ..."
He was named commander of the Air Materiel Command, and in 1947 he took over Alaskan
Air Command. In 1947, Twining was asked to study UFO reports; he recommended
that a formal study of the phenomenon take place; Project Sign was the result. When
Hoyt Vandenberg retired in mid-1953, Twining was selected as chief; during his tenure,
massive retaliation based on airpower became the national strategy. In 1957, President
Eisenhower appointed Twining chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
231 "... General Jimmy Doolittle, ..."
"Soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor and the US entry into World War II, Doolittle was
promoted to Lieutenant Colonel on January 2, 1942, and went to Headquarters Army Air
Force to plan the first aerial raid on the Japanese homeland. He volunteered and received
Gen. H.H. Arnold's approval to lead the attack of 16 B-25 medium bombers from the aircraft
carrier USS Hornet, with targets in Tokyo, Kobe, Osaka, and Nagoya. It was the first and
only combat mission of his military career.
Doolittle received the Medal of Honor, presented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the
White House, for planning and leading the successful operation. The Doolittle Raid is viewed
by historians as a major public-relations victory for the United States. Although the amount of
damage done to Japanese war industry was minor, the raid showed the Japanese their
homeland was not invulnerable.
Doolittle was portrayed by Spencer Tracy in the 1944 film Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo and by
Alec Baldwin in the 2001 film Pearl Harbor, in which the Doolittle raid was depicted.
On May 10, 1946, Doolittle reverted to inactive reserve status and returned to Shell Oil as a
vice president, and later as a director. He was the highest-ranking reserve officer to serve in
the U.S. military in World War II."
EDITOR --
In March 1951, he was appointed a special assistant to the Air Force chief of staff,
serving as a civilian in scientific matters which led to Air Force ballistic missile and
space programs. (?!)
"He retired from Air Force duty on February 28, 1959 but continued to serve his country
as Chairman of the Board of Space Technology Laboratories."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
232 "...General Vandenberg..." 
311

Lieutenant General Vandenberg was designated vice chief of staff of the Air Force on
October 1, 1947, and promoted to the rank of General.
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
233 "... General Norstad..."
"On October 1, 1947, following the division of the War Department into the Departments of
The Army and The Air Force, General Norstad was appointed deputy chief of staff for
operations of the Air Force."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
234 "... Charles Lindbergh was also in the office..."
"Charles Lindbergh gained sudden great international fame as the first pilot to fly solo across
the Atlantic Ocean. He flew from Roosevelt Airfield in Garden City, New York, to Paris (Le
Bourget Airport) on 20 May - 21 May 1927 in 33.5 hours. His plane was the single-engine
aircraft, The Spirit of St. Louis.
Lindbergh's accomplishment won him the Orteig Prize; more significant than the prize
money was the acclaim that resulted from his daring flight. A ticker-tape parade was held for
him down 5th Avenue in New York City on 13 June 1927.
His public stature following this flight was such that he became an important voice on behalf
of aviation activities, including the central committee of the National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics in the United States. The massive publicity surrounding him and his flight
boosted the aircraft industry and made a skeptical public take air travel seriously. Lindbergh
is recognized in aviation for demonstrating and charting polar air-routes, high altitude flying
techniques, and increasing aircraft flying range by decreasing fuel consumption. These
innovations are the basis of modern intercontinental air travel.
In his six months during WW II in the Pacific in 1944, Lindbergh took part in fighter bomber
raids on Japanese positions, flying about 50 combat missions (as a civilian). The U.S.
Marine and Army Air Force pilots who served with Lindbergh admired and respected him,
praising his courage and defending his patriotism.
After World War II he lived quietly in Connecticut as a consultant both to the chief of staff of
the U.S. Air Force and to Pan American World Airways. His 1953 book The Spirit of St.
Louis, recounting his non-stop transatlantic flight, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1954.
Dwight D. Eisenhower restored Lindbergh's assignment with the Army Air Corps and made
him a Brigadier General in 1954. In that year, he served on the Congressional advisory
panel set up to establish the site of the United States Air Force Academy. In December
1968, he visited the crew of Apollo 8 on the eve of the first manned spaceflight to leave earth
orbit.
From the 1960s on, Lindbergh became an advocate for the conservation of the natural
world, campaigning to protect endangered species like humpback and blue whales, was
instrumental in establishing protections for the "primitive" Filipino group the Tasaday and
African tribes, and supporting the establishment of a national park. While studying the native 
312

flora and fauna of the Philippines, he also became involved in an effort to protect the
Philippine eagle.
In his final years, Lindbergh became troubled that the world was out of balance with
its natural environment; he stressed the need to regain that balance, and spoke against
the introduction of supersonic airliners.
Lindbergh's speeches and writings later in life emphasized his love of both
technology and nature, and a lifelong belief that "all the achievements of mankind
have value only to the extent that they preserve and improve the quality of life."
In a 1967 Life magazine article, he said, "The human future depends on our ability to
combine the knowledge of science with the wisdom of wildness."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
235 "...Dr. Wilcox..."
Paul h. Wilcox, M. D. The Traverse City State Hospital, Traverse City, Michigan.
Is the author of the following article, published in the American Journal of Psychiatry
in August of 1947:
"A Review of Over 23,000 Treatments Using Unidirectional Currents
1. Forty percent of the most chronic patients showed significant improvement in ward
behavior if adequately and repeatedly treated with suitable type of electroshock therapy.
Relapses must be treated whenever they occur over months and years.
2. At least 60% of early cases, aged 60 or under, were rehabilitated within 1 year when
adequately treated and 65% by the end of the second year after the start of treatment.
3. Adequate treatment means intensive treatment until the expected improvement has
occurred and intensive treatment of relapses when they occur. No patient, otherwise suitable
who still is not rehabilitated after 1 year, has had an adequate trial of treatment with less than
20 treatments.
4. An ideal therapy is one which achieves beneficial results without causing accumulating
brain damage, thus permitting its use repeatedly for years if necessary.
5. This ideal is approached by the relatively low intensity 60-cycle pulsating direct current
used in the treatment of the patients reviewed in this paper. This technique also has been
accompanied by an exceptionally low percentage of skeletal complications."
-- Reference: American Journal of Psychiatry 104:100-112, August 1947, doi:
10.1176/appi.ajp.104.2.100 © 1947 American Psychiatric Association
236 "...Electroencephalograph..." 
313

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of electrical activity produced by the
brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. (EEG) is the measurement of
electrical activity produced by the brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp.
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
237 "...introduced himself as Mr. John Reid ..."
"John Edward Reid, American criminologist developed a Polygraph in 1945 which was
a scientific recording device designed to register a person's bodily responses to being
questioned. Popularly known as a lie detector, the polygraph has been used chiefly in
criminal investigations, although it is also used in employment and security screening
practices. Because no machine can unerringly recognize when a person is lying, the
polygraph results are used in conjunction with other evidence, observations, and information.
Emotional stress reflected by this test, for instance, need not be due to lying. On the other
hand, a subject may be a pathological liar and therefore show no measurable bodily
responses when giving false answers. Ordinary nervousness, individual physical or mental
abnormalities, discomfort, excessive pretest interrogation, or indifference to a question also
affect test accuracy. The polygraph can, however, provide a basis for an evaluation of
whether or not the subject's answers are truthful. This test has also been helpful in
exonerating innocent persons accused of crimes.
A polygraph is actually several instruments combined to simultaneously record changes in
blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. The electrical conductivity of the skin's surface can
also be measured—increased sweat-gland activity reduces the skin's ability to carry
electrical current."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
238 "...lie detector testing..."
"Dr. William Moulton Marston (May 9, 1893 – May 2, 1947) was an American psychologist,
feminist theorist, inventor, and comic book author who created the character Wonder
Woman. Two strong women, his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston and Olive Byrne, (who
lived with the couple in a polyamorous relationship), served as exemplars for the character
and greatly influenced her creation.
Dr. William Moulton Marston is credited as the creator of the systolic blood-pressure test
used in an attempt to detect deception, which became one component of the modern
polygraph. According to their son, Marston's wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston, was also
involved in the development of the systolic blood-pressure test: "According to Marston’s son,
it was his mother Elizabeth, Marston’s wife, who suggested to him that 'When she got mad
or excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb'. This would be the basis for Wonder
Woman's Lasso of Truth.
The FBI considered William Moulton Marston, who invented the lie detector and created
the comic book character Wonder Woman under the pseudonym Charles Moulton, to be a
'phony' and a 'crackpot.' He is alleged to have misrepresented the result of a study he
conducted for the Gillette razor company in 1938, for which he reportedly received some
$30,000, a handsome sum in those days. Despite these misgivings, the FBI today uses
Marston's creation (the polygraph, not the Lasso of Truth) to guide investigations as well
as to screen applicants and employees."
314

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
239 "...truth serum..."
"Sodium thiopental, better known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott
Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone sodium, or trapanal, is a rapid-onset short-acting
barbiturate general anaesthetic. It is an intravenous ultra-short-acting barbiturate. Sodium
thiopental is a depressant and is sometimes used during interrogations - not to cause pain
(in fact, it may have just the opposite effect), but to weaken the resolve of the subject and
make him or her more compliant to pressure.
Thiopental is still used in some places as a truth serum. The barbiturates as a class
decrease higher cortical brain functioning. Psychiatrists hypothesize that because lying is
more complex than telling the truth, suppression of the higher cortical functions may lead to
the uncovering of the "truth". However, the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is
dubious; the drug tends to make subjects chatty and cooperative with interrogators, but a
practiced liar or someone who has a false story firmly established would still be quite able to
lie while under the influence of the drug."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
240 "...the Witness Protection Program..."
"(also known as the Witness Security Program, or WitSec) was established under Title V
of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, which in turn sets out the manner in which the
U.S. Attorney General may provide for the relocation and protection of a witness or potential
witness of the federal government, or for a state government in an official proceeding
concerning organized crime or other serious offenses. See 18 U.S.C.A 3521 et. seq.
The Federal Government also gives grants to the states to enable them to provide similar
services. The federal program is called WITSEC (the Federal Witness Protection Program)
and was founded in the late 1960s by Gerald Shur when he was in the Organized Crime and
Racketeering Section of the United States Department of Justice. Most witnesses are
protected by the U.S. Marshals Service, while protection of incarcerated witnesses is the
duty of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Normally, the witness is provided with a new name and location. Witnesses are encouraged
to keep their first names and choose last names with the same initial. The U.S. Marshals
Service provides new documentation, assists in finding housing and employment and
provides a stipend until the witness gets on his or her feet, but the stipend can be
discontinued if the U.S. Marshals Service feels that the witness is not making an aggressive
effort to find a job. Witnesses are not to travel back to their hometowns or contact
unprotected family members or former associates. Around 17 percent of protected witnesses
that have committed a crime will commit another crime, compared to the almost 40 percent
of parolees who return to crime. This has led to action by Congressional committees
requiring WITSEC and other witness protection programs to notify local officials of a witness'
transfer before relocating them.
Many states, including California, Illinois, and New York, have their own witness protection
programs for crimes not covered by the federal program. The state-run programs provide
less extensive protections than the federal program."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org 
315

241 "... Suleiman the Magnificent..."
"Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish:  Sulaymān, Turkish: Süleyman; almost always
Kanuni Sultan Süleyman in Turkish) (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566), was the
tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He
is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the East, as the Lawgiver (in
Turkish Kanuni; Arabic:  , al
Qānūnī), for his complete reconstruction of the
Ottoman legal system. Suleiman became the pre-eminent monarch of 16th century Europe,
presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power.
Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies to conquer the Christian strongholds of Belgrade,
Rhodes, and most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in
1529. He annexed most of the Middle East in his conflict with the Persians and large
swathes of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated
the seas from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean.
At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted legislative changes
relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns)
fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a
distinguished poet and goldsmith in his own right; he also became a great patron of culture,
overseeing the golden age of the Ottoman Empire's artistic, literary and architectural
development.
In a break with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married a harem girl who became Hürrem
Sultan, whose intrigues in the court and power over the Sultan have become as famous as
Suleiman himself."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
242 "... His assistant was a harem girl who rose up from slavery to become his wife..."
" According to late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century sources such as the
Polish poet Samuel Twardowski, she was born in the town which was then part of the
Kingdom of Poland. She was captured by Crimean Tatars during one of their frequent raids
into this region and taken as a slave, probably first to the Crimean city of Kaffa, a major
centre of the slave trade, then to Istanbul, and was selected for Süleyman's harem.
Suleiman was infatuated with Hurrem Sultan, a harem girl of Ruthenian origin. In the West
foreign diplomats, taking notice of the palace gossip about her, called her "Russelazie" or
"Roxolana", referring to her Slavic origins. The daughter of an Orthodox Ukrainian priest,
she was captured and rose through the ranks of the Harem to become Suleiman's favorite.
Breaking with two centuries of Ottoman tradition, a former concubine had thus
become the legal wife of the Sultan, much to the astonishment of observers in the palace
and the city. He also allowed Hurrem Sultan to remain with him at court for the rest of
her life, breaking another tradition—that when imperial heirs came of age, they would be
sent along with the imperial concubine who bore them to govern remote provinces of the
Empire, never to return unless their progeny succeeded to the throne.
Under his pen name, Muhibbi, Suleiman composed this poem for Roxolana:
"Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love, my moonlight.
My most sincere friend, my confidant, my very existence, my Sultan, my one and only love. 
316

The most beautiful among the beautiful…
My springtime, my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart, laughing leaf…
My plants, my sweet, my rose, the one only who does not distress me in this world…
My Istanbul, my Caraman, the earth of my Anatolia
My Badakhshan, my Baghdad and Khorasan
My woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the slanted brow, my love of eyes full of
mischief…
I'll sing your praises always
I, lover of the tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears, I am happy."
Roxelana, as she is better known in Europe, is well-known both in modern Turkey and in the
West, and is the subject of many artistic works. She has inspired paintings, musical
works (including Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 63), an opera by Denys Sichynsky, a
ballet, plays, and several novels."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
243 "... Queen Elizabeth..."
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of
Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen,
Gloriana, The Faerie Queen or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch
of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother,
Anne Boleyn, was executed three years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared
illegitimate. Perhaps for that reason, her brother, Edward VI, cut her out of the succession.
His will, however, was set aside, as it contravened the Third Succession Act of 1543, in
which Elizabeth was named as successor provided that Mary I of England, Elizabeth's halfsister, should die without issue. In 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister, during whose
reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant
rebels.
Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel. One of her first moves was to support the
establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor.
This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into
today's Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry, but despite several
petitions from parliament, she never did. The reasons for this choice are unknown, and they
have been much debated. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity,
and a cult grew up around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants and literature
of the day.
One of her mottos was video et taceo: "I see, and say nothing".
This strategy, viewed with impatience by her counselors, often saved her from political and
marital misalliances. Though Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs and only half-heartedly
supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands,
France and Ireland, the defeat of the Spanish armada in 1588 associated her name
forever with what is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in British
history. Within twenty years of her death, she was being celebrated as the ruler of a
golden age, an image that retains its hold on the English people. Elizabeth's reign is known
as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for the flourishing of English drama, led by
playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe."
317

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
244 "... he was incarnated as Cecil Rhodes."
Cecil John Rhodes, (July 5, 1853 – March 26, 1902) was a British-born South African
businessman, mining magnate, and politician. He was the founder of the diamond company
De Beers, which today markets 60% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time
marketed 90%. He was an ardent believer in colonialism and was the founder of the state of
Rhodesia, which was named after him.
Rhodes profited greatly from controlling Southern Africa's natural resources, the proceeds of
which funded the Rhodes Scholarship upon his death. Rhodes never married, pleading
that "I have too much work on my hands" and saying that he would not be a dutiful
husband. Queen Victoria reportedly asked him if he was a woman-hater, which Rhodes
denied insisting “How could I dislike a sex to which your Majesty belongs?”
Rhodes famously declared:
"To think of these stars that you see overhead at night, these vast worlds which we
can never reach. I would annex the planets if I could; I often think of that. It makes me
sad to see them so clear and yet so far."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
245 "... she was a Polish princess..."
"Princess Catherine Radziwill (March 30, 1858 - May 12, 1941) was a Polish princess
from a famous Polish-Lithuanian aristocratic family called the Radziwills. She was born as
Countess Ekaterina Adamovna Rzewuska. She married Prince Wilhelm Radziwill at age 15
and moved to Berlin to live with his family. It was speculated that she was the author of a
book gossiping about the German Emperor William II and Berlin society in 1884 under the
pen name Paul Vasili.
She stalked the English-born South African politician Cecil Rhodes and asked him to
marry her, but he refused. She wrote a biography of Rhodes called "Cecil Rhodes:
Man and Empire Maker".
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
246 "... One was named Kelly..."
William Kelly (August 22, 1811 - February 11, 1888), born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was
an American inventor. Kelly studied metallurgy at the Western University of Pennsylvania.
Kelly started experimenting with his "air-boiling process," a process of blowing air up through
molten iron to reduce the carbon content, in 1847. His initial goal was to reduce the amount
of fuel required for iron and steel making, because of the immense amount of timber
required to make the charcoal. He discovered that, contrary to the expectations of his iron
workers, the injected air did not cool the molten iron, but instead combined with the carbon
to cause the iron to boil and burn violently until the carbon was greatly reduced, improving
the quality of the iron or converting it to steel. His experiments began in 1847. The same
process was later independently invented and patented by Henry Bessemer."
318

-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
247 "...the other was Bessemer..."
"Sir Henry Bessemer (January 19, 1813 – March 15, 1898), English engineer and inventor.
Bessemer's name is chiefly known in connection with the Bessemer process for the
manufacturing of steel. Patents of such obvious value did not escape criticism, and
invalidity was freely urged against them on various grounds. But Bessemer was fortunate
enough to maintain them intact without litigation, though he found it advisable to buy up the
rights of one patentee, while in another case he was freed from anxiety by the patent being
allowed to lapse in 1859 through non-payment of fees."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
248 " Another IS-BE who did this was Alexander Bell..."
"As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur,
as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone.
Alexander Graham Bell (3 March 1847 – 2 August 1922) was an eminent scientist, inventor
and innovator who is credited with the invention of the telephone. His father, grandfather and
brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother
and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing
and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices that eventually culminated
in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876.
In reflection, Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a
scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
249 ..." it was invented by several others, including Elisha Gray."
"Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American electrical engineer and
is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois,
U.S.A.. Mr. Elisha Gray, of Chicago also devised a tone telegraph of this kind about the
same time as Herr La Cour. In this apparatus a vibrating steel reed interrupted the current,
which at the other end of the line passed through an electromagnet and vibrated a matching
steel reed near its poles. Gray's 'harmonic telegraph,' with the vibrating reeds, was used by
the Western Union Telegraph Company. Since more than one set of vibrations — that is to
say, more than one note — can be sent over the same wire simultaneously, the harmonic
telegraph can be utilised as a 'multiplex' or many-ply telegraph, conveying several messages
through the same wire at once; and these can either be read by the operator by the sound,
or a permanent record can be made by the marks drawn on a ribbon of travelling paper by a
Morse recorder. Bell's March 10, 1876 laboratory notebook entry describing his first
successful experiment with the telephone.
Bell's patent application for the telephone was filed in the US patent office on February 14,
1876. The usual story says that Bell got to the patent office an hour or two before his
rival Elisha Gray, and that Gray lost his rights to the telephone as a result. 
319

According to Gray's account, his patent caveat was taken to the US patent office a few
hours before Bell's application, shortly after the patent office opened and remained near the
bottom of the in-basket until that afternoon. Bell's application was filed shortly before noon
on 14 February by Bell's lawyer who requested that the filing fee be entered immediately
onto the cash receipts blotter and that Bell's application be taken to the examiner
immediately. Late that afternoon, the fee for Gray's caveat was entered on the cash blotter
and the caveat was not taken to the examiner until the following day. The fact that Bell's
filing fee was recorded earlier than Gray's fee led to the story that Bell had arrived at the
patent office earlier. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not know this was happening
until he arrived in Washington on February 26. Whether Bell's application was filed before or
after Gray's caveat no longer mattered, because Gray abandoned his caveat, which opened
the door to Bell being granted U.S. Patent 174,465 for the telephone on 7 March 1876."
-- Reference: Wikipedia.org
END OF FOOTNOTES